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Hao W, Sui C, Cheng G, Li J, Miao L, Zhao G, Sang Y, Li J, Zhao C, Zhou Y, Zang Z, Zhao Y, He X, Wang C. Dynamic Insights into the Growth Mechanisms of 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks on Graphene Surfaces. ACS NANO 2024; 18:10485-10494. [PMID: 38564695 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Producing high-quality two-dimensional (2D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is crucial for industrial applications. However, this remains significantly challenging with current synthetic techniques. A deep understanding of the intermolecular interactions, reaction temperature, and oligomers is essential to facilitate the growth of highly crystalline COF films. Herein, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to explore the growth of 2D COFs from monomer assemblies on graphene. Our results showed that chain growth reactions dominated the COF surface growth and that van der Waals (vdW) interactions were important in enhancing the crystallinity through monomer preorganization. Moreover, appropriately tuning the reaction temperature improved the COF crystallinity and minimized the effects of amorphous oligomers. Additionally, the strength of the interface between the COF and the graphene substrate indicated that the adhesion force was proportional to the crystallinity of the COF. This work reveals the mechanisms for nucleation and growth of COFs on surfaces and provides theoretical guidance for fabricating high-quality 2D polymer-based crystalline nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhe Hao
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Chao Sui
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Junjiao Li
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Linlin Miao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Guoxin Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yuna Sang
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jiaxuan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Chenxi Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yichen Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Zifu Zang
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yushun Zhao
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Xiaodong He
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
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2
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Wang Y, Ran XQ, Yang C, Qian HL, Yan XP. Size-Dependent Deformation and Competition H-Bond Site-Induced Individual Fluorescence Response of a Single-Crystal Three-Dimensional Covalent Organic Framework. Anal Chem 2024; 96:5608-5614. [PMID: 38534147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the individual fluorescence response mechanism of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) at a single-crystal level is of great significance for the rational design of COF-based microsensors but unreachable because all previous COF-based sensors are performed with average fluorescence response behavior of various sized polycrystalline COFs. Herein, we design to explore the fluorescence response of a monodisperse single-crystal COF and further reveal the individual heterogeneity of the response mechanism. Three-dimensional single-crystal COF-301 (SCOF-301) with an intramolecular H-bond-induced excited-state intramolecular proton-transfer effect is selected as a proof-of-concept SCOF. With ethanol, benzene, and ammonia as model analytes, three different deformation and competition H-bond site-induced fluorescence response mechanisms related to crystal size are revealed. Small single particles of SCOF-301 (SSCOF-301) exhibit a more flexible structure, leading to the dominant role of deformation in the fluorescence response of small-sized SSCOF-301. The decreasing flexibility of SSCOF-301 with the increase of crystal size results in involvement of competition of the H-bond site to the fluorescence response besides deformation. Further increase of the crystal size makes the large-sized SSCOF-301 difficult to deform; thus, the competition of the H-bond site dominates the fluorescence response. This work provides a deep understanding of the individual fluorescence response mechanism of COFs to guide the design of a functional COF sensor with suitable size and mechanism for different structural analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xu-Qin Ran
- Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hai-Long Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiu-Ping Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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3
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Zhou LL, Guan Q, Dong YB. Covalent Organic Frameworks: Opportunities for Rational Materials Design in Cancer Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314763. [PMID: 37983842 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicines are extensively used in cancer therapy. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline organic porous materials with several benefits for cancer therapy, including porosity, design flexibility, functionalizability, and biocompatibility. This review examines the use of COFs in cancer therapy from the perspective of reticular chemistry and function-oriented materials design. First, the modification sites and functionalization methods of COFs are discussed, followed by their potential as multifunctional nanoplatforms for tumor targeting, imaging, and therapy by integrating functional components. Finally, some challenges in the clinical translation of COFs are presented with the hope of promoting the development of COF-based anticancer nanomedicines and bringing COFs closer to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Le Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Qun Guan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Yu-Bin Dong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
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4
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Birdsong BK, Hoogendoorn BW, Nilsson F, Andersson RL, Capezza AJ, Hedenqvist MS, Farris S, Guerrero A, Olsson RT. Large-scale synthesis of 2D-silica (SiO x) nanosheets using graphene oxide (GO) as a template material. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:13037-13048. [PMID: 37492887 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01048a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) was used in this study as a template to successfully synthesize silicon oxide (SiOx) based 2D-nanomaterials, adapting the same morphological features as the GO sheets. By performing a controlled condensation reaction using low concentrations of GO (<0.5 wt%), the study shows how to obtain 2D-nanoflakes, consisting of GO-flakes coated with a silica precursor that were ca. 500 nm in lateral diameter and ca. 1.5 nm in thickness. XPS revealed that the silanes had linked covalently with the GO sheets at the expense of the oxygen groups present on the GO surface. The GO template was shown to be fully removable through thermal treatment without affecting the nanoflake morphology of the pure SiOx-material, providing a methodology for large-scale preparation of SiOx-based 2D nanosheets with nearly identical dimensions as the GO template. The formation of SiOx sheets using a GO template was investigated for two different silane precursors, (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), showing that both precursors were capable of accurately templating the graphene oxide template. Molecular modeling revealed that the choice of silane affected the number of layers coated on the GO sheets. Furthermore, rheological measurements showed that the relative viscosity was significantly affected by the specific surface area of the synthesized particles. The protocol used showed the ability to synthesize these types of nanoparticles using a common aqueous alcohol solvent, and yield larger amounts (∼1 g) of SiOx-sheets than what has been previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn K Birdsong
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, 11428, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Billy W Hoogendoorn
