1
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Mitra A, Zafar AJ, Apalkov V. Ultrafast field-driven valley polarization of transition metal dichalcogenide quantum dots. J Phys Condens Matter 2024; 36:205302. [PMID: 38324903 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad271a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
We study theoretically the electron dynamics of transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) quantum dots (QDs) in the field of an ultrashort and ultrafast circularly polarized optical pulse. The QDs have the shape of a disk and their electron systems are described within an effective model with infinite mass boundary conditions. Similar to TMDC monolayers, a circularly polarized pulse generates ultrafast valley polarization of such QDs. The dependence of the valley polarization on the size of the dot is sensitive to the dot material and, for different materials, show both monotonic increase with the dot radius and nonmonotonic behavior with a local maximum at a finite dot radius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranyo Mitra
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States of America
| | - Ahmal Jawad Zafar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States of America
| | - Vadym Apalkov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States of America
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2
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Ortiz Jimenez V, Pham YTH, Zhou D, Liu M, Nugera FA, Kalappattil V, Eggers T, Hoang K, Duong DL, Terrones M, Rodriguez Gutiérrez H, Phan M. Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: Making Atomic-Level Magnetism Tunable with Light at Room Temperature. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024; 11:e2304792. [PMID: 38072638 PMCID: PMC10870067 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The capacity to manipulate magnetization in 2D dilute magnetic semiconductors (2D-DMSs) using light, specifically in magnetically doped transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) monolayers (M-doped TX2 , where M = V, Fe, and Cr; T = W, Mo; X = S, Se, and Te), may lead to innovative applications in spintronics, spin-caloritronics, valleytronics, and quantum computation. This Perspective paper explores the mediation of magnetization by light under ambient conditions in 2D-TMD DMSs and heterostructures. By combining magneto-LC resonance (MLCR) experiments with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we show that the magnetization can be enhanced using light in V-doped TMD monolayers (e.g., V-WS2 , V-WSe2 ). This phenomenon is attributed to excess holes in the conduction and valence bands, and carriers trapped in magnetic doping states, mediating the magnetization of the semiconducting layer. In 2D-TMD heterostructures (VSe2 /WS2 , VSe2 /MoS2 ), the significance of proximity, charge-transfer, and confinement effects in amplifying light-mediated magnetism is demonstrated. We attributed this to photon absorption at the TMD layer that generates electron-hole pairs mediating the magnetization of the heterostructure. These findings will encourage further research in the field of 2D magnetism and establish a novel design of 2D-TMDs and heterostructures with optically tunable magnetic functionalities, paving the way for next-generation magneto-optic nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery Ortiz Jimenez
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of South FloridaTampaFL33620USA
- Nanoscale Device Characterization DivisionNational Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburgMD20899USA
| | | | - Da Zhou
- Department of PhysicsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Mingzu Liu
- Department of PhysicsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | | | | | - Tatiana Eggers
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of South FloridaTampaFL33620USA
| | - Khang Hoang
- Center for Computationally Assisted Science and Technology and Department of PhysicsNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoND58108USA
| | - Dinh Loc Duong
- Department of PhysicsMontana State UniversityBozemanMT59717USA
| | - Mauricio Terrones
- Department of PhysicsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | | | - Manh‐Huong Phan
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of South FloridaTampaFL33620USA
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3
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Liu H, Wu Y, Wu Z, Liu S, Zhang VL, Yu T. Coexisting Phases in Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: Overview, Synthesis, Applications, and Prospects. ACS Nano 2024; 18:2708-2729. [PMID: 38252696 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, significant advancements have been made in phase engineering of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), thereby allowing controlled synthesis of various phases of TMDCs and facile conversion between them. Recently, there has been emerging interest in TMDC coexisting phases, which contain multiple phases within one nanostructured TMDC. By taking advantage of the merits from the component phases, the coexisting phases offer enhanced performance in many aspects compared with single-phase TMDCs. Herein, this review article thoroughly expounds the latest progress and ongoing efforts on the syntheses, properties, and applications of TMDC coexisting phases. The introduction section overviews the main phases of TMDCs (2H, 3R, 1T, 1T', 1Td), along with the advantages of phase coexistence. The subsequent section focuses on the synthesis methods for coexisting phases of TMDCs, with particular attention to local patterning and random formations. Furthermore, on the basis of the versatile properties of TMDC coexisting phases, their applications in magnetism, valleytronics, field-effect transistors, memristors, and catalysis are discussed. Lastly, a perspective is presented on the future development, challenges, and potential opportunities of TMDC coexisting phases. This review aims to provide insights into the phase engineering of 2D materials for both scientific and engineering communities and contribute to further advancements in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Liu
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yaping Wu
- School of Physics and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhiming Wu
- School of Physics and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan 430206, China
| | - Vanessa Li Zhang
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ting Yu
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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4
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Sharma S, Dewhurst JK, Shallcross S. Light-Shaping of Valley States. Nano Lett 2023; 23:11533-11539. [PMID: 38100087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The established paradigm to create valley states, excitations at local band extrema ("valleys"), is through selective occupation of specific valleys via circularly polarized laser pulses. Here we show a second way exists to create valley states, not by valley population imbalance but by "light-shaping" in momentum space, i.e. controlling the shape of the distribution of excited charge at each valley. While noncontrasting in valley charge, such valley states are instead characterized by a valley current, identically zero at one valley and finite and large at the other. We demonstrate that these (i) are robust to quantum decoherence, (ii) allow lossless toggling of the valley state with successive femtosecond laser pulses, and (iii) permit valley contrasting excitation both with and without a gap. Our findings open a route to robust ultrafast and switchable valleytronics in a wide scope of 2d materials, bringing closer the promise of valley-based electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Sharma
- Max-Born-Institute for Non-linear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institute for theoretical solid-state physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - John Kay Dewhurst
- Max-Planck-Institut fur Mikrostrukturphysik, Weinberg 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Samuel Shallcross
- Max-Born-Institute for Non-linear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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5
