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Dyck O, Lupini AR, Jesse S. The Synthescope: A Vision for Combining Synthesis with Atomic Fabrication. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2301560. [PMID: 37574252 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The scanning transmission electron microscope, a workhorse instrument in materials characterization, is being transformed into an atomic-scale material-manipulation platform. With an eye on the trajectory of recent developments and the obstacles toward progress in this field, a vision for a path toward an expanded set of capabilities and applications is provided. The microscope is reconceptualized as an instrument for fabrication and synthesis with the capability to image and characterize atomic-scale structural formation as it occurs. Further development and refinement of this approach may have substantial impact on research in microelectronics, quantum information science, and catalysis, where precise control over atomic-scale structure and chemistry of a few "active sites" can have a dramatic impact on larger-scale functionality and where developing a better understanding of atomic-scale processes can help point the way to larger-scale synthesis approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Dyck
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Andrew R Lupini
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Stephen Jesse
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
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Song P, Ou P, Wang Y, Yuan H, Duan S, Chen L, Fu H, Song J, Liu X. An ultrasensitive FET biosensor based on vertically aligned MoS 2 nanolayers with abundant surface active sites. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1252:341036. [PMID: 36935147 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanolayers are one of the most promising two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials for constructing next-generation field-effect transistor (FET) biosensors. In this article, we report an ultrasensitive FET biosensor that integrates a novel format of 2D MoS2, vertically-aligned MoS2 nanolayers (VAMNs), as the channel material for label-free detection of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The developed VAMNs-based FET biosensor shows two distinctive advantages. First, the VAMNs can be facilely grown using the conventional chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, permitting easy fabrication and potential mass device production. Second, the unique advantage of the VAMNs for biosensor development lies in its abundant surface-exposed active edge sites that possess a high binding affinity with thiol-based linkers, which overcomes the challenge of molecule functionalization on the conventional planar MoS2 nanolayers. The high binding affinity between 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid and the VAMNs was demonstrated through experimental surface characterization and theoretical calculations via density functional theory. The FET biosensor allows rapid (within 20 min) and ultrasensitive PSA detection in human serum with simple operations (limit of detection: 800 fg mL-1). This FET biosensor offers excellent features such as ultrahigh sensitivity, ease of fabrication, and short assay time, and thereby possesses significant potential for early-stage diagnosis of life-threatening diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Song
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada; Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada; School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Pengfei Ou
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Yongjie Wang
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology-Shenzhen, 1 Pingshan Road, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Hang Yuan
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Sixuan Duan
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Longyan Chen
- Department of Biomedical, Industrial & Systems Engineering, Gannon University, 109 University Square, Erie, PA, 16541, USA
| | - Hao Fu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada; Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Jun Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada.
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Anbalagan AK, Hu FC, Chan WK, Gandhi AC, Gupta S, Chaudhary M, Chuang KW, Ramesh AK, Billo T, Sabbah A, Chiang CY, Tseng YC, Chueh YL, Wu SY, Tai NH, Chen HYT, Lee CH. Gamma-Ray Irradiation Induced Ultrahigh Room-Temperature Ferromagnetism in MoS 2 Sputtered Few-Layered Thin Films. ACS NANO 2023; 17:6555-6564. [PMID: 36951422 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Defect engineering is of great interest to the two-dimensional (2D) materials community. If nonmagnetic transition-metal dichalcogenides can possess room-temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) induced by defects, then they will be ideal for application as spintronic materials and also for studying the relation between electronic and magnetic properties of quantum-confined structures. Thus, in this work, we aimed to study gamma-ray irradiation effects on MoS2, which is diamagnetic in nature. We found that gamma-ray exposure up to 9 kGy on few-layered (3.5 nm) MoS2 films induces an ultrahigh saturation magnetization of around 610 emu/cm3 at RT, whereas no significant changes were observed in the structure and magnetism of bulk MoS2 (40 nm) films even after gamma-ray irradiation. The RTFM in a few-layered gamma-ray irradiated sample is most likely due to the bound magnetic polaron created by the spin interaction of Mo 4d ions with trapped electrons present at sulfur vacancies. In addition, density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that the defect containing one Mo and two S vacancies is the dominant defect inducing the RTFM in MoS2. These DFT results are consistent with Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and ESR spectroscopy results, and they confirm the breakage of Mo and S bonds and the existence of vacancies after gamma-ray irradiation. Overall, this study suggests that the occurrence of magnetism in gamma-ray irradiated MoS2 few-layered films could be attributed to the synergistic effects of magnetic moments arising from the existence of both Mo and S vacancies as well as lattice distortion of the MoS2 structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Kumar Anbalagan
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Chi Hu
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Weng Kent Chan
- College of Semiconductor Research, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ashish Chhaganlal Gandhi
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Shivam Gupta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Mayur Chaudhary
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Wei Chuang
- Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Akhil K Ramesh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Center for Applied Research in Electronics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Tadesse Billo