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, 11428, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Fritjof Nilsson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, 11428, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Mid Sweden University, 85170 Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Richard L Andersson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, 11428, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Antonio J Capezza
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, 11428, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mikael S Hedenqvist
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, 11428, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Stefano Farris
- DeFENS - Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences Food Packaging Laboratory, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Guerrero
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, 41011, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Richard T Olsson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, 11428, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Ji W, Kim DM, Posson BM, Carlson KJ, Chew AC, Chew AJ, Hossain M, Mojica AF, Ottoes SM, Tran DV, Greenberg MW, Hamachi LS. COF-300 synthesis and colloidal stabilization with substituted benzoic acids. RSC Adv 2023; 13:14484-14493. [PMID: 37188250 PMCID: PMC10176042 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02202a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Colloidal covalent organic framework (COF) synthesis enables morphological control of crystallite size and shape. Despite numerous examples of 2D COF colloids with various linkage chemistries, 3D imine-linked COF colloids are more challenging synthetic targets. Here we report a rapid (15 min-5 day) synthesis of hydrated COF-300 colloids ranging in length (251 nm-4.6 μm) with high crystallinity and moderate surface areas (150 m2 g-1). These materials are characterized by pair distribution function analysis, which is consistent with the known average structure for this material alongside different degrees of atomic disorder at different length scales. Additionally, we investigate a series of para-substituted benzoic acid catalysts, finding that 4-cyano and 4-fluoro substituted benzoic acids produce the largest COF-300 crystallites with lengths of 1-2 μm. In situ dynamic light scattering experiments are used to assess time to nucleation in conjunction with 1H NMR model compound studies to probe the impact of catalyst acidity on the imine condensation equilibrium. We observe cationically stabilized colloids with a zeta potential of up to +14.35 mV in benzonitrile as a result of the carboxylic acid catalyst protonating surface amine groups. We leverage these surface chemistry insights to synthesize small COF-300 colloids using sterically hindered diortho-substituted carboxylic acid catalysts. This fundamental study of COF-300 colloid synthesis and surface chemistry will provide new insights into the role of acid catalysts both as imine condensation catalysts and as colloid stabilizing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojung Ji
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor 48109 MI USA
| | - Dean M Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo 93407 CA USA
| | - Brendan M Posson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo 93407 CA USA
| | - Kyla J Carlson
- Department of Materials Engineering, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo CA 93407 USA
| | - Alison C Chew
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo 93407 CA USA
- Department of Materials Engineering, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo CA 93407 USA
| | - Alyssa J Chew
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo 93407 CA USA
| | - Meherin Hossain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bard College Annandale-on-Hudson NY 12504 USA
| | - Alexis F Mojica
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo 93407 CA USA
| | - Sachi M Ottoes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo 93407 CA USA
| | - Donna V Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo 93407 CA USA
| | - Matthew W Greenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bard College Annandale-on-Hudson NY 12504 USA
| | - Leslie S Hamachi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo 93407 CA USA
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Dighe AV, Bhawnani RR, Podupu PKR, Dandu NK, Ngo AT, Chaudhuri S, Singh MR. Microkinetic insights into the role of catalyst and water activity on the nucleation, growth, and dissolution during COF-5 synthesis. NANOSCALE 2023. [PMID: 37082906 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06685h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The chemical pathway for synthesizing covalent organic frameworks (COFs) involves a complex medley of reaction sequences over a rippling energy landscape that cannot be adequately described using existing theories. Even with the development of state-of-the-art experimental and computational tools, identifying primary mechanisms of nucleation and growth of COFs remains elusive. Other than empirically, little is known about how the catalyst composition and water activity affect the kinetics of the reaction pathway. Here, for the first time, we employ time-resolved in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) coupled with a six-parameter microkinetic model consisting of ∼10 million reactions and over 20 000 species. The integrated approach elucidates previously unrecognized roles of catalyst pKa on COF yield and water on growth rate and size distribution. COF crystalline yield increases with decreasing pKa of the catalysts, whereas the effect of water is to reduce the growth rate of COF and broaden the size distribution. The microkinetic model reproduces the experimental data and quantitatively predicts the role of synthesis conditions such as temperature, catalyst, and precursor concentration on the nucleation and growth rates. Furthermore, the model also validates the second-order reaction mechanism of COF-5 and predicts the activation barriers for classical and non-classical growth of COF-5 crystals. The microkinetic model developed here is generalizable to different COFs and other multicomponent systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish V Dighe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Rajan R Bhawnani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Prem K R Podupu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Naveen K Dandu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Anh T Ngo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Santanu Chaudhuri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Meenesh R Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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7
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Li M, Ma J, Pan B, Wang J. Cage-Based Covalent Organic Framework for the Effective and Efficient Removal of Malachite Green from Wastewater. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:57180-57188. [PMID: 36516002 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A cage-covalent organic framework (COF)-TP {T = bis(tetraoxacalix[2]arene[2]triazine); P = piperazine}, a novel two-dimensional covalent organic skeleton substituted with a nucleophilic cyanuric chloride analogue, was synthesized by a simple polymerization process. Cage-COF-TP is advantageous owing to its good structural order, permanent porosity, and low preparation cost. This skeleton was employed as a cost-effective adsorbent for the intermittent adsorption of an organic dye from aqueous solutions. Adsorption experiments were carried out at different initial dye concentrations, contact times, and solution pH. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second order model, and the results of thermodynamic studies were consistent with the Langmuir isotherm model. The high degree of matching between the size and shape of malachite green (MG) and the shrunken channels present in Cage-COF-TP were responsible for the enhanced adsorption ability of this material. Furthermore, theoretical calculations indicated that the high adsorption of the studied adsorbent can be attributed to the presence of nitrogen-rich triazine units in the Cage-COF-TP, which are expected to strengthen its affinity to guest molecules. The obtained results showed that the developed adsorbent is an efficient adsorbent that is theoretically capable of stimulating the removal of ∼2000 mg/g MG from wastewater at ambient temperature. This study will therefore be expected to promote the development of new functional materials based on COFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- College of Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, P.R. China
