1
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Gumus S, Biechele-Speziale D, Manz KE, Pennell KD, Rubenstein BM, Rosenstein JK. Repurposing Waste Chemicals for Sustainable and Durable Molecular Data Storage. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:19904-19910. [PMID: 38737050 PMCID: PMC11079871 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Molecular data storage offers the intriguing possibility of higher theoretical density and longer lifetimes than today's electronic memory devices. Some demonstrations have used deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), but bottlenecks in nucleic acid synthesis continue to make DNA data storage orders of magnitude more expensive than electronic storage media. Additionally, despite its potential for long-term storage, DNA faces durability challenges from environmental degradation. In this work, we demonstrate nongenomic molecular data storage using molecular libraries redirected from chemical waste streams. This approach requires no synthetic effort and can be implemented by using molecules that have a minimal associated cost. While the technique is agnostic about the exact molecular content of its inputs, we confirmed that some sources contained poly fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which persist for long periods in the natural environment and could offer extremely durable information storage as well as environmental benefits. These demonstrations provide a perspective on some of the valuable possibilities for nongenomic molecular information systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katherine E. Manz
- Brown
University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
- University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kurt D. Pennell
- Brown
University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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2
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Rydz J, Duale K, Sikorska W, Musioł M, Janeczek H, Marcinkowski A, Siwy M, Adamus G, Mielczarek P, Silberring J, Juszczyk J, Piętka E, Radecka I, Gupta A, Kowalczuk M. Oligopeptide-based molecular labelling of (bio)degradable polyester biomaterials. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131561. [PMID: 38621562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, a very important motivation for the development of new functional materials for medical purposes is not only their performance but also whether they are environmentally friendly. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the possibility of labelling (bio)degradable polymers, in particular those intended for specific applications, especially in the medical sector, and the potential of information storage in such polymers, making it possible, for example, to track the ultimate environmental fate of plastics. This article presents a straightforward green approach that combines both aspects using an oligopeptide, which is an integral part of polymer material, to store binary information in a physical mixture of polymer and oligopeptide. In the proposed procedure the year of production of polymer films made of poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) and a blend of poly(1,4-butylene adipate-co-1,4-butylene terephthalate) and polylactide (PBAT/PLA) were encoded as the sequence of the appropriate amino acids in the oligopeptide (PEP) added to these polymers. The decoding of the recorded information was carried out using mass spectrometry technique as a new method of decoding, which enabled the successful retrieval and reading of the stored information. Furthermore, the properties of labelled (bio)degradable polymer films and stability during biodegradation of PLLA/PEP film under industrial composting conditions have been investigated. The labelled films exhibited good oligopeptide stability, allowing the recorded information to be retrieved from a green polymer/oligopeptide system before and after biodegradation. The MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay) study of the PLLA and PLLA/PBAT using the MRC-5 mammalian fibroblasts was presented for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rydz
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691, OH, United States.
| | - Khadar Duale
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Wanda Sikorska
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Marta Musioł
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Henryk Janeczek
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Andrzej Marcinkowski
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Mariola Siwy
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Grażyna Adamus
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Przemysław Mielczarek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, AGH University of Science and Technology, A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland; Laboratory of Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jerzy Silberring
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, AGH University of Science and Technology, A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jan Juszczyk
- Department of Medical Informatics and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Roosevelta 40, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Ewa Piętka
- Department of Medical Informatics and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Roosevelta 40, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Iza Radecka
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna St., Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Abhishek Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, City Campus, Wulfruna St., Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Marek Kowalczuk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna St., Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
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3
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Zhang X, Qi B, Niu Y. A dual-rule encoding DNA storage system using chaotic mapping to control GC content. Bioinformatics 2024; 40:btae113. [PMID: 38419588 PMCID: PMC10937898 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btae113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION DNA as a novel storage medium is considered an effective solution to the world's growing demand for information due to its high density and long-lasting reliability. However, early coding schemes ignored the biologically constrained nature of DNA sequences in pursuit of high density, leading to DNA synthesis and sequencing difficulties. This article proposes a novel DNA storage coding scheme. The system encodes half of the binary data using each of the two GC-content complementary encoding rules to obtain a DNA sequence. RESULTS After simulating the encoding of representative document and image file formats, a DNA sequence strictly conforming to biological constraints was obtained, reaching a coding potential of 1.66 bit/nt. In the decoding process, a mechanism to prevent error propagation was introduced. The simulation results demonstrate that by adding Reed-Solomon code, 90% of the data can still be recovered after introducing a 2% error, proving that the proposed DNA storage scheme has high robustness and reliability. Availability and implementation: The source code for the codec scheme of this paper is available at https://github.com/Mooreniah/DNA-dual-rule-rotary-encoding-storage-system-DRRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuncai Zhang
- College of Electrical Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Baonan Qi
- College of Electrical Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Ying Niu
- College of Building Environment Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
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4
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Tong KN, Wu C, Wu Y, Li S, Jin Z, Shi K, Jung S, Wang X, Guan Y, Yang C, Wei G. Cascading Energy Transfer for Highly Efficient Deep-Red OLED Emission with Cyclometalated [3+2+1] Iridium Complexes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307500. [PMID: 37940631 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The promising cyclometalated iridium (III) complexes have been proved to possess great potential in vacuum-deposited organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) applications for full-color displays and white solid-state lighting sources. Herein, based on the unique bidentate ligand of dibenzo[a,c]phenazine (dbpz) group with strong conjugated effect of aromatic rings for red emission, four novel [3+2+1] coordinated iridium (III) emissive materials have been rationally designed and synthesized. The monodentate ligands of -CN and -OCN have been effectively employed to tune the deep-red emission of 628-675 nm with high photoluminescence quantum yields up to 98%. Moreover, all devices displayed deep-red color coordinates ranging from (0.675, 0.325) to (0.716, 0.284), which is close to the standard-red color coordinates of (0.708, 0.292), as recommended by International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication (ITU-R) BT.2020. The device based on nBuIr(dbpz)CN with an exciplex cohost has exhibited maximum external quantum efficiencies of 20.7% and good stability. With nBuIr(dbpz)CN as an effective sensitizer, the nBuIr(dbpz)OCN based phosphorescent OLED devices have successfully demonstrated cascading energy transfer processes, contributing to pure red emission with maximum luminance as high as 6471 cd m-2. Therefore, this work has been successfully demonstrated rational molecular design strategy of [3+2+1] iridium complexes to obtain highly efficient deep-red electrophosphorescent emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Ning Tong
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chengcheng Wu
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuan Wu
- PURI Materials, Shenzhen, 518133, China
| | - Siqi Li
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhaoyun Jin
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kefei Shi
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Sinyeong Jung
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | | | - Chen Yang
- PURI Materials, Shenzhen, 518133, China
| | - Guodan Wei
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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5
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Pandey A, Chernyshev A, Panthi YR, Zedník J, Šturcová A, Konefał M, Kočková O, Foulger SH, Vohlídal J, Pfleger J. Synapse-Mimicking Memristors Based on 3,6-Di( tpy)-9-Phenylcarbazole Unimer and Its Copolymer with Cobalt(II) Ions. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:542. [PMID: 38399920 PMCID: PMC10892321 DOI: 10.3390/polym16040542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The title compound, unimer U (tpy stands for 2,2':6',2″-terpyridin-4'-yl end-group), by itself shows the memristor effect with a retention time of 18 h and persistence of 11 h. Its coordination copolymer with Co(II) ions, [CoU]n, exhibits multimodal resistance changes similar to the synaptic responses observed in biological systems. More than 320 cycles of potentiation and depression measured in continuous sequence occurred without observing a significant current change, confirming the operational stability and reproducibility of the device based on the [CoU]n polymer. The synaptic effect of a device with an indium tin oxide (ITO)/[CoU]n/top-electrode (TE) configuration is more pronounced for the device with TE = Au compared to devices with TE = Al or Ga. However, the latter TEs provide a cost-effective approach without any significant compromise in device plasticity. The detected changes in the synaptic weight, about 12% for pair-pulse facilitation and 80% for its depression, together with a millisecond trigger and reading pulses that decay exponentially on the time scale typical of neurosynapses, justify the device's ability to learn and memorize. These properties offer potential applications in neuromorphic computation and brain-inspired synaptic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika Pandey
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.P.); (Y.R.P.)
