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Gan N, Zou X, Qian Z, Lv A, Wang L, Ma H, Qian HJ, Gu L, An Z, Huang W. Stretchable phosphorescent polymers by multiphase engineering. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4113. [PMID: 38750029 PMCID: PMC11096371 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47673-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Stretchable phosphorescence materials potentially enable applications in diverse advanced fields in wearable electronics. However, achieving room-temperature phosphorescence materials simultaneously featuring long-lived emission and good stretchability is challenging because it is hard to balance the rigidity and flexibility in the same polymer. Here we present a multiphase engineering for obtaining stretchable phosphorescent materials by combining stiffness and softness simultaneously in well-designed block copolymers. Due to the microphase separation, copolymers demonstrate an intrinsic stretchability of 712%, maintaining an ultralong phosphorescence lifetime of up to 981.11 ms. This multiphase engineering is generally applicable to a series of binary and ternary initiator systems with color-tunable phosphorescence in the visible range. Moreover, these copolymers enable multi-level volumetric data encryption and stretchable afterglow display. This work provides a fundamental understanding of the nanostructures and material properties for designing stretchable materials and extends the potential of phosphorescence polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Gan
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Xin Zou
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Zhao Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Anqi Lv
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Huili Ma
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Hu-Jun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Long Gu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.
- Research and Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
| | - Zhongfu An
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.
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Chang S, Koo JH, Yoo J, Kim MS, Choi MK, Kim DH, Song YM. Flexible and Stretchable Light-Emitting Diodes and Photodetectors for Human-Centric Optoelectronics. Chem Rev 2024; 124:768-859. [PMID: 38241488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Optoelectronic devices with unconventional form factors, such as flexible and stretchable light-emitting or photoresponsive devices, are core elements for the next-generation human-centric optoelectronics. For instance, these deformable devices can be utilized as closely fitted wearable sensors to acquire precise biosignals that are subsequently uploaded to the cloud for immediate examination and diagnosis, and also can be used for vision systems for human-interactive robotics. Their inception was propelled by breakthroughs in novel optoelectronic material technologies and device blueprinting methodologies, endowing flexibility and mechanical resilience to conventional rigid optoelectronic devices. This paper reviews the advancements in such soft optoelectronic device technologies, honing in on various materials, manufacturing techniques, and device design strategies. We will first highlight the general approaches for flexible and stretchable device fabrication, including the appropriate material selection for the substrate, electrodes, and insulation layers. We will then focus on the materials for flexible and stretchable light-emitting diodes, their device integration strategies, and representative application examples. Next, we will move on to the materials for flexible and stretchable photodetectors, highlighting the state-of-the-art materials and device fabrication methods, followed by their representative application examples. At the end, a brief summary will be given, and the potential challenges for further development of functional devices will be discussed as a conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehui Chang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Hoon Koo
- Department of Semiconductor Systems Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Semiconductor and System IC, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Yoo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seok Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Kee Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Center for Future Semiconductor Technology (FUST), UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, SNU, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, SNU, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Song
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) Graduate School, GIST, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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Jiao Y, Lin Z, Guo X, Zhou L, Yang Y, Hu X, Hu Z, Zhao X, Xiao J, Li T, Hao Y, Chang J. Compositional Engineering of Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Lead-Halide Perovskite and PVDF-Graphene for High-Performance Triboelectric Nanogenerators. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:3532-3541. [PMID: 38225868 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have attracted a great deal of attention since they can convert ubiquitous mechanical energy into electrical energy and serve as a continuous power source for self-powered sensors. Optimization of the dielectric material composition is an effective way to improve the triboelectric output performance of TENGs. Herein, the hybrid organic-inorganic lead-iodide perovskite Cs0.05FA0.95-xMAxPbI3 was prepared by blade coating and used as a positive friction layer material. Moreover, PVDF-graphene (PG) nanofibers were prepared as negative friction layer materials by electrostatic spinning. The output performance of the TENG was enhanced by varying the MA content of the pervoskite films and the graphene content of the PG nanofibers. The champion output TENG based on Cs0.05FA0.9MA0.05PbI3/PG-0.15 achieved an open-circuit voltage of 245 V, a short-circuit current of 24 μA, and a charge transfer of 80.2 nC. Meanwhile, a maximum power density of 11.23 W m-2 was obtained at 100 MΩ. Moreover, the device exhibits excellent energy-harvesting properties, including excellent stability and durability, rapidly charges capacitors, and lights commercial LEDs and digital tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jiao
