Thermal Cycling Cascade Biocatalysis of myo-Inositol Synthesis from Sucrose

Exploring the potential of myo-inositol in thyroid disease management: focus on thyroid cancer diagnosis and therapy

Thyroid cancer (TC) is a malignancy that is increasing in prevalence on a global scale, necessitating the development of innovative approaches for both diagnosis and treatment. Myo-inositol (MI) plays a crucial role in a wide range of physiological and pathological functions within human cells. To date, studies have investigated the function of MI in thyroid physiology as well as its potential therapeutic benefits for hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis. However, research in the field of TC is very restricted. Metabolomics studies have highlighted the promising diagnostic capabilities of MI, recognizing it as a metabolic biomarker for identifying thyroid tumors. Furthermore, MI can influence therapeutic characteristics by modulating key cellular pathways involved in TC. This review evaluates the potential application of MI as a naturally occurring compound in the management of thyroid diseases, including hypothyroidism, autoimmune thyroiditis, and especially TC. The limited number of studies conducted in the field of TC emphasizes the critical need for future research to comprehend the multifaceted role of MI in TC. A significant amount of research and clinical trials is necessary to understand the role of MI in the pathology of TC, its diagnostic and therapeutic potential, and to pave the way for personalized medicine strategies in managing this intricate disease.

Enhancing physicochemical and functional properties of myo-inositol in crystallization with edible sugar additives

Myo-inositol, referred to as vitamin B8, is an essential nutrient for maintaining human physiological functions. However, the morphology of myo-inositol products is predominantly powder or needle shaped, leading to poor food properties. In this work, three edible sugar additives, i.e. d-glucose, l-arabinose and d-fructose, are adopted in the crystallization of myo-inositol to improve its food properties. The results show that these additives change the morphology of myo-inositol crystals. d-glucose and l-arabinose reduced the aspect ratio of myo-inositol crystals, and d-glucose transformed elongated lamellar myo-inositol crystals into diamond-shaped lamellar crystals. The diamond-shaped lamellar myo-inositol products exhibited outstanding functional food properties. It offered a smoother texture and more pleasant mouthfeel when the products were added to infant formulas and nutraceuticals. When they were applied to functional beverages, the dissolution rate was increased by 35 %. This work provides a theoretical guidance for improving food properties through crystallization and possesses considerable potential for industrialization.

Bioengineered Enzymes and Precision Fermentation in the Food Industry

Enzymes have been used in the food processing industry for many years. However, the use of native enzymes is not conducive to high activity, efficiency, range of substrates, and adaptability to harsh food processing conditions. The advent of enzyme engineering approaches such as rational design, directed evolution, and semi-rational design provided much-needed impetus for tailor-made enzymes with improved or novel catalytic properties. Production of designer enzymes became further refined with the emergence of synthetic biology and gene editing techniques and a plethora of other tools such as artificial intelligence, and computational and bioinformatics analyses which have paved the way for what is referred to as precision fermentation for the production of these designer enzymes more efficiently. With all the technologies available, the bottleneck is now in the scale-up production of these enzymes. There is generally a lack of accessibility thereof of large-scale capabilities and know-how. This review is aimed at highlighting these various enzyme-engineering strategies and the associated scale-up challenges, including safety concerns surrounding genetically modified microorganisms and the use of cell-free systems to circumvent this issue. The use of solid-state fermentation (SSF) is also addressed as a potentially low-cost production system, amenable to customization and employing inexpensive feedstocks as substrate.

Stoichiometric Conversion of Maltose for Biomanufacturing by In Vitro Synthetic Enzymatic Biosystems

Maltose is a natural α-(1,4)-linked disaccharide with wide applications in food industries and microbial fermentation. However, maltose has scarcely been used for in vitro biosynthesis, possibly because its phosphorylation by maltose phosphorylase (MP) yields β-glucose 1-phosphate (β-G1P) that cannot be utilized by α-phosphoglucomutase (α-PGM) commonly found in in vitro synthetic enzymatic biosystems previously constructed by our group. Herein, we designed an in vitro synthetic enzymatic reaction module comprised of MP, β-phosphoglucomutase (β-PGM), and polyphosphate glucokinase (PPGK) for the stoichiometric conversion of each maltose molecule to two glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) molecules. Based on this synthetic module, we further constructed two in vitro synthetic biosystems to produce bioelectricity and fructose 1,6-diphosphate (FDP), respectively. The 14-enzyme biobattery achieved a Faraday efficiency of 96.4% and a maximal power density of 0.6 mW/cm2, whereas the 5-enzyme in vitro FDP-producing biosystem yielded 187.0 mM FDP from 50 g/L (139 mM) maltose by adopting a fed-batch substrate feeding strategy. Our study not only suggests new application scenarios for maltose but also provides novel strategies for the high-efficient production of bioelectricity and value-added biochemicals.

