1
|
Wang Y, Yu H, Cen Z, Zhu Y, Wu W. Drug targets regulate systemic metabolism and provide new horizons to treat nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Metabol Open 2024; 21:100267. [PMID: 38187470 PMCID: PMC10770762 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2023.100267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is the advanced stage of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with rapidly rising global prevalence. It is featured with severe hepatocyte apoptosis, inflammation and hepatic lipogenesis. The drugs directly targeting the processes of steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis are currently under clinical investigation. Nevertheless, the long-term ineffectiveness and remarkable adverse effects are well documented, and new concepts are required to tackle with the root causes of NASH progression. We critically assess the recently validated drug targets that regulate the systemic metabolism to ameliorate NASH. Thermogenesis promoted by mitochondrial uncouplers restores systemic energy expenditure. Furthermore, regulation of mitochondrial proteases and proteins that are pivotal for intracellular metabolic homeostasis normalize mitochondrial function. Secreted proteins also improve systemic metabolism, and NASH is ameliorated by agonizing receptors of secreted proteins with small molecules. We analyze the drug design, the advantages and shortcomings of these novel drug candidates. Meanwhile, the structural modification of current NASH therapeutics significantly increased their selectivity, efficacy and safety. Furthermore, the arising CRISPR-Cas9 screen strategy on liver organoids has enabled the identification of new genes that mediate lipid metabolism, which may serve as promising drug targets. In summary, this article discusses the in-depth novel mechanisms and the multidisciplinary approaches, and they provide new horizons to treat NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yibing Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, China
| | - Hanhan Yu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhipeng Cen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Yutong Zhu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Wenyi Wu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bisbal Lopez L, Ravazza D, Bocci M, Zana A, Principi L, Dakhel Plaza S, Galbiati A, Gilardoni E, Scheuermann J, Neri D, Pignataro L, Gennari C, Cazzamalli S, Dal Corso A. Ex vivo mass spectrometry-based biodistribution analysis of an antibody-Resiquimod conjugate bearing a protease-cleavable and acid-labile linker. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1320524. [PMID: 38125888 PMCID: PMC10731371 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1320524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune-stimulating antibody conjugates (ISACs) equipped with imidazoquinoline (IMD) payloads can stimulate endogenous immune cells to kill cancer cells, ultimately inducing long-lasting anticancer effects. A novel ISAC was designed, featuring the IMD Resiquimod (R848), a tumor-targeting antibody specific for Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CAIX) and the protease-cleavable Val-Cit-PABC linker. In vitro stability analysis showed not only R848 release in the presence of the protease Cathepsin B but also under acidic conditions. The ex vivo mass spectrometry-based biodistribution data confirmed the low stability of the linker-drug connection while highlighting the selective accumulation of the IgG in tumors and its long circulatory half-life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matilde Bocci
- R&D Department, Philochem AG, Otelfingen, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jörg Scheuermann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Neri
- R&D Department, Philochem AG, Otelfingen, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland
- Philogen S.p.A, Siena, Italy
| | - Luca Pignataro
- Chemistry Department, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Cesare Gennari
- Chemistry Department, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Dal Corso
- Chemistry Department, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Structural and molecular bases to IRE1 activity modulation. Biochem J 2021; 478:2953-2975. [PMID: 34375386 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Unfolded Protein response is an adaptive pathway triggered upon alteration of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis. It is transduced by three major ER stress sensors, among which the Inositol Requiring Enzyme 1 (IRE1) is the most evolutionarily conserved. IRE1 is an ER-resident type I transmembrane protein exhibiting an ER luminal domain that senses the protein folding status and a catalytic kinase and RNase cytosolic domain. In recent years, IRE1 has emerged as a relevant therapeutic target in various diseases including degenerative, inflammatory and metabolic pathologies and cancer. As such several drugs altering IRE1 activity were developed that target either catalytic activity and showed some efficacy in preclinical pathological mouse models. In this review, we describe the different drugs identified to target IRE1 activity as well as their mode of action from a structural perspective, thereby identifying common and different modes of action. Based on this information we discuss on how new IRE1-targeting drugs could be developed that outperform the currently available molecules.
Collapse
|
4
|
Fan W, Huang Z, Xu X, Tu G, Geng J, Ji S, Zhao Y. Efficient Synthesis of Quinazolines from Aryl Imidates and
N
‐Alkoxyamide by Ir(III)‐Catalyzed C−H Amidation/Cyclization. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Tai Fan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province College of Chemistry, Chemical, Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University 199 Renai Street Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Zhibin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province College of Chemistry, Chemical, Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University 199 Renai Street Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Xu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province College of Chemistry, Chemical, Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University 199 Renai Street Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Guangliang Tu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province College of Chemistry, Chemical, Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University 199 Renai Street Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Jingyao Geng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province College of Chemistry, Chemical, Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University 199 Renai Street Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Shun‐Jun Ji
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province College of Chemistry, Chemical, Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University 199 Renai Street Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Yingsheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province College of Chemistry, Chemical, Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University 199 Renai Street Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Normal University Xinxiang 453000 China
| |
Collapse
|