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Li X, Wan J, Tang Y, Wang C, Zhang Y, Lv D, Guo M, Ma Y, Yang Y. Boosting the UV-vis-NIR Photodetection Performance of MoS 2 through the Cavity Enhancement Effect and Bulk Heterojunction Strategy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:29003-29015. [PMID: 38788155 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Navigating more effective methods to enhance the photon utilization of photodetectors poses a significant challenge. This study initially investigates the impact of morphological alterations in 2H-MoS2 on photodetector (PD) performance. The results reveal that compared to layered MoS2 (MoS2 NLs), MoS2 nanotubes (MoS2 NTs) impart a cavity enhancement effect through multiple light reflections. This structural feature significantly enhances the photodetection performance of the MoS2-based PDs. We further employ the heterojunction strategy to construct Y-TiOPc NPs:MoS2 NTs, utilizing Y-TiOPc NPs (Y-type titanylphthalocyanine) as the vis-NIR photosensitizer and MoS2 NTs as the photon absorption enhancer. This approach not only addresses the weak absorption of MoS2 NTs in the near-infrared region but also enhances carrier generation, separation, and transport efficiency. Additionally, the band bending phenomenon induced by trapped-electrons at the interface between ITO and the photoactive layer significantly enhances the hole tunneling injection capability from the external circuit. By leveraging the synergistic effects of the aforementioned strategies, the PD based on Y-TiOPc NPs:MoS2 NTs (Y:MT-PD) exhibits superior photodetection performance in the wavelength range of 365-940 nm compared to MoS2 NLs-based PD and MoS2 NTs-based PD. Particularly noteworthy are the peak values of key metrics for Y:MT-PD, such as EQE, R, and D* that are 4947.6%, 20588 mA/W, and 1.94 × 1012 Jones, respectively. The multiperiod time-resolved photocurrent response curves of Y:MT-PD also surpass those of the other two PDs, displaying rapid, stable, and reproducible responses across all wavelengths. This study provides valuable insights for the further development of photoactive materials with a high photon utilization efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Jundi Wan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Yulu Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Chenyu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Yahui Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Dongjun Lv
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, De Zhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Mingyuan Guo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Weinan Normal University, Weinan 714099, China
| | - Yongning Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Yuhao Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
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2
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Zheng Y, Ghosh S, Das S. A Butterfly-Inspired Multisensory Neuromorphic Platform for Integration of Visual and Chemical Cues. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2307380. [PMID: 38069632 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Unisensory cues are often insufficient for animals to effectively engage in foraging, mating, and predatory activities. In contrast, integration of cues collected from multiple sensory organs enhances the overall perceptual experience and thereby facilitates better decision-making. Despite the importance of multisensory integration in animals, the field of artificial intelligence (AI) and neuromorphic computing has primarily focused on processing unisensory information. This lack of emphasis on multisensory integration can be attributed to the absence of a miniaturized hardware platform capable of co-locating multiple sensing modalities and enabling in-sensor and near-sensor processing. In this study, this limitation is addressed by utilizing the chemo-sensing properties of graphene and the photo-sensing capability of monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2 ) to create a multisensory platform for visuochemical integration. Additionally, the in-memory-compute capability of MoS2 memtransistors is leveraged to develop neural circuits that facilitate multisensory decision-making. The visuochemical integration platform is inspired by intricate courtship of Heliconius butterflies, where female species rely on the integration of visual cues (such as wing color) and chemical cues (such as pheromones) generated by the male butterflies for mate selection. The butterfly-inspired visuochemical integration platform has significant implications in both robotics and the advancement of neuromorphic computing, going beyond unisensory intelligence and information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikai Zheng
- Engineering Science and Mechanics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Subir Ghosh
- Engineering Science and Mechanics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Saptarshi Das
- Engineering Science and Mechanics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Electrical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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3
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Hoang AT, Hu L, Kim BJ, Van TTN, Park KD, Jeong Y, Lee K, Ji S, Hong J, Katiyar AK, Shong B, Kim K, Im S, Chung WJ, Ahn JH. Low-temperature growth of MoS 2 on polymer and thin glass substrates for flexible electronics. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:1439-1447. [PMID: 37500777 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01460-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in two-dimensional semiconductors, particularly molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), have enabled the fabrication of flexible electronic devices with outstanding mechanical flexibility. Previous approaches typically involved the synthesis of MoS2 on a rigid substrate at a high temperature followed by the transfer to a flexible substrate onto which the device is fabricated. A recurring drawback with this methodology is the fact that flexible substrates have a lower melting temperature than the MoS2 growth process, and that the transfer process degrades the electronic properties of MoS2. Here we report a strategy for directly synthesizing high-quality and high-crystallinity MoS2 monolayers on polymers and ultrathin glass substrates (thickness ~30 µm) at ~150 °C using metal-organic chemical vapour deposition. By avoiding the transfer process, the MoS2 quality is preserved. On flexible field-effect transistors, we achieve a mobility of 9.1 cm2 V-1 s-1 and a positive threshold voltage of +5 V, which is essential for reducing device power consumption. Moreover, under bending conditions, our logic circuits exhibit stable operation while phototransistors can detect light over a wide range of wavelengths from 405 nm to 904 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Tuan Hoang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Luhing Hu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Jin Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tran Thi Ngoc Van
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Dae Park
- Institute for Rare Metals and Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonsu Jeong
- Van der Waals Materials Research Center, Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihyun Lee
- Van der Waals Materials Research Center, Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Korea
| | - Seunghyeon Ji
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeong Hong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ajit Kumar Katiyar
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonggeun Shong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanpyo Kim
- Van der Waals Materials Research Center, Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Korea
| | - Seongil Im
- Van der Waals Materials Research Center, Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon Jin Chung
- Institute for Rare Metals and Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Ahn
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Romanov RI, Zabrosaev IV, Chouprik AA, Yakubovsky DI, Tatmyshevskiy MK, Volkov VS, Markeev AM. Temperature-Dependent Structural and Electrical Properties of Metal-Organic CVD MoS 2 Films. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2712. [PMID: 37836353 PMCID: PMC10574732 DOI: 10.3390/nano13192712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Metal-Organic CVD method (MOCVD) allows for deposition of ultrathin 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) films of electronic quality onto wafer-scale substrates. In this work, the effect of temperature on structure, chemical states, and electronic qualities of the MOCVD MoS2 films were investigated. The results demonstrate that the temperature increase in the range of 650 °C to 950 °C results in non-monotonic average crystallite size variation. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Raman spectroscopy investigation has established the film crystal structure improvement with temperature increase in this range. At the same time, X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) method allowed to reveal non-stoichiometric phase fraction increase, corresponding to increased sulfur vacancies (VS) concentration from approximately 0.9 at.% to 3.6 at.%. Established dependency between the crystallite domains size and VS concentration suggests that these vacancies are form predominantly at the grain boundaries. The results suggest that an increased Vs concentration and enhanced charge carriers scattering at the grains' boundaries should be the primary reasons of films' resistivity increase from 4 kΩ·cm to 39 kΩ·cm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman I. Romanov
- Center of Shared Research Facilities, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia; (R.I.R.); (I.V.Z.); (A.A.C.)
