1
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Axioti E, Dixon EG, Reynolds-Green M, Alexander ECH, Brugnoli B, Keddie DJ, Couturaud B, Suksiriworapong J, Swainson SME, Francolini I, Howdle SM, Jacob PL, Cavanagh RJ, Chauhan VM, Taresco V. Glycerol- and diglycerol-based polyesters: Evaluation of backbone alterations upon nano-formulation performance. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 236:113828. [PMID: 38452625 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Despite the success of polyethylene glycol-based (PEGylated) polyesters in the drug delivery and biomedical fields, concerns have arisen regarding PEG's immunogenicity and limited biodegradability. In addition, inherent limitations, including limited chemical handles as well as highly hydrophobic nature, can restrict their effectiveness in physiological conditions of the polyester counterpart. To address these matters, an increasing amount of research has been focused towards identifying alternatives to PEG. One promising strategy involves the use of bio-derived polyols, such as glycerol. In particular, glycerol is a hydrophilic, non-toxic, untapped waste resource and as other polyols, can be incorporated into polyesters via enzymatic catalysis routes. In the present study, a systematic screening is conducted focusing on the incorporation of 1,6-hexanediol (Hex) (hydrophobic diol) into both poly(glycerol adipate) (PGA) and poly(diglycerol adipate) (PDGA) at different (di)glycerol:hex ratios (30:70; 50:50 and 70:30 mol/mol) and its effect on purification upon NPs formation. By varying the amphiphilicity of the backbone, we demonstrated that minor adjustments influence the NPs formation, NPs stability, drug encapsulation, and degradation of these polymers, despite the high chemical similarity. Moreover, the best performing materials have shown good biocompatibility in both in vitro and in vivo (whole organism) tests. As preliminary result, the sample containing diglycerol and Hex in a 70:30 ratio, named as PDGA-Hex 30%, has shown to be the most promising candidate in this small library analysed. It demonstrated comparable stability to the glycerol-based samples in various media but exhibited superior encapsulation efficiency of a model hydrophobic dye. This in-depth investigation provides new insights into the design and modification of biodegradable (di)glycerol-based polyesters, potentially paving the way for more effective and sustainable PEG-free drug delivery nano-systems in the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Axioti
- School of Chemistry, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Emily G Dixon
- School of Chemistry, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Benedetta Brugnoli
- Dept. of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Daniel J Keddie
- School of Chemistry, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Benoit Couturaud
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est (ICMPE), CNRS, University Paris Est Créteil, UMR 7182, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, Thiais 94320, France
| | | | - Sadie M E Swainson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Iolanda Francolini
- Dept. of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Steven M Howdle
- School of Chemistry, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa L Jacob
- School of Chemistry, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
| | - Robert J Cavanagh
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Boots Sciences Building, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
| | - Veeren M Chauhan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Boots Sciences Building, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
| | - Vincenzo Taresco
- School of Chemistry, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
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2
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Jacob PL, Brugnoli B, Del Giudice A, Phan H, Chauhan VM, Beckett L, Gillis RB, Moloney C, Cavanagh RJ, Krumins E, Reynolds-Green M, Lentz JC, Conte C, Cuzzucoli Crucitti V, Couturaud B, Galantini L, Francolini I, Howdle SM, Taresco V. Poly (diglycerol adipate) variants as enhanced nanocarrier replacements in drug delivery applications. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 641:1043-1057. [PMID: 36996683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.03.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Sustainably derived poly(glycerol adipate) (PGA) has been deemed to deliver all the desirable features expected in a polymeric scaffold for drug-delivery, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, self-assembly into nanoparticles (NPs) and a functionalisable pendant group. Despite showing these advantages over commercial alkyl polyesters, PGA suffers from a series of key drawbacks caused by poor amphiphilic balance. This leads to weak drug-polymer interactions and subsequent low drug-loading in NPs, as well as low NPs stability. To overcome this, in the present work, we applied a more significant variation of the polyester backbone while maintaining mild and sustainable polymerisation conditions. We have investigated the effect of the variation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments upon physical properties and drug interactions as well as self-assembly and NPs stability. For the first time we have replaced glycerol with the more hydrophilic diglycerol, as well as adjusting the final amphiphilic balance of the polyester repetitive units by incorporating the more hydrophobic 1,6-n-hexanediol (Hex). The properties of the novel poly(diglycerol adipate) (PDGA) variants have been compared against known polyglycerol-based polyesters. Interestingly, while the bare PDGA showed improved water solubility and diminished self-assembling ability, the Hex variation demonstrated enhanced features as a nanocarrier. In this regard, PDGAHex NPs were tested for their stability in different environments and for their ability to encode enhanced drug loading. Moreover, the novel materials have shown good biocompatibility in both in vitro and in vivo (whole organism) experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa L Jacob