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Uemoto M, Nishiura M, Ono T. Valley filters using graphene blister defects from first principles. J Phys Condens Matter 2023; 36:095301. [PMID: 37972399 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad0d26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Valleytronics, which makes use of the two valleys in graphenes, attracts considerable attention and a valley filter is expected to be the central component in valleytronics. We propose the application of the graphene valley filter using blister defects to the investigation of the valley-dependent transport properties of the Stone-Wales and blister defects of graphenes by density functional theory calculations. It is found that the intervalley transition from theKvalley to theK'valleys is completely suppressed in some defects. Using a large bipartite honeycomb cell (BHC) including several carbon atoms in a cell and replacing atomic orbitals with molecular orbitals in the tight-binding model, we demonstrate analytically and numerically that the symmetry between the A and B sites of the BHC contributes to the suppression of the intervalley transition. In addition, the universal rule for the atomic structures of the blisters suppressing the intervalley transition is derived. Furthermore, by introducing additional carbon atoms to graphenes to form blister defects, we can split the energies of the states at which resonant scattering occurs on theKandK'channel electrons. Because of this split, the fully valley-polarized current will be achieved by the local application of a gate voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuharu Uemoto
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Masaki Nishiura
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Tomoya Ono
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe 657-8501 Japan
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6
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Sharma S, Gill D, Shallcross S. Giant and Controllable Valley Currents in Graphene by Double Pumped THz Light. Nano Lett 2023; 23:10305-10310. [PMID: 37956341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The field of valleytronics considers the creation and manipulation of "valley states", charge excitations characterized by a particular value of the crystal momentum in the Brillouin zone. Here we show, using the example of minimally gapped (≤40 meV) graphene, that there exist lightforms that create almost perfect valley contrasting current states (up to ∼80% valley purity) in the absence of a valley contrasting charge excitation. These "momentum streaked" THz waveforms act by deforming the excited state population in momentum space such that current flows at one valley yet is blocked at the conjugate valley. This approach both unlocks the potential of graphene as a materials platform for valleytronics, as gaps of 10-40 meV are robustly found in useful experimental contexts such as graphene/hBN systems, while simultaneously providing a tool toward ultrafast light control of valley currents in diverse minimally gapped matter, including many topological insulator systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Sharma
- Max-Born-Institute for Non-linear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Solid-State Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Deepika Gill
- Max-Born-Institute for Non-linear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Samuel Shallcross
- Max-Born-Institute for Non-linear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Maity D, Sharma R, Sahoo KR, Panda JJ, Lal A, Puthirath AB, Ajayan PM, Narayanan TN. On the electronic and spin-valley coupling of vanadium doped MoS 2(1-x)Se 2xmonolayers. J Phys Condens Matter 2023; 35:505002. [PMID: 37708898 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/acf9d5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Monolayers of MoS2with tunable bandgap and valley positions are highly demanding for their applications in opto-spintronics. Herein, selenium (Se) and vanadium (V) co-doped MoS2monolayers (vanadium doped MoS2(1-x)Se2x(V-MoSSe)) are developed and showed their variations in the electronic and optical properties with dopant content. Vanadium gets substitutionally (in place of Mo) doped within the MoS2lattice while selenium doped in place of sulfur, as shown by a detailed microstructure and spectroscopy analyses. The bandgap tunability with selenium doping can be achieved while valley shift is occurred due to the doping of vanadium. Chemical vapor deposition assisted grown MoS2(also selenium doped MoS2as shown here) is known for its n-type transport behavior while vanadium doping is found to be changing its nature to p-doping. Chirality dependent photoexcitation studies indicate a room temperature valley splitting in V-MoSSe (∼8 meV), where such a valley splitting is verified using density functional theory based calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Maity
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research-Hyderabad, Serilingampally Mandal, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research-Hyderabad, Serilingampally Mandal, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Krishna Rani Sahoo
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research-Hyderabad, Serilingampally Mandal, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Janmey Jay Panda
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research-Hyderabad, Serilingampally Mandal, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Ashique Lal
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research-Hyderabad, Serilingampally Mandal, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Anand B Puthirath
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Pulickel M Ajayan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Tharangattu N Narayanan
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research-Hyderabad, Serilingampally Mandal, Hyderabad 500046, India
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8
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Gao Y, Xu Q, Farooq MU, Xian L, Huang L. Switching the Moiré Lattice Models in the Twisted Bilayer WSe 2 by Strain or Pressure. Nano Lett 2023; 23:7921-7926. [PMID: 37585490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Moiré superlattices of twisted van der Waals heterostructures provide a promising and tunable platform for simulating correlated two-dimensional physical models. In twisted bilayer transition-metal dichalcogenides with twist angles close to 0°, the Γ and K valley moiré bands are described by the honeycomb and the triangular effective lattice models, respectively, with distinct physics. Using large-scale first-principles calculations, we show that in-plane biaxial strain and out-of-plane pressure provide effective knobs for switching the moiré lattice models that emerged at the band edges in twisted bilayer WSe2 by shifting the energy positions of the Γ and K valley minibands. The shifting mechanism originates from the differences in the orbital characters of the Γ and K valley states and their responses to strain and pressure. The critical strain and pressure for switching the Γ/K valleys are 2.11% and 2.175 GPa, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Gao
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Qiaoling Xu
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - M Umar Farooq
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Lede Xian
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free Electron Laser Science, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Quantum Science Center of Guangdong-HongKong-Macao Greater Bay Area (Guangdong), Shenzhen 518045, China
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9
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Herrmann P, Klimmer S, Lettau T, Monfared M, Staude I, Paradisanos I, Peschel U, Soavi G. Nonlinear All-Optical Coherent Generation and Read-Out of Valleys in Atomically Thin Semiconductors. Small 2023; 19:e2301126. [PMID: 37226688 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
With conventional electronics reaching performance and size boundaries, all-optical processes have emerged as ideal building blocks for high speed and low power consumption devices. A promising approach in this direction is provided by valleytronics in atomically thin semiconductors, where light-matter interaction allows to write, store, and read binary information into the two energetically degenerate but non-equivalent valleys. Here, nonlinear valleytronics in monolayer WSe2 is investigated and show that an individual ultrashort pulse with a photon energy tuned to half of the optical band-gap can be used to simultaneously excite (by coherent optical Stark shift) and detect (by a rotation in the polarization of the emitted second harmonic) the valley population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Herrmann
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 5, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Klimmer
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 5, 07743, Jena, Germany
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Thomas Lettau
- Institute of Condensed Matter Theory and Optics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Mohammad Monfared
- Institute of Condensed Matter Theory and Optics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Isabelle Staude
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 5, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 6, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ioannis Paradisanos
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology, N. Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ulf Peschel
- Institute of Condensed Matter Theory and Optics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 6, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Giancarlo Soavi
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 5, 07743, Jena, Germany