| | - Junying Ma
- College of Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, P.R. China
| | - Bingli Pan
- College of Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, P.R. China
| | - Junling Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, P.R. China
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8
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Sakakibara M, Nada H, Nakamuro T, Nakamura E. Cinematographic Recording of a Metastable Floating Island in Two- and Three-Dimensional Crystal Growth. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:1704-1710. [PMID: 36589889 PMCID: PMC9801501 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Many chemical reactions go through a cascade of events in which a series of metastable intermediates appear, and crystal nucleation is no exception. Although the consensus on the energetics of nucleation suggests the formation of metastable states preceding the crystal growth, little experimental evidence has been reported for their dynamics at an atomistic level. Operando imaging of two-dimensional nucleation on a defect-free NaCl nanocrystal in carbon nanotubes using a millisecond angstrom-resolution transmission electron microscope revealed the formation of a metastable "floating island" (FI) that migrates thermally on the (100) facet of NaCl as the first intermediate of epitaxy. The speed of the migration at 298 K is estimated to be larger than 0.3 nm ms-1. When a crystal tumbles in a container, a space repeatedly forms between the crystal and the container wall that hosts the FI. Tumbling changes the surface energy repeatedly and promotes the conversion of the FI into a new epitaxial layer. We anticipate that this surface catalysis mechanism found on the nanoscale also operates in bulk heterogeneous nucleation where agitation and attrition accelerate crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Sakakibara
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nada
- Environmental
Management Research Institute, National
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakamuro
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakamura
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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9
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Natraj A, Ji W, Xin J, Castano I, Burke DW, Evans AM, Strauss MJ, Ateia M, Hamachi LS, Gianneschi NC, ALOthman ZA, Sun J, Yusuf K, Dichtel WR. Single-Crystalline Imine-Linked Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks Separate Benzene and Cyclohexane Efficiently. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19813-19824. [PMID: 36265086 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are composed of structurally precise, permanently porous, layered macromolecular sheets, which are traditionally synthesized as polycrystalline solids with crystalline domain lengths smaller than 100 nm. Here, we polymerize imine-linked 2D COFs as suspensions of faceted single crystals in as little as 5 min at moderate temperature and ambient pressure. Single crystals of two imine-linked 2D COFs were prepared, consisting of a rhombic 2D COF (TAPPy-PDA) and a hexagonal 2D COF (TAPB-DMPDA). The sizes of TAPPy-PDA and TAPB-DMPDA crystals were tuned from 720 nm to 4 μm and 450 nm to 20 μm in width, respectively. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed that the COF crystals consist of layered, 2D polymers comprising single-crystalline domains. Continuous rotation electron diffraction resolved the unit cell and crystal structure of both COFs, which are single-crystalline in the a-b plane but disordered in the stacking c dimension. Single crystals of both COFs were incorporated into gas chromatography separation columns and exhibited unusual selective retention of cyclohexane over benzene, with single-crystalline TAPPy-PDA significantly outperforming single-crystalline TAPB-DMPDA. Polycrystalline TAPPy-PDA exhibited no separation, while polycrystalline TAPB-DMPDA exhibited poor separation and the opposite order of elution, retaining benzene more than cyclohexane, indicating the importance of improved material quality for COFs to exhibit properties that derive from their precise, crystalline structures. This work represents the first example of synthesizing imine-linked 2D COF single crystals at ambient pressure and short reaction times and demonstrates the promise of high-quality COFs for molecular separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusree Natraj
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Woojung Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Junjie Xin
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ioannina Castano
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - David W Burke
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mohamed Ateia
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Leslie S Hamachi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zeid A ALOthman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Junliang Sun
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kareem Yusuf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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10
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Knebel A, Caro J. Metal-organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks as disruptive membrane materials for energy-efficient gas separation. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:911-923. [PMID: 35995854 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this Review we survey the molecular sieving behaviour of metal-organic framework (MOF) and covalent organic framework (COF) membranes, which is different from that of classical zeolite membranes. The nature of MOFs as inorganic-organic hybrid materials and COFs as purely organic materials is powerful and disruptive for the field of gas separation membranes. The possibility of growing neat MOFs and COFs on membrane supports, while also allowing successful blending into polymer-filler composites, has a huge advantage over classical zeolite molecular sieves. MOFs and COFs allow synthetic access to more than 100,000 different structures and tailor-made molecular gates. Additionally, soft evacuation below 100 °C is often enough to achieve pore activation. Therefore, a huge number of synthetic methods for supported MOF and COF membrane thin films, such as solvothermal synthesis, seed-mediated growth and counterdiffusion, exist. Among them, methods with high scale-up potential, for example, layer-by-layer dip- and spray-coating, chemical and physical vapour deposition, and electrochemical methods. Additionally, physical methods have been developed that involve external stimuli, such as electric fields and light. A particularly important point is their ability to react to stimuli, which has allowed the 'drawbacks' of the non-ideality of the molecular sieving properties to be exploited in a completely novel research direction. Controllable gas transport through membrane films is a next-level property of MOFs and COFs, leading towards adaptive process deviation. MOF and COF particles are highly compatible with polymers, which allows for mixed-matrix membranes. However, these membranes are not simple MOF-polymer blends, as they require improved polymer-filler interactions, such as cross-linking or surface functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Knebel
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
| | - J Caro
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
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11