| | - Ivan V. Zabrosaev
- Center of Shared Research Facilities, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia; (R.I.R.); (I.V.Z.); (A.A.C.)
| | - Anastasia A. Chouprik
- Center of Shared Research Facilities, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia; (R.I.R.); (I.V.Z.); (A.A.C.)
| | - Dmitry I. Yakubovsky
- Center for Photonics & 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia; (D.I.Y.); (M.K.T.); (V.S.V.)
| | - Mikhail K. Tatmyshevskiy
- Center for Photonics & 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia; (D.I.Y.); (M.K.T.); (V.S.V.)
| | - Valentyn S. Volkov
- Center for Photonics & 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia; (D.I.Y.); (M.K.T.); (V.S.V.)
| | - Andrey M. Markeev
- Center of Shared Research Facilities, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia; (R.I.R.); (I.V.Z.); (A.A.C.)
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5
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Ghosh S, Pannone A, Sen D, Wali A, Ravichandran H, Das S. An all 2D bio-inspired gustatory circuit for mimicking physiology and psychology of feeding behavior. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6021. [PMID: 37758750 PMCID: PMC10533903 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal behavior involves complex interactions between physiology and psychology. However, most AI systems neglect psychological factors in decision-making due to a limited understanding of the physiological-psychological connection at the neuronal level. Recent advancements in brain imaging and genetics have uncovered specific neural circuits that regulate behaviors like feeding. By developing neuro-mimetic circuits that incorporate both physiology and psychology, a new emotional-AI paradigm can be established that bridges the gap between humans and machines. This study presents a bio-inspired gustatory circuit that mimics adaptive feeding behavior in humans, considering both physiological states (hunger) and psychological states (appetite). Graphene-based chemitransistors serve as artificial gustatory taste receptors, forming an electronic tongue, while 1L-MoS2 memtransistors construct an electronic-gustatory-cortex comprising a hunger neuron, appetite neuron, and feeding circuit. This work proposes a novel paradigm for emotional neuromorphic systems with broad implications for human health. The concept of gustatory emotional intelligence can extend to other sensory systems, benefiting future humanoid AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir Ghosh
- Engineering Science and Mechanics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Andrew Pannone
- Engineering Science and Mechanics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Dipanjan Sen
- Engineering Science and Mechanics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Akshay Wali
- Electrical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | | | - Saptarshi Das
- Engineering Science and Mechanics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Electrical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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6
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Sadaf MUK, Sakib NU, Pannone A, Ravichandran H, Das S. A bio-inspired visuotactile neuron for multisensory integration. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5729. [PMID: 37714853 PMCID: PMC10504285 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40686-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Multisensory integration is a salient feature of the brain which enables better and faster responses in comparison to unisensory integration, especially when the unisensory cues are weak. Specialized neurons that receive convergent input from two or more sensory modalities are responsible for such multisensory integration. Solid-state devices that can emulate the response of these multisensory neurons can advance neuromorphic computing and bridge the gap between artificial and natural intelligence. Here, we introduce an artificial visuotactile neuron based on the integration of a photosensitive monolayer MoS2 memtransistor and a triboelectric tactile sensor which minutely captures the three essential features of multisensory integration, namely, super-additive response, inverse effectiveness effect, and temporal congruency. We have also realized a circuit which can encode visuotactile information into digital spiking events, with probability of spiking determined by the strength of the visual and tactile cues. We believe that our comprehensive demonstration of bio-inspired and multisensory visuotactile neuron and spike encoding circuitry will advance the field of neuromorphic computing, which has thus far primarily focused on unisensory intelligence and information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Najam U Sakib
- Engineering Science and Mechanics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Andrew Pannone
- Engineering Science and Mechanics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | | | - Saptarshi Das
- Engineering Science and Mechanics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Electrical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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7
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Ravichandran H, Sen D, Wali A, Schranghamer TF, Trainor N, Redwing JM, Ray B, Das S. A Peripheral-Free True Random Number Generator Based on Integrated Circuits Enabled by Atomically Thin Two-Dimensional Materials. ACS NANO 2023; 17:16817-16826. [PMID: 37616285 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
A true random number generator (TRNG) is essential to ensure information security for Internet of Things (IoT) edge devices. While pseudorandom number generators (PRNGs) have been instrumental, their deterministic nature limits their application in security-sensitive scenarios. In contrast, hardware-based TRNGs derived from physically unpredictable processes offer greater reliability. This study demonstrates a peripheral-free TRNG utilizing two cascaded three-stage inverters (TSIs) in conjunction with an XOR gate composed of monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) field-effect transistors (FETs) by exploiting the stochastic charge trapping and detrapping phenomena at and/or near the MoS2/dielectric interface. The entropy source passes the NIST SP800-90B tests with a minimum normalized entropy of 0.8780, while the generated bits pass the NIST SP800-22 randomness tests without any postprocessing. Moreover, the keys generated using these random bits are uncorrelated with near-ideal entropy, bit uniformity, and Hamming distances, exhibiting resilience against machine learning (ML) attacks, temperature variations, and supply bias fluctuations with a frugal energy expenditure of 30 pJ/bit. This approach offers an advantageous alternative to conventional silicon, memristive, and nanomaterial-based TRNGs as it obviates the need for extensive peripherals while harnessing the potential of atomically thin 2D materials in developing low-power TRNGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harikrishnan Ravichandran
- Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Dipanjan Sen
- Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Akshay Wali
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Thomas F Schranghamer
- Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Nicholas Trainor
- Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- 2D Crystal Consortium, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Joan M Redwing
- Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- 2D Crystal Consortium, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Biswajit Ray
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Saptarshi Das
- Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- 2D Crystal Consortium, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Yang X, Liao Z, Chu Z, Zhu X, Da H. Enhanced Goos-Hänchen shift in a defective Pell quasiperiodic photonic crystal with monolayer MoS 2. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:5861-5866. [PMID: 37706934 DOI: 10.1364/ao.495434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer M o S 2 has attracted wide attention because of its finite bandgap, and it has become a potential candidate for the investigation of the Goos-Hänchen (GH) shift. However, the magnitude of the GH shift in free-standing monolayer M o S 2 is small, which greatly hinders its possible applications in the photoelectric sensors and detectors. We have theoretically designed a defective quasiperiodic photonic crystal and investigated its GH shift, where monolayer M o S 2 is sandwiched between two quasiperiodic photonic crystals arranged by the Pell sequence. By optimizing the thicknesses of all the components and the period number of the Pell quasiperiodic photonic crystal, we find that the GH shift of the designed structure is significantly enhanced at the specific working wavelength. In addition, we discuss the influence of the thicknesses of the dielectric components on the GH shift. Our work confirms that the quasiperiodic photonic crystal structure has the ability to enhance the GH shift of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides, which provides a new platform for the GH investigations and greatly promotes the applications of this defective structure in optoelectric devices.
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Lau CS, Das S, Verzhbitskiy IA, Huang D, Zhang Y, Talha-Dean T, Fu W, Venkatakrishnarao D, Johnson Goh KE. Dielectrics for Two-Dimensional Transition-Metal Dichalcogenide Applications. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37257134 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite over a decade of intense research efforts, the full potential of two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides continues to be limited by major challenges. The lack of compatible and scalable dielectric materials and integration techniques restrict device performances and their commercial applications. Conventional dielectric integration techniques for bulk semiconductors are difficult to adapt for atomically thin two-dimensional materials. This review provides a brief introduction into various common and emerging dielectric synthesis and integration techniques and discusses their applicability for 2D transition metal dichalcogenides. Dielectric integration for various applications is reviewed in subsequent sections including nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, flexible electronics, valleytronics, biosensing, quantum information processing, and quantum sensing. For each application, we introduce basic device working principles, discuss the specific dielectric requirements, review current progress, present key challenges, and offer insights into future prospects and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chit Siong Lau
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sarthak Das
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ivan A Verzhbitskiy
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ding Huang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yiyu Zhang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Teymour Talha-Dean
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Fu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Dasari Venkatakrishnarao
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kuan Eng Johnson Goh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, 117551, Singapore
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore
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10
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Roy PK, Hartman T, Šturala J, Luxa J, Melle-Franco M, Sofer Z. Hydrogen-Terminated Two-Dimensional Germanane/Silicane Alloys as Self-Powered Photodetectors and Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37192133 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
2D monoelemental materials, particularly germanene and silicene (the single layer of germanium and silicon), which are the base materials for modern electronic devices demonstrated tremendous attraction for their 2D layer structure along with the tuneable electronics and optical band gap. The major shortcoming of synthesized thermodynamically very unstable layered germanene and silicene with their inclination toward oxidation was overcome by topochemical deintercalation of a Zintl phase (CaGe2, CaGe1.5Si0.5, and CaGeSi) in a protic environment. The exfoliated Ge-H, Ge0.75Si0.25H, and Ge0.5Si0.5H were successfully synthesized and employed as the active layer for photoelectrochemical photodetectors, which showed broad response (420-940 nm), unprecedented responsivity, and detectivity on the order of 168 μA W-1 and 3.45 × 108 cm Hz1/2 W-1, respectively. The sensing capability of exfoliated germanane and silicane composites was explored using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with ultrafast response and recovery time of less than 1 s. These positive findings serve as the application of exfoliated germanene and silicene composites and can pave a new path to practical applications in efficient future devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Kumar Roy
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Hartman
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šturala
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Luxa
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Manuel Melle-Franco
- CICECO─Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Zdenek Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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11
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Wali A, Das S. Hardware and Information Security Primitives Based on 2D Materials and Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2205365. [PMID: 36564174 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Hardware security is a major concern for the entire semiconductor ecosystem that accounts for billions of dollars in annual losses. Similarly, information security is a critical need for the rapidly proliferating edge devices that continuously collect and communicate a massive volume of data. While silicon-based complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology offers security solutions, these are largely inadequate, inefficient, and often inconclusive, as well as resource intensive in time, energy, and cost, leading to tremendous room for innovation in this field. Furthermore, silicon-based security primitives have shown vulnerability to machine learning (ML) attacks. In recent years, 2D materials such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides have been intensely explored to mitigate these security challenges. In this review, 2D-materials-based hardware security solutions such as camouflaging, true random number generation, watermarking, anticounterfeiting, physically unclonable functions, and logic locking of integrated circuits (ICs) are summarized with accompanying discussion on their reliability and resilience to ML attacks. In addition, the role of native defects in 2D materials in developing high entropy hardware security primitives is also examined. Finally, the existing challenges for 2D materials, which must be overcome for large-scale deployment of 2D ICs to meet the security needs of the semiconductor industry, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Wali