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.Š.); (M.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Andrei Chernyshev
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yadu Ram Panthi
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.P.); (Y.R.P.)
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.Š.); (M.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Jiří Zedník
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Adriana Šturcová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.Š.); (M.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Magdalena Konefał
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.Š.); (M.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Olga Kočková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.Š.); (M.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Stephen H. Foulger
- Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technology (COMSET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Jiří Vohlídal
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jiří Pfleger
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.Š.); (M.K.); (O.K.)
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6
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Paul I, Valiyev I, Schmittel M. Chemically Fueled Logic AND Gate with Double Encoding in the Time Domain. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2435-2444. [PMID: 38251983 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
To increase information density and security in communication, Nature at times encodes signals in the time domain, for instance, Ca2+ ion signals. Double encoding in the time domain operates beyond this level of security because the data are encoded in two time-dependent output signals showing distinct periods, frequencies, and full duration half-maxima. To illustrate such a protocol, a three-component ensemble consisting of a double ion-selective luminophore with two distinct receptor sites, hexacyclen, and diaza-18-crown-6 ether is demonstrated to act as a logic AND gate with Ag+ and Ca2+ ions as inputs. The gate shows an unprecedented 2-fold time-encoded fluorescence output at 590 and 488 nm based on metal ion pulses with distinct periods when trichloroacetic acid is applied as chemical fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajit Paul
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology, School of Science and Technology, Organische Chemie I, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Isa Valiyev
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology, School of Science and Technology, Organische Chemie I, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology, School of Science and Technology, Organische Chemie I, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
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7
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Pardi-Tóth V, Kuki Á, Kordován MÁ, Róth G, Nagy L, Zsuga M, Nagy T, Kéki S. Molecular data storage using direct analysis in real time (DART) ionization mass spectrometry for decoding. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16576. [PMID: 37789061 PMCID: PMC10547761 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43658-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular data storage is becoming a viable alternative to traditional information storage systems. Here, we propose a method where the presence or absence of a given molecule in a mixture of compounds represents a bit of information. As a novel approach, direct analysis in real time (DART) ionization mass spectrometry is used to recover and decode the information stored at the molecular level. Nicotinic acid derivatives were synthesized and used as the 'bit compounds'. Their volatility and ease of ionization make these molecules especially suitable for DART-MS detection. The application of DART-MS as a method with an ambient ionization technique, enables the re-reading of digital chemical codes embedded in the material of ordinary objects. Our method is designed to store and read back short pieces of digital information, up to several hundred bits. These codes can have the function of barcodes or QR codes, as shown in our proof-of-principle applications. First, modelling a QR code as a link to our university's website, three solutions were prepared, each representing 22 bits. Proceeding further, the bit compounds were incorporated into a polymer matrix that is suitable for 3D printing, and a toy ship was created with a hidden barcode. In addition, decoding software was developed to process the DART-MS spectra. The nicotinic acid components representing the bits dominated the DART-MS spectra and error-free decoding was achieved.
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Grants
- TKP2021-NKTA-34 National Research, Development and Innovation Fund of Hungary
- TKP2021-NKTA-34 National Research, Development and Innovation Fund of Hungary
- TKP2021-NKTA-34 National Research, Development and Innovation Fund of Hungary
- TKP2021-NKTA-34 National Research, Development and Innovation Fund of Hungary
- TKP2021-NKTA-34 National Research, Development and Innovation Fund of Hungary
- TKP2021-NKTA-34 National Research, Development and Innovation Fund of Hungary
- TKP2021-NKTA-34 National Research, Development and Innovation Fund of Hungary
- TKP2021-NKTA-34 National Research, Development and Innovation Fund of Hungary
- FK-132385 National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- FK-132385 National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- FK-132385 National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- FK-132385 National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- FK-132385 National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- FK-132385 National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- FK-132385 National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- FK-132385 National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- GINOP-2.3.3-15-2016-00021 European Union and the European Regional Development Fund
- GINOP-2.3.3-15-2016-00021 European Union and the European Regional Development Fund
- GINOP-2.3.3-15-2016-00021 European Union and the European Regional Development Fund
- GINOP-2.3.3-15-2016-00021 European Union and the European Regional Development Fund
- GINOP-2.3.3-15-2016-00021 European Union and the European Regional Development Fund
- GINOP-2.3.3-15-2016-00021 European Union and the European Regional Development Fund
- GINOP-2.3.3-15-2016-00021 European Union and the European Regional Development Fund
- GINOP-2.3.3-15-2016-00021 European Union and the European Regional Development Fund
- BO/00212/20/7 Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- ÚNKP-22-05-DE-426 National Research, Development and Innovation Fund
- University of Debrecen
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Pardi-Tóth
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Ákos Kuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Marcell Árpád Kordován
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Gergő Róth
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Lajos Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Miklós Zsuga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Tibor Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Kéki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
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8
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Georgiev NI, Bakov VV, Bojinov VB. A Tutorial Review on the Fluorescent Probes as a Molecular Logic Circuit-Digital Comparator. Molecules 2023; 28:6327. [PMID: 37687156 PMCID: PMC10489932 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid progress in the field of fluorescent probes and fluorescent sensing material extended this research area toward more complex molecular logic gates capable of carrying out a variety of sensing functions simultaneously. These molecules are able to calculate a composite result in which the analysis is not performed by a man but by the molecular device itself. Since the first report by de Silva of AND molecular logic gate, all possible logic gates have been achieved at the molecular level, and currently, utilization of more complicated molecular logic circuits is a major task in this field. Comparison between two digits is the simplest logic operation, which could be realized with the simplest logic circuit. That is why the right understanding of the applied principles during the implementation of molecular digital comparators could play a critical role in obtaining logic circuits that are more complicated. Herein, all possible ways for the construction of comparators on the molecular level were discussed, and recent achievements connected with these devices were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai I. Georgiev
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Ventsislav V. Bakov
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Vladimir B. Bojinov
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria;
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1040 Sofia, Bulgaria
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9
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Bögels BWA, Nguyen BH, Ward D, Gascoigne L, Schrijver DP, Makri Pistikou AM, Joesaar A, Yang S, Voets IK, Mulder WJM, Phillips A, Mann S, Seelig G, Strauss K, Chen YJ, de Greef TFA. DNA storage in thermoresponsive microcapsules for repeated random multiplexed data access. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:912-921. [PMID: 37142708 PMCID: PMC10427423 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01377-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA has emerged as an attractive medium for archival data storage due to its durability and high information density. Scalable parallel random access to information is a desirable property of any storage system. For DNA-based storage systems, however, this still needs to be robustly established. Here we report on a thermoconfined polymerase chain reaction, which enables multiplexed, repeated random access to compartmentalized DNA files. The strategy is based on localizing biotin-functionalized oligonucleotides inside thermoresponsive, semipermeable microcapsules. At low temperatures, microcapsules are permeable to enzymes, primers and amplified products, whereas at high temperatures, membrane collapse prevents molecular crosstalk during amplification. Our data show that the platform outperforms non-compartmentalized DNA storage compared with repeated random access and reduces amplification bias tenfold during multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Using fluorescent sorting, we also demonstrate sample pooling and data retrieval by microcapsule barcoding. Therefore, the thermoresponsive microcapsule technology offers a scalable, sequence-agnostic approach for repeated random access to archival DNA files.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas W A Bögels
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Computational Biology Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bichlien H Nguyen
- Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Ward
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Levena Gascoigne
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Self-Organizing Soft Matter, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - David P Schrijver
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anna-Maria Makri Pistikou
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Computational Biology Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alex Joesaar
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Computational Biology Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Shuo Yang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Computational Biology Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ilja K Voets
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Self-Organizing Soft Matter, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J M Mulder
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stephen Mann
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study (ZIAS), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Georg Seelig
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karin Strauss
- Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yuan-Jyue Chen
- Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA.
