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Yoneyama M, Kato H, Fujita T. Physiological functions of RIG-I-like receptors. Immunity 2024; 57:731-751. [PMID: 38599168 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) are crucial for pathogen detection and triggering immune responses and have immense physiological importance. In this review, we first summarize the interferon system and innate immunity, which constitute primary and secondary responses. Next, the molecular structure of RLRs and the mechanism of sensing non-self RNA are described. Usually, self RNA is refractory to the RLR; however, there are underlying host mechanisms that prevent immune reactions. Studies have revealed that the regulatory mechanisms of RLRs involve covalent molecular modifications, association with regulatory factors, and subcellular localization. Viruses have evolved to acquire antagonistic RLR functions to escape the host immune reactions. Finally, the pathologies caused by the malfunction of RLR signaling are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Yoneyama
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Division of Pandemic and Post-disaster Infectious Diseases, Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kato
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Takashi Fujita
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Laboratory of Regulatory Information, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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2
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Peace CG, Hooftman A, Ryan DG. Inflammatory mitochondrial nucleic acids as drivers of pathophysiology. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1403. [PMID: 37670494 PMCID: PMC10480583 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christian G. Peace
- School of Biochemistry and ImmunologyTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, DublinDublinIreland
| | - Alexander Hooftman
- Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Dylan G. Ryan
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Dual mechanism: Epigenetic inhibitor apabetalone reduces SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variant spike binding and attenuates SARS-CoV-2 RNA induced inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109929. [PMID: 36857935 PMCID: PMC9946890 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus initiates infection via interactions between the viral spike protein and the ACE2 receptors on host cells. Variants of concern have mutations in the spike protein that enhance ACE2 binding affinity, leading to increased virulence and transmission. Viral RNAs released after entry into host cells trigger interferon-I (IFN-I) mediated inflammatory responses for viral clearance and resolution of infection. However, overreactive host IFN-I responses and pro-inflammatory signals drive COVID-19 pathophysiology and disease severity during acute infection. These immune abnormalities also lead to the development of post-COVID syndrome if persistent. Novel therapeutics are urgently required to reduce short- and long-term pathologic consequences associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Apabetalone, an inhibitor of epigenetic regulators of the BET protein family, is a candidate for COVID-19 treatment via a dual mechanism of action. In vitro, apabetalone downregulates ACE2 gene expression to limit SARS-CoV-2 entry and propagation. In pre-clinical models and patients treated for cardiovascular disease, apabetalone inhibits expression of inflammatory mediators involved in the pathologic cytokine storm (CS) stimulated by various cytokines. Here we show apabetalone treatment of human lung epithelial cells reduces binding of viral spike protein regardless of mutations found in the highly contagious Delta variant and heavily mutated Omicron. Additionally, we demonstrate that apabetalone counters expression of pro-inflammatory factors with roles in CS and IFN-I signaling in lung cells stimulated with SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Our results support clinical evaluation of apabetalone to treat COVID-19 and post-COVID syndrome regardless of the SARS-CoV-2 variant.
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Beyer S, Müller L, Mitter S, Keilmann L, Meister S, Buschmann C, Kraus F, Topalov NE, Czogalla B, Trillsch F, Burges A, Mahner S, Schmoeckel E, Löb S, Corradini S, Kessler M, Jeschke U, Kolben T. High RIG-I and EFTUD2 expression predicts poor survival in endometrial cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022:10.1007/s00432-022-04271-z. [PMID: 36068443 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04271-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological malignancy. The helicase RIG-I, a part of the innate immune system, and EFTUD2, a splicing factor which can upregulate RIG-I expression, are shown to influence tumor growth and disease progression in several malignancies. For endometrial cancer, an immunogenic cancer, data about RIG-I and EFTUD2 are still missing. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of RIG-I and EFTUD2 in endometrial cancer. METHODS 225 specimen of endometrial cancer were immunohistochemically stained for RIG-I and EFTUD2. The results were correlated to clinicopathological data, overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS High RIG-I expression correlated with advanced tumor stages (FIGO: p = 0.027; pT: p = 0.010) and worse survival rates (OS: p = 0.009; PFS: p = 0.022). High EFTUD2 expression correlated to worse survival rates (OS: p = 0.026; PFS: p < 0.001) and was determined to be an independent marker for progression-free survival. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the expression of RIG-I and EFTUD2 correlates with survival data, which makes both a possible therapeutic target in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Beyer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lena Müller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sophie Mitter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lucia Keilmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Meister
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Buschmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian Kraus
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole E Topalov
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bastian Czogalla
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian Trillsch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Burges
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Mahner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisa Schmoeckel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sanja Löb
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Corradini
- Department of Radiation‑Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mirjana Kessler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Kolben
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Jia X, Liu F, Bai J, Zhang Y, Cui L, Cao Y, Luo E. Phosphatase inhibitors BVT-948 and alexidine dihydrochloride inhibit sexual development of the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2022; 19:81-88. [PMID: 35792443 PMCID: PMC9260261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background With the emergence of resistance to front-line antimalarials, there is an urgent need to develop new medicines, including those targeting sexual development. This study aimed to assess the activity of a panel of phosphatase inhibitors against the sexual development of Plasmodium berghei and evaluate their potential as transmission-blocking agents. Methods Twenty-five compounds were screened for transmission-blocking activity in vitro using the P. berghei ookinete culture assay. The inhibitory effects on male gametogenesis, gamete-ookinete, and zygote-ookinete formation were evaluated. The transmission-blocking activity of two compounds was evaluated using an in vivo mosquito feeding assay. Their cytotoxic effects were assessed on the human cell line HepG2. Results Twelve compounds inhibited P. berghei ookinete formation with an IC50 < 10 μM. Two compounds, BVT-948 and alexidine dihydrochloride, significantly inhibited different developmental stages from gametogenesis through ookinete maturation. They also showed a substantial in vivo transmission-blocking activity by the mosquito feeding assay. Conclusions Some phosphatase inhibitors effectively inhibited Plasmodium sexual development and exhibited evident transmission-blocking activity, suggesting that phosphatases are valid targets for antimalarial development. BVT-948 and alexidine·2HCl inhibit sexual developmental stages of Plasmodium. BVT-948 and alexidine·2HCl show a substantial transmission-blocking activity. BVT-948 and alexidine·2HCl show a relatively low cytotoxicity to HepG2 cells. Phosphatases are valid targets for antimalarial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitong Jia
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Yongzhe Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China; Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, China
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, FL, 33612-9415, USA
| | - Yaming Cao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China.