Efficient production of inositol from glucose via a tri-enzymatic cascade pathway

Inositol is an essential intermediate in cosmetics, food, medicine and other industries. However, developing an efficient biotransformation system for large-scale production of inositol remains challenging. Herein, a tri-enzymatic cascade route with three novel enzymes including polyphosphate glucokinase (PPGK) from Thermobifida fusca, inositol 3-phosphate synthase (IPS) from Archaeoglobus profundus DSM 5631 and inositol monophosphatase (IMP) from Thermotoga petrophila RKU-1 was designed and reconstructed for the production of inositol from glucose. The problem of poor cooperativity of the cascade reactions was addressed by ribosome binding site (RBS) optimization of PPGK and replication of IPS. Under the optimum biotransformation conditions, the engineered whole-cell immobilized with colloidal chitin transformed 120 g/L glucose to 110.8 g/L inositol with 92.3% conversion in four cycles of reuse, representing the highest titer of inositol to date. Furthermore, this is the first study for inositol production using a three-enzyme coordinated immobilized single-cell.

Comprehensive utilization of sucrose resources via chemical and biotechnological processes: A review

Sucrose, one of the most widespread disaccharides in nature, has been available in daily human life for many centuries. As an abundant and cheap sweetener, sucrose plays an essential role in our diet and the food industry. However, it has been determined that many diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, etc., directly relate to the overconsumption of sucrose. It arouses many explorations for the conversion of sucrose to high-value chemicals. Production of valuable substances from sucrose by chemical methods has been studied since a half-century ago. Compared to chemical processes, biotechnological conversion approaches of sucrose are more environmentally friendly. Many enzymes can use sucrose as the substrate to generate functional sugars, especially those from GH68, GH70, GH13, and GH32 families. In this review, enzymatic catalysis and whole-cell fermentation of sucrose for the production of valuable chemicals were reviewed. The multienzyme cascade catalysis and metabolic engineering strategies were addressed.

Industrially Relevant Enzyme Cascades for Drug Synthesis and Their Ecological Assessment

Environmentally friendly and sustainable processes for the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) gain increasing attention. Biocatalytic synthesis routes with enzyme cascades support many stated green production principles, for example, the reduced need for solvents or the biodegradability of enzymes. Multi-enzyme reactions have even more advantages such as the shift of the equilibrium towards the product side, no intermediate isolation, and the synthesis of complex molecules in one reaction pot. Despite the intriguing benefits, only a few enzyme cascades have been applied in the pharmaceutical industry so far. However, several new enzyme cascades are currently being developed in research that could be of great importance to the pharmaceutical industry. Here, we present multi-enzymatic reactions for API synthesis that are close to an industrial application. Their performances are comparable or exceed their chemical counterparts. A few enzyme cascades that are still in development are also introduced in this review. Economic and ecological considerations are made for some example cascades to assess their environmental friendliness and applicability.

Cell-Free Biosynthesis System: Methodology and Perspective of in Vitro Efficient Platform for Pyruvate Biosynthesis and Transformation

The modification of intracellular metabolic pathways by metabolic engineering has generated many engineered strains with relatively high yields of various target products in the past few decades. However, the unpredictable accumulation of toxic products, the cell membrane barrier, and competition between the carbon flux of cell growth and product synthesis have severely retarded progress toward the industrial-scale production of many essential chemicals. On the basis of an in-depth understanding of intracellular metabolic pathways, scientists intend to explore more sustainable methods and construct a cell-free biosynthesis system in vitro. In this review, the synthesis and application of pyruvate as a platform compound is used as an example to introduce cell-free biosynthesis systems. We systematically summarize a proposed methodology workflow of cell-free biosynthesis systems, including pathway design, enzyme mining, enzyme modification, multienzyme assembly, and pathway optimization. Some new methods, such as machine learning, are also mentioned in this review.