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Tom F A de Greef
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Computational Biology Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Center for Living Technologies, Eindhoven-Wageningen-Utrecht Alliance, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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10
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Krasecki V, Sharma A, Cavell AC, Forman C, Guo SY, Jensen ET, Smith MA, Czerwinski R, Friederich P, Hickman RJ, Gianneschi N, Aspuru-Guzik A, Cronin L, Goldsmith RH. The Role of Experimental Noise in a Hybrid Classical-Molecular Computer to Solve Combinatorial Optimization Problems. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:1453-1465. [PMID: 37521801 PMCID: PMC10375572 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Chemical and molecular-based computers may be promising alternatives to modern silicon-based computers. In particular, hybrid systems, where tasks are split between a chemical medium and traditional silicon components, may provide access and demonstration of chemical advantages such as scalability, low power dissipation, and genuine randomness. This work describes the development of a hybrid classical-molecular computer (HCMC) featuring an electrochemical reaction on top of an array of discrete electrodes with a fluorescent readout. The chemical medium, optical readout, and electrode interface combined with a classical computer generate a feedback loop to solve several canonical optimization problems in computer science such as number partitioning and prime factorization. Importantly, the HCMC makes constructive use of experimental noise in the optical readout, a milestone for molecular systems, to solve these optimization problems, as opposed to in silico random number generation. Specifically, we show calculations stranded in local minima can consistently converge on a global minimum in the presence of experimental noise. Scalability of the hybrid computer is demonstrated by expanding the number of variables from 4 to 7, increasing the number of possible solutions by 1 order of magnitude. This work provides a stepping stone to fully molecular approaches to solving complex computational problems using chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica
K. Krasecki
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Abhishek Sharma
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C. Cavell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Christopher Forman
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Si Yue Guo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario MS5 3H6, Canada
| | - Evan Thomas Jensen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Mackinsey A. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Rachel Czerwinski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Pascal Friederich
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario MS5 3H6, Canada
| | - Riley J. Hickman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario MS5 3H6, Canada
| | - Nathan Gianneschi
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario MS5 3H6, Canada
| | - Leroy Cronin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Randall H. Goldsmith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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11
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Prabakaran K, Manivannan R, Son YA. A novel fluorophore with multichromic effect and its application in LED light for the volatile vapor detection. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 299:122813. [PMID: 37172396 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Successfully designed and synthesized diaryl maleimide DAM, and their structure was confirmed by mass spectroscopy and NMR techniques. They investigated their photophysical properties, such as solvatochromic and the aggregation effect of AIE/ACQ on the water/DMF ratio, and other studies of solid-state mechanofluorochromic, such as grinding, exposure to solvent fumes, hydrostatic pressures, and vapochromic. Interestingly, the solvent methods gave very similar results in both the dissolving phase and the vapor phase. For the solution state from hexane to CH2Cl2, a greenish-yellow to orange emission was observed. From hexane to dichloromethane, naked-eye colorimetric changes (from yellow to orange in a solid state) were observed. Very interesting results were obtained, the yellow solid was ground for 1 min, it turned into an orange color, and its wavelengths were red-shifted in both absorption and emission. Subsequently, the ground sample was exposed to diethyl ether vapors, which returned to the original green-yellow emission and absorption. The applied hydrostatic pressures (0-4Mpa) in DAM gave excellent red-shifted emission, and then their hydrostatic pressures were increased to 4-16 Mpa, and the red-shifted emission gradually decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaliyan Prabakaran
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, 220, Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Ramalingam Manivannan
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, 220, Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Young-A Son
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, 220, Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea.
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12
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Yu L, Chen B, Li Z, Huang Q, He K, Su Y, Han Z, Zhou Y, Zhu X, Yan D, Dong R. Digital synthetic polymers for information storage. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1529-1548. [PMID: 36786068 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs01022d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Digital synthetic polymers with uniform chain lengths and defined monomer sequences have recently become intriguing alternatives to traditional silicon-based information devices or natural biomacromolecules for data storage. The structural diversity of information-containing macromolecules endows the digital synthetic polymers with higher stability and storage density but less occupied space. Through subtly designing each unit of coded structure, the information can be readily encoded into digital synthetic polymers in a more economical scheme and more decodable, opening up new avenues for molecular digital data storage with high-level security. This tutorial review summarizes recent advances in salient features of digital synthetic polymers for data storage, including encoding, decoding, editing, erasing, encrypting, and repairing. The current challenges and outlook are finally discussed to offer potential solution guidance and new perspectives for the creation of next-generation digital synthetic polymers and broaden the scope of their applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Baiyang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Ziying Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Qijing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Kaiyuan He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Yue Su
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Zeguang Han
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Yongfeng Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Xinyuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Deyue Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Ruijiao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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13
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Rössler SL, Grob NM, Buchwald SL, Pentelute BL. Abiotic peptides as carriers of information for the encoding of small-molecule library synthesis. Science 2023; 379:939-945. [PMID: 36862767 PMCID: PMC10064805 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Encoding small-molecule information in DNA has been leveraged to accelerate the discovery of ligands for therapeutic targets such as proteins. However, oligonucleotide-based encoding is hampered by inherent limitations of information stability and density. In this study, we establish abiotic peptides for next-generation information storage and apply them for the encoding of diverse small-molecule synthesis. The chemical stability of the peptide-based tag allows the use of palladium-mediated reactions to efficiently synthesize peptide-encoded libraries (PELs) with broad chemical diversity and high purity. We demonstrate the successful de novo discovery of small-molecule protein ligands from PELs by affinity selection against carbonic anhydrase IX and the oncogenic protein targets BRD4(1) and MDM2. Collectively, this work establishes abiotic peptides as carriers of information for the encoding of small-molecule synthesis, leveraged herein for the discovery of protein ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon L Rössler
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nathalie M Grob
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stephen L Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bradley L Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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14
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Dominique NL, Jensen IM, Kaur G, Kotseos CQ, Boggess WC, Jenkins DM, Camden JP. Giving Gold Wings: Ultrabright and Fragmentation Free Mass Spectrometry Reporters for Barcoding, Bioconjugation Monitoring, and Data Storage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202219182. [PMID: 36853583 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202219182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The widespread application of laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) highlights the need for a bright and multiplexable labeling platform. While ligand-capped Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) have emerged as a promising LDI-MS contrast agent, the predominant thiol ligands suffer from low ion yields and extensive fragmentation. In this work, we develop a N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand platform that enhances AuNP LDI-MS performance. NHC scaffolds are tuned to generate barcoded AuNPs which, when benchmarked against thiol-AuNPs, are bright mass tags and form unfragmented ions in high yield. To illustrate the transformative potential of NHC ligands, the mass tags were employed in three orthogonal applications: monitoring a bioconjugation reaction, performing multiplexed imaging, and storing and reading encoded information. These results demonstrate that NHC-nanoparticle systems are an ideal platform for LDI-MS and greatly broaden the scope of nanoparticle contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel L Dominique
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Isabel M Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Gurkiran Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Chandler Q Kotseos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - William C Boggess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - David M Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Jon P Camden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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15
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Soete M, Mertens C, Badi N, Du Prez FE. Reading Information Stored in Synthetic Macromolecules. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22378-22390. [PMID: 36454647 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The storage of information in synthetic (macro)molecules provides an attractive alternative for current archival storage media, and the advancements made within this area have prompted the investigation of such molecules for numerous other applications (e.g., anti-counterfeiting tags, steganography). While different strategies have been described for storing information at the molecular level, this Perspective aims to provide a critical overview of the most prominent approaches that can be utilized for retrieving the encoded information. The major part will focus on the sequence determination of synthetic macromolecules, wherein information is stored by the precise arrangement of constituting monomers, with an emphasis on chemically aided strategies, (tandem) mass spectrometry, and nanopore sensing. In addition, recent progress in utilizing (mixtures of) small molecules for information storage will be discussed. Finally, the closing remarks aim to highlight which strategy we believe is the most suitable for a series of specific applications, and will also touch upon the future research avenues that can be pursued for reading (macro)molecular information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Soete
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chiel Mertens
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nezha Badi
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip E Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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16
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Lizak A, Szweda R. Czy plastik może rozpocząć nową erę w archiwizacji danych? ARCHEION 2022. [DOI: 10.4467/26581264arc.22.014.16667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of information technology, many aspects of our lives are undergoing a digital transformation. An increasing number of users are going online every year, and constantly improving artificial intelligence is gaining popularity, which leads to the growing production of information. Nowadays, information is usually stored in data centres, which will be forced to increase their space with the constant flow of new bits of information. Together with the increase in their space, energy consumption and associated maintenance costs are escalating. In 2021, global data centre power consumption was 220–320 TWh, which is about 0.9–1.3% of global power consumption. Continuous power supply for database operations is responsible for about 1% of total carbon dioxide emissions. Furthermore, it has already been reported that with the exponentially growing amount of data, in about 20 years, the amount of silicon for microprocessors will no longer be sufficient to store all the information. Therefore, scientists are looking for alternatives to the currently used data storage solutions and are developing new technologies using chemical molecules. Recently, even plastic has been explored as a data carrier. In this work, we present examples of new technologies for data storage in polymers. We have discussed polymers as data carriers in comparison with currently used solutions and deliberated whether plastic can become a future material for information archiving.