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Sasmal HS, Kumar Mahato A, Majumder P, Banerjee R. Landscaping Covalent Organic Framework Nanomorphologies. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11482-11498. [PMID: 35754375 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The practical utilization of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with manipulation at the atomic and molecular scale often demands their assembly on the nano-, meso-, and macroscale with precise control. Consequently, synthetic approaches that establish the ability to control the nucleation and growth of COF crystallites and their self-assembly to desired COF nanomorphologies have drawn substantial attention from researchers. On the basis of the dimensionality of the COF morphologies, we can categorize them into zero- (0-D), one- (1-D), two- (2-D), and three-dimensional (3-D) nanomorphologies. In this perspective, we summarize the reported synthetic strategies that enable precise control of the COF nanomorphologies' size, shape, and dimensionality and reveal the impact of the dimensionalities in their physicochemical properties and applications. The aim is to establish a synergistic optimization of the morphological dimensionality while keeping the micro- or mesoporosity, crystallinity, and chemical functionalities of the COFs in perspective. A detailed knowledge along the way should help us to enrich the performance of COFs in a variety of applications like catalysis, separation, sensing, drug delivery, energy storage, etc. We have discussed the interlinking between the COF nanomorphologies via the transmutation of the dimensionalities. Such dimensionality transmutation could lead to variation in their properties during the transition. Finally, the concept of constructing COF superstructures through the combination of two or more COF nanomorphologies has been explored, and it could bring up opportunities for developing next-generation innovative materials for multidisciplinary applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himadri Sekhar Sasmal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Mahato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Poulami Majumder
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Rahul Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
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12
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Yao L, Rodríguez-Camargo A, Xia M, Mücke D, Guntermann R, Liu Y, Grunenberg L, Jiménez-Solano A, Emmerling ST, Duppel V, Sivula K, Bein T, Qi H, Kaiser U, Grätzel M, Lotsch BV. Covalent Organic Framework Nanoplates Enable Solution-Processed Crystalline Nanofilms for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Evolution. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:10291-10300. [PMID: 35657204 PMCID: PMC9204765 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are coming of age, the lack of effective approaches to achieve crystalline and centimeter-scale-homogeneous COF films remains a significant bottleneck toward advancing the application of COFs in optoelectronic devices. Here, we present the synthesis of colloidal COF nanoplates, with lateral sizes of ∼200 nm and average heights of 35 nm, and their utilization as photocathodes for solar hydrogen evolution. The resulting COF nanoplate colloid exhibits a unimodal particle-size distribution and an exceptional colloidal stability without showing agglomeration after storage for 10 months and enables smooth, homogeneous, and thickness-tunable COF nanofilms via spin coating. Photoelectrodes comprising COF nanofilms were fabricated for photoelectrochemical (PEC) solar-to-hydrogen conversion. By rationally designing multicomponent photoelectrode architectures including a polymer donor/COF heterojunction and a hole-transport layer, charge recombination in COFs is mitigated, resulting in a significantly increased photocurrent density and an extremely positive onset potential for PEC hydrogen evolution (over +1 V against the reversible hydrogen electrode), among the best of classical semiconductor-based photocathodes. This work thus paves the way toward fabricating solution-processed large-scale COF nanofilms and heterojunction architectures and their use in solar-energy-conversion devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yao
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrés Rodríguez-Camargo
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Meng Xia
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Mücke
- Central Facility for Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Roman Guntermann
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Yongpeng Liu
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lars Grunenberg
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Alberto Jiménez-Solano
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian T Emmerling
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Viola Duppel
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kevin Sivula
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bein
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany.,E-Conversion and Center for Nanoscience, Lichtenbergstraße 4a, Garching bei München, 85748 Munich, Germany
| | - Haoyuan Qi
- Central Facility for Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany.,Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility for Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Grätzel
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.,E-Conversion and Center for Nanoscience, Lichtenbergstraße 4a, Garching bei München, 85748 Munich, Germany
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13
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Guo L, Zhang J, Huang Q, Zhou W, Jin S. Progress in synthesis of highly crystalline covalent organic frameworks and their crystallinity enhancement strategies. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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Zhang Z, Yin C, Shi X, Yang G, Wang Y. Masking covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with loose polyamide networks for precise nanofiltration. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Ji W, Hamachi LS, Natraj A, Flanders NC, Li RL, Chen LX, Dichtel WR. Solvothermal depolymerization and recrystallization of imine-linked two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks. Chem Sci 2021; 12:16014-16022. [PMID: 35024124 PMCID: PMC8672728 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03963f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic understanding into the formation and growth of imine-linked two-dimensional (2D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is needed to improve their materials quality and access larger crystallite sizes, both of which limit the promise of 2D COFs and 2D polymerization techniques. Here we report a previously unknown temperature-dependent depolymerization of colloidal 2D imine-linked COFs, which offers a new means to improve their crystallinity. 2D COF colloids form at room temperature but then depolymerize when their reaction mixtures are heated to 90 °C. As the solutions are cooled back to room temperature, the 2D COFs repolymerize and crystallize with improved crystallinity and porosity, as characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and N2 porosimetry. The evolution of COF crystallinity during the solvothermal depolymerization and repolymerization processes was characterized by in situ wide angle X-ray scattering, and the concentrations of free COF monomers as a function of temperature were quantified by variable temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy. The ability of a 2D COF to depolymerize under these conditions depends on both the identity of the COF and its initial materials quality. For one network formed at room temperature (TAPB-PDA COF), a first depolymerization process is nearly complete, and the repolymerization yields materials with dramatically enhanced crystallinity and surface area. Already recrystallized materials partially depolymerize upon heating their reaction mixtures a second time. A related 2D COF (TAPB-DMTA COF) forms initially with improved crystallinity compared to TAPB-PDA COF and then partially depolymerizes upon heating. These results suggest that both high materials quality and network-dependent properties, such as interlayer interaction strength, influence the extent to which 2D COFs resist depolymerization. These findings offer a new means to recrystallize or solvent anneal 2D COFs and may ultimately inform crystallization conditions for obtaining large-area imine-linked two-dimensional polymers from solution. Conditions for which imine-linked 2D COF polymerizations are temperature-sensitive are identified that enable a dissolution/repolymerization process akin to molecular recrystallization.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojung Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Leslie S Hamachi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo California 93407 USA