A myo-inositol bioassay utilizing an auxotrophic strain of S. cerevisiae

Myo-inositol is a six‑carbon sugar that is essential for the growth of mammalian cells and must be obtained through either extracellular uptake or de novo biosynthesis. The physiological importance of myo-inositol stems from its incorporation into phosphoinositides and inositol phosphates, which serve a variety of signaling, regulatory, and structural roles in cells. To study myo-inositol metabolism and function, it is essential to have a reliable method for assaying myo-inositol levels. However, current approaches to assay myo-inositol levels are time-consuming, expensive, and often unreliable. This article describes a simple new myo-inositol bioassay that utilizes an auxotrophic strain of S. cerevisiae to measure myo-inositol concentration in solutions. The accuracy of this method was confirmed by comparing assay values to those obtained by tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). It is easy to perform, inexpensive, does not require sophisticated equipment, and is specific for myo-inositol.

Production of myo-inositol: Recent advance and prospective

Myo-inositol and its derivatives have been extensively used in the pharmaceutics, cosmetics, and food and feed industries. In recent years, compared with traditional chemical acid hydrolysis, biological methods have been taken as viable and cost-effective ways to myo-inositol production from cheap raw materials. In this review, we provide a thorough overview of the development, progress, current status, and future direction of myo-inositol production (e.g., chemical acid hydrolysis, microbial fermentation, and in vitro enzymatic biocatalysis). The chemical acid hydrolysis of phytate suffers from serious phosphorous pollution and intricate product separation, resulting in myo-inositol production at a high cost. For microbial fermentation, creative strategies have been provided for the efficient myo-inositol biosynthesis by synergetic utilization of glucose and glycerol in Escherichia coli. In vitro cascade enzymatic biocatalysis is a multienzymatic transformation of various substrates to myo-inositol. Here, the different in vitro pathways design, the source of selected enzymes, and the catalytic condition optimization have been summarized and analyzed. Also, we discuss some important existing challenges and suggest several viewpoints. The development of in vitro enzymatic biosystems featuring low cost, high volumetric productivity, flexible compatibility, and great robustness could be one of the promising strategies for future myo-inositol industrial biomanufacturing.

Computational design of noncanonical amino acid-based thioether staples at N/C-terminal domains of multi-modular pullulanase for thermostabilization in enzyme catalysis

Enzyme thermostabilization is considered a critical and often obligatory step in biosynthesis, because thermostability is a significant property of enzymes that can be used to evaluate their feasibility for industrial applications. However, conventional strategies for thermostabilizing enzymes generally introduce non-covalent interactions and/or natural covalent bonds caused by natural amino acid substitutions, and the trade-off between the activity and stability of enzymes remains a challenge. Here, we developed a computationally guided strategy for constructing thioether staples by incorporating noncanonical amino acid (ncAA) into the more flexible N/C-terminal domains of the multi-modular pullulanase from Bacillus thermoleovorans (BtPul) to enhance its thermostability. First, potential thioether staples located in the N/C-terminal domains of BtPul were predicted using RosettaMatch. Next, eight variants involving stable thioether staples were precisely predicted using FoldX and Rosetta ddg_monomer. Six positive variants were obtained, of which T73(O2beY)-171C had a 157% longer half-life at 70 °C and an increase of 7.0 °C in T m, when compared with the wild-type (WT). T73(O2beY)-171C/T126F/A72R exhibited an even more improved thermostability, with a 211% increase in half-life at 70 °C and a 44% enhancement in enzyme activity compared with the WT, which was attributed to further optimization of the local interaction network. This work introduces and validates an efficient strategy for enhancing the thermostability and activity of multi-modular enzymes.