- School of Chemistry, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Benedetta Brugnoli
- Dept. of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Hien Phan
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est, Université de Paris-Est Créteil, CNRS UMR 7182, 2 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Veeren M Chauhan
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Boots Sciences Building, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Beckett
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Boots Sciences Building, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Richard B Gillis
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, United Kingdom; Biomaterials Group, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, United Kingdom; College of Business, Technology and Engineering, Sheffield Hallam University, Food and Nutrition Group, Sheffield S1 1WB, United Kingdom
| | - Cara Moloney
- School of Medicine, BioDiscovery Institute-3, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Cavanagh
- School of Medicine, BioDiscovery Institute-3, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Eduards Krumins
- School of Chemistry, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Joachim C Lentz
- School of Chemistry, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Conte
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Valentina Cuzzucoli Crucitti
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing and Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Benoit Couturaud
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est, Université de Paris-Est Créteil, CNRS UMR 7182, 2 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Luciano Galantini
- Dept. of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Iolanda Francolini
- Dept. of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Steven M Howdle
- School of Chemistry, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Taresco
- School of Chemistry, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
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3
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Lentz JC, Cavanagh R, Moloney C, Falcone Pin B, Kortsen K, Fowler HR, Jacob PL, Krumins E, Clark C, Machado F, Breitkreuz N, Cale B, Goddard AR, Hirst JD, Taresco V, Howdle SM. N-Hydroxyethyl acrylamide as a functional eROP initiator for the preparation of nanoparticles under "greener" reaction conditions. Polym Chem 2022; 13:6032-6045. [PMID: 36353599 PMCID: PMC9623607 DOI: 10.1039/d2py00849a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
N-Hydroxyethyl acrylamide was used as a functional initiator for the enzymatic ring-opening polymerisation of ε-caprolactone and δ-valerolactone. N-Hydroxyethyl acrylamide was found not to undergo self-reaction in the presence of Lipase B from Candida antarctica under the reaction conditions employed. By contrast, this is a major problem for 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate which both show significant transesterification issues leading to unwanted branching and cross-linking. Surprisingly, N-hydroxyethyl acrylamide did not react fully during enzymatic ring-opening polymerisation. Computational docking studies helped us understand that the initiated polymer chains have a higher affinity for the enzyme active site than the initiator alone, leading to polymer propagation proceeding at a faster rate than polymer initiation leading to incomplete initiator consumption. Hydroxyl end group fidelity was confirmed by organocatalytic chain extension with lactide. N-Hydroxyethyl acrylamide initiated polycaprolactones were free-radical copolymerised with PEGMA to produce a small set of amphiphilic copolymers. The amphiphilic polymers were shown to self-assemble into nanoparticles, and to display low cytotoxicity in 2D in vitro experiments. To increase the green credentials of the synthetic strategies, all reactions were carried out in 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, a solvent derived from renewable resources and an alternative for the more traditionally used fossil-based solvents tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, and toluene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim C Lentz
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK
| | - Robert Cavanagh
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK
| | - Cara Moloney
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK
| | - Bruno Falcone Pin
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK
| | - Kristoffer Kortsen
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK
| | - Harriet R Fowler
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK
| | - Philippa L Jacob
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK
| | - Eduards Krumins
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK
| | - Charlotte Clark
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK
| | - Fabricio Machado
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Brasília Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro 70910-900 Brasília DF Brazil
| | - Nicholas Breitkreuz
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK