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17
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Bakov VV, Georgiev NI, Bojinov VB. A Novel Fluorescent Probe for Determination of pH and Viscosity Based on a Highly Water-Soluble 1,8-Naphthalimide Rotor. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217556. [PMID: 36364383 PMCID: PMC9657100 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel highly water-soluble 1,8-naphthalimide with pH and viscosity-sensing fluorescence was synthesized and investigated. The synthesized compound was designed as a molecular device in which a molecular rotor and molecular “off-on” switcher were integrated. In order to obtain a TICT driven molecular motion at C-4 position of the 1,8-naphthalimide fluorophore, a 4-methylpiperazinyl fragment was introduced. The molecular motion was confirmed after photophysical investigation in solvents with different viscosity; furthermore, the fluorescence-sensing properties of the examined compound were investigated in 100% aqueous medium and it was found that it could be used as an efficient fluorescent probe for pH. Due to the non-emissive deexcitation nature of the TICT fluorophore, the novel system showed low yellow–green emission, which represented “power-on”/“rotor-on” state. The protonation of the methylpiperazine amine destabilized the TICT process, which was accompanied by fluorescence enhancement indicating a “power-on”/“rotor-off” state of the system. The results obtained clearly illustrated the great potential of the synthesized compound to serve as pH- and viscosity-sensing material in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ventsislav V. Bakov
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolai I. Georgiev
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: (N.I.G.); (V.B.B.); Tel.: +359-2-8163207 (N.I.G.); +359-2-8163206 (V.B.B.)
| | - Vladimir B. Bojinov
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1040 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: (N.I.G.); (V.B.B.); Tel.: +359-2-8163207 (N.I.G.); +359-2-8163206 (V.B.B.)
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18
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Lee J, Jang H, Lee SW, Kim KT. Nondestructive Sequencing of Enantiopure Oligoesters by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. JACS AU 2022; 2:2108-2118. [PMID: 36186555 PMCID: PMC9516704 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sequence-defined synthetic oligomers and polymers are promising molecular media for permanently storing digital information. However, the information decoding process relies on degradative sequencing methods such as mass spectrometry, which consumes the information-storing polymers upon decoding. Here, we demonstrate the nondestructive decoding of sequence-defined oligomers of enantiopure α-hydroxy acids, oligo(l-mandelic-co-d-phenyl lactic acid)s (oMPs), and oligo(l-lactic-co-glycolic acid)s (oLGs) by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We were able to nondestructively decode a bitmap image (192 bits) encoded using a library of 12 equimolar mixtures of an 8-bit-storing oMP and oLG, synthesized through semiautomated flow chemistry in less than 1% of the reaction time required for the repetition of conventional batch reactions. Our results highlight the potential of bundles of sequence-defined oligomers as efficient media for encoding and decoding large-scale information based on the automation of their synthesis and nondestructive sequencing processes.
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19
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Mazumdar AK, Nanda GP, Yadav N, Deori U, Acharyya U, Sk B, Rajamalli P. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters: sensing and boosting spin-flipping by aggregation. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1177-1187. [PMID: 36128432 PMCID: PMC9475190 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-free organic emitters with thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) characteristics are emerging due to the potential applications in optoelectronic devices, time-resolved luminescence imaging, and solid-phase sensing. Herein, we synthesized two (4-bromobenzoyl)pyridine (BPy)-based donor–acceptor (D–A) compounds with varying donor size and strength: the emitter BPy-pTC with tert-butylcarbazole (TC) as the donor and BPy-p3C with bulky tricarbazole (3C) as the donor unit. Both BPy-pTC and BPy-p3C exhibited prominent emission with TADF properties in solution and in the solid phase. The stronger excited-state charge transfer was obtained for BPy-p3C due to the bulkier donor, leading to a more twisted D–A geometry than that of BPy-pTC. Hence, BPy-p3C exhibited aggregation-induced enhanced emission (AIEE) in a THF/water mixture. Interestingly, the singlet–triplet energy gap (ΔEST) was reduced for both compounds in the aggregated state as compared to toluene solution. Consequently, a faster reverse intersystem crossing rate (kRISC) was obtained in the aggregated state, facilitating photon upconversion, leading to enhanced delayed fluorescence. Further, the lone-pair electrons of the pyridinyl nitrogen atom were found to be sensitive to acidic protons. Hence, the exposure to acid and base vapors using trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and triethylamine (TEA) led to solid-phase fluorescence switching with fatigue resistance. The current study demonstrates the role of the donor strength and size in tuning ΔEST in the aggregated state as well as the relevance for fluorescence-based acid–base sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Mazumdar
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Gyana Prakash Nanda
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Nisha Yadav
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Upasana Deori
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Upasha Acharyya
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Bahadur Sk
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Pachaiyappan Rajamalli
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
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20
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Dahlhauser S, Wight CD, Moor SR, Scanga RA, Ngo P, York JT, Vera MS, Blake KJ, Riddington IM, Reuther JF, Anslyn EV. Molecular Encryption and Steganography Using Mixtures of Simultaneously Sequenced, Sequence-Defined Oligourethanes. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:1125-1133. [PMID: 36032764 PMCID: PMC9413831 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular encoding in abiotic sequence-defined polymers (SDPs) has recently emerged as a versatile platform for information and data storage. However, the storage capacity of these sequence-defined polymers remains underwhelming compared to that of the information storing biopolymer DNA. In an effort to increase their information storage capacity, herein we describe the synthesis and simultaneous sequencing of eight sequence-defined 10-mer oligourethanes. Importantly, we demonstrate the use of different isotope labels, such as halogen tags, as a tool to deconvolute the complex sequence information found within a heterogeneous mixture of at least 96 unique molecules, with as little as four micromoles of total material. In doing so, relatively high-capacity data storage was achieved: 256 bits in this example, the most information stored in a single sample of abiotic SDPs without the use of long strands. Within the sequence information, a 256-bit cipher key was stored and retrieved. The key was used to encrypt and decrypt a plain text document containing The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. To validate this platform as a medium of molecular steganography and cryptography, the cipher key was hidden in the ink of a personal letter, mailed to a third party, extracted, sequenced, and deciphered successfully in the first try, thereby revealing the encrypted document.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel
D. Dahlhauser
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas at
Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Christopher D. Wight
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas at
Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sarah R. Moor
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas at
Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Randall A. Scanga
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts
Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Phuoc Ngo
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas at
Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jordan T. York
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas at
Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Marissa S. Vera
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas at
Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kristin J. Blake
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas at
Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Ian M. Riddington
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas at
Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - James F. Reuther
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts
Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Eric V. Anslyn
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas at
Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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21
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Molecular data storage with zero synthetic effort and simple read-out. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13878. [PMID: 35974033 PMCID: PMC9381582 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Compound mixtures represent an alternative, additional approach to DNA and synthetic sequence-defined macromolecules in the field of non-conventional molecular data storage, which may be useful depending on the target application. Here, we report a fast and efficient method for information storage in molecular mixtures by the direct use of commercially available chemicals and thus, zero synthetic steps need to be performed. As a proof of principle, a binary coding language is used for encoding words in ASCII or black and white pixels of a bitmap. This way, we stored a 25 × 25-pixel QR code (625 bits) and a picture of the same size. Decoding of the written information is achieved via spectroscopic (1H NMR) or chromatographic (gas chromatography) analysis. In addition, for a faster and automated read-out of the data, we developed a decoding software, which also orders the data sets according to an internal “ordering” standard. Molecular keys or anticounterfeiting are possible areas of application for information-containing compound mixtures.