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Center for Flexible Electronics, Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Zhenhua Lin
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Center for Flexible Electronics, Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Xing Guo
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Center for Flexible Electronics, Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Long Zhou
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - YuLin Yang
- Centre for Spintronics and Quantum System, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiangang Hu
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Center for Flexible Electronics, Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Zhaosheng Hu
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Juanxiu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Tao Li
- Centre for Spintronics and Quantum System, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yue Hao
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Center for Flexible Electronics, Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Jingjing Chang
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Center for Flexible Electronics, Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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Lee S, Jeon Y, Oh SJ, Lee SW, Choi KC, Kim TS, Kwon JH. Study of mechanical degradation of freestanding ALD Al 2O 3 by a hygrothermal environment and a facile protective method for environmentally stable Al 2O 3: toward highly reliable wearable OLEDs. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:4488-4500. [PMID: 37534735 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00669g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Al2O3 deposited via atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been used as an insulating and barrier film for thin-film transistors, organic electronics, and microelectromechanical systems. However, ALD Al2O3 films are easily degraded by hydrolysis under harsh hygrothermal conditions, owing to their poor environmental stability. In this study, the mechanical properties and water-vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of environmentally degraded Al2O3 films were investigated by varying the temperature and relative humidity (RH). The hygrothermal environment led to surface and pinhole-concentrated degradation based on aluminum hydroxide, which caused an increased WVTR and reduced elongation of the films in harsher environments. In particular, the elongation of the degraded Al2O3 films was reduced to 0.3%, which is one-third of that of as-deposited Al2O3, and their WVTR increased on the order of 10-1 g m-2 day-1, which is more than 1000 times that of as-deposited Al2O3. Therefore, we introduced a functional silane-based inorganic-organic hybrid layer (silamer) onto the Al2O3 films to improve their environmental stability. The silamer helped preserve the characteristics of Al2O3 films by forming a strong and continuous aluminate phase of Al-O-Si at their interface in hygrothermal environments. Furthermore, the silamer-capped Al2O3 was shown to be an environmentally stable encapsulation for application in wearable organic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmin Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yongmin Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jin Oh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sun-Woo Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung Cheol Choi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taek-Soo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong Hyun Kwon
- Department of Display and Semiconductor Engineering, Sun Moon University, Choongcheongnam-do, Asan, 31460, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Yu S, Park TH, Jiang W, Lee SW, Kim EH, Lee S, Park JE, Park C. Soft Human-Machine Interface Sensing Displays: Materials and Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2204964. [PMID: 36095261 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of human-interactive sensing displays (HISDs) that simultaneously detect and visualize stimuli is important for numerous cutting-edge human-machine interface technologies. Therefore, innovative device platforms with optimized architectures of HISDs combined with novel high-performance sensing and display materials are demonstrated. This study comprehensively reviews the recent advances in HISDs, particularly the device architectures that enable scaling-down and simplifying the HISD, as well as material designs capable of directly visualizing input information received by various sensors. Various HISD platforms for integrating sensors and displays are described. HISDs consist of a sensor and display connected through a microprocessor, and attempts to assemble the two devices by eliminating the microprocessor are detailed. Single-device HISD technologies are highlighted in which input stimuli acquired by sensory components are directly visualized with various optical components, such as electroluminescence, mechanoluminescence and structural color. The review forecasts future HISD technologies that demand the development of materials with molecular-level synthetic precision that enables simultaneous sensing and visualization. Furthermore, emerging HISDs combined with artificial intelligence technologies and those enabling simultaneous detection and visualization of extrasensory information are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunggun Yu