| | - Ben Cale
- Croda Europe Limited Cowick Hall Snaith DN14 9AA Goole UK
| | - Amy R Goddard
- Croda Europe Limited Cowick Hall Snaith DN14 9AA Goole UK
| | - Jonathan D Hirst
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK
| | - Vincenzo Taresco
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK
| | - Steven M Howdle
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK
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4
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Al-natour M, Abdelrazig S, Ghaemmaghami AM, Alexander C, Kim DH. Metabolic Signatures of Surface-Modified Poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid) Nanoparticles in Differentiated THP-1 Cells Derived with Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-based Metabolomics. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:28806-28819. [PMID: 36033713 PMCID: PMC9404530 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in preclinical drug delivery investigations, and some formulations are now in the clinic. However, the detailed effects of many NPs at the subcellular level have not been fully investigated. In this study, we used differentiated THP-1 macrophage cells, as a model, to investigate the metabolic changes associated with the use of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NPs with different surface coating or conjugation chemistries. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolic profiling was performed on the extracts (n = 6) of the differentiated THP-1 cells treated with plain, Pluronic (F-127, F-68, and P-85)-coated and PEG-PLGA NPs and control (no treatment). Principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) in conjunction with univariate and pathway analyses were performed to identify significantly changed metabolites and pathways related to exposure of the cells to NPs. OPLS-DA of each class in the study compared to the control showed clear separation and clustering with cross-validation values of R 2 and Q 2 > 0.5. A total of 105 metabolites and lipids were found to be significantly altered in the differentiated THP-1 cell profiles due to the NP exposure, whereas more than 20 metabolic pathways were found to be affected. These pathways included glycerophospholipid, sphingolipid, linoleic acid, arginine and proline, and alpha-linolenic acid metabolisms. PLGA NPs were found to perturb some amino acid metabolic pathways and altered membrane lipids to a different degree. The metabolic effect of the PLGA NPs on the cells were comparable to those caused by silver oxide NPs and other inorganic nanomaterials. However, PEG-PLGA NPs demonstrated a reduced impact on the cellular metabolism compared to Pluronic copolymer-coated PLGA and plain PLGA NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad
A. Al-natour
- Molecular
Therapeutics and Formulation Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
- Division
of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan
| | - Salah Abdelrazig
- Centre
for Analytical Bioscience, Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies
Division, School of Pharmacy, University
of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11115, Sudan
| | - Amir M. Ghaemmaghami
- Immunology
& Immuno-bioengineering Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty
of Medicine and Health Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Cameron Alexander
- Molecular
Therapeutics and Formulation Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Centre
for Analytical Bioscience, Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies
Division, School of Pharmacy, University
of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
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5
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Sunoqrot S, Niazi M, Al-Natour MA, Jaber M, Abu-Qatouseh L. Loading of Coal Tar in Polymeric Nanoparticles as a Potential Therapeutic Modality for Psoriasis. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:7333-7340. [PMID: 35252723 PMCID: PMC8892641 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Coal tar (CT) is a commonly used therapeutic agent in psoriasis treatment. CT formulations currently in clinical use have limitations such as toxicity and skin staining properties, leading to patient nonadherence. The purpose of this study was to develop a nanoparticle (NP) formulation for CT based on biocompatible poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA). CT was entrapped in PLGA NPs by nanoprecipitation, and the resulting NPs were characterized using dynamic light scattering and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine the particle size and CT loading efficiency, respectively. In vitro biocompatibility of the NPs was examined in human dermal fibroblasts. Permeation, washability, and staining experiments were carried out using skin-mimetic Strat-M membranes in Franz diffusion cells. The optimal CT-loaded PLGA NPs achieved 92% loading efficiency and were 133 nm in size with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.10 and a zeta potential of -40 mV, promoting colloidal stability during storage. CT NPs significantly reduced the cytotoxicity of crude CT in human dermal fibroblasts, maintaining more than 75% cell viability at the highest concentration tested, whereas an equivalent concentration of CT was associated with 28% viability. Permeation studies showed that only a negligible amount of CT NPs could cross the Strat-M membrane after 24 h, with 97% of the applied dose found accumulated within the membrane. The superiority of CT NPs was further demonstrated by the notably diminished staining ability and enhanced washability compared to those of crude CT. Our findings present a promising CT nanoformulation that can overcome its limitations in the treatment of psoriasis and other skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhair Sunoqrot