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Saptarshi Das
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Engineering Science and Mechanics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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12
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Schranghamer TF, Sakib NU, Sadaf MUK, Subbulakshmi Radhakrishnan S, Pendurthi R, Agyapong AD, Stepanoff SP, Torsi R, Chen C, Redwing JM, Robinson JA, Wolfe DE, Mohney SE, Das S. Ultrascaled Contacts to Monolayer MoS 2 Field Effect Transistors. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:3426-3434. [PMID: 37058411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors possess promise for the development of field-effect transistors (FETs) at the ultimate scaling limit due to their strong gate electrostatics. However, proper FET scaling requires reduction of both channel length (LCH) and contact length (LC), the latter of which has remained a challenge due to increased current crowding at the nanoscale. Here, we investigate Au contacts to monolayer MoS2 FETs with LCH down to 100 nm and LC down to 20 nm to evaluate the impact of contact scaling on FET performance. Au contacts are found to display a ∼2.5× reduction in the ON-current, from 519 to 206 μA/μm, when LC is scaled from 300 to 20 nm. It is our belief that this study is warranted to ensure an accurate representation of contact effects at and beyond the technology nodes currently occupied by silicon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Schranghamer
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Najam U Sakib
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Muhtasim Ul Karim Sadaf
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Shiva Subbulakshmi Radhakrishnan
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Rahul Pendurthi
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ama Duffie Agyapong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Sergei P Stepanoff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Applied Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Riccardo Torsi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Chen Chen
- 2D Crystal Consortium Materials Innovation Platform, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Joan M Redwing
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- 2D Crystal Consortium Materials Innovation Platform, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Joshua A Robinson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Douglas E Wolfe
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Applied Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Suzanne E Mohney
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Saptarshi Das
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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13
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Yoon J, You B, Kim Y, Bak J, Yang M, Park J, Hahm MG, Lee M. Environmentally Stable and Reconfigurable Ultralow-Power Two-Dimensional Tellurene Synaptic Transistor for Neuromorphic Edge Computing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:18463-18472. [PMID: 36881815 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
While neuromorphic computing can define a new era for next-generation computing architecture, the introduction of an efficient synaptic transistor for neuromorphic edge computing still remains a challenge. Here, we envision an atomically thin 2D Te synaptic device capable of achieving a desirable neuromorphic edge computing design. The hydrothermally grown 2D Te nanosheet synaptic transistor apparently mimicked the biological synaptic nature, exhibiting 100 effective multilevel states, a low power consumption of ∼110 fJ, excellent linearity, and short-/long-term plasticity. Furthermore, the 2D Te synaptic device achieved reconfigurable MNIST recognition accuracy characteristics of 88.2%, even after harmful detergent environment infection. We believe that this work serves as a guide for developing futuristic neuromorphic edge computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeechan Yoon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Bolim You
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuna Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Bak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Mino Yang
- Korea Basic Science Institute Seoul, 145 anam-ro Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyang Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Gwan Hahm
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonsang Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
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14
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Jeong SJ, Cho S, Moon B, Teku JA, Jeong MH, Lee S, Kim Y, Lee JS. Zero Dimensional-Two Dimensional Hybrid Photodetectors Using Multilayer MoS 2 and Lead Halide Perovskite Quantum Dots with a Tunable Bandgap. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:5432-5438. [PMID: 36689350 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We report high-performance 0D-2D hybrid photodetectors integrated with tunable band gap perovskite (CsPbI3, CsXFAX-1PbI3, and FAPbI3) quantum dots and MOCVD-grown bilayer MoS2. In our hybrid structure, the lead halide PQDs can be utilized as an absorbing layer of light of specific wavelengths and transfer the photogenerated carriers to the MoS2 transport layer. With tunable wavelength lead halide PQDs, the 0D-2D hybrid photodetector shows a high responsivity up to 107 AW-1 and high specific detectivity exceeding 1013 Jones due to the difference in the built-in potential between PQDs and multilayer MoS2 layers. This work proposes the possibility of fabricating high-performance photodetectors by hybridizing PQDs of various band gaps with 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seock-Jin Jeong
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Sinyoung Cho
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Bowon Moon
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Justice Agbeshie Teku
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hye Jeong
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Somi Lee
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu42988, Republic of Korea
- Energy Science and Engineering Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
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15