- Insulation Materials Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI), Jeongiui-gil 12, Seongsan-gu, Changwon, 51543, Republic of Korea
- Electro-functional Materials Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Jeongiui-gil 12, Seongsan-gu, Changwon, 51543, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Park
- KIURI Institute, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Hyuk Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokyeong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Park
- LOTTE Chemical, Gosan-ro 56, Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16073, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolmin Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Spin Convergence Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
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Xu S, Momin M, Ahmed S, Hossain A, Veeramuthu L, Pandiyan A, Kuo CC, Zhou T. Illuminating the Brain: Advances and Perspectives in Optoelectronics for Neural Activity Monitoring and Modulation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303267. [PMID: 37726261 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetic modulation of brain neural activity that combines optical and electrical modes in a unitary neural system has recently gained robust momentum. Controlling illumination spatial coverage, designing light-activated modulators, and developing wireless light delivery and data transmission are crucial for maximizing the use of optical neuromodulation. To this end, biocompatible electrodes with enhanced optoelectrical performance, device integration for multiplexed addressing, wireless transmission, and multimodal operation in soft systems have been developed. This review provides an outlook for uniformly illuminating large brain areas while spatiotemporally imaging the neural responses upon optoelectrical stimulation with little artifacts. Representative concepts and important breakthroughs, such as head-mounted illumination, multiple implanted optical fibers, and micro-light-delivery devices, are discussed. Examples of techniques that incorporate electrophysiological monitoring and optoelectrical stimulation are presented. Challenges and perspectives are posed for further research efforts toward high-density optoelectrical neural interface modulation, with the potential for nonpharmacological neurological disease treatments and wireless optoelectrical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumao Xu
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Marzia Momin
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Salahuddin Ahmed
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Arafat Hossain
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Loganathan Veeramuthu
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 10608, Republic of China
| | - Archana Pandiyan
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 10608, Republic of China
| | - Chi-Ching Kuo
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 10608, Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
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7
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Shioda N, Kobayashi R, Katsura S, Imai H, Fujii S, Oaki Y. A highly sensitive friction-imaging device based on cascading stimuli responsiveness. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:2237-2244. [PMID: 37006126 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00188a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Imaging and measurement of friction forces are required in a variety of fields. If the friction forces originating from the motions of professionals are quantitatively analyzed, the data can be applied to a motion-copying system by a robot. However, weak friction forces have not been visualized and quantified using conventional sensing materials and devices because of their low sensitivity. Here we present a highly sensitive friction-imaging device based on the cascading responses of stimuli-responsive materials, namely polydiacetylene (PDA) and dry liquid (DL). Weak friction forces disrupt the DL, which is composed of liquid droplets surrounded by solid particles. The outflowing liquid under chemical stress changes the color of PDA. The cascading responses enable colorimetric imaging and measurement of weak friction forces in the range of 0.006-0.080 N. Furthermore, the device visualizes the force distribution of handwriting in calligraphy depending on the individual characteristics of an expert, a practician, and a beginner. A high-sensitivity friction-imaging device can be used to understand various motions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nano Shioda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Ryotaro Kobayashi
- Department of System Design Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Katsura
- Department of System Design Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Imai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Syuji Fujii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan.