High-Yield Biosynthesis of Glucosylglycerol through Coupling Phosphorolysis and Transglycosylation Reactions

Glucosylglycerol is a powerful osmolyte that has attracted attention as a useful moisturizing ingredient in the cosmetic industry. This study demonstrates two artificially designed synthetic routes for manufacturing glucosylglycerol by combining phosphorolysis and transglycosylation reactions. The overall Gibbs energy change of the synthetic routes was negative, indicating that they are thermodynamically favorable. In vitro biosystems were constructed through combining the phosphorolysis ability of sucrose/maltose phosphorylase and the transglycosylation capacity of glucosylglycerol phosphorylases from different organisms. A near-stoichiometric conversion of sucrose and glycerol with a high product yield of 98% was achieved under optimal reaction conditions. The large-scale glucosylglycerol production of this biosystem was investigated under a high concentration of substrates (2 mol/L sucrose and 2.4 mol/L glycerol), and the titer reached 1.78 mol/L (452 g/L) with a productivity of 24.3 g/L/h. To the best of our knowledge, this value presented the highest glucosylglycerol production level until now, which indicated a great industrial application potential for glucosylglycerol manufacturing.

Enzymatic regeneration and conservation of ATP: challenges and opportunities

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the universal energy currency of life, has a central role in numerous biochemical reactions with potential for the synthesis of numerous high-value products. ATP can be regenerated by three types of mechanisms: substrate level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, and photophosphorylation. Current ATP regeneration methods are mainly based on substrate level phosphorylation catalyzed by one enzyme, several cascade enzymes, or in vitro synthetic enzymatic pathways. Among them, polyphosphate kinases and acetate kinase, along with their respective phosphate donors, are the most popular approaches for in vitro ATP regeneration. For in vitro artificial pathways, either ATP-free or ATP-balancing strategies can be implemented via smart pathway design by choosing ATP-independent enzymes. Also, we discuss some remaining challenges and suggest perspectives, especially for industrial biomanufacturing. Development of ATP regeneration systems featuring low cost, high volumetric productivity, long lifetime, flexible compatibility, and great robustness could be one of the bottom-up strategies for cascade biocatalysis and in vitro synthetic biology.

Preparation and Application of 13C-Labeled myo-Inositol to Identify New Catabolic Products in Inositol Metabolism in Lactobacillus casei

myo-Inositol (mI) is widely distributed in all domains of life and is important for several cellular functions, including bacterial survival. The enzymes responsible for the bacterial catabolism of mI, encoded in the iol operon, can vary from one organism to another, and these pathways have yet to be fully characterized. We previously identified a new scyllo-inositol dehydrogenase (sIDH) in the iol operon of Lactobacillus casei that can oxidize mI in addition to the natural substrate, scyllo-inositol, but the product of mI oxidation was not determined. Here we report the identification of these metabolites by monitoring the reaction with ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance. We prepared all six singly ¹³C-labeled mI isotopomers through a biocatalytic approach and used these labeled inositols as substrates for sIDH. The use of all six singly labeled mI isotopomers allowed for metabolite characterization without isolation steps. sIDH oxidation of mI produces 1l-5-myo-inosose preferentially, but also two minor products, 1d-chiro-inosose and 1l-chiro-inosose. Together with previous crystal structure data for sIDH, we were able to rationalize the observed oxidation preference. Our relatively simple procedure for the preparation of isotopically labeled mI standards can have broad applications for the study of mI biotransformations.

Efficient Bioconversion of Sucrose to High-Value-Added Glucaric Acid by In Vitro Metabolic Engineering

Glucaric acid (GA) is a major value-added chemicals feedstock and additive, especially in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. The increasing demand for GA is driving the search for a more efficient and less costly production pathway. In this study, a new in vitro multi-enzyme cascade system was developed, which converts sucrose efficiently to GA in a single vessel. The in vitro system, which does not require adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺ ) supplementation, contains seven enzymes. All enzymes were chosen from the BRENDA and NCBI databases and were expressed efficiently in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). All seven enzymes were combined in an in vitro cascade system, and the reaction conditions were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the in vitro seven-enzyme cascade system converted 50 mm sucrose to 34.8 mm GA with high efficiency (75 % of the theoretical yield). This system represents an alternative pathway for more efficient and less costly production of GA, which could be adapted for the synthesis of other value-added chemicals.