| | - Enjie Luo
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China.
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Batool M, Kim MS, Choi S. Structural insights into the distinctive RNA recognition and therapeutic potentials of RIG-I-like receptors. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:399-425. [PMID: 34287999 DOI: 10.1002/med.21845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RNA viruses, including the coronavirus, develop a unique strategy to evade the host immune response by interrupting the normal function of cytosolic retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs). RLRs rapidly detect atypical nucleic acids, thereby triggering the antiviral innate immune signaling cascade and subsequently activates the interferons transcription and induction of other proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Nonetheless, these receptors are manipulated by viral proteins to subvert the host immune system and sustain the infectivity and replication potential of the virus. RIG-I senses the single-stranded, double-stranded, and short double-stranded RNAs and recognizes the key signature, a 5'-triphosphate moiety, at the blunt end of the viral RNA. Meanwhile, the melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) is triggered by longer double stranded RNAs, messenger RNAs lacking 2'-O-methylation in their 5'-cap, and RNA aggregates. Therefore, structural insights into the nucleic-acid-sensing and downstream signaling mechanisms of these receptors hold great promise for developing effective antiviral therapeutic interventions. This review highlights the critical roles played by RLRs in viral infections as well as their ligand recognition mechanisms. In addition, we highlight the crosstalk between the toll-like receptors and RLRs and provide a comprehensive overview of RLR-associated diseases as well as the therapeutic potential of RLRs for the development of antiviral-drugs. Moreover, we believe that these RLR-based antivirals will serve as a step toward countering the recent coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Batool
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
- S&K Therapeutics, Campus Plaza 418, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Moon Suk Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
- S&K Therapeutics, Campus Plaza 418, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
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Johnson MB, Chandler M, Afonin KA. Nucleic acid nanoparticles (NANPs) as molecular tools to direct desirable and avoid undesirable immunological effects. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 173:427-438. [PMID: 33857556 PMCID: PMC8178219 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid nanoparticles (NANPs) represent a highly versatile molecular platform for the targeted delivery of various therapeutics. However, despite their promise, further clinical translation of this innovative technology can be hindered by immunological off-target effects. All human cells are equipped with an arsenal of receptors that recognize molecular patterns specific to foreign nucleic acids and understanding the rules that guide this recognition offer the key rationale for the development of therapeutic NANPs with tunable immune stimulation. Numerous recent studies have provided increasing evidence that in addition to NANPs' physicochemical properties and therapeutic effects, their interactions with cells of the immune system can be regulated through multiple independently programmable architectural parameters. The results further suggest that defined immunomodulation by NANPs can either support their immunoquiescent delivery or be used for conditional stimulation of beneficial immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brittany Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Morgan Chandler
- Nanoscale Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Kirill A Afonin
- Nanoscale Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
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Onomoto K, Onoguchi K, Yoneyama M. Regulation of RIG-I-like receptor-mediated signaling: interaction between host and viral factors. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:539-555. [PMID: 33462384 PMCID: PMC7812568 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) are RNA sensor molecules that play essential roles in innate antiviral immunity. Among the three RLRs encoded by the human genome, RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5, which contain N-terminal caspase recruitment domains, are activated upon the detection of viral RNAs in the cytoplasm of virus-infected cells. Activated RLRs induce downstream signaling via their interactions with mitochondrial antiviral signaling proteins and activate the production of type I and III interferons and inflammatory cytokines. Recent studies have shown that RLR-mediated signaling is regulated by interactions with endogenous RNAs and host proteins, such as those involved in stress responses and posttranslational modifications. Since RLR-mediated cytokine production is also involved in the regulation of acquired immunity, the deregulation of RLR-mediated signaling is associated with autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders. Moreover, RLR-mediated signaling might be involved in the aberrant cytokine production observed in coronavirus disease 2019. Since the discovery of RLRs in 2004, significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms underlying the activation and regulation of RLR-mediated signaling pathways. Here, we review the recent advances in the understanding of regulated RNA recognition and signal activation by RLRs, focusing on the interactions between various host and viral factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Onomoto
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Onoguchi
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Yoneyama
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan.
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