| | - Yuya Oaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
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Xu X, Zhao Y, Liu Y. Wearable Electronics Based on Stretchable Organic Semiconductors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206309. [PMID: 36794301 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronics are attracting increasing interest due to the emerging Internet of Things (IoT). Compared to their inorganic counterparts, stretchable organic semiconductors (SOSs) are promising candidates for wearable electronics due to their excellent properties, including light weight, stretchability, dissolubility, compatibility with flexible substrates, easy tuning of electrical properties, low cost, and low temperature solution processability for large-area printing. Considerable efforts have been dedicated to the fabrication of SOS-based wearable electronics and their potential applications in various areas, including chemical sensors, organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic photodiodes (OPDs), and organic photovoltaics (OPVs), have been demonstrated. In this review, some recent advances of SOS-based wearable electronics based on the classification by device functionality and potential applications are presented. In addition, a conclusion and potential challenges for further development of SOS-based wearable electronics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhao Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
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Liu L, Yang H, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Piao J, Dai Y, Cai B, Shen W, Cao K, Chen S. Photopatternable and Highly Conductive PEDOT:PSS Electrodes for Flexible Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:21344-21353. [PMID: 37096872 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Flexible perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) constitute an emerging technology opening new opportunities in the fields of lighting and display for portable and wearable electronics. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(stryrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as one of the most promising flexible electrode materials has attracted extensive attention. However, the patterning and conductivity issues of PEDOT:PSS electrodes should be addressed primarily. Here, a photopolymerizable additive is proposed to endow the PEDOT:PSS electrodes with photopatternability. Moreover, this additive can also improve the conductivity of the PEDOT:PSS electrode from 0.16 to 627 S/cm because of the phase separation between PEDOT and PSS components and conformation transition of PEDOT chains. Eventually, highly conductive PEDOT:PSS electrodes with various patterns are applied in flexible PeLEDs, demonstrating a high luminance of 25972 cd/m2 and a current efficiency of 25.1 cd/A. This work provides a facile and effective method of patterning and improving the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS electrodes simultaneously, demonstrating the great potential of PEDOT:PSS electrodes in flexible perovskite optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhongjin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Junxian Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yujun Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bo Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shufen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
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Anabestani H, Nabavi S, Bhadra S. Advances in Flexible Organic Photodetectors: Materials and Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3775. [PMID: 36364551 PMCID: PMC9655925 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Future electronics will need to be mechanically flexible and stretchable in order to enable the development of lightweight and conformal applications. In contrast, photodetectors, an integral component of electronic devices, remain rigid, which prevents their integration into everyday life applications. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to overcome the limitations of conventional rigid photodetectors, particularly their low mechanical deformability. One of the most promising routes toward facilitating the fabrication of flexible photodetectors is to replace conventional optoelectronic materials with nanomaterials or organic materials that are intrinsically flexible. Compared with other functional materials, organic polymers and molecules have attracted more attention for photodetection applications due to their excellent photodetection performance, cost-effective solution-fabrication capability, flexible design, and adaptable manufacturing processes. This article comprehensively discusses recent advances in flexible organic photodetectors in terms of optoelectronic, mechanical properties, and hybridization with other material classes. Furthermore, flexible organic photodetector applications in health-monitoring sensors, X-ray detection, and imager devices have been surveyed.
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Jang J, Lee SW, Lee S, Lee CE, Kim EH, Jin W, Lee S, Kim Y, Oh JW, Jung Y, Kim H, Yong H, Park J, Lee S, Park C. Wireless Stand-Alone Trimodal Interactive Display Enabled by Direct Capacitive Coupling. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2204760. [PMID: 35905410 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With recent advances in interactive displays, the development of a stand-alone interactive display with no electrical interconnection is of great interest. Here, a wireless stand-alone interactive display (WiSID), enabled by direct capacitive coupling, consisting of three layers: two in-plane metal electrodes separated by a gap, a composite layer for field-induced electroluminescence (EL) and inverse piezoelectric sound, and a stimuli-responsive layer, from bottom to top, is presented. Alternating current power necessary for field-induced EL and inverse piezoelectric sound is wirelessly transferred from a power unit, with two in-plane electrodes remotely separated from the WiSID. The unique in-plane power transfer through the stimuli-sensitive polar bridge allows stand-alone operation of the WiSID, making it suitable for the wireless dynamic monitoring of medical fluids. Moreover, a haptic wireless stand-alone trimodal interactive display mounted on a human finger is demonstrated, whereby touch is wirelessly displayed in various outputs of EL, inverse piezoelectric sound, and tactile vibration, making it suitable for a wireless three-mode smart braille display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208-3108, USA