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Subbulakshmi Radhakrishnan S, Dodda A, Das S. An All-in-One Bioinspired Neural Network. ACS NANO 2022; 16:20100-20115. [PMID: 36378680 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In spite of recent advancements in artificial neural networks (ANNs), the energy efficiency, multifunctionality, adaptability, and integrated nature of biological neural networks remain largely unimitated by hardware neuromorphic computing systems. Here, we exploit optoelectronic, computing, and programmable memory devices based on emerging two-dimensional (2D) layered materials such as MoS2 to demonstrate a monolithically integrated, multipixel, and "all-in-one" bioinspired neural network (BNN) capable of sensing, encoding, learning, forgetting, and inferring at minuscule energy expenditure. We also demonstrate learning adaptability and simulate learning challenges under specific synaptic conditions to mimic biological learning. Our findings highlight the potential of in-memory computing and sensing based on emerging 2D materials, devices, and integrated circuits to not only overcome the bottleneck of von Neumann computing in conventional CMOS designs but also to aid in eliminating the peripheral components necessary for competing technologies such as memristors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Subbulakshmi Radhakrishnan
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
| | - Akhil Dodda
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
| | - Saptarshi Das
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
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16
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Lei Y, Zhang T, Lin YC, Granzier-Nakajima T, Bepete G, Kowalczyk DA, Lin Z, Zhou D, Schranghamer TF, Dodda A, Sebastian A, Chen Y, Liu Y, Pourtois G, Kempa TJ, Schuler B, Edmonds MT, Quek SY, Wurstbauer U, Wu SM, Glavin NR, Das S, Dash SP, Redwing JM, Robinson JA, Terrones M. Graphene and Beyond: Recent Advances in Two-Dimensional Materials Synthesis, Properties, and Devices. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2022; 2:450-485. [PMID: 36573124 PMCID: PMC9782807 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.2c00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Since the isolation of graphene in 2004, two-dimensional (2D) materials research has rapidly evolved into an entire subdiscipline in the physical sciences with a wide range of emergent applications. The unique 2D structure offers an open canvas to tailor and functionalize 2D materials through layer number, defects, morphology, moiré pattern, strain, and other control knobs. Through this review, we aim to highlight the most recent discoveries in the following topics: theory-guided synthesis for enhanced control of 2D morphologies, quality, yield, as well as insights toward novel 2D materials; defect engineering to control and understand the role of various defects, including in situ and ex situ methods; and properties and applications that are related to moiré engineering, strain engineering, and artificial intelligence. Finally, we also provide our perspective on the challenges and opportunities in this fascinating field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lei
- Department
of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States,Center
for Atomically Thin Multifunctional Coatings, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States,Institute
of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen
International Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China,Center
for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Center
for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States,Department
of Material Science and Engineering, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Yu-Chuan Lin
- Center
for Atomically Thin Multifunctional Coatings, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States,Center
for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States,Department
of Material Science and Engineering, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Tomotaroh Granzier-Nakajima
- Department
of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States,Center
for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - George Bepete
- Department
of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States,Center
for Atomically Thin Multifunctional Coatings, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States,Center
for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States,Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Dorota A. Kowalczyk
- Department
of Solid State Physics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 149/153, Lodz 90-236, Poland
| | - Zhong Lin
- Department
of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Da Zhou
- Department
of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States,Center
for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Thomas F. Schranghamer
- Department
of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Akhil Dodda
- Department
of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Amritanand Sebastian
- Department
of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Yifeng Chen
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National
University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Yuanyue Liu
- Texas
Materials Institute and Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | | | - Thomas J. Kempa
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Bruno Schuler
- nanotech@surfaces
Laboratory, Empa − Swiss Federal
Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Mark T. Edmonds
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Su Ying Quek
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National
University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Ursula Wurstbauer
- Institute
of Physics, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Stephen M. Wu
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering & Department of Physics
and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Nicholas R. Glavin
- Air
Force
Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Saptarshi Das
- Center
for Atomically Thin Multifunctional Coatings, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States,Center
for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States,Department
of Material Science and Engineering, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States,Department
of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Saroj Prasad Dash
- Department
of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers
University of Technology, Göteborg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Joan M. Redwing
- Center
for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States,Department
of Material Science and Engineering, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Joshua A. Robinson
- Center
for Atomically Thin Multifunctional Coatings, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States,Center
for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States,Department
of Material Science and Engineering, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States,
| | - Mauricio Terrones
- Department
of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States,Center
for Atomically Thin Multifunctional Coatings, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States,Center
for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States,Department
of Material Science and Engineering, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States,Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States,Research
Initiative for Supra-Materials and Global Aqua Innovation Center, Shinshu University, 4-17-1Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan,
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17