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of
Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan
- . Phone: +962-6-4291511
Ext. 197. Fax: +962-6-4291432
| | - Mohammad Niazi
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of
Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan
- Faculty
of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University
of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan
| | | | - Malak Jaber
- Faculty
of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University
of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan
| | - Luay Abu-Qatouseh
- Faculty
of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University
of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan
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6
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Chauhan VM, Zhang H, Dalby PA, Aylott JW. Advancements in the co-formulation of biologic therapeutics. J Control Release 2020; 327:397-405. [PMID: 32798639 PMCID: PMC7426274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Biologic therapeutics are the medicines of the future and are destined to transform the approaches by which the causes and symptoms of diseases are cured and alleviated. These approaches will be accelerated through the development of novel strategies that target multiple pharmacologically active sites using a combination of different biologics, or mixtures of biologics and small molecule therapeutics. However, for this potential to be realised, advancements in co-formulation strategies for biologic therapeutics must be established. This review describes the current and emerging developments within this field and highlights the challenges and potential solutions, that will pave-the-way towards their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veeren M. Chauhan
- Advanced Materials & Healthcare Technologies Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Boots Science Building, Science Road, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK,Corresponding author
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Future Targeted Healthcare Manufacturing Hub, Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Paul A. Dalby
- Future Targeted Healthcare Manufacturing Hub, Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Jonathan W. Aylott
- Advanced Materials & Healthcare Technologies Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Boots Science Building, Science Road, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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7
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Phan H, Kortsen K, Englezou G, Couturaud B, Nedoma AJ, Pearce AK, Taresco V. Functional initiators for the ring‐opening polymerization of polyesters and polycarbonates: An overview. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hien Phan
- Systèmes Polymères ComplexesInstitut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris‐Est (ICMPE) Thiais France
| | | | - Georgia Englezou
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringThe University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Benoit Couturaud
- Systèmes Polymères ComplexesInstitut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris‐Est (ICMPE) Thiais France
| | - Alisyn J. Nedoma
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringThe University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
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8
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Monteiro JHSK. Recent Advances in Luminescence Imaging of Biological Systems Using Lanthanide(III) Luminescent Complexes. Molecules 2020; 25:E2089. [PMID: 32365719 PMCID: PMC7248892 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of luminescence in biological systems allows one to diagnose diseases and understand cellular processes. Molecular systems, particularly lanthanide(III) complexes, have emerged as an attractive system for application in cellular luminescence imaging due to their long emission lifetimes, high brightness, possibility of controlling the spectroscopic properties at the molecular level, and tailoring of the ligand structure that adds sensing and therapeutic capabilities. This review aims to provide a background in luminescence imaging and lanthanide spectroscopy and discuss selected examples from the recent literature on lanthanide(III) luminescent complexes in cellular luminescence imaging, published in the period 2016-2020. Finally, the challenges and future directions that are pointing for the development of compounds that are capable of executing multiple functions and the use of light in regions where tissues and cells have low absorption will be discussed.
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9
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Englezou G, Kortsen K, Pacheco AAC, Cavanagh R, Lentz JC, Krumins E, Sanders‐Velez C, Howdle SM, Nedoma AJ, Taresco V. 2‐Methyltetrahydrofuran (
2‐MeTHF
) as a versatile green solvent for the synthesis of amphiphilic copolymers via
ROP
,
FRP
, and
RAFT
tandem polymerizations. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Englezou
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering The University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alisyn J. Nedoma
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering The University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
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