Biosynthesis of Raffinose and Stachyose from Sucrose via an In Vitro Multienzyme System

Herein, we present a biocatalytic method to produce raffinose and stachyose using sucrose as the substrate. An in vitro multienzyme system was developed using five enzymes, namely, sucrose synthase (SUS), UDP-glucose 4-epimerase (GalE), galactinol synthase (GS), raffinose synthase (RS), and stachyose synthase (STS), and two intermedia, namely, UDP and inositol, which can be recycled. This reaction system produced 11.1 mM raffinose using purified enzymes under optimal reaction conditions and substrate concentrations. Thereafter, a stepwise cascade reaction strategy was employed to circumvent the instability of RS and STS in this system, and a 4.2-fold increase in raffinose production was observed. The enzymatic cascade reactions were then conducted using cell extracts to avoid the need for enzyme purification and supplementation with UDP. Such modification further increased raffinose production to 86.6 mM and enabled the synthesis of 61.1 mM stachyose. The UDP turnover number reached 337. Finally, inositol in the reaction system was recycled five times, and 255.8 mM raffinose (128.9 g/liter) was obtained.IMPORTANCE Soybean oligosaccharides (SBOS) have elicited considerable attention because of their potential applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food industries. This study demonstrates an alternative method to produce raffinose and stachyose, which are the major bioactive components of SBOS, from sucrose via an in vitro enzyme system. High concentrations of galactinol, raffinose, and stachyose were synthesized with the aid of a stepwise cascade reaction process, which can successfully address the issue of mismatched enzyme characteristics of an in vitro metabolic engineering platform. The biocatalytic approach presented in this work may enable the synthesis of other valuable galactosyl oligosaccharides, such as verbascose and higher homologs, which are difficult to obtain through plant extraction.

Extending Designed Linear Biocatalytic Cascades for Organic Synthesis

Artificial cascade reactions involving biocatalysts have demonstrated a tremendous potential during the recent years. This review just focuses on selected examples of the last year and putting them into context to a previously published suggestion for classification. Subdividing the cascades according to the number of catalysts in the linear sequence, and classifying whether the steps are performed simultaneous or in a sequential fashion as well as whether the reaction sequence is performed in vitro or in vivo allows to organise the concepts. The last year showed, that combinations of in vivo as well as in vitro are possible. Incompatible reaction steps may be run in a sequential fashion or by compartmentalisation of the incompatible steps either by using special reactors (membrane), polymersomes or flow techniques.

Tools and strategies for constructing cell-free enzyme pathways

Single enzyme systems or engineered microbial hosts have been used for decades but the notion of assembling multiple enzymes into cell-free synthetic pathways is a relatively new development. The extensive possibilities that stem from this synthetic concept makes it a fast growing and potentially high impact field for biomanufacturing fine and platform chemicals, pharmaceuticals and biofuels. However, the translation of individual single enzymatic reactions into cell-free multi-enzyme pathways is not trivial. In reality, the kinetics of an enzyme pathway can be very inadequate and the production of multiple enzymes can impose a great burden on the economics of the process. We examine here strategies for designing synthetic pathways and draw attention to the requirements of substrates, enzymes and cofactor regeneration systems for improving the effectiveness and sustainability of cell-free biocatalysis. In addition, we comment on methods for the immobilisation of members of a multi-enzyme pathway to enhance the viability of the system. Finally, we focus on the recent development of integrative tools such as in silico pathway modelling and high throughput flux analysis with the aim of reinforcing their indispensable role in the future of cell-free biocatalytic pathways for biomanufacturing.

Upgrade of wood sugar d-xylose to a value-added nutraceutical by in vitro metabolic engineering

The upgrade of D-xylose, the most abundant pentose, to value-added biochemicals is economically important to next-generation biorefineries. myo-Inositol, as vitamin B8, has a six-carbon carbon-carbon ring. Here we designed an in vitro artificial NAD(P)-free 12-enzyme pathway that can effectively convert the five-carbon xylose to inositol involving xylose phosphorylation, carbon-carbon (C-C) rearrangement, C-C bond circulation, and dephosphorylation. The reaction conditions catalyzed by all thermostable enzymes from hyperthermophilic microorganisms Thermus thermophiles, Thermotoga maritima, and Archaeoglobus fulgidus were optimized in reaction temperature, buffer type and concentration, enzyme composition, Mg²⁺ concentration, and fed-batch addition of ATP. The 11-enzyme cocktail, whereas a fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase from T. maritima has another function of inositol monophosphatase, converted 20 mM xylose to 16.1 mM inositol with a conversion efficiency of 96.6% at 70 °C. Polyphosphate was found to replace ATP for xylulose phosphorylation due to broad substrate promiscuity of the T. maritima xylulokinase. The Tris-HCl buffer effectively mitigated the Maillard reaction at 70 °C or higher temperature. The co-production of value-added biochemicals, such as inositol, from wood sugar could greatly improve economics of new biorefineries, similar to oil refineries that make value-added plastic precursors to subsidize gasoline/diesel production.