| | - Seokyeong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Eun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Hyuk Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Wookyeong Jin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sejeong Lee
- College of Nursing and Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkyung Kim
- College of Nursing and Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngdoo Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - HoYeon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungseok Yong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseuk-ro, Dongjack-gu, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongok Park
- College of Nursing, Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmin Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseuk-ro, Dongjack-gu, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolmin Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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12
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Yoo J, Li S, Kim DH, Yang J, Choi MK. Materials and design strategies for stretchable electroluminescent devices. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:801-821. [PMID: 35686540 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00158f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable displays have recently received increasing attention as input and/or output interfaces for next-generation human-friendly electronic systems. Stretchable electroluminescent (EL) devices are a core component of stretchable displays, and they can be classified into two types, structurally stretchable EL devices and intrinsically stretchable EL devices, according to the mechanism for achieving their stretchability. We herein present recent advances in materials and design strategies for stretchable EL devices. First, stretchable devices based on ultrathin EL devices are introduced. Ultrathin EL devices are mechanically flexible like thin paper, and they can become stretchable through various structural engineering methods, such as inducing a buckled structure, employing interconnects with stretchable geometries, and applying origami/kirigami techniques. Secondly, intrinsically stretchable EL devices can be fabricated by using inherently stretchable electronic materials. For example, light-emitting electrochemical cells and EL devices with a simpler structure using alternating current have been developed. Furthermore, novel stretchable semiconductor materials have been presented for the development of intrinsically stretchable light-emitting diodes. After discussing these two types of stretchable EL devices, we briefly discuss applications of deformable EL devices and conclude the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisu Yoo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Shi Li
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoong Yang
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.
- Energy Science and Engineering Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Kee Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Center for Future Semiconductor Technology (FUST), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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13
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Veeramuthu L, Cho CJ, Liang FC, Venkatesan M, Kumar G R, Hsu HY, Chung RJ, Lee CH, Lee WY, Kuo CC. Human Skin-Inspired Electrospun Patterned Robust Strain-Insensitive Pressure Sensors and Wearable Flexible Light-Emitting Diodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:30160-30173. [PMID: 35748505 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wearable skin-inspired electronic skins present remarkable outgrowth in recent years because their promising comfort device integration, lightweight, and mechanically robust durable characteristics led to significant progresses in wearable sensors and optoelectronics. Wearable electronic devices demand real-time applicability and factors such as complex fabrication steps, manufacturing cost, and reliable and durable performances, severely limiting the utilization. Herein, we nominate a scalable solution-processable electrospun patterned candidate capable of forming ultralong mechanically robust nano-microdimensional fibers with higher uniformity. Nanofibrous patterned substrates present surface energy and silver nanoparticle crystallization shifts, contributing to strain-sensitive and -insensitive conductive electrodes (10 000 cycles of 50% strain). Synergistic robust stress releasing and durable electromechanical behavior engenders stretchable durable health sensors, strain-insensitive pressure sensors (sensitivity of ∼83 kPa-1 and 5000 durable cycles), robust alternating current electroluminescent displays, and flexible organic light-emitting diodes (20% improved luminescence and 300 flex endurance of 2 mm bend radius).
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Affiliation(s)
- Loganathan Veeramuthu
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Cho
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Cheng Liang
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Manikandan Venkatesan
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Ranjith Kumar G
- International Graduate Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Yi Hsu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Jei Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hung Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Tao-Yuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ya Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ching Kuo
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
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14