| | - Anusree Natraj
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Nathan C Flanders
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Rebecca L Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Lin X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA .,Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory Argonne IL 60439 USA
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
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16
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Liang X, Tian Y, Yuan Y, Kim Y. Ionic Covalent Organic Frameworks for Energy Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2105647. [PMID: 34626010 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a class of porous crystalline materials whose facile preparation, functionality, and modularity have led to their becoming powerful platforms for the development of molecular devices in many fields of (bio)engineering, such as energy storage, environmental remediation, drug delivery, and catalysis. In particular, ionic COFs (iCOFs) are highly useful for constructing energy devices, as their ionic functional groups can transport ions efficiently, and the nonlabile and highly ordered all-covalent pore structures of their backbones provide ideal pathways for long-term ionic transport under harsh electrochemical conditions. Here, current research progress on the use of iCOFs for energy devices, specifically lithium-based batteries and fuel cells, is reviewed in terms of iCOF backbone-design strategies, synthetic approaches, properties, engineering techniques, and applications. iCOFs are categorized as anionic COFs or cationic COFs, and how each of these types of iCOFs transport lithium ions, protons, or hydroxides is illustrated. Finally, the current challenges to and future opportunities for the utilization of iCOFs in energy devices are described. This review will therefore serve as a useful reference on state-of-the-art iCOF design and application strategies focusing on energy devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Liang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yufei Yuan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yoonseob Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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17
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Evans AM, Strauss MJ, Corcos AR, Hirani Z, Ji W, Hamachi LS, Aguilar-Enriquez X, Chavez AD, Smith BJ, Dichtel WR. Two-Dimensional Polymers and Polymerizations. Chem Rev 2021; 122:442-564. [PMID: 34852192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic chemists have developed robust methods to synthesize discrete molecules, linear and branched polymers, and disordered cross-linked networks. However, two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) prepared from designed monomers have been long missing from these capabilities, both as objects of chemical synthesis and in nature. Recently, new polymerization strategies and characterization methods have enabled the unambiguous realization of covalently linked macromolecular sheets. Here we review 2DPs and 2D polymerization methods. Three predominant 2D polymerization strategies have emerged to date, which produce 2DPs either as monolayers or multilayer assemblies. We discuss the fundamental understanding and scope of each of these approaches, including: the bond-forming reactions used, the synthetic diversity of 2DPs prepared, their multilayer stacking behaviors, nanoscale and mesoscale structures, and macroscale morphologies. Additionally, we describe the analytical tools currently available to characterize 2DPs in their various isolated forms. Finally, we review emergent 2DP properties and the potential applications of planar macromolecules. Throughout, we highlight achievements in 2D polymerization and identify opportunities for continued study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Amanda R Corcos
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zoheb Hirani
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Woojung Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Leslie S Hamachi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Xavier Aguilar-Enriquez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anton D Chavez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Brian J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University,1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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18
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Jiang D, Huang C, Zhu J, Wang P, Liu Z, Fang D. Classification and role of modulators on crystal engineering of metal organic frameworks (MOFs). Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Hamzehpoor E, Jonderian A, McCalla E, Perepichka DF. Synthesis of Boroxine and Dioxaborole Covalent Organic Frameworks via Transesterification and Metathesis of Pinacol Boronates. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13274-13280. [PMID: 34428908 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Boroxine and dioxaborole are the first and some of the most studied synthons of covalent organic frameworks (COFs). Despite their wide application in the design of functional COFs over the last 15 years, their synthesis still relies on the original Yaghi's condensation of boronic acids (with itself or with polyfunctional catechols), some of which are difficult to prepare, poorly soluble, or unstable in the presence of water. Here, we propose a new synthetic approach to boroxine COFs (on the basis of the transesterification of pinacol aryl boronates (aryl-Bpins) with methyl boronic acid (MBA) and dioxaborole COFs (through the metathesis of pinacol boronates with MBA-protected catechols). The aryl-Bpin and MBA-protected catechols are easy to purify, highly soluble, and bench-stable. Furthermore, the kinetic analysis of the two model reactions reveals high reversibility (Keq ∼ 1) and facile control over the equilibrium. Unlike the conventional condensation, which forms water as a byproduct, the byproduct of the metathesis (MBA pinacolate) allows for easy kinetic measurements of the COF formation by conventional 1H NMR. We show the generality of this approach by the synthesis of seven known boroxine/dioxaborole COFs whose crystallinity is better or equal to those reported by conventional condensation. We also apply metathesis polymerization to obtain two new COFs, Py4THB and B2HHTP, whose synthesis was previously precluded by the insolubility and hydrolytic instability, respectively, of the boronic acid precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Hamzehpoor
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Antranik Jonderian
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Eric McCalla
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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20
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Wang X, Enomoto R, Murakami Y. Ionic additive strategy to control nucleation and generate larger single crystals of 3D covalent organic frameworks. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6656-6659. [PMID: 34128021 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01857d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To generate large single crystals of 3D covalent organic frameworks, the active use of ionic additives, which can greatly impact crystal size, is proposed. The crystal size ranking was found to be in accordance with the Hofmeister series and Gutmann donor number, providing a useful strategy to enhance crystal size and, consequently, generate COF-300 single crystals of >200 μm in size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Wang
- School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan.