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Wang S, Liu X, Zhou P. The Road for 2D Semiconductors in the Silicon Age. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106886. [PMID: 34741478 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Continued reduction in transistor size can improve the performance of silicon integrated circuits (ICs). However, as Moore's law approaches physical limits, high-performance growth in silicon ICs becomes unsustainable, due to challenges of scaling, energy efficiency, and memory limitations. The ultrathin layers, diverse band structures, unique electronic properties, and silicon-compatible processes of 2D materials create the potential to consistently drive advanced performance in ICs. Here, the potential of fusing 2D materials with silicon ICs to minimize the challenges in silicon ICs, and to create technologies beyond the von Neumann architecture, is presented, and the killer applications for 2D materials in logic and memory devices to ease scaling, energy efficiency bottlenecks, and memory dilemmas encountered in silicon ICs are discussed. The fusion of 2D materials allows the creation of all-in-one perception, memory, and computation technologies beyond the von Neumann architecture to enhance system efficiency and remove computing power bottlenecks. Progress on the 2D ICs demonstration is summarized, as well as the technical hurdles it faces in terms of wafer-scale heterostructure growth, transfer, and compatible integration with silicon ICs. Finally, the promising pathways and obstacles to the technological advances in ICs due to the integration of 2D materials with silicon are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiyuan Wang
- ASIC & System State Key Lab, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaoxian Liu
- ASIC & System State Key Lab, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- ASIC & System State Key Lab, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Shanghai Frontier Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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18
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Kang T, Tang TW, Pan B, Liu H, Zhang K, Luo Z. Strategies for Controlled Growth of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides by Chemical Vapor Deposition for Integrated Electronics. ACS MATERIALS AU 2022; 2:665-685. [PMID: 36855548 PMCID: PMC9928416 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.2c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD)-based electronics have experienced a prosperous stage of development, and some considerable applications include field-effect transistors, photodetectors, and light-emitting diodes. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD), a typical bottom-up approach for preparing 2D materials, is widely used to synthesize large-area 2D TMD films and is a promising method for mass production to implement them for practical applications. In this review, we investigate recent progress in controlled CVD growth of 2D TMDs, aiming for controlled nucleation and orientation, using various CVD strategies such as choice of precursors or substrates, process optimization, and system engineering. We then survey different patterning methods, such as surface patterning, metal precursor patterning, and postgrowth sulfurization/selenization/tellurization, to mass produce heterostructures for device applications. With these strategies, various well-designed architectures, such as wafer-scale single crystals, vertical and lateral heterostructures, patterned structures, and arrays, are achieved. In addition, we further discuss various electronics made from CVD-grown TMDs to demonstrate the diverse application scenarios. Finally, perspectives regarding the current challenges of controlled CVD growth of 2D TMDs are also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Kang
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao
Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology,
William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, and Hong Kong
Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue
Restoration and Reconstruction, Hong Kong
University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Tsz Wing Tang
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao
Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology,
William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, and Hong Kong
Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue
Restoration and Reconstruction, Hong Kong
University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Baojun Pan
- Macao
Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (MIMSE), Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau 999078, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao
Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology,
William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, and Hong Kong
Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue
Restoration and Reconstruction, Hong Kong
University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Kenan Zhang
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao
Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology,
William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, and Hong Kong
Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue
Restoration and Reconstruction, Hong Kong
University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Zhengtang Luo
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao
Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology,
William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, and Hong Kong
Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue
Restoration and Reconstruction, Hong Kong
University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, P.R. China,
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19
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All-in-one, bio-inspired, and low-power crypto engines for near-sensor security based on two-dimensional memtransistors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3587. [PMID: 35739100 PMCID: PMC9226122 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31148-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the emerging era of the internet of things (IoT), ubiquitous sensors continuously collect, consume, store, and communicate a huge volume of information which is becoming increasingly vulnerable to theft and misuse. Modern software cryptosystems require extensive computational infrastructure for implementing ciphering algorithms, making them difficult to be adopted by IoT edge sensors that operate with limited hardware resources and at low energy budgets. Here we propose and experimentally demonstrate an “all-in-one” 8 × 8 array of robust, low-power, and bio-inspired crypto engines monolithically integrated with IoT edge sensors based on two-dimensional (2D) memtransistors. Each engine comprises five 2D memtransistors to accomplish sensing and encoding functionalities. The ciphered information is shown to be secure from an eavesdropper with finite resources and access to deep neural networks. Our hardware platform consists of a total of 320 fully integrated monolayer MoS2-based memtransistors and consumes energy in the range of hundreds of picojoules and offers near-sensor security. Internet of things (IoT) sensors can collect, store and communicate large volumes of information, which require effective security measures. Here, the authors report the realization of low-power edge sensors based on photosensitive and programmable 2D memtransistors, integrating sensing, storage and encryption functionalities.