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Amr Sabbah
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Chiang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chieh Tseng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lun Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Sheng Yun Wu
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
| | - Nyan-Hwa Tai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Tiffany Chen
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- College of Semiconductor Research, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Lee
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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Dyck O, Swett JL, Evangeli C, Lupini AR, Mol J, Jesse S. Contrast Mechanisms in Secondary Electron e-Beam-Induced Current (SEEBIC) Imaging. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2022; 28:1-17. [PMID: 35644675 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927622000824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few years, a new mode for imaging in the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) has gained attention as it permits the direct visualization of sample conductivity and electrical connectivity. When the electron beam (e-beam) is focused on the sample in the STEM, secondary electrons (SEs) are generated. If the sample is conductive and electrically connected to an amplifier, the SE current can be measured as a function of the e-beam position. This scenario is similar to the better-known scanning electron microscopy-based technique, electron beam-induced current imaging, except that the signal in the STEM is generated by the emission of SEs, hence the name secondary electron e-beam-induced current (SEEBIC), and in this case, the current flows in the opposite direction. Here, we provide a brief review of recent work in this area, examine the various contrast generation mechanisms associated with SEEBIC, and illustrate its use for the characterization of graphene nanoribbon devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Dyck
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Jacob L Swett
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 87287, USA
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | | | - Andrew R Lupini
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Jan Mol
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Stephen Jesse
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
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Computer vision AC-STEM automated image analysis for 2D nanopore applications. Ultramicroscopy 2021; 231:113249. [PMID: 33902953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2021.113249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has led to important discoveries in atomic imaging and as an atom-by-atom fabrication tool. Using electron beams, atomic structures can be patterned, annealed and crystallized, and nanopores can be drilled in thin membranes. We review current progress in TEM analysis and implement a computer vision nanopore-detection algorithm that achieves a 96% pixelwise precision in TEM images of nanopores in 2D membranes (WS2), and discuss parameter optimization including a variation on the traditional grid search and gradient ascent. Such nanopores have applications in ion detection, water filtration, and DNA sequencing, where ionic conductance through the pore should be concordant with its TEM-measured size. Standard computer vision methods have their advantages as they are intuitive and do not require extensive training data. For completeness, we briefly comment on related machine learning for 2D materials analysis and discuss relevant progress in these fields. Image analysis alongside TEM allows correlated fabrication and analysis done simultaneously in situ to engineer devices at the atomic scale.
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Xiong M, Graf M, Athreya N, Radenovic A, Leburton JP. Microscopic Detection Analysis of Single Molecules in MoS 2 Membrane Nanopores. ACS NANO 2020; 14:16131-16139. [PMID: 33155815 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A systematic microscopic analysis of the various resistive effects involved in the electronic detection of single biomolecules in a nanopore of a MoS2 nanoribbon is presented. The variations of the transverse electronic current along the two-dimensional (2D) membrane due to the translocation of DNA and protein molecules through the pore are obtained by model calculations based on molecular dynamics (MD) and Boltzmann transport formalism, which achieved good agreement with the experimental data. Our analysis points to a self-consistent interaction among ions, charge carriers around the pore rim, and biomolecules. It provides a comprehensive understanding of the effects of the electrolyte concentration, pore size, nanoribbon geometry, and also the doping polarity of the nanoribbon on the electrical sensitivity of the nanopore in detecting biomolecules. These results can be utilized for fine-tuning the design parameters in the fabrication of highly sensitive 2D nanopore biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingye Xiong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and N. Holonyak Jr. Micro & Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michael Graf
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland
| | - Nagendra Athreya
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and N. Holonyak Jr. Micro & Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Aleksandra Radenovic
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Leburton
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and N. Holonyak Jr. Micro & Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Thiruraman JP, Masih Das P, Drndić M. Stochastic Ionic Transport in Single Atomic Zero-Dimensional Pores. ACS NANO 2020; 14:11831-11845. [PMID: 32790336 PMCID: PMC9615559 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on single atomic zero-dimensional (0D) pores fabricated using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (AC-STEM) in monolayer MoS2. Pores are comprised of a few atoms missing in the two-dimensional (2D) lattice (1-5 Mo atoms) of characteristic sizes from ∼0.5 to 1.2 nm, and pore edges directly probed by AC-STEM to map the atomic structure. We categorize them into ∼30 geometrically possible zigzag, armchair, and mixed configurations. While theoretical studies predict that transport properties of 2D pores in this size range depend strongly on pore size and their atomic configuration, 0D pores show an average conductance in the range from ∼0.6-1 nS (bias up to 0.1 V), similar to biological pores. In some devices, the current was immeasurably small and/or pores could not be wet. Furthermore, current-voltage (I-V) characteristics are largely independent of bulk molarity (10 mM to 3 M KCl) and the type of cation (K+, Li+, Mg2+). This work lays the experimental foundation for understanding of the confinement effects possible in atomic-scale 2D material pores and the realization of solid-state analogues of ion channels in biology.
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