An in vitro synthetic biology platform for emerging industrial biomanufacturing: Bottom-up pathway design

Although most in vitro (cell-free) synthetic biology projects are usually used for the purposes of fundamental research or the formation of high-value products, in vitro synthetic biology platform, which can implement complicated biochemical reactions by the in vitro assembly of numerous enzymes and coenzymes, has been proposed for low-cost biomanufacturing of bioenergy, food, biochemicals, and nutraceuticals. In addition to the most important advantage-high product yield, in vitro synthetic biology platform features several other biomanufacturing advantages, such as fast reaction rate, easy product separation, open process control, broad reaction condition, tolerance to toxic substrates or products, and so on. In this article, we present the basic bottom-up design principles of in vitro synthetic pathway from basic building blocks-BioBricks (thermoenzymes and/or immobilized enzymes) to building modules (e.g., enzyme complexes or multiple enzymes as a module) with specific functions. With development in thermostable building blocks-BioBricks and modules, the in vitro synthetic biology platform would open a new biomanufacturing age for the cost-competitive production of biocommodities.

Coevolution of both Thermostability and Activity of Polyphosphate Glucokinase from Thermobifida fusca YX

Thermostability and specific activity of enzymes are two of the most important properties for industrial biocatalysts. Here, we developed a petri dish-based double-layer high-throughput screening (HTS) strategy for rapid identification of desired mutants of polyphosphate glucokinase (PPGK) from a thermophilic actinobacterium, Thermobifida fusca YX, with both enhanced thermostability and activity. Escherichia coli colonies representing a PPGK mutant library were grown on the first-layer Phytagel-based plates, which can remain solid for 1 h, even at heat treatment temperatures of more than 100°C. The second layer that was poured on the first layer contained agarose, substrates, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), the redox dye tetranitroblue tetrazolium (TNBT), and phenazine methosulfate. G6PDH was able to oxidize the product from the PPGK-catalyzed reaction and generate NADH, which can be easily examined by a TNBT-based colorimetric assay. The best mutant obtained after four rounds of directed evolution had a 7,200-fold longer half-life at 55°C, 19.8°C higher midpoint of unfolding temperature (T_m ), and a nearly 3-fold enhancement in specific activities compared to those of the wild-type PPGK. The best mutant was used to produce 9.98 g/liter myo-inositol from 10 g/liter glucose, with a theoretical yield of 99.8%, along with two other hyperthermophilic enzymes at 70°C. This PPGK mutant featuring both great thermostability and high activity would be useful for ATP-free production of glucose 6-phosphate or its derived products.IMPORTANCE Polyphosphate glucokinase (PPGK) is an enzyme that transfers a terminal phosphate group from polyphosphate to glucose, producing glucose 6-phosphate. A petri dish-based double-layer high-throughput screening strategy was developed by using ultrathermostable Phytagel as the first layer instead of agar or agarose, followed by a redox dye-based assay for rapid identification of ultrathermostable PPGK mutants. The best mutant featuring both great thermostability and high activity could produce glucose 6-phosphate from glucose and polyphosphate without in vitro ATP regeneration.

Continuous Endoperoxidation of Conjugated Dienes and Subsequent Rearrangements Leading to C-H Oxidized Synthons

We have investigated the continuous flow photooxidation of several conjugated dienes and subsequent rearrangement using a practical and safe continuous-flow homemade engineered setup. End-to-end approaches involving endoperoxidation, Kornblum-DeLaMare rearrangement, and additional rearrangements are comprehensively detailed with optimization, scope, and scale-up to obtain useful hydroxyenones, furans, and 1,4-dicarbonyl building blocks.