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10
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Neufeld O, Hübener H, Jotzu G, De Giovannini U, Rubio A. Band Nonlinearity-Enabled Manipulation of Dirac Nodes, Weyl Cones, and Valleytronics with Intense Linearly Polarized Light. Nano Lett 2023; 23:7568-7575. [PMID: 37578460 PMCID: PMC10450813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
We study low-frequency linearly polarized laser-dressing in materials with valley (graphene and hexagonal-Boron-Nitride) and topological (Dirac- and Weyl-semimetals) properties. In Dirac-like linearly dispersing bands, the laser substantially moves the Dirac nodes away from their original position, and the movement direction can be fully controlled by rotating the laser polarization. We prove that this effect originates from band nonlinearities away from the Dirac nodes. We further demonstrate that this physical mechanism is widely applicable and can move the positions of the valley minima in hexagonal materials to tune valley selectivity, split and move Weyl cones in higher-order Weyl semimetals, and merge Dirac nodes in three-dimensional Dirac semimetals. The model results are validated with ab initio calculations. Our results directly affect efforts for exploring light-dressed electronic structure, suggesting that one can benefit from band nonlinearity for tailoring material properties, and highlight the importance of the full band structure in nonlinear optical phenomena in solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Neufeld
- Center
for Free-electron Laser Science, Max Planck
Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Hannes Hübener
- Center
for Free-electron Laser Science, Max Planck
Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Gregor Jotzu
- Center
for Free-electron Laser Science, Max Planck
Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Umberto De Giovannini
- Center
for Free-electron Laser Science, Max Planck
Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica—Emilio Segrè, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo I-90123, Italy
| | - Angel Rubio
- Center
for Free-electron Laser Science, Max Planck
Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics (CCQ), The Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, United States
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11
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Liang X, Sun J, Yu Z. Tunable valley splitting in two-dimensional CrBr 3/VSe 2van der Waals heterostructure under strains and electric fields. J Phys Condens Matter 2023; 35:455502. [PMID: 37552995 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/acee3f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Valleytronics opens up fascinating opportunities for using the valley degree of freedom in information storage and quantum computation. Here, based on the first-principles calculations, we investigate the effects of biaxial strains and electric fields on the magnetic, electronic, and valleytronic properties of two-dimensional CrBr3/VSe2van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure consisting of two ferromagnetic monolayers. An interlayer magnetic phase transition from parallel to antiparallel is found when a compressive strain exceeds-2%or a tensile strain exceeds 4% is applied, while the interlayer magnetic configuration remains parallel under perpendicular electric fields. The valley splitting in the conduction bands is significantly enhanced by a compressive strain or an electric field pointing from the VSe2to the CrBr3layer. Specifically, a large valley splitting about 30.8 meV is obtained in the system with antiparallel interlayer magnetic configurations under a compressive strain of-4%, which is more than three times that of pristine CrBr3/VSe2heterostructure. Our findings provide new insights into the future valleytronic applications for two-dimensional magnetic vdW heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Liang
- Phonon Engineering Research Center of Jiangsu Province, Center for Quantum Transport and Thermal Energy Science, Institute of Physics Frontiers and Interdisciplinary Sciences, School of Physics and Technology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Sun
- Phonon Engineering Research Center of Jiangsu Province, Center for Quantum Transport and Thermal Energy Science, Institute of Physics Frontiers and Interdisciplinary Sciences, School of Physics and Technology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhizhou Yu
- Phonon Engineering Research Center of Jiangsu Province, Center for Quantum Transport and Thermal Energy Science, Institute of Physics Frontiers and Interdisciplinary Sciences, School of Physics and Technology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
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12
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Liu Y, Lau SC, Cheng WH, Johnson A, Li Q, Simmerman E, Karni O, Hu J, Liu F, Brongersma ML, Heinz TF, Dionne JA. Controlling Valley-Specific Light Emission from Monolayer MoS 2 with Achiral Dielectric Metasurfaces. Nano Lett 2023. [PMID: 37347949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Excitons in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides have a valley degree of freedom that can be optically manipulated for quantum information processing. Here, we integrate MoS2 monolayers with achiral silicon disk array metasurfaces to enhance and control valley-specific absorption and emission. Through the coupling to the metasurface electric and magnetic Mie modes, the intensity and lifetime of the emission of neutral excitons, trions, and defect bound excitons can be enhanced and shortened, respectively, while the spectral shape can be modified. Additionally, the degree of polarization (DOP) of exciton and trion emission from the valley can be symmetrically enhanced at 100 K. The DOP increase is attributed to both the metasurface-enhanced chiral absorption of light and the metasurface-enhanced exciton emission from the Purcell effect. Combining Si-compatible photonic design with large-scale 2D materials integration, our work makes an important step toward on-chip valleytronic applications approaching room-temperature operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sze Cheung Lau
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Wen-Hui Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Amalya Johnson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Qitong Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Emma Simmerman
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ouri Karni
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025,United States
| | - Jack Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Tony F Heinz
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025,United States
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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13
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Lau CS, Das S, Verzhbitskiy IA, Huang D, Zhang Y, Talha-Dean T, Fu W, Venkatakrishnarao D, Johnson Goh KE. Dielectrics for Two-Dimensional Transition-Metal Dichalcogenide Applications. ACS Nano 2023. [PMID: 37257134 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite over a decade of intense research efforts, the full potential of two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides continues to be limited by major challenges. The lack of compatible and scalable dielectric materials and integration techniques restrict device performances and their commercial applications. Conventional dielectric integration techniques for bulk semiconductors are difficult to adapt for atomically thin two-dimensional materials. This review provides a brief introduction into various common and emerging dielectric synthesis and integration techniques and discusses their applicability for 2D transition metal dichalcogenides. Dielectric integration for various applications is reviewed in subsequent sections including nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, flexible electronics, valleytronics, biosensing, quantum information processing, and quantum sensing. For each application, we introduce basic device working principles, discuss the specific dielectric requirements, review current progress, present key challenges, and offer insights into future prospects and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chit Siong Lau
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sarthak Das
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ivan A Verzhbitskiy
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ding Huang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yiyu Zhang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Teymour Talha-Dean
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Fu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Dasari Venkatakrishnarao
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kuan Eng Johnson Goh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, 117551, Singapore
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore
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14