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20
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Kim TS, Dhakal KP, Park E, Noh G, Chai HJ, Kim Y, Oh S, Kang M, Park J, Kim J, Kim S, Jeong HY, Bang S, Kwak JY, Kim J, Kang K. Gas-Phase Alkali Metal-Assisted MOCVD Growth of 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides for Large-Scale Precise Nucleation Control. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2106368. [PMID: 35451163 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Advances in large-area and high-quality 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) growth are essential for semiconductor applications. Here, the gas-phase alkali metal-assisted metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (GAA-MOCVD) of 2D TMDCs is reported. It is determined that sodium propionate (SP) is an ideal gas-phase alkali-metal additive for nucleation control in the MOCVD of 2D TMDCs. The grain size of MoS2 in the GAA-MOCVD process is larger than that in the conventional MOCVD process. This method can be applied to the growth of various TMDCs (MoS2 , MoSe2 , WSe2 , and WSe2 ) and the generation of large-scale continuous films. Furthermore, the growth behaviors of MoS2 under different SP and oxygen injection time conditions are systematically investigated to determine the effects of SP and oxygen on nucleation control in the GAA-MOCVD process. It is found that the combination of SP and oxygen increases the grain size and nucleation suppression of MoS2 . Thus, the GAA-MOCVD with a precise and controllable supply of a gas-phase alkali metal and oxygen allows achievement of optimum growth conditions that maximizes the grain size of MoS2 . It is expected that GAA-MOCVD can provide a way for batch fabrication of large-scale atomically thin electronic devices based on 2D semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Soo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Krishna P Dhakal
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunpyo Park
- Center for Neuromorphic Engineering, Korea Institute Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Gichang Noh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Neuromorphic Engineering, Korea Institute Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jun Chai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngbum Kim
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Saeyoung Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongwon Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewoo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hu Young Jeong
- UNIST Central Research Facilities (UCRF) and Departmet of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Bang
- Materials & Production Engineering Research Institute, LG Electronics, Pyeongtaek-si, 17709, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Young Kwak
- Center for Neuromorphic Engineering, Korea Institute Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyong Kim
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kibum Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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21
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Lin H, Jiang A, Xing S, Li L, Cheng W, Li J, Miao W, Zhou X, Tian L. Advances in Self-Powered Ultraviolet Photodetectors Based on P-N Heterojunction Low-Dimensional Nanostructures. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12060910. [PMID: 35335723 PMCID: PMC8953703 DOI: 10.3390/nano12060910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Self-powered ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors have attracted considerable attention in recent years because of their vast applications in the military and civil fields. Among them, self-powered UV photodetectors based on p-n heterojunction low-dimensional nanostructures are a very attractive research field due to combining the advantages of low-dimensional semiconductor nanostructures (such as large specific surface area, excellent carrier transmission channel, and larger photoconductive gain) with the feature of working independently without an external power source. In this review, a selection of recent developments focused on improving the performance of self-powered UV photodetectors based on p-n heterojunction low-dimensional nanostructures from different aspects are summarized. It is expected that more novel, dexterous, and intelligent photodetectors will be developed as soon as possible on the basis of these works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowei Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (A.J.); (S.X.); (L.L.); (W.C.); (J.L.); (W.M.); (X.Z.); (L.T.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nano-Photoelectric Magnetic Materials, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Ao Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (A.J.); (S.X.); (L.L.); (W.C.); (J.L.); (W.M.); (X.Z.); (L.T.)
| | - Shibo Xing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (A.J.); (S.X.); (L.L.); (W.C.); (J.L.); (W.M.); (X.Z.); (L.T.)
| | - Lun Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (A.J.); (S.X.); (L.L.); (W.C.); (J.L.); (W.M.); (X.Z.); (L.T.)
| | - Wenxi Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (A.J.); (S.X.); (L.L.); (W.C.); (J.L.); (W.M.); (X.Z.); (L.T.)
| | - Jinling Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (A.J.); (S.X.); (L.L.); (W.C.); (J.L.); (W.M.); (X.Z.); (L.T.)
| | - Wei Miao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (A.J.); (S.X.); (L.L.); (W.C.); (J.L.); (W.M.); (X.Z.); (L.T.)
| | - Xuefei Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (A.J.); (S.X.); (L.L.); (W.C.); (J.L.); (W.M.); (X.Z.); (L.T.)
| | - Li Tian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (A.J.); (S.X.); (L.L.); (W.C.); (J.L.); (W.M.); (X.Z.); (L.T.)
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22
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Oberoi A, Dodda A, Liu H, Terrones M, Das S. Secure Electronics Enabled by Atomically Thin and Photosensitive Two-Dimensional Memtransistors. ACS NANO 2021; 15:19815-19827. [PMID: 34914350 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The rapid proliferation of security compromised hardware in today's integrated circuit (IC) supply chain poses a global threat to the reliability of communication, computing, and control systems. While there have been significant advancements in detection and avoidance of security breaches, current top-down approaches are mostly inadequate, inefficient, often inconclusive, and resource extensive in time, energy, and cost, offering tremendous scope for innovation in this field. Here, we introduce an energy and area efficient non-von Neumann hardware platform providing comprehensive and bottom-up security solutions by exploiting inherent device-to-device variation, electrical programmability, and persistent photoconductivity demonstrated by atomically thin two-dimensional memtransistors. We realize diverse security primitives including physically unclonable function, anticounterfeit measures, intellectual property (IP) watermarking, and IC camouflaging to prevent false authentication, detect recycled and remarked ICs, protect IP theft, and stop reverse engineering of ICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaryan Oberoi
- Deparment of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Akhil Dodda
- Deparment of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - He Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Mauricio Terrones
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Saptarshi Das
- Deparment of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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23
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Dodda A, Das S. Demonstration of Stochastic Resonance, Population Coding, and Population Voting Using Artificial MoS 2 Based Synapses. ACS NANO 2021; 15:16172-16182. [PMID: 34648278 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fast detection of weak signals at low energy expenditure is a challenging but inescapable task for the evolutionary success of animals that survive in resource constrained environments. This task is accomplished by the sensory nervous system by exploiting the synergy between three astounding neural phenomena, namely, stochastic resonance (SR), population coding (PC), and population voting (PV). In SR, the constructive role of synaptic noise is exploited for the detection of otherwise invisible signals. In PC, the redundancy in neural population is exploited to reduce the detection latency. Finally, PV ensures unambiguous signal detection even in the presence of excessive noise. Here we adopt a similar strategies and experimentally demonstrate how a population of stochastic artificial neurons based on monolayer MoS2 field effect transistors (FETs) can use an optimum amount of white Gaussian noise and population voting to detect invisible signals at a frugal energy expenditure (∼10s of nano-Joules). Our findings can aid remote sensing in the emerging era of the Internet of things (IoT) that thrive on energy efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Dodda