| | - Riku Enomoto
- School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan.
| | - Yoichi Murakami
- School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan. and PRESTO, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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21
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Emmerling ST, Germann LS, Julien PA, Moudrakovski I, Etter M, Friščić T, Dinnebier RE, Lotsch BV. In situ monitoring of mechanochemical covalent organic framework formation reveals templating effect of liquid additive. Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Mohammadifar E, Ahmadi V, Gholami MF, Oehrl A, Kolyvushko O, Nie C, Donskyi IS, Herziger S, Radnik J, Ludwig K, Böttcher C, Rabe JP, Osterrieder K, Azab W, Haag R, Adeli M. Graphene-Assisted Synthesis of 2D Polyglycerols as Innovative Platforms for Multivalent Virus Interactions. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2021; 31:2009003. [PMID: 34230823 PMCID: PMC8250216 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202009003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
2D nanomaterials have garnered widespread attention in biomedicine and bioengineering due to their unique physicochemical properties. However, poor functionality, low solubility, intrinsic toxicity, and nonspecific interactions at biointerfaces have hampered their application in vivo. Here, biocompatible polyglycerol units are crosslinked in two dimensions using a graphene-assisted strategy leading to highly functional and water-soluble polyglycerols nanosheets with 263 ± 53 nm and 2.7 ± 0.2 nm average lateral size and thickness, respectively. A single-layer hyperbranched polyglycerol containing azide functional groups is covalently conjugated to the surface of a functional graphene template through pH-sensitive linkers. Then, lateral crosslinking of polyglycerol units is carried out by loading tripropargylamine on the surface of graphene followed by lifting off this reagent for an on-face click reaction. Subsequently, the polyglycerol nanosheets are detached from the surface of graphene by slight acidification and centrifugation and is sulfated to mimic heparin sulfate proteoglycans. To highlight the impact of the two-dimensionality of the synthesized polyglycerol sulfate nanosheets at nanobiointerfaces, their efficiency with respect to herpes simplex virus type 1 and severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 inhibition is compared to their 3D nanogel analogs. Four times stronger in virus inhibition suggests that 2D polyglycerols are superior to their current 3D counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Mohammadifar
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustrasse 314195BerlinGermany
| | - Vahid Ahmadi
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustrasse 314195BerlinGermany
| | - Mohammad Fardin Gholami
- Department of Physics and Integrative Research Institute for the Sciences IRIS AdlershofHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinNewtonstrasse 15 and Zum Großen Windkanal 212489BerlinGermany
| | - Alexander Oehrl
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustrasse 314195BerlinGermany
| | - Oleksandr Kolyvushko
- Institut für VirologieRobert von Ostertag‐HausZentrum für InfektionsmedizinFreie Universität BerlinRobert‐von‐Ostertag‐Str. 7‐1314163BerlinGermany
| | - Chuanxiong Nie
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustrasse 314195BerlinGermany
| | - Ievgen S. Donskyi
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustrasse 314195BerlinGermany
- BAM – Federal Institute for Material Science and Testing Division of Surface Analysis, and Interfacial ChemistryUnter den Eichen 44‐4612205BerlinGermany
| | - Svenja Herziger
- Forschungszentrum für Elektronenmikroskopie and Core Facility BioSupraMolInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie Freie Universität BerlinFabeckstrasse 36a14195BerlinGermany
| | - Jörg Radnik
- BAM – Federal Institute for Material Science and Testing Division of Surface Analysis, and Interfacial ChemistryUnter den Eichen 44‐4612205BerlinGermany
| | - Kai Ludwig
- Forschungszentrum für Elektronenmikroskopie and Core Facility BioSupraMolInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie Freie Universität BerlinFabeckstrasse 36a14195BerlinGermany
| | - Christoph Böttcher
- Forschungszentrum für Elektronenmikroskopie and Core Facility BioSupraMolInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie Freie Universität BerlinFabeckstrasse 36a14195BerlinGermany
| | - Jürgen P. Rabe
- Department of Physics and Integrative Research Institute for the Sciences IRIS AdlershofHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinNewtonstrasse 15 and Zum Großen Windkanal 212489BerlinGermany
| | - Klaus Osterrieder
- Institut für VirologieRobert von Ostertag‐HausZentrum für InfektionsmedizinFreie Universität BerlinRobert‐von‐Ostertag‐Str. 7‐1314163BerlinGermany
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public HealthJockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life SciencesCity University of Hong KongKowloon TongHong Kong
| | - Walid Azab
- Institut für VirologieRobert von Ostertag‐HausZentrum für InfektionsmedizinFreie Universität BerlinRobert‐von‐Ostertag‐Str. 7‐1314163BerlinGermany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustrasse 314195BerlinGermany
| | - Mohsen Adeli
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceLorestan UniversityKhorramabadIran
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23
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Zhang M, Li Y, Yuan W, Guo X, Bai C, Zou Y, Long H, Qi Y, Li S, Tao G, Xia C, Ma L. Construction of Flexible Amine-linked Covalent Organic Frameworks by Catalysis and Reduction of Formic Acid via the Eschweiler-Clarke Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:12396-12405. [PMID: 33682274 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Compared to the current mainstream rigid covalent organic frameworks (COFs) linked by imine bonds, flexible COFs have certain advantages of elasticity and self-adaptability, but their construction and application are greatly limited by the complexity in synthesis and difficulty in obtaining regular structure. Herein, we reported for the first time a series of flexible amine-linked COFs with high crystallinity synthesized by formic acid with unique catalytic and reductive bifunctional properties, rather than acetic acid, the most common catalyst for COF synthesis. The reaction mechanism was demonstrated to be a synchronous in situ reduction during the formation of imine bond. The flexibilities of the products endow them with accommodative adaptability to guest molecules, thus increasing the adsorption capacities for nitrogen and iodine by 27 % and 22 %, respectively. Impressively, a novel concept of flexibilization degree was proposed firstly, which provides an effective approach to rationally measure the flexibility of COFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meicheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics & Technology, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Wenli Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics & Technology, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xinghua Guo
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics & Technology, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Chiyao Bai
- Chengdu New Radiomedicine Technology CO. LTD., Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yingdi Zou
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics & Technology, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Honghan Long
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics & Technology, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yue Qi
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics & Technology, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Shoujian Li
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics & Technology, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Guohong Tao
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics & Technology, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Chuanqin Xia
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics & Technology, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Lijian Ma
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics & Technology, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