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Wang S, Tian H, Sun M. Valley-polarized and enhanced transmission in graphene with a smooth strain profile. J Phys Condens Matter 2023; 35:304002. [PMID: 37040781 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/accbf9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We explore the influence of strain on the valley-polarized transmission of graphene by employing the wave-function matching and the non-equilibrium Green's function technique. When the transmission is along the armchair direction, we show that the valley polarization and transmission can be improved by increasing the width of the strained region and increasing (decreasing) the extensional strain in the armchair (zigzag) direction. It is noted that the shear strain does not affect transmission and valley polarization. Furthermore, when we consider the smooth strain barrier, the valley-polarized transmission can be enhanced by increasing the smoothness of the strain barrier. We hope that our finding can shed new light on constructing graphene-based valleytronic and quantum computing devices by solely employing strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sake Wang
- College of Science, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211169, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Tian
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, People's Republic of China
| | - Minglei Sun
- Department of Physics and NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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15
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Zhan F, Zeng J, Chen Z, Jin X, Fan J, Chen T, Wang R. Floquet Engineering of Nonequilibrium Valley-Polarized Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect with Tunable Chern Number. Nano Lett 2023; 23:2166-2172. [PMID: 36883797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Here, we propose that Floquet engineering offers a strategy to realize the nonequilibrium quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE) with tunable Chern number. Using first-principles calculations and Floquet theorem, we unveil that QAHE related to valley polarization (VP-QAHE) is formed from the hybridization of Floquet sidebands in the two-dimensional family MSi2Z4 (M = Mo, W, V; Z = N, P, As) by irradiating circularly polarized light (CPL). Through the tuning of frequency, intensity, and handedness of CPL, the Chern number of VP-QAHE is highly tunable and up to C = ±4, which attributes to light-induced trigonal warping and multiple-band inversion at different valleys. The chiral edge states and quantized plateau of Hall conductance are visible inside the global band gap, thereby facilitating the experimental measurement. Our work not only establishes Floquet engineering of nonequilibrium VP-QAHE with tunable Chern number in realistic materials but also provides an avenue to explore emergent topological phases under light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyang Zhan
- Institute for Structure and Function & Department of Physics & Chongqing Key Laboratory for Strongly Coupled Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Zeng
- Institute for Structure and Function & Department of Physics & Chongqing Key Laboratory for Strongly Coupled Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Institute for Structure and Function & Department of Physics & Chongqing Key Laboratory for Strongly Coupled Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
| | - Xin Jin
- Institute for Structure and Function & Department of Physics & Chongqing Key Laboratory for Strongly Coupled Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
| | - Jing Fan
- Center for Computational Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Tingyong Chen
- Shenzhen Insitute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- Institute for Structure and Function & Department of Physics & Chongqing Key Laboratory for Strongly Coupled Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
- Center of Quantum Materials and Devices, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
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16
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Le CT, Lee JH, Kim D, Jang M, Yoon JY, Kim K, Jang JI, Seong MJ, Kim YS. Negative Valley Polarization of the Intralayer Exciton via One-Step Growth of H-Type Heterobilayer WS 2/MoS 2. ACS Nano 2023; 17:2629-2638. [PMID: 36688595 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Vertical type II van der Waals heterobilayers of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted wide attention due to their distinctive features mostly arising from the emergence of intriguing electronic structures that include moiré-related phenomena. Owing to strong spin-orbit coupling under a noncentrosymmetric environment, TMD heterobilayers host nonequivalent +K and -K valleys of contrasting Berry curvatures, which can be optically controlled by the helicity of optical excitation. The corresponding valley selection rules are well established by not only intralayer excitons but also interlayer excitons. Quite intriguingly, here, we experimentally demonstrate that unusual valley switching can be achieved using the lowest-lying intralayer excitons in H-type heterobilayer WS2/MoS2 prepared by one-step growth. This TMD combination provides an ideal case for interlayer coupling with an almost perfect lattice match, thereby also in the momentum space between +K and -K valleys in the H-type heterostructure. The underlying valley-switching mechanism can be understood by bright-to-dark conversion of initially created electrons in the valley of WS2, followed by interlayer charge transfer to the opposite valley in MoS2. Our suggested model is also confirmed by the absence of valley switching when the lowest-lying excitons in MoS2 are directly generated in the heterobilayer. In contrast to the H-type case, we show that no valley switching is observed from R-type heterobilayers prepared by the same method, where interlayer charge transfer does not occur between the opposite valleys. We compare the case with the series of valley polarization data from other heterobilayer combinations obtained under different excitation energies and temperatures. Our valley switching mechanism can be utilized for valley manipulation by controlling the excitation photon energy together with the photon helicity in valleytronic devices derived from H-type TMD heterobilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinh Tam Le
- Department of Physics and Energy Harvest-Storage Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan44610, South Korea
| | - Je-Ho Lee
- Department of Physics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul06794, South Korea
| | - Donggyu Kim
- Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul04107, South Korea
| | - Myeongjin Jang
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul03722, South Korea
| | - Jun-Yeong Yoon
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul03722, South Korea
| | - Kwanpyo Kim
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul03722, South Korea
| | - Joon I Jang
- Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul04107, South Korea
| | - Maeng-Je Seong
- Department of Physics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul06794, South Korea
| | - Yong Soo Kim
- Department of Physics and Energy Harvest-Storage Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan44610, South Korea
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17
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Li R, Mao N, Wu X, Huang B, Dai Y, Niu C. Robust Second-Order Topological Insulators with Giant Valley Polarization in Two-Dimensional Honeycomb Ferromagnets. Nano Lett 2023; 23:91-97. [PMID: 36326600 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic topological states have attracted great attention that provide exciting platforms for exploring prominent physical phenomena and applications of topological spintronics. Here, using a tight-binding model and first-principles calculations, we put forward that, in contrast to previously reported magnetic second-order topological insulators (SOTIs), robust SOTIs can emerge in two-dimensional ferromagnets regardless of magnetization directions. Remarkably, we identify intrinsic ferromagnetic 2H-RuCl2 and Janus VSSe monolayers as experimentally feasible candidates of predicted robust SOTIs with the emergence of nontrivial corner states along different magnetization directions. Moreover, under out-of-plane magnetization, we unexpectedly point out that the valley polarization of SOTIs can be huge and much larger than that of the known ferrovalley materials, opening up a technological avenue to bridge the valleytronics and higher-order topology with high possibility of innovative applications in topological spintronics and valleytronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhan Li
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan250100, China
| | - Ning Mao
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan250100, China
| | - Xinming Wu
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan250100, China
| | - Baibiao Huang
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan250100, China