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22
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Kretschmer J, David T, Dračínský M, Socha O, Jirak D, Vít M, Jurok R, Kuchař M, Císařová I, Polasek M. Paramagnetic encoding of molecules. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3179. [PMID: 35676253 PMCID: PMC9177614 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30811-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractContactless digital tags are increasingly penetrating into many areas of human activities. Digitalization of our environment requires an ever growing number of objects to be identified and tracked with machine-readable labels. Molecules offer immense potential to serve for this purpose, but our ability to write, read, and communicate molecular code with current technology remains limited. Here we show that magnetic patterns can be synthetically encoded into stable molecular scaffolds with paramagnetic lanthanide ions to write digital code into molecules and their mixtures. Owing to the directional character of magnetic susceptibility tensors, each sequence of lanthanides built into one molecule produces a unique magnetic outcome. Multiplexing of the encoded molecules provides a high number of codes that grows double-exponentially with the number of available paramagnetic ions. The codes are readable by nuclear magnetic resonance in the radiofrequency (RF) spectrum, analogously to the macroscopic technology of RF identification. A prototype molecular system capable of 16-bit (65,535 codes) encoding is presented. Future optimized systems can conceivably provide 64-bit (~10^19 codes) or higher encoding to cover the labelling needs in drug discovery, anti-counterfeiting and other areas.
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23
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Kumar V, Sony S, Kaur N, Mobin SM, Kaur P, Singh K. Thiazolothiazole based donor-π-acceptor fluorophore: Protonation/deprotonation triggered molecular switch, sensing and bio-imaging applications. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1206:339776. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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24
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Ping Z, Chen S, Zhou G, Huang X, Zhu SJ, Zhang H, Lee HH, Lan Z, Cui J, Chen T, Zhang W, Yang H, Xu X, Church GM, Shen Y. Towards practical and robust DNA-based data archiving using the yin-yang codec system. NATURE COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 2:234-242. [PMID: 38177542 PMCID: PMC10766522 DOI: 10.1038/s43588-022-00231-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
DNA is a promising data storage medium due to its remarkable durability and space-efficient storage. Early bit-to-base transcoding schemes have primarily pursued information density, at the expense of introducing biocompatibility challenges or decoding failure. Here we propose a robust transcoding algorithm named the yin-yang codec, using two rules to encode two binary bits into one nucleotide, to generate DNA sequences that are highly compatible with synthesis and sequencing technologies. We encoded two representative file formats and stored them in vitro as 200 nt oligo pools and in vivo as a ~54 kbps DNA fragment in yeast cells. Sequencing results show that the yin-yang codec exhibits high robustness and reliability for a wide variety of data types, with an average recovery rate of 99.9% above 104 molecule copies and an achieved recovery rate of 87.53% at ≤102 copies. Additionally, the in vivo storage demonstration achieved an experimentally measured physical density close to the theoretical maximum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ping
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- George Church Institute of Regenesis, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shihong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- George Church Institute of Regenesis, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guangyu Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Sha Joe Zhu
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Haoling Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- George Church Institute of Regenesis, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Henry H Lee
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhaojun Lan
- School of Mathematical Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- George Church Institute of Regenesis, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tai Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- George Church Institute of Regenesis, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenwei Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huanming Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- George Church Institute of Regenesis, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xun Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
| | - George M Church
- George Church Institute of Regenesis, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Yue Shen
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
- George Church Institute of Regenesis, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
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25
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Shi Q, Miao T, Liu Y, Hu L, Yang H, Shen H, Piao M, Huang Z, Zhang Z. Fabrication and Decryption of a Microarray of Digital Dithiosuccinimide Oligomers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200029. [PMID: 35322486 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Digital polymer with precisely arranged binary units provides an important option for information storage. This is especially true if the digital polymers are assembled in a device, as it would be of great benefit to data writing and reading in practice. Herein, inspired by DNA microarray technique, the programmable information storing and reading on a mass spectrometry target plate is proposed. First, an array of 4-bit sequence-coded dithiosuccinimide oligomers was efficiently built through sequential thiol-maleimide Michael couplings with good sequence readability by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Then, toward engineering microarray for information storage, a programmed robotic arm was specifically designed for precisely loading sequence-coded oligomers onto the target plate, and a decoding software was developed for efficient readout of the data from MS/MS sequencing. Notably, short sequence-coded oligomers chains can be used to write long strings of information, and extra error-correction codes are not required as usual due to the inherent concomitant fragmentation signals. Not only text but also bitimages can be automatically stored and decoded with excellent accuracy. This work provides a promising platform of digital polymers for programmable information storing and reading. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiunan Shi
- Q. Shi, T. Miao, Y. Liu, Prof. H. Shen, Prof. Z. Huang, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Tengfei Miao
- Q. Shi, T. Miao, Y. Liu, Prof. H. Shen, Prof. Z. Huang, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Q. Shi, T. Miao, Y. Liu, Prof. H. Shen, Prof. Z. Huang, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Lihua Hu
- Dr. L. Hu, Analysis and Testing Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Hai Yang
- H. Yang, Eurosmart Intelligent Technology Research Institute, Nanjing, 211106, China
| | - Hang Shen
- Q. Shi, T. Miao, Y. Liu, Prof. H. Shen, Prof. Z. Huang, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Minghao Piao
- Prof. M. Piao, Collaborative Innovation Center of Novel Software Technology and Industrialization, School of Computer Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhihao Huang
- Q. Shi, T. Miao, Y. Liu, Prof. H. Shen, Prof. Z. Huang, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhengbiao Zhang
- Prof. Z. Zhang, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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26
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Meiser LC, Nguyen BH, Chen YJ, Nivala J, Strauss K, Ceze L, Grass RN. Synthetic DNA applications in information technology. Nat Commun 2022; 13:352. [PMID: 35039502 PMCID: PMC8763860 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27846-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic DNA is a growing alternative to electronic-based technologies in fields such as data storage, product tagging, or signal processing. Its value lies in its characteristic attributes, namely Watson-Crick base pairing, array synthesis, sequencing, toehold displacement and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) capabilities. In this review, we provide an overview of the most prevalent applications of synthetic DNA that could shape the future of information technology. We emphasize the reasons why the biomolecule can be a valuable alternative for conventional electronic-based media, and give insights on where the DNA-analog technology stands with respect to its electronic counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda C Meiser
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jeff Nivala
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | | | - Luis Ceze
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Robert N Grass
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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27
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Ashkarran AA, Hosseini A, Loloee R, Perry G, Lee KB, Lund M, Ejtehadi MR, Mahmoudi M. Conformation- and phosphorylation-dependent electron tunnelling across self-assembled monolayers of tau peptides. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 606:2038-2050. [PMID: 34749450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We report on charge transport across self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of short tau peptides by probing the electron tunneling rates and quantum mechanical simulation. We measured the electron tunneling rates across SAMs of carboxyl-terminated linker molecules (C6H12O2S) and short cis-tau (CT) and trans-tau (TT) peptides, supported on template-stripped gold (AuTS) bottom electrode, with Eutectic Gallium-Indium (EGaIn)(EGaIn) top electrode. Measurements of the current density across thousands of AuTS/linker/tau//Ga2O3/EGaIn single-molecule junctions show that the tunneling current across CT peptide is one order of magnitude lower than that of TT peptide. Quantum mechanical simulation demonstrated a wider energy bandgap of the CT peptide, as compared to the TT peptide, which causes a reduction in its electron tunneling current. Our findings also revealed the critical role of phosphorylation in altering the charge transport characteristics of short peptides; more specifically, we found that the presence of phosphate groups can reduce the energy band gap in tau peptides and alter their electrical properties. Our results suggest that conformational and phosphorylation of short peptides (e.g., tau) can significantly change their charge transport characteristics and energy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Akbar Ashkarran
- Precision Health Program and Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Atiyeh Hosseini
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Loloee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - George Perry
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ki-Bum Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Mikael Lund
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | | | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Precision Health Program and Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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28
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Bennet D, Vo‐Dinh T, Zenhausern F. Current and emerging opportunities in biological medium‐based computing and digital data storage. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202100275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Devasier Bennet
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine College of Medicine Phoenix The University of Arizona Phoenix USA
| | - Tuan Vo‐Dinh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Department of Chemistry Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics Duke University Durham North Carolina USA
| | - Frederic Zenhausern
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine College of Medicine Phoenix The University of Arizona Phoenix USA