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24
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Zhang M, Li Y, Yuan W, Guo X, Bai C, Zou Y, Long H, Qi Y, Li S, Tao G, Xia C, Ma L. Construction of Flexible Amine‐linked Covalent Organic Frameworks by Catalysis and Reduction of Formic Acid via the Eschweiler–Clarke Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meicheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry Sichuan University Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics & Technology Ministry of Education Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Wenli Yuan
- College of Chemistry Sichuan University Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics & Technology Ministry of Education Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Xinghua Guo
- College of Chemistry Sichuan University Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics & Technology Ministry of Education Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Chiyao Bai
- Chengdu New Radiomedicine Technology CO. LTD. Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Yingdi Zou
- College of Chemistry Sichuan University Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics & Technology Ministry of Education Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Honghan Long
- College of Chemistry Sichuan University Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics & Technology Ministry of Education Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Yue Qi
- College of Chemistry Sichuan University Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics & Technology Ministry of Education Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Shoujian Li
- College of Chemistry Sichuan University Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics & Technology Ministry of Education Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Guohong Tao
- College of Chemistry Sichuan University Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics & Technology Ministry of Education Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Chuanqin Xia
- College of Chemistry Sichuan University Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics & Technology Ministry of Education Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Lijian Ma
- College of Chemistry Sichuan University Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics & Technology Ministry of Education Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
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25
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Frey L, Jarju JJ, Salonen LM, Medina DD. Boronic-acid-derived covalent organic frameworks: from synthesis to applications. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01269j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Modular, well-defined, and robust hierarchical functional materials are targets of numerous synthesis endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Frey
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) & Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Butenandtstr. 11, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jenni J. Jarju
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Laura M. Salonen
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Dana D. Medina
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) & Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Butenandtstr. 11, 81377 Munich, Germany
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26
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27
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Zhu YL, Zhao HY, Fu CL, Li ZW, Sun ZY. A controlling parameter of topological defects in two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:22107-22115. [PMID: 33118587 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05303a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of covalent organic frameworks with long-range molecular ordering is an outstanding challenge due to the fact that defects against predesigned topological symmetries are prone to form and break crystallization. The physical origins and controlling parameters of topological defects remain scarcely understood. By virtue of molecular dynamics simulations, we found that pentagons for combination [C4 + C4] and [C4 + C2] and heptagons for [C3 + C3] and [C3 + C2] were initial defects for growth dynamics with both uncontrolled and suppressed nucleation, further inducing more complex defects. The defects can be significantly reduced by achieving the growth with monomers added to a single nucleus, agreeing well with previous simulations and experiments. To understand the nature of defects, we proposed a parameter φ to describe the range of biased rotational angle between two monomers, within which chemical reactions are allowed. The parameter φ shows a monotonic relationship with defect population, which is demonstrated to be highly computable by using density functional theory calculations. When φ < 20, we can even observe defect-free growth for the four combinations, irrespective of growth dynamics. The results are essential for screening and designing condensation reactions for the synthesis of single crystals of high quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
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28
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Zhu YL, Zhao HY, Fu CL, Li ZW, Sun ZY, Lu Z. Mechanisms of Defect Correction by Reversible Chemistries in Covalent Organic Frameworks. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:9952-9956. [PMID: 33170715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Reversible chemistries have been extensively explored to construct highly crystalline covalent organic frameworks (COFs) via defect correction. However, the mechanisms of defect correction that can explain the formation of products as single crystals, polycrystal/crystallites, or amorphous solids remain unknown. Herein, we employed molecular dynamics simulations combined with a polymerization model to investigate the growth kinetics of two-dimensional COFs. By virtue of the Arrhenius two-state model describing reversible reactions, we figured out the conditions in terms of active energy and binding energy for different products. Specifically, the ultraslow growth of COFs under high reversibility of reactions corresponding to low binding energies resulted in a single crystal by inhibiting the emergence of nuclei as well as correcting defects through continually dropping small defective fragments off at crystal boundaries. High bonding energies responsible for the high nucleation rate and rapid growth that incorporated defects in crystals and caused the division of crystals through defect correcting processes led to small crystallites or polycrystals. The insights into the mechanisms help us to understand and further control the growth kinetics by exploiting reversible conditions to synthesize COFs of higher quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Huan-Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Cui-Liu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhan-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhao-Yan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhongyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
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29
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Evans AM, Bradshaw NP, Litchfield B, Strauss MJ, Seckman B, Ryder MR, Castano I, Gilmore C, Gianneschi NC, Mulzer CR, Hersam MC, Dichtel WR. High-Sensitivity Acoustic Molecular Sensors Based on Large-Area, Spray-Coated 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2004205. [PMID: 32939866 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