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Yin H, Zhu Y, Youssef K, Yu Z, Pei Q. Structures and Materials in Stretchable Electroluminescent Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106184. [PMID: 34647640 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electroluminescent (EL) devices are obtained by partitioning a large emission area into areas specifically for stretching and light-emission (island-bridge structure). Buckled and textile structures are also shown effective to combine the conventional light emitting diode fabrication with elastic substrates for structure-enabled stretchable EL devices. Meanwhile, intrinsically stretchable EL devices which are characterized with uniform stretchability down to microscopic scale are relatively less developed but promise simpler device structure and higher impact resistance. The challenges in fabricating intrinsically stretchable EL devices with high and robust performance are in many facets, including stretchable conductors, emissive materials, and compatible processes. For the stretchable transparent electrode, ionically conductive gel, conductive polymer coating, and conductor network in surface of elastomer are all proven useful. The stretchable EL materials are currently limited to conjugated polymers, conjugated polymers with surfactants and ionic conductors added to boost stretchability, and phosphor particles embedded in elastomer matrices. These emissive materials operate under different mechanisms, require different electrode materials and fabrication processes, and the corresponding EL devices face distinctive challenges. This review aims to provide a basic understanding of the materials meeting both the mechanical and electronic requirements and important techniques to fabricate the stretchable EL devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexing Yin
- Soft Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90015, USA
| | - Yuan Zhu
- Soft Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90015, USA
| | - Kareem Youssef
- Soft Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90015, USA
| | - Zhibin Yu
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, High-Performance Materials Institute, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Qibing Pei
- Soft Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90015, USA
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15
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Zhao Z, Liu K, Liu Y, Guo Y, Liu Y. Intrinsically flexible displays: key materials and devices. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 9:nwac090. [PMID: 35711242 PMCID: PMC9197576 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous progress in flexible electronics is bringing more convenience and comfort to human lives. In this field, interconnection and novel display applications are acknowledged as important future directions. However, it is a huge scientific and technical challenge to develop intrinsically flexible displays due to the limited size and shape of the display panel. To address this conundrum, it is crucial to develop intrinsically flexible electrode materials, semiconductor materials and dielectric materials, as well as the relevant flexible transistor drivers and display panels. In this review, we focus on the recent progress in this field from seven aspects: background and concept, intrinsically flexible electrode materials, intrinsically flexible organic semiconductors and dielectric materials for organic thin film transistors (OTFTs), intrinsically flexible organic emissive semiconductors for electroluminescent devices, and OTFT-driven electroluminescent devices for intrinsically flexible displays. Finally, some suggestions and prospects for the future development of intrinsically flexible displays are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Yanwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Yunlong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
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16
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Zhang Z, Wang W, Jiang Y, Wang YX, Wu Y, Lai JC, Niu S, Xu C, Shih CC, Wang C, Yan H, Galuska L, Prine N, Wu HC, Zhong D, Chen G, Matsuhisa N, Zheng Y, Yu Z, Wang Y, Dauskardt R, Gu X, Tok JBH, Bao Z. High-brightness all-polymer stretchable LED with charge-trapping dilution. Nature 2022; 603:624-630. [PMID: 35322250 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation light-emitting displays on skin should be soft, stretchable and bright1-7. Previously reported stretchable light-emitting devices were mostly based on inorganic nanomaterials, such as light-emitting capacitors, quantum dots or perovskites6-11. They either require high operating voltage or have limited stretchability and brightness, resolution or robustness under strain. On the other hand, intrinsically stretchable polymer materials hold the promise of good strain tolerance12,13. However, realizing high brightness remains a grand challenge for intrinsically stretchable light-emitting diodes. Here we report a material design strategy and fabrication processes to achieve stretchable all-polymer-based light-emitting diodes with high brightness (about 7,450 candela per square metre), current efficiency (about 5.3 candela per ampere) and stretchability (about 100 per cent strain). We fabricate stretchable all-polymer light-emitting diodes coloured red, green and blue, achieving both on-skin wireless powering and real-time displaying of pulse signals. This work signifies a considerable advancement towards high-performance stretchable displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Weichen Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuanwen Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yi-Xuan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yilei Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jian-Cheng Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Simiao Niu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chengyi Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chien-Chung Shih
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cheng Wang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hongping Yan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Luke Galuska
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Nathaniel Prine
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Hung-Chin Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Donglai Zhong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gan Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Naoji Matsuhisa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yu Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhiao Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Reinhold Dauskardt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Jeffrey B-H Tok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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17