| | - Ying Dai
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan250100, China
| | - Chengwang Niu
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan250100, China
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18
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Fu B, Zhang RW, Fan X, Li S, Ma DS, Liu CC. 2D Ladder Polyborane: An Ideal Dirac Semimetal with a Multi-Field-Tunable Band Gap. ACS Nano 2023; 17:1638-1645. [PMID: 36596227 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen, a simple and magic element, has attracted increasing attention for its effective incorporation within solids and powerful manipulation of electronic states. Here, we show that hydrogenation tackles common problems in two-dimensional borophene, e.g., stability and applicability. As a prominent example, a ladder-like boron hydride sheet, named as 2D ladder polyborane, achieves the desired outcome, enjoying the cleanest scenario with an anisotropic and tilted Dirac cone, that can be fully depicted by a minimal two-band tight-binding model. Introducing external fields, such as an electric field or a circularly polarized light field, can effectively induce distinctive massive Dirac fermions, whereupon four types of multi-field-driven topological domain walls hosting tunable chirality and valley indexes are further established. Moreover, the 2D ladder polyborane is thermodynamically stable at room temperature and supports highly switchable Dirac fermions, providing an ideal platform for realizing and exploring the various multi-field-tunable electronic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botao Fu
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Center for Computational Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610068, China
| | - Run-Wu Zhang
- Centre for Quantum Physics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (MOE), School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics & Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaotong Fan
- Centre for Quantum Physics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (MOE), School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics & Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Si Li
- School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Theoretical Physics Frontiers, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Da-Shuai Ma
- Institute for Structure and Function & Department of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Liu
- Centre for Quantum Physics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (MOE), School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics & Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
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19
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Shin DJ, Cho H, Sung J, Gong SH. Direct Observation of Self-Hybridized Exciton-Polaritons and Their Valley Polarizations in a Bare WS 2 Layer. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2207735. [PMID: 36239246 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The strong excitonic properties of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) have led to the successful demonstration of exciton-polaritons (EPs) in various optical cavity structures. Recently, self-hybridized EPs have been discovered in a bare TMD layer, but experimental investigation is still lacking because of their nonradiative nature. Herein, the direct observation of self-hybridized EPs in a bare multilayer WS2 via the evanescent field coupling technique is reported. Because of the thickness-dependent Rabi splitting energy, the dispersion curves of the EPs change sensitively with sample thickness. Moreover, continuous tuning of EP dispersion curves is demonstrated by controlling the excitation laser power. Lastly, it is observed that guided EPs retain valley polarization up to 0.2 at room temperature, representing a valley-preserved strong coupling regime. It is believed that the high tunability and valley polarization properties of the guided EPs in bare TMD layers can facilitate new nanophotonic and valleytronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jin Shin
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
- KU Photonics Center, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - HyunHee Cho
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
- KU Photonics Center, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Junghyun Sung
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
- KU Photonics Center, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Gong
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
- KU Photonics Center, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
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20
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Kayal A, Barman PK, Sarma PV, Shaijumon MM, Kini RN, Mitra J. Symmetric domain segmentation in WS 2flakes: correlating spatially resolved photoluminescence, conductance with valley polarization. Nanotechnology 2022; 33:495203. [PMID: 36041399 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac8d9d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of intra-flake heterogeneity of spectroscopic and electrical properties in chemical vapour deposited (CVD) WS2flakes is explored in a multi-physics investigation via spatially resolved spectroscopic maps correlated with electrical, electronic and mechanical properties. The investigation demonstrates that the three-fold symmetric segregation of spectroscopic response, in topographically uniform WS2flakes are accompanied by commensurate segmentation of electronic properties e.g. local carrier density and the differences in the mechanics of tip-sample interactions, evidenced via scanning probe microscopy phase maps. Overall, the differences are understood to originate from point defects, namely sulfur vacancies within the flake along with a dominant role played by the substrate. While evolution of the multi-physics maps upon sulfur annealing elucidates the role played by sulfur vacancy, substrate-induced effects are investigated by contrasting data from WS2flake on Si and Au surfaces. Local charge depletion induced by the nature of the sample-substrate junction in case of WS2on Au is seen to invert the electrical response with comprehensible effects on their spectroscopic properties. Finally, the role of these optoelectronic properties in preserving valley polarization that affects valleytronic applications in WS2flakes, is investigated via circular polarization discriminated photoluminescence experiments. The study provides a thorough understanding of spatial heterogeneity in optoelectronic properties of WS2and other transition metal chalcogenides, which are critical for device fabrication and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Kayal
- School of Physics, IISER Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India
| | | | - Prasad V Sarma
- School of Physics, IISER Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India
| | - M M Shaijumon
- School of Physics, IISER Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India
| | - R N Kini
- School of Physics, IISER Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India
| | - J Mitra
- School of Physics, IISER Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India
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21
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Pattanayak AK, Das P, Dhara A, Chakrabarty D, Paul S, Gurnani K, Brundavanam MM, Dhara S. A Steady-State Approach for Studying Valley Relaxation Using an Optical Vortex Beam. Nano Lett 2022; 22:4712-4717. [PMID: 35671461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Spin-valley coupling in monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides gives rise to valley polarization and coherence effect, limited by intervalley scattering caused by exciton-phonon, exciton-impurity, and electron-hole exchange interactions (EHEIs). We explore an approach to tune the EHEI by controlling the exciton center of mass momentum (COM) utilizing the photon distribution of higher-order optical vortex beams. By virtue of this, we have observed exciton-COM-dependent valley depolarization and decoherence, which gives us the ability to probe the valley relaxation time scale in a steady-state measurement. Our steady-state technique to probe the valley dynamics can open up a new paradigm to explore the physics of excitons in two-dimensional systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pritam Das
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Avijit Dhara
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | | | - Shreya Paul
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Kamal Gurnani
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | | | - Sajal Dhara
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
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22