2D covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) are a unique materials platform that combines covalent connectivity, structural regularity, and molecularly precise porosity. However, 2D COFs typically form insoluble aggregates, thus limiting their processing via additive manufacturing techniques. In this work, colloidal suspensions of boronate-ester-linked 2D COFs are used as a spray-coating ink to produce large-area 2D COF thin films. This method is synthetically general, with five different 2D COFs prepared as colloidal inks and subsequently spray-coated onto a diverse range of substrates. Moreover, this approach enables the deposition of multiple 2D COF materials simultaneously, which is not possible by polymerizing COFs on substrates directly. When combined with stencil masks, spray-coated 2D COFs are rapidly deposited as thin films larger than 200 cm2 with line resolutions below 50 µm. To demonstrate that this deposition scheme preserves the desirable attributes of 2D COFs, spray-coated 2D COF thin films are incorporated as the active material in acoustic sensors. These 2D-COF-based sensors have a 10 ppb limit-of-quantification for trimethylamine, which places them among the most sensitive sensors for meat and seafood spoilage. Overall, this work establishes a scalable additive manufacturing technique that enables the integration of 2D COFs into thin-film device architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Nathan P Bradshaw
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | | | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | | | - Matthew R Ryder
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Ioannina Castano
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | | | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, International Institute of Nanotechnology, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | | | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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30
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Guan Q, Wang GB, Zhou LL, Li WY, Dong YB. Nanoscale covalent organic frameworks as theranostic platforms for oncotherapy: synthesis, functionalization, and applications. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:3656-3733. [PMID: 36132748 PMCID: PMC9419729 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00537a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer nanomedicine is one of the most promising domains that has emerged in the continuing search for cancer diagnosis and treatment. The rapid development of nanomaterials and nanotechnology provide a vast array of materials for use in cancer nanomedicine. Among the various nanomaterials, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are becoming an attractive class of upstarts owing to their high crystallinity, structural regularity, inherent porosity, extensive functionality, design flexibility, and good biocompatibility. In this comprehensive review, recent developments and key achievements of COFs are provided, including their structural design, synthesis methods, nanocrystallization, and functionalization strategies. Subsequently, a systematic overview of the potential oncotherapy applications achieved till date in the fast-growing field of COFs is provided with the aim to inspire further contributions and developments to this nascent but promising field. Finally, development opportunities, critical challenges, and some personal perspectives for COF-based cancer therapeutics are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Guan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Guang-Bo Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Le-Le Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Wen-Yan Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Yu-Bin Dong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
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31
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Hu J, Gupta SK, Ozdemir J, Beyzavi MH. Applications of Dynamic Covalent Chemistry Concept towards Tailored Covalent Organic Framework Nanomaterials: A Review. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2020; 3:6239-6269. [PMID: 34327307 PMCID: PMC8317485 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.0c01327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a rapidly developing class of materials that has been of immense research interest during the last ten years. Numerous reviews have been devoted to summarizing the synthesis and applications of COFs. However, the underlying dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC), which is the foundation of COFs synthesis, has never been systematically reviewed in this context. Dynamic covalent chemistry is the practice of using thermodynamic equilibriums to molecular assemblies. This Critical Review will cover the state-of-the-art use of DCC to both synthesize COFs and expand the applications of COFs. Five synthetic strategies for COF synthesis are rationalized, namely: modulation, mixed linker/linkage, sub-stoichiometric reaction, framework isomerism, and linker exchange, which highlight the dynamic covalent chemistry to regulate the growth and to modify the properties of COFs. Furthermore, the challenges in these approaches and potential future perspectives in the field of COF chemistry are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States
| | - Suraj K Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States
| | - John Ozdemir
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States
| | - M Hassan Beyzavi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States
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32
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Li H, Evans AM, Castano I, Strauss MJ, Dichtel WR, Bredas JL. Nucleation-Elongation Dynamics of Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:1367-1374. [PMID: 31867961 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Homogeneous two-dimensional (2D) polymerization is a poorly understood process in which topologically planar monomers react to form planar macromolecules, often termed 2D covalent organic frameworks (COFs). While these COFs have traditionally been limited to weakly crystalline aggregated powders, they were recently grown as micron-sized single crystals by temporally resolving the growth and nucleation processes. Here, we present a quantitative analysis of the nucleation and growth rates of 2D COFs via kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations using COF-5 as an example, which show that nucleation and growth have second-order and first-order dependences on monomer concentration, respectively. The computational results were confirmed experimentally by systematic measurements of COF nucleation and growth rates performed via in situ X-ray scattering, which validated the respective monomer concentration dependencies of the nucleation and elongation processes. A major consequence is that there exists a threshold monomer concentration below which growth dominates over nucleation. Our computational and experimental findings rationalize recent empirical observations that, in the formation of 2D COF single crystals, growth dominates over nucleation when monomers are added slowly, so as to limit their concentrations. This mechanistic understanding of the nucleation and growth processes will inform the rational control of polymerization in two dimensions and ultimately enable access to high-quality samples of designed two-dimensional polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyuan Li
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE) , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0400 , United States
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Ioannina Castano
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Jean-Luc Bredas
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE) , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0400 , United States
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33
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Zhu D, Alemany LB, Guo W, Verduzco R. Enhancement of crystallinity of imine-linked covalent organic frameworks via aldehyde modulators. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00776e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Benzaldehyde is found to be an effective modulator for enhancing the crystallinity and porosity of imine-linked covalent-organic frameworks (COFs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Rice University
- Houston
- USA
| | - Lawrence B. Alemany
- Shared Equipment Authority and Department of Chemistry
- Rice University
- Houston
- USA
| | - Wenhua Guo
- Shared Equipment Authority and Department of Chemistry
- Rice University
- Houston
- USA
| | - Rafael Verduzco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Rice University
- Houston
- USA
- Department of Material Science and NanoEngineering
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