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Saptarshi Das
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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24
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Wang S, Huang JK, Li M, Azam A, Zu X, Qiao L, Yang J, Li S. Growth of High-Quality Monolayer Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Nanocrystals by Chemical Vapor Deposition and Their Photoluminescence and Electrocatalytic Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:47962-47971. [PMID: 34591469 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) nanocrystals (NCs) exhibit unique optical and electrocatalytic properties. However, the growth of uniform and high-quality NCs of monolayer TMDC remains a challenge. Until now, most of them are synthesized via a solution-based hydrothermal process or ultrasonic exfoliation method, in which the capping ligands introduced from organic solution often quench the optical and electrocatalytic properties of TMDC NCs. Moreover, it is difficult to homogeneously disperse the solution-based TMDC NCs on a substrate for device fabrication, since the dispersed NCs can easily aggregate. Here, we put forward a novel CVD method to grow closely spaced MoS2 NCs around 5 nm in lateral size. TEM and AFM characterizations demonstrate the monolayer and high-crystalline nature of MoS2 NCs. An obvious blue-shift with 130 meV in photoluminescence signals can be observed. The MoS2 NCs also show an outstanding surface-enhanced Raman scattering for organic molecules due to their localized surface plasmon and abundant edge sites and exhibit excellent electrocatalytic properties for the hydrogen-evolution reaction with a very low onset potential of ∼50 mV and Tafel slope of ∼57 mV/decade. Finally, we further demonstrate this kind of CVD method as a versatile platform for the growth of other TMDC NCs, such as WSe2 and MoSe2 NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyue Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jing-Kai Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mengyao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Ashraful Azam
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Xiaotao Zu
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
| | - Liang Qiao
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
| | - Jack Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Sean Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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25
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Schranghamer TF, Sharma M, Singh R, Das S. Review and comparison of layer transfer methods for two-dimensional materials for emerging applications. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:11032-11054. [PMID: 34397050 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00706h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials offer immense potential for scientific breakthroughs and technological innovations. While early demonstrations of 2D material-based electronics, optoelectronics, flextronics, straintronics, twistronics, and biomimetic devices exploited micromechanically-exfoliated single crystal flakes, recent years have witnessed steady progress in large-area growth techniques such as physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and metal-organic CVD (MOCVD). However, use of high growth temperatures, chemically-active growth precursors and promoters, and the need for epitaxy often limit direct growth of 2D materials on the substrates of interest for commercial applications. This has led to the development of a large number of methods for the layer transfer of 2D materials from the growth substrate to the target application substrate with varying degrees of cleanliness, uniformity, and transfer-related damage. This review aims to catalog and discuss these layer transfer methods. In particular, the processes, advantages, and drawbacks of various transfer methods are discussed, as is their applicability to different technological platforms of interest for 2D material implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Schranghamer
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Madan Sharma
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Saptarshi Das
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA and Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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26
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Roy PK, Marvan P, Mazánek V, Antonatos N, Bouša D, Kovalska E, Sedmidubský D, Sofer Z. Self-Powered Broadband Photodetector and Sensor Based on Novel Few-Layered Pd 3(PS 4) 2 Nanosheets. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:30806-30817. [PMID: 34161061 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Optoelectronics and sensing devices are of enormous importance in our modern lives, which has propelled the scientific community to explore new two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials to meet the requirements of future devices. Herein, we present the exfoliation of palladium thiophosphate (Pd3(PS4)2) by mechanical shear force exfoliation. The Pd3(PS4)2-based photoelectrochemical (PEC) device demonstrated self-powered broadband photodetection in the range of 385-940 nm with an unprecedented responsivity of 2 A W-1 and a specific detectivity of about 8.67 × 1011 cm Hz1/2 W-1 under the illumination of 420 nm LED light. The crucial parameters such as photoresponsivity, response, and recovery time of the device can be controlled by an externally applied voltage and the analyte concentration. Moreover, Pd3(PS4)2-based vapor-sensing devices exhibited frequency-dependent selective acetone sensing in the presence of other organic vapors with an ultrafast response and a recovery time of less than 1 s. Finally, the photocatalytic activity of Pd3(PS4)2 was revealed, which can be attributed to the presence of an appropriate band alignment with the catalytic activity of Pd. This novel material with the aforementioned fascinating phenomenon will pave the way toward practical future applications in optoelectronics and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Kumar Roy
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Marvan
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Mazánek
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Nikolas Antonatos
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Bouša
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Evgeniya Kovalska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - David Sedmidubský
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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27
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Sebastian A, Pendurthi R, Choudhury TH, Redwing JM, Das S. Benchmarking monolayer MoS 2 and WS 2 field-effect transistors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:693. [PMID: 33514710 PMCID: PMC7846590 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20732-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we benchmark device-to-device variation in field-effect transistors (FETs) based on monolayer MoS2 and WS2 films grown using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition process. Our study involves 230 MoS2 FETs and 160 WS2 FETs with channel lengths ranging from 5 μm down to 100 nm. We use statistical measures to evaluate key FET performance indicators for benchmarking these two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) monolayers against existing literature as well as ultra-thin body Si FETs. Our results show consistent performance of 2D FETs across 1 × 1 cm2 chips owing to high quality and uniform growth of these TMDs followed by clean transfer onto device substrates. We are able to demonstrate record high carrier mobility of 33 cm2 V-1 s-1 in WS2 FETs, which is a 1.5X improvement compared to the best reported in the literature. Our experimental demonstrations confirm the technological viability of 2D FETs in future integrated circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amritanand Sebastian
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Rahul Pendurthi
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Tanushree H Choudhury
- 2D Crystal Consortium-Materials Innovation Platform (2DCC-MIP), Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Joan M Redwing
- 2D Crystal Consortium-Materials Innovation Platform (2DCC-MIP), Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Saptarshi Das
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. .,Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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