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences College of Medicine Phoenix The University of Arizona Phoenix Arizona USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; and BIO5 Institute College of Engineering The University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
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29
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Nagarkar AA, Root SE, Fink MJ, Ten AS, Cafferty BJ, Richardson DS, Mrksich M, Whitesides GM. Storing and Reading Information in Mixtures of Fluorescent Molecules. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:1728-1735. [PMID: 34729416 PMCID: PMC8554834 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The rapidly increasing use of digital technologies requires the rethinking of methods to store data. This work shows that digital data can be stored in mixtures of fluorescent dye molecules, which are deposited on a surface by inkjet printing, where an amide bond tethers the dye molecules to the surface. A microscope equipped with a multichannel fluorescence detector distinguishes individual dyes in the mixture. The presence or absence of these molecules in the mixture encodes binary information (i.e., "0" or "1"). The use of mixtures of molecules, instead of sequence-defined macromolecules, minimizes the time and difficulty of synthesis and eliminates the requirement of sequencing. We have written, stored, and read a total of approximately 400 kilobits (both text and images) with greater than 99% recovery of information, written at an average rate of 128 bits/s (16 bytes/s) and read at a rate of 469 bits/s (58.6 bytes/s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit A. Nagarkar
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Samuel E. Root
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Michael J. Fink
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Alexei S. Ten
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Brian J. Cafferty
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Douglas S. Richardson
- Harvard
Center for Biological Imaging, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Milan Mrksich
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - George M. Whitesides
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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30
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Ng CCA, Tam WM, Yin H, Wu Q, So PK, Wong MYM, Lau FCM, Yao ZP. Data storage using peptide sequences. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4242. [PMID: 34257289 PMCID: PMC8277807 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24496-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humankind is generating digital data at an exponential rate. These data are typically stored using electronic, magnetic or optical devices, which require large physical spaces and cannot last for a very long time. Here we report the use of peptide sequences for data storage, which can be durable and of high storage density. With the selection of suitable constitutive amino acids, designs of address codes and error-correction schemes to protect the order and integrity of the stored data, optimization of the analytical protocol and development of a software to effectively recover peptide sequences from the tandem mass spectra, we demonstrated the feasibility of this method by successfully storing and retrieving a text file and the music file Silent Night with 40 and 511 18-mer peptides respectively. This method for the first time links data storage with the peptide synthesis industry and proteomics techniques, and is expected to stimulate the development of relevant fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheuk Chi A Ng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Research Institute for Future Food and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation) and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wai Man Tam
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Haidi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Research Institute for Future Food and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation) and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Research Institute for Future Food and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation) and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pui-Kin So
- University Research Facility in Life Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Melody Yee-Man Wong
- University Research Facility in Chemical and Environmental Analysis, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Francis C M Lau
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Zhong-Ping Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Research Institute for Future Food and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation) and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.
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31
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Kennedy E, Geiser J, Arcadia CE, Weber PM, Rose C, Rubenstein BM, Rosenstein JK. Secret messaging with endogenous chemistry. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13960. [PMID: 34230521 PMCID: PMC8260626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92987-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Data encoded in molecules offers opportunities for secret messaging and extreme information density. Here, we explore how the same chemical and physical dimensions used to encode molecular information can expose molecular messages to detection and manipulation. To address these vulnerabilities, we write data using an object's pre-existing surface chemistry in ways that are indistinguishable from the original substrate. While it is simple to embed chemical information onto common objects (covers) using routine steganographic permutation, chemically embedded covers are found to be resistant to detection by sophisticated analytical tools. Using Turbo codes for efficient digital error correction, we demonstrate recovery of secret keys hidden in the pre-existing chemistry of American one dollar bills. These demonstrations highlight ways to improve security in other molecular domains, and show how the chemical fingerprints of common objects can be harnessed for data storage and communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Kennedy
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Joseph Geiser
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Peter M Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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32
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Soete M, Mertens C, Aksakal R, Badi N, Du Prez F. Sequence-Encoded Macromolecules with Increased Data Storage Capacity through a Thiol-Epoxy Reaction. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:616-622. [PMID: 35570768 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sequence-encoded oligo(thioether urethane)s with two different coding monomers per backbone unit were prepared via a solid phase, two-step iterative protocol based on thiolactone chemistry. The first step of the synthetic cycle consists of the thiolactone ring opening with a primary amine, whereby the in situ released thiol is immediately reacted with an epoxide. In the second step, the thiolactone group is reinstalled to initiate the next cycle. This strategy allows to introduce two different coding monomers per synthetic cycle, rendering the resulting macromolecules especially attractive in the area of (macro)molecular data storage because of their increased data storage capacity. Subsequently, the efficiency of the herein reported synthesis route and the applicability of the dual-encoded sequence-defined macromolecules as a potential data storage platform have been demonstrated by unraveling the exact monomer order using tandem mass spectrometry techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Soete
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chiel Mertens
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Resat Aksakal
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nezha Badi
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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33
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Dahlhauser SD, Moor SR, Vera MS, York JT, Ngo P, Boley AJ, Coronado JN, Simpson ZB, Anslyn EV. Efficient molecular encoding in multifunctional self-immolative urethanes. CELL REPORTS. PHYSICAL SCIENCE 2021; 2:100393. [PMID: 34755143 PMCID: PMC8573738 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2021.100393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Molecular encoding in sequence-defined polymers shows promise as a new paradigm for data storage. Here, we report what is, to our knowledge, the first use of self-immolative oligourethanes for storing and reading encoded information. As a proof of principle, we describe how a text passage from Jane Austen's Mansfield Park was encoded in sequence-defined oligourethanes and reconstructed via self-immolative sequencing. We develop Mol.E-coder, a software tool that uses a Huffman encoding scheme to convert the character table to hexadecimal. The oligourethanes are then generated by a high-throughput parallel synthesis. Sequencing of the oligourethanes by self-immolation is done concurrently in a parallel fashion, and the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) information decoded by our Mol.E-decoder software. The passage is capable of being reproduced wholly intact by a third-party, without any purifications or the use of tandem MS (MS/MS), despite multiple rounds of compression, encoding, and synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah R. Moor
- University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | | | - Phuoc Ngo
- University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | | | | | - Eric V. Anslyn
- University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Lead contact
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Goswami A, Gaikwad S, Schmittel M. A Switchable Catalyst Duo for Acyl Transfer Proximity Catalysis and Regulation of Substrate Selectivity. Chemistry 2021; 27:2997-3001. [PMID: 33022776 PMCID: PMC7898682 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes are encoded with a gamut of information to catalyze a highly selective transformation by selecting the proper reactants from an intricate mixture of constituents. Mimicking biological machinery, two switchable catalysts with differently sized cavities and allosteric control are conceived that allow complementary size-selective acyl transfer in an on/off manner by modulating the effective local concentration of the substrates. Selective activation of one of two catalysts in a mixture of reactants of similar reactivity enabled upregulation of the desired product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Goswami
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
| | - Sudhakar Gaikwad
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie IUniversity of SiegenAdolf-Reichwein Str. 257068SiegenGermany
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35
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Lim CK, Nirantar S, Yew WS, Poh CL. Novel Modalities in DNA Data Storage. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 39:990-1003. [PMID: 33455842 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The field of storing information in DNA has expanded exponentially. Most common modalities involve encoding information from bits into synthesized nucleotides, storage in liquid or dry media, and decoding via sequencing. However, limitations to this paradigm include the cost of DNA synthesis and sequencing, along with low throughput. Further unresolved questions include the appropriate media of storage and the scalability of such approaches for commercial viability. In this review, we examine various storage modalities involving the use of DNA from a systems-level perspective. We compare novel methods that draw inspiration from molecular biology techniques that have been devised to overcome the difficulties posed by standard workflows and conceptualize potential applications that can arise from these advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Kai Lim
- NUS Graduate School of Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore; NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | | | - Wen Shan Yew
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Chueh Loo Poh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore; NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.