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Zhang XW, Cao T. Ab initiocalculations of spin-nonconserving exciton-phonon scattering in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides. J Phys Condens Matter 2022; 34:264002. [PMID: 35405669 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac6649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the spin-nonconserving relaxation channel of excitons by their couplings with phonons in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides usingab initioapproaches. Combining GW-Bethe-Salpeter equation method and density functional perturbation theory, we calculate the electron-phonon and exciton-phonon coupling matrix elements for the spin-flip scattering in monolayer WSe2, and further analyze the microscopic mechanisms influencing these scattering strengths. We find that phonons could produce effective in-plane magnetic fields which flip spin of excitons, giving rise to relaxation channels complimentary to the spin-conserving relaxation. Finally, we calculate temperature-dependent spin-flip exciton-phonon relaxation times. Our method and analysis can be generalized to study other two-dimensional materials and would stimulate experimental measurements of spin-flip exciton relaxation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wei Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Ting Cao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
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23
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Pal A, Zhang S, Chavan T, Agashiwala K, Yeh CH, Cao W, Banerjee K. Quantum-Engineered Devices Based on 2D Materials for Next-Generation Information Processing and Storage. Adv Mater 2022:e2109894. [PMID: 35468661 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As an approximation to the quantum state of solids, the band theory, developed nearly seven decades ago, fostered the advance of modern integrated solid-state electronics, one of the most successful technologies in the history of human civilization. Nonetheless, their rapidly growing energy consumption and accompanied environmental issues call for more energy-efficient electronics and optoelectronics, which necessitate the exploration of more advanced quantum mechanical effects, such as band-to-band tunneling, spin-orbit coupling, spin-valley locking, and quantum entanglement. The emerging 2D layered materials, featured by their exotic electrical, magnetic, optical, and structural properties, provide a revolutionary low-dimensional and manufacture-friendly platform (and many more opportunities) to implement these quantum-engineered devices, compared to the traditional electronic materials system. Here, the progress in quantum-engineered devices is reviewed and the opportunities/challenges of exploiting 2D materials are analyzed to highlight their unique quantum properties that enable novel energy-efficient devices, and useful insights to quantum device engineers and 2D-material scientists are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Pal
- ECE Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Shuo Zhang
- ECE Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- College of ISEE, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Tanmay Chavan
- ECE Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Kunjesh Agashiwala
- ECE Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Chao-Hui Yeh
- ECE Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Wei Cao
- ECE Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Kaustav Banerjee
- ECE Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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24
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Huang L, Krasnok A, Alú A, Yu Y, Neshev D, Miroshnichenko AE. Enhanced light-matter interaction in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. Rep Prog Phys 2022; 85:046401. [PMID: 34939940 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac45f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) materials, such as MoS2, WS2, MoSe2, and WSe2, have received extensive attention in the past decade due to their extraordinary electronic, optical and thermal properties. They evolve from indirect bandgap semiconductors to direct bandgap semiconductors while their layer number is reduced from a few layers to a monolayer limit. Consequently, there is strong photoluminescence in a monolayer (1L) TMDC due to the large quantum yield. Moreover, such monolayer semiconductors have two other exciting properties: large binding energy of excitons and valley polarization. These properties make them become ideal materials for various electronic, photonic and optoelectronic devices. However, their performance is limited by the relatively weak light-matter interactions due to their atomically thin form factor. Resonant nanophotonic structures provide a viable way to address this issue and enhance light-matter interactions in 2D TMDCs. Here, we provide an overview of this research area, showcasing relevant applications, including exotic light emission, absorption and scattering features. We start by overviewing the concept of excitons in 1L-TMDC and the fundamental theory of cavity-enhanced emission, followed by a discussion on the recent progress of enhanced light emission, strong coupling and valleytronics. The atomically thin nature of 1L-TMDC enables a broad range of ways to tune its electric and optical properties. Thus, we continue by reviewing advances in TMDC-based tunable photonic devices. Next, we survey the recent progress in enhanced light absorption over narrow and broad bandwidths using 1L or few-layer TMDCs, and their applications for photovoltaics and photodetectors. We also review recent efforts of engineering light scattering, e.g., inducing Fano resonances, wavefront engineering in 1L or few-layer TMDCs by either integrating resonant structures, such as plasmonic/Mie resonant metasurfaces, or directly patterning monolayer/few layers TMDCs. We then overview the intriguing physical properties of different van der Waals heterostructures, and their applications in optoelectronic and photonic devices. Finally, we draw our opinion on potential opportunities and challenges in this rapidly developing field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujun Huang
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Alex Krasnok
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, United States of America
| | - Andrea Alú
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, United States of America
- Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Yiling Yu
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States of America
| | - Dragomir Neshev
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Andrey E Miroshnichenko
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
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25
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Tian H, Ren C, Wang S. Valleytronics in two-dimensional materials with line defect. Nanotechnology 2022; 33:212001. [PMID: 35105824 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac50f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The concept of valley originates from two degenerate but nonequivalent energy bands at the local minimum in the conduction band or local maximum in the valence band. Manipulating the valley states for information storage and processing develops a brand-new electronics-valleytronics. Broken inversion symmetry is a necessary condition to produce pure valley currents. The polycrystalline two-dimensional materials (graphene, silicene, monolayer group-VI transition metal dichalcogenides, etc) with pristine grains stitched together by disordered grain boundaries (GBs) are the natural inversion-symmetry-broken systems and the candidates in the field of valleytronics. Different from their pristine forms, the Dirac valleys on both sides of GBs are mismatched in the momentum space and induce peculiar valley transport properties across the GBs. In this review, we systematically demonstrate the fundamental properties of valley degree of freedom across mostly studied and experimentally feasible polycrystalline structure-the line defect, and the manipulation strategies with electrical, magnetic and mechanical methods to realize the valley polarization. We also introduce an effective numerical method, the non-equilibrium Green's function technique, to tackle the valley transport issues in the line defect systems. The present challenges and the perspective on the further investigations of the line defect in valleytronics are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Tian
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongdan Ren
- Department of Physics, Zunyi Normal College, Zunyi 563002, People's Republic of China
| | - Sake Wang
- Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- College of Science, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211169, People's Republic of China
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26