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Kim N, Kim J, Seo J, Hong C, Lee J. Stretchable Inorganic LED Displays with Double-Layer Modular Design for High Fill Factor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:4344-4351. [PMID: 35029968 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The recent commercial success of flexible and foldable displays has resulted in growing interest in stretchable electronics which are considered to be the next generation of the optoelectronic technology. Stretchable display technologies are being intensively studied for versatile applications including wearable, attachable, and shape changeable electronics. In this paper, we present high fill factor, stretchable inorganic light-emitting diode (LED) displays fabricated by connecting mini-LEDs and stretchable interconnects in a double-layer modular design. The double-layer modular design enables an increased areal coverage of LEDs and stretchable interconnectors with both electrical and mechanical stability. The main features of the double-layer modular design, fabrication processes, and device characteristics for the high fill factor, stretchable inorganic LED display are discussed, with experimental and computational results. Demonstrations of a passive matrix LED display confirm the potential value of the multi-layer structured, stretchable electronics in a wide range of applications that need high fill factor with high stretchability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namyun Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Juho Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Seo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Changeui Hong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongho Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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18
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Veeramuthu L, Venkatesan M, Benas JS, Cho CJ, Lee CC, Lieu FK, Lin JH, Lee RH, Kuo CC. Recent Progress in Conducting Polymer Composite/Nanofiber-Based Strain and Pressure Sensors. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4281. [PMID: 34960831 PMCID: PMC8705576 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Conducting of polymers belongs to the class of polymers exhibiting excellence in electrical performances because of their intrinsic delocalized π- electrons and their tunability ranges from semi-conductive to metallic conductive regime. Conducting polymers and their composites serve greater functionality in the application of strain and pressure sensors, especially in yielding a better figure of merits, such as improved sensitivity, sensing range, durability, and mechanical robustness. The electrospinning process allows the formation of micro to nano-dimensional fibers with solution-processing attributes and offers an exciting aspect ratio by forming ultra-long fibrous structures. This review comprehensively covers the fundamentals of conducting polymers, sensor fabrication, working modes, and recent trends in achieving the sensitivity, wide-sensing range, reduced hysteresis, and durability of thin film, porous, and nanofibrous sensors. Furthermore, nanofiber and textile-based sensory device importance and its growth towards futuristic wearable electronics in a technological era was systematically reviewed to overcome the existing challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loganathan Veeramuthu
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (L.V.); (M.V.); (J.-S.B.)
| | - Manikandan Venkatesan
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (L.V.); (M.V.); (J.-S.B.)
| | - Jean-Sebastien Benas
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (L.V.); (M.V.); (J.-S.B.)
| | - Chia-Jung Cho
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (L.V.); (M.V.); (J.-S.B.)
| | - Chia-Chin Lee
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11220, Taiwan;
| | - Fu-Kong Lieu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11220, Taiwan;
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Ja-Hon Lin
- Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan;
| | - Rong-Ho Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-Ching Kuo
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (L.V.); (M.V.); (J.-S.B.)
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19
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Lee K, Moon J, Jeong J, Hong SW. Spatially Ordered Arrays of Colloidal Inorganic Metal Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals via Controlled Droplet Evaporation in a Confined Geometry. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14226824. [PMID: 34832226 PMCID: PMC8618760 DOI: 10.3390/ma14226824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic metal halide perovskite nanocrystals, such as quantum dots (QDs), have emerged as intriguing building blocks for miniaturized light-emitting and optoelectronic devices. Although conventional lithographic approaches and printing techniques allow for discrete patterning at the micro/nanoscale, it is still important to utilize intrinsic QDs with the concomitant retaining of physical and chemical stability during the fabrication process. Here, we report a simple strategy for the evaporative self-assembly to produce highly ordered structures of CsPbBr3 and CsPbI3 QDs on a substrate in a precisely controllable manner by using a capillary-bridged restrict geometry. Quantum confined CsPbBr3 and CsPbI3 nanocrystals, synthesized via a modified hot-injection method with excess halide ions condition, were readily adapted to prepare colloidal QD solutions. Subsequently, the spatially patterned arrays of the perovskite QD rings were crafted in a confirmed geometry with high fidelity by spontaneous solvent evaporation. These self-organized concentric rings were systemically characterized regarding the center-to-center distance, width, and height of the patterns. Our results not only facilitate a fundamental understanding of assembly in the perovskite QDs to enable the solution-printing process but also provide a simple route for offering promising practical applications in optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Lee
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kyungsung University, Busan 48434, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.L.); (S.W.H.)
| | - Jonghyun Moon
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.M.); (J.J.)
| | - Jeonghwa Jeong
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.M.); (J.J.)
| | - Suck Won Hong
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.M.); (J.J.)