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36
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Pluchinsky AJ, Wackelin DJ, Huang X, Arnold FH, Mrksich M. High Throughput Screening with SAMDI Mass Spectrometry for Directed Evolution. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19804-19808. [PMID: 33174742 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Advances in directed evolution have led to an exploration of new and important chemical transformations; however, many of these efforts still rely on the use of low-throughput chromatography-based screening methods. We present a high-throughput strategy for screening libraries of enzyme variants for improved activity. Unpurified reaction products are immobilized to a self-assembled monolayer and analyzed by mass spectrometry, allowing for direct evaluation of thousands of variants in under an hour. The method was demonstrated with libraries of randomly mutated cytochrome P411 variants to identify improved catalysts for C-H alkylation. The technique may be tailored to evolve enzymatic activity for a variety of transformations where higher throughput is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J Wackelin
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering MC 210-41, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Xiongyi Huang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering MC 210-41, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Frances H Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering MC 210-41, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Abstract
DNA has become a popular soft material for low energy, high-density information storage, but it is susceptible to damage through oxidation, pH, temperature, and nucleases in the environment. Here, we describe a new molecular chemotype for data archiving based on the unnatural genetic framework of α-l-threofuranosyl nucleic acid (TNA). Using a simple genetic coding strategy, 23 kilobytes of digital information were stored in DNA-primed TNA oligonucleotides and recovered with perfect accuracy after exposure to biological nucleases that destroyed equivalent DNA messages. We suggest that these results extend the capacity for nucleic acids to function as a soft material for low energy, high-density information storage by providing a safeguard against information loss caused by nuclease digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefan Yang
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemistry, and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3958, United States
| | - Cailen M. McCloskey
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemistry, and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3958, United States
| | - John C. Chaput
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemistry, and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3958, United States
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38
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Doroschak K, Zhang K, Queen M, Mandyam A, Strauss K, Ceze L, Nivala J. Rapid and robust assembly and decoding of molecular tags with DNA-based nanopore signatures. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5454. [PMID: 33144581 PMCID: PMC7642340 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19151-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular tagging is an approach to labeling physical objects using DNA or other molecules that can be used when methods such as RFID tags and QR codes are unsuitable. No molecular tagging method exists that is inexpensive, fast and reliable to decode, and usable in minimal resource environments to create or read tags. To address this, we present Porcupine, an end-user molecular tagging system featuring DNA-based tags readable within seconds using a portable nanopore device. Porcupine's digital bits are represented by the presence or absence of distinct DNA strands, called molecular bits (molbits). We classify molbits directly from raw nanopore signal, avoiding basecalling. To extend shelf life, decrease readout time, and make tags robust to environmental contamination, molbits are prepared for readout during tag assembly and can be stabilized by dehydration. The result is an extensible, real-time, high accuracy tagging system that includes an approach to developing highly separable barcodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Doroschak
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Karen Zhang
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Melissa Queen
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Aishwarya Mandyam
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | | | - Luis Ceze
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jeff Nivala
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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39
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Rapidly sequence-controlled electrosynthesis of organometallic polymers. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2530. [PMID: 32439856 PMCID: PMC7242481 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16255-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Single rich-stimuli-responsive organometallic polymers are considered to be the candidate for ultrahigh information storage and anti-counterfeiting security. However, their controllable synthesis has been an unsolved challenge. Here, we report the rapidly sequence-controlled electrosynthesis of organometallic polymers with exquisite insertion of multiple and distinct monomers. Electrosynthesis relies on the use of oxidative and reductive C–C couplings with the respective reaction time of 1 min. Single-monomer-precision propagation does not need protecting and deprotecting steps used in solid-phase synthesis, while enabling the uniform synthesis and sequence-defined possibilities monitored by both UV–vis spectra and cyclic voltammetry. Highly efficient electrosynthesis possessing potentially automated production can incorporate an amount of available metal and ligand species into a single organometallic polymer with complex architectures and functional versatility, which is proposed to have ultrahigh information storage and anti-counterfeiting security with low-cost coding and decoding processes at the single organometallic polymer level. The controllable synthesis of organometallic polymers that can be used in ultrahigh information storage and anti-counterfeiting security has been an unsolved challenge. Here, the authors show sequence-controlled electrosynthesis of organometallic polymers with exquisite insertion of multiple and distinct monomers.
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40
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Laurent E, Amalian JA, Parmentier M, Oswald L, Al Ouahabi A, Dufour F, Launay K, Clément JL, Gigmes D, Delsuc MA, Charles L, Lutz JF. High-Capacity Digital Polymers: Storing Images in Single Molecules. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eline Laurent
- CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Cedex 2 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Arthur Amalian
- CNRS, UMR 7273, Institute of Radical Chemistry, Aix Marseille Université, 13397 Cedex 20 Marseille, France
| | - Marie Parmentier
- CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Cedex 2 Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurence Oswald
- CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Cedex 2 Strasbourg, France
| | - Abdelaziz Al Ouahabi
- CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Cedex 2 Strasbourg, France
| | - Florent Dufour
- CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Cedex 2 Strasbourg, France
| | - Kevin Launay
- CNRS, UMR 7273, Institute of Radical Chemistry, Aix Marseille Université, 13397 Cedex 20 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Clément
- CNRS, UMR 7273, Institute of Radical Chemistry, Aix Marseille Université, 13397 Cedex 20 Marseille, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- CNRS, UMR 7273, Institute of Radical Chemistry, Aix Marseille Université, 13397 Cedex 20 Marseille, France
| | - Marc-André Delsuc
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM, U596, CNRS, UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Laurence Charles
- CNRS, UMR 7273, Institute of Radical Chemistry, Aix Marseille Université, 13397 Cedex 20 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-François Lutz
- CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Cedex 2 Strasbourg, France
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41
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Nenashkina A, Koltsov S, Zaytseva E, Brunova A, Pantiukhin I, Skorb EV. Storage of Information Using Periodic Precipitation. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:7809-7814. [PMID: 32309690 PMCID: PMC7160830 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, transparent flexible thin polymer films with silver patterns have been created. The resulting structures made by the printing method represent a new alternative approach for recording, protecting, and transmitting information as well as for nonlinear gradient material formation. An alphabet for process automatization was created, and an automated system for recording and reading information was developed. To protect the information, we suggest the usage of a classic XOR function: the idea of scrambling is to demonstrate the simple and clear example of coding the ITMO University logo, and the code is provided. Additionally, the resulting samples are functional gradient materials with peaks of surface plasmon resonance. In the following, automated peak decoding by UV-vis spectroscopy allows an additional physicochemical method for structure decoding.
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42
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Tang Y, He C, Zheng X, Chen X, Gao T. Super-capacity information-carrying systems encoded with spontaneous Raman scattering. Chem Sci 2020; 11:3096-3103. [PMID: 34122814 PMCID: PMC8157647 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05133c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical multiplex barcode systems have been significantly boosting the throughput of scientific discovery. A high volume of barcodes can be made from combinations of distinct spectral bands and intensity levels. However, the practical capacity often reaches a ceiling due to the overlaps of signal frequencies or intensities when massive information is written on individual carriers. In this paper, we built super-capacity information-carrying systems by tuning vibrational signals into octal numeral intensities in multiple bands of Raman-silent regions. This novel approach experimentally yielded the largest capacity of distinct optical barcodes to date. The experiments of encoding ASCII and Unicode systems to write and read languages indicate that the Raman coding method provides a new strategy for super-capacity data storage. In addition, multiplex screening of a cell-binding ligand was implemented to demonstrate the feasibility of this technology for fast and in situ high-throughput bio-discovery. These information-carrying systems may open new scenarios for the development of high-throughput screening, diagnostics and data storage. Super-capacity information-carrying systems are fabricated by tuning vibrational signals into octal numeral intensities in multiple bands of Raman-silent regions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Tang
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079 China .,China Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education Wuhan 430079 China
| | - Caili He
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079 China .,China Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education Wuhan 430079 China
| | - Xingxing Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079 China .,China Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education Wuhan 430079 China
| | - Xuqi Chen
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079 China .,China Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education Wuhan 430079 China
| | - Tingjuan Gao
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079 China .,China Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education Wuhan 430079 China
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43
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Rosenstein JK, Rose C, Reda S, Weber PM, Kim E, Sello J, Geiser J, Kennedy E, Arcadia C, Dombroski A, Oakley K, Chen SL, Tann H, Rubenstein BM. Principles of Information Storage in Small-Molecule Mixtures. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2020; 19:378-384. [PMID: 32142450 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2020.2977304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Molecular data systems have the potential to store information at dramatically higher density than existing electronic media. Some of the first experimental demonstrations of this idea have used DNA, but nature also uses a wide diversity of smaller non-polymeric molecules to preserve, process, and transmit information. In this paper, we present a general framework for quantifying chemical memory, which is not limited to polymers and extends to mixtures of molecules of all types. We show that the theoretical limit for molecular information is two orders of magnitude denser by mass than DNA, although this comes with different practical constraints on total capacity. We experimentally demonstrate kilobyte-scale information storage in mixtures of small synthetic molecules, and we consider some of the new perspectives that will be necessary to harness the information capacity available from the vast non-genomic chemical space.