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Dang J, Yang M, Xie X, Yang Z, Dai D, Zuo Z, Wang C, Jin K, Xu X. Enhanced Valley Polarization in WS 2 /LaMnO 3 Heterostructure. Small 2022; 18:e2106029. [PMID: 35266315 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides have attracted great attention for potential applications in valleytronics. However, the valley polarization degree is usually not high because of the intervalley scattering. Here, a largely enhanced valley polarization up to 80% in monolayer WS2 under nonresonant excitation at 4.2 K is demonstrated using WS2 /LaMnO3 thin film heterostructure, which is much higher than that for monolayer WS2 on SiO2 /Si substrate with a valley polarization of 15%. Furthermore, the greatly enhanced valley polarization can be maintained to a high temperature of about 160 K with a valley polarization of 53%. The temperature dependence of valley polarization is strongly correlated with the thermomagnetic curve of LaMnO3 , indicating an exciton-magnon coupling between WS2 and LaMnO3 . A simple model is introduced to illustrate the underlying mechanisms. The coupling of WS2 and LaMnO3 is further confirmed with an observation of two interlayer excitons with opposite valley polarizations in the heterostructure, resulting from the spin-orbit coupling induced splitting of the conduction bands in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides. The results provide a pathway to control the valleytronic properties of transition metal dichalcogenides by means of ferromagnetic van der Waals engineering, paving a way to practical valleytronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchen Dang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingwei Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Danjie Dai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhanchun Zuo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Can Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Kuijuan Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Xiulai Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
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27
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Hennighausen Z, Wickramaratne D, McCreary KM, Hudak BM, Brintlinger T, Chuang HJ, Noyan MA, Jonker BT, Stroud RM, van 't Erve OM. Laser-Patterned Submicrometer Bi 2Se 3-WS 2 Pixels with Tunable Circular Polarization at Room Temperature. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:9504-9514. [PMID: 35157419 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing and manipulating the circular polarization of light is central to numerous emerging technologies, including spintronics and quantum computing. Separately, monolayer tungsten disulfide (WS2) is a versatile material that has demonstrated promise in a variety of applications, including single photon emitters and valleytronics. Here, we demonstrate a method to tune the photoluminescence (PL) intensity (factor of ×161), peak position (38.4 meV range), circular polarization (39.4% range), and valley polarization of a Bi2Se3-WS2 2D heterostructure using a low-power laser (0.762 μW) in ambient conditions. Changes are spatially confined to the laser spot, enabling submicrometer (814 nm) features, and are long-term stable (>334 days). PL and valley polarization changes can be controllably reversed through laser exposure in a vacuum, allowing the material to be erased and reused. Atmospheric experiments and first-principles calculations indicate oxygen diffusion modulates the exciton radiative vs nonradiative recombination pathways, where oxygen absorption leads to brightening and desorption to darkening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah Hennighausen
- NRC Postdoc Residing at the Materials Science and Technology Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Darshana Wickramaratne
- Materials Science and Technology Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Kathleen M McCreary
- Materials Science and Technology Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Bethany M Hudak
- Materials Science and Technology Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Todd Brintlinger
- Materials Science and Technology Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Hsun-Jen Chuang
- Nova Research, Inc., Alexandria, Virginia 22308, United States
| | - Mehmet A Noyan
- Materials Science and Technology Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Berend T Jonker
- Materials Science and Technology Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Rhonda M Stroud
- Materials Science and Technology Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Olaf M van 't Erve
- Materials Science and Technology Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
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28
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Iyengar SA, Puthirath AB, Swaminathan V. Realizing Quantum Technologies in Nanomaterials and Nanoscience. Adv Mater 2022:e2107839. [PMID: 35119138 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A brief overview of quantum materials and their prospects for applications, in the near, mid, and far-term in the areas of quantum information science, spintronics, valleytronics, and twistronics and those involving topology are covered in this perspective. The material and processing challenges that will modulate the realism of the applications will be discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathvik Ajay Iyengar
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Anand B Puthirath
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
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29
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Lin WH, Wu PC, Akbari H, Rossman GR, Yeh NC, Atwater HA. Electrically Tunable and Dramatically Enhanced Valley-Polarized Emission of Monolayer WS 2 at Room Temperature with Plasmonic Archimedes Spiral Nanostructures. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2104863. [PMID: 34725874 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have intrinsic valley degrees of freedom, making them appealing for exploiting valleytronic applications in information storage and processing. WS2 monolayer possesses two inequivalent valleys in the Brillouin zone, each valley coupling selectively with a circular polarization of light. The degree of valley polarization (DVP) under the excitation of circularly polarized light (CPL) is a parameter that determines the purity of valley polarized photoluminescence (PL) of monolayer WS2 . Here efficient tailoring of valley-polarized PL from monolayer WS2 at room temperature (RT) through surface plasmon-exciton interactions with plasmonic Archimedes spiral (PAS) nanostructures is reported. The DVP of WS2 at RT can be enhanced from <5% to 40% and 50% by using 2 turns (2T) and 4 turns (4T) of PAS, respectively. Further enhancement and control of excitonic valley polarization is demonstrated by electrostatically doping monolayer WS2 . For CPL on WS2 -2TPAS heterostructures, the 40% valley polarization is enhanced to 70% by modulating the carrier doping via a backgate, which may be attributed to the screening of momentum-dependent long-range electron-hole exchange interactions. The manifestation of electrically tunable valley-polarized emission from WS2 -PAS heterostructures presents a new strategy toward harnessing valley excitons for application in ultrathin valleytronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Pin Chieh Wu
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Hamidreza Akbari
- Department of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - George R Rossman
- Department of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Nai-Chang Yeh
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Harry A Atwater
- Department of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
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30
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Ullah F, Lee JH, Tahir Z, Samad A, Le CT, Kim J, Kim D, Rashid MU, Lee S, Kim K, Cheong H, Jang JI, Seong MJ, Kim YS. Selective Growth and Robust Valley Polarization of Bilayer 3 R-MoS 2. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:57588-57596. [PMID: 34797625 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Noncentrosymmetric transition-metal dichalcogenides, particularly their 3R polymorphs, provide a robust setting for valleytronics. Here, we report on the selective growth of monolayers and bilayers of MoS2, which were acquired from two closely but differently oriented substrates in a chemical vapor deposition reactor. It turns out that as-grown bilayers are predominantly 3R-type, not more common 2H-type, as verified by microscopic and spectroscopic characterization. As expected, the 3R bilayer showed a significantly higher valley polarization compared with the centrosymmetric 2H bilayer, which undergoes efficient interlayer scattering across contrasting valleys because of their vertical alignment of the K and K' points in momentum space. Interestingly, the 3R bilayer showed even higher valley polarization compared with the monolayer counterpart. Moreover, the 3R bilayer reasonably maintained its valley efficiency over a very wide range of excitation power density from ∼0.16 kW/cm2 to ∼0.16 MW/cm2 at both low and room temperatures. These observations are rather surprising because valley dephasing could be more efficient in the bilayer via both interlayer and intralayer scatterings, whereas only intralayer scattering is allowed in the monolayer. The improved valley polarization of the 3R bilayer can be attributed to its indirect-gap nature, where valley-polarized excitons can relax into the valley-insensitive band edge, which otherwise scatter into the contrasting valley to effectively cancel out the initial valley polarization. Our results provide a facile route for the growth of 3R-MoS2 bilayers that could be utilized as a platform for advancing valleytronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farman Ullah