- Correspondence: (K.L.); (S.W.H.)
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20
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He C, Liang F, Veeramuthu L, Cho C, Benas J, Tzeng Y, Tseng Y, Chen W, Rwei A, Kuo C. Super Tough and Spontaneous Water-Assisted Autonomous Self-Healing Elastomer for Underwater Wearable Electronics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2102275. [PMID: 34519441 PMCID: PMC8564429 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Self-healing soft electronic material composition is crucial to sustain the device long-term durability. The fabrication of self-healing soft electronics exposed to high moisture environment is a significant challenge that has yet to be fully achieved. This paper presents the novel concept of a water-assisted room-temperature autonomous self-healing mechanism based on synergistically dynamic covalent Schiff-based imine bonds with hydrogen bonds. The supramolecular water-assisted self-healing polymer (WASHP) films possess rapid self-healing kinetic behavior and high stretchability due to a reversible dissociation-association process. In comparison with the pristine room-temperature self-healing polymer, the WASHP demonstrates favorable mechanical performance at room temperature and a short self-healing time of 1 h; furthermore, it achieves a tensile strain of 9050%, self-healing efficiency of 95%, and toughness of 144.2 MJ m-3 . As a proof of concept, a versatile WASHP-based light-emitting touch-responsive device (WASHP-LETD) and perovskite quantum dot (PeQD)-based white LED backlight are designed. The WASHP-LETD has favorable mechanical deformation performance under pressure, bending, and strain, whereas the WASHP-PeQDs exhibit outstanding long-term stability even over a period exceeding one year in a boiling water environment. This paper provides a mechanically robust approach for producing eco-friendly, economical, and waterproof e-skin device components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyuan‐Lun He
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric MaterialsResearch and Development Center of Smart Textile TechnologyNational Taipei University of TechnologyNo. 1, Sec. 3, Chung‐Hsiao East RoadTaipei10608Taiwan
| | - Fang‐Cheng Liang
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric MaterialsResearch and Development Center of Smart Textile TechnologyNational Taipei University of TechnologyNo. 1, Sec. 3, Chung‐Hsiao East RoadTaipei10608Taiwan
| | - Loganathan Veeramuthu
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric MaterialsResearch and Development Center of Smart Textile TechnologyNational Taipei University of TechnologyNo. 1, Sec. 3, Chung‐Hsiao East RoadTaipei10608Taiwan
| | - Chia‐Jung Cho
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric MaterialsResearch and Development Center of Smart Textile TechnologyNational Taipei University of TechnologyNo. 1, Sec. 3, Chung‐Hsiao East RoadTaipei10608Taiwan
| | - Jean‐Sebastien Benas
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric MaterialsResearch and Development Center of Smart Textile TechnologyNational Taipei University of TechnologyNo. 1, Sec. 3, Chung‐Hsiao East RoadTaipei10608Taiwan
| | - Yung‐Ru Tzeng
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric MaterialsResearch and Development Center of Smart Textile TechnologyNational Taipei University of TechnologyNo. 1, Sec. 3, Chung‐Hsiao East RoadTaipei10608Taiwan
| | - Yen‐Lin Tseng
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric MaterialsResearch and Development Center of Smart Textile TechnologyNational Taipei University of TechnologyNo. 1, Sec. 3, Chung‐Hsiao East RoadTaipei10608Taiwan
| | - Wei‐Cheng Chen
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric MaterialsResearch and Development Center of Smart Textile TechnologyNational Taipei University of TechnologyNo. 1, Sec. 3, Chung‐Hsiao East RoadTaipei10608Taiwan
| | - Alina Rwei
- Department of Chemical EngineeringDelft University of TechnologyDelft2629 HZNetherlands
| | - Chi‐Ching Kuo
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric MaterialsResearch and Development Center of Smart Textile TechnologyNational Taipei University of TechnologyNo. 1, Sec. 3, Chung‐Hsiao East RoadTaipei10608Taiwan
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