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44
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Nagy L, Kuki Á, Nagy T, Vadkerti B, Erdélyi Z, Kárpáti L, Zsuga M, Kéki S. Encoding Information into Polyethylene Glycol Using an Alcohol-Isocyanate "Click" Reaction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041318. [PMID: 32075293 PMCID: PMC7072859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, the capability of encoding information using a homologous series of monodisperse monomethoxypolyethylene glycols (mPEG), with a number of ethylene oxide units ranging from nEO = 5 to 8, and monodisperse linear aliphatic isocyanates containing a number of CH2 units from 3 to 7, is demonstrated. The “click” reaction of the two corresponding homologous series yielded 20 different isocyanate end-capped polyethylene glycol derivatives (mPEG-OCONHR) whose sodiated adduct ion’s nominal m/z values spanned from 360 to 548, providing an average ca. 8 m/z unit for the storage of one-bit information. These mPEG-OCONHR oligomers were then used to encode information in binary sequences using a 384-well MALDI sample plate and employing the common dried-droplet sample preparation method capable of encoding 20 bit, i.e., 2.5 byte information in one spot, was employed. The information stored in the spots was read by MALDI-TOF MS using the m/z value of the corresponding mPEG-OCONHR oligomers. The capability of the method to store data was demonstrated by writing and reading a text file, visualizing a small picture and capturing a short audio file written in Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) sequence. Due to the very large similarities in the chemical structures of the encoding oligomers and their “easy to be ionized” property, as well as their very similar ionization efficiencies, the MALDI-TOF MS signal intensities from each compound was so strong and unambiguous that complete decoding could be performed in each case. In addition, the set of the proposed encoding oligomers can be further extended to attain higher bit “densities”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lajos Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.N.); (Á.K.); (T.N.); (B.V.); (M.Z.)
| | - Ákos Kuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.N.); (Á.K.); (T.N.); (B.V.); (M.Z.)
| | - Tibor Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.N.); (Á.K.); (T.N.); (B.V.); (M.Z.)
| | - Bence Vadkerti
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.N.); (Á.K.); (T.N.); (B.V.); (M.Z.)
- Doctoral School of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Erdélyi
- Department of Solid State Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Levente Kárpáti
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Miklós Zsuga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.N.); (Á.K.); (T.N.); (B.V.); (M.Z.)
| | - Sándor Kéki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.N.); (Á.K.); (T.N.); (B.V.); (M.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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Selenium nanovirus and its cytotoxicity in selenite-exposed higher living organisms. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 21:100733. [PMID: 32016161 PMCID: PMC6992533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient in living organisms, having a narrow margin between essential and potentially toxic intake/exposure. Thus, the biochemistry of Se in living organisms must be studied in-depth to determine the underlying mechanism of Se cytotoxicity. In this study, we report the emergence of selenium nanovirus (SeNVs) in selenite-exposed fish (freshwater and saltwater) and plants (dryland) and its toxicity in them. SeNVs were found in both the abdomen and tail of Oryzias melastigma and saltwater Rhodeus ocellatus, which led to their death. The occurrence of the intracellular assembly of SeNVs was observed in the roots and leaves of corn Zea mays, but not in those of Limnobium laevigatum. SeNVs led to the death of Z. mays but caused chronic toxicity in L. laevigatum. SeNVs should be a system or structure that dissipates the intracellular redox gradients of the host cells, with simple information consisting Se-O, Se-N, or Se-S bond, that would ensure elemental Se ligand binding with nearly specific biomolecules in host cells, thereby maintaining their composition and stabilizing their structure. The multiple toxic effects of Se, therefore, could be the consequence of increase of entropy in the host cells caused by the intracellular assembly of SeNVs. This study may provide an insight into the underlying mechanism of Se in environmental toxicology and its applications in human health.
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46
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Arcadia CE, Kennedy E, Geiser J, Dombroski A, Oakley K, Chen SL, Sprague L, Ozmen M, Sello J, Weber PM, Reda S, Rose C, Kim E, Rubenstein BM, Rosenstein JK. Multicomponent molecular memory. Nat Commun 2020; 11:691. [PMID: 32019933 PMCID: PMC7000828 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14455-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicomponent reactions enable the synthesis of large molecular libraries from relatively few inputs. This scalability has led to the broad adoption of these reactions by the pharmaceutical industry. Here, we employ the four-component Ugi reaction to demonstrate that multicomponent reactions can provide a basis for large-scale molecular data storage. Using this combinatorial chemistry we encode more than 1.8 million bits of art historical images, including a Cubist drawing by Picasso. Digital data is written using robotically synthesized libraries of Ugi products, and the files are read back using mass spectrometry. We combine sparse mixture mapping with supervised learning to achieve bit error rates as low as 0.11% for single reads, without library purification. In addition to improved scaling of non-biological molecular data storage, these demonstrations offer an information-centric perspective on the high-throughput synthesis and screening of small-molecule libraries. Small non-polymeric molecules have tremendous structural diversity that can be used to represent information. Here the authors encode data in synthesized libraries of Ugi products.
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47
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Lee JM, Koo MB, Lee SW, Lee H, Kwon J, Shim YH, Kim SY, Kim KT. High-density information storage in an absolutely defined aperiodic sequence of monodisperse copolyester. Nat Commun 2020; 11:56. [PMID: 31911612 PMCID: PMC6946701 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13952-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of a polymer composed of a large discrete number of chemically distinct monomers in an absolutely defined aperiodic sequence remains a challenge in polymer chemistry. The synthesis has largely been limited to oligomers having a limited number of repeating units due to the difficulties associated with the step-by-step addition of individual monomers to achieve high molecular weights. Here we report the copolymers of α-hydroxy acids, poly(phenyllactic-co-lactic acid) (PcL) built via the cross-convergent method from four dyads of monomers as constituent units. Our proposed method allows scalable synthesis of sequence-defined PcL in a minimal number of coupling steps from reagents in stoichiometric amounts. Digital information can be stored in an aperiodic sequence of PcL, which can be fully retrieved as binary code by mass spectrometry sequencing. The information storage density (bit/Da) of PcL is 50% higher than DNA, and the storage capacity of PcL can also be increased by adjusting the molecular weight (~38 kDa).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Mo Beom Koo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Seul Woo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Heelim Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Junho Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Yul Hui Shim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Korea
| | - So Youn Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Korea
| | - Kyoung Taek Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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Pino L, Lin A, Bittremieux W. 2018 YPIC Challenge: A Case Study in Characterizing an Unknown Protein Sample. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:3936-3943. [PMID: 31556620 PMCID: PMC6824964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For the 2018 YPIC Challenge, contestants were invited to try to decipher two unknown English questions encoded by a synthetic protein expressed in Escherichia coli. In addition to deciphering the sentence, contestants were asked to determine the three-dimensional structure and detect any post-translation modifications left by the host organism. We present our experimental and computational strategy to characterize this sample by identifying the unknown protein sequence and detecting the presence of post-translational modifications. The sample was acquired with dynamic exclusion disabled to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of the measured molecules, after which spectral clustering was used to generate high-quality consensus spectra. De novo spectrum identification was used to determine the synthetic protein sequence, and any post-translational modifications introduced by E. coli on the synthetic protein were analyzed via spectral networking. This workflow resulted in a de novo sequence coverage of 70%, on par with sequence database searching performance. Additionally, the spectral networking analysis indicated that no systematic modifications were introduced on the synthetic protein by E. coli. The strategy presented here can be directly used to analyze samples for which no protein sequence information is available or when the identity of the sample is unknown. All software and code to perform the bioinformatics analysis is available as open source, and self-contained Jupyter notebooks are provided to fully recreate the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Pino
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA
| | - Andy Lin
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA
| | - Wout Bittremieux
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Biomedical Informatics Network Antwerpen (biomina), 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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Goswami A, Paululat T, Schmittel M. Switching Dual Catalysis without Molecular Switch: Using A Multicomponent Information System for Reversible Reconfiguration of Catalytic Machinery. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:15656-15663. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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