- Department of Physics and Energy Harvest Storage Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, South Korea
| | - Je-Ho Lee
- Department of Physics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Zeeshan Tahir
- Department of Physics and Energy Harvest Storage Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, South Korea
| | - Abdus Samad
- Department of Physics and Energy Harvest Storage Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, South Korea
| | - Chinh Tam Le
- Department of Physics and Energy Harvest Storage Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, South Korea
| | - Jungcheol Kim
- Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, South Korea
| | - Donggyu Kim
- Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, South Korea
| | - Mamoon Ur Rashid
- Department of Physics and Energy Harvest Storage Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, South Korea
| | - Sol Lee
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Kwanpyo Kim
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Hyeonsik Cheong
- Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, South Korea
| | - Joon I Jang
- Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, South Korea
| | - Maeng-Je Seong
- Department of Physics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Yong Soo Kim
- Department of Physics and Energy Harvest Storage Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, South Korea
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31
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Guo J, Lu Z, Wang K, Zhao X, Hu G, Yuan X, Ren J. Large valley polarization in a novel two-dimensional semiconductor H-ZrX 2(X =Cl, Br, I). J Phys Condens Matter 2021; 34:075701. [PMID: 34768243 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac394f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the new progress in the research field of two-dimensional valleytronics materials, we propose a new class of transition metal halides, i.e. H-ZrX2(X = Cl, Br, I), and investigated their valleytronics properties under the first-principles calculations. It harbors the spin-valley coupling at K and K' points in the top of valence band, in which the valley spin splitting of ZrI2can reach up to 115 meV. By carrying out the strain engineering, the valley spin splitting and Berry curvature can be effectively tuned. The long-sought valley polarization reaches up to 108 meV by doping Cr atom, which corresponds to the large Zeeman magnetic field of 778 T. Furthermore, the valley polarization in ZrX2can be lineally adjusted or flipped by manipulating the magnetization orientation of the doped magnetic atoms. All the results demonstrate the well-founded application prospects of single-layer ZrX2, which can be considered as great candidate for the development of valleytronics and spintronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiatian Guo
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhutong Lu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Keyu Wang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuwen Zhao
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Guichao Hu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Yuan
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Ren
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations & Institute of Materials and Clean Energy, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
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32
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Yin ZB, Chen XY, Wang YP, Long MQ. The magnetic proximity effect at the MoS 2/CrI 3interface. J Phys Condens Matter 2021; 34:035002. [PMID: 34598164 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac2c3c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The vicinity to a two-dimensional magnetic material provides a simple and effective way to break the valley degeneracy of transition-metal dichalcogenides because of the magnetic proximity effect. Based on first-principles calculations, we study the band structure of a MoS2/CrI3van der Waals heterostructure and its manipulation by vertical electric fields. A huge valley splitting of about 19.60 meV, equivalent to an external magnetic fields of about 89.0 T can be generated by an electric field of 0.115 V Å-1. The electric field causes discontinuous changes in the valley splitting. The electric field drives the bands of MoS2across those of CrI3. At the critical electric fields, the interlayer orbital hybridization leads to the energy level repulsion and an abrupt exchange of the band index. We also study the effect of interlayer distance on the valley splitting and observe a more significant electric field modulation. This work deepens our understanding on the interfacial magnetic proximity effect as a result of the orbital hybridization across the van der Waals gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Bo Yin
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-Micro Structure and Ultrafast Process, Central South University, 932 South Lushan Road, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yan Chen
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-Micro Structure and Ultrafast Process, Central South University, 932 South Lushan Road, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Peng Wang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-Micro Structure and Ultrafast Process, Central South University, 932 South Lushan Road, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Qiu Long
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-Micro Structure and Ultrafast Process, Central South University, 932 South Lushan Road, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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33
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Saito H, Yoshimoto D, Moritake Y, Matsukata T, Yamamoto N, Sannomiya T. Valley-Polarized Plasmonic Edge Mode Visualized in the Near-Infrared Spectral Range. Nano Lett 2021; 21:6556-6562. [PMID: 34314178 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Valley polarization has recently been adopted in optics, offering robust waveguiding and angular momentum sorting. The success of valley systems in photonic crystals suggests a plasmonic counterpart that can merge topological photonics and topological condensed matter systems, for instance, two-dimensional materials with the enhanced light-matter interaction. However, a valley plasmonic waveguide with a sufficient propagation distance in the near-infrared (NIR) or visible spectral range has so far not been realized due to ohmic loss inside the metal. Here, we employ gap surface plasmons for high index contrasting and realize a wide-bandgap valley plasmonic crystal, allowing waveguiding in the NIR-visible range. The edge mode with a propagation distance of 5.3 μm in the range of 1.31-1.36 eV is experimentally confirmed by visualizing the field distributions with a scanning transmission electron microscope cathodoluminescence technique, suggesting a practical platform for transferring angular momentum between photons and carriers in mesoscopic active devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Saito
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Daichi Yoshimoto
- Department of Applied Science for Electronics and Materials, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Yuto Moritake
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Oookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Taeko Matsukata
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Takumi Sannomiya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
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34
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Wang Z, Cheng S, Liu X, Jiang H. Topological kink states in graphene. Nanotechnology 2021; 32:402001. [PMID: 34161935 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac0dd8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to the unique band structure, graphene exhibits a number of exotic electronic properties that have not been observed in other materials. Among them, it has been demonstrated that there exist the one-dimensional valley-polarized topological kink states localized in the vicinity of the domain wall of graphene systems, where a bulk energy gap opens due to the inversion symmetry breaking. Notably, the valley-momentum locking nature makes the topological kink states attractive to the property manipulation in valleytronics. This paper systematically reviews both the theoretical research and experimental progress on topological kink states in monolayer graphene, bilayer graphene and graphene-like classical wave systems. Besides, various applications of topological kink states, including the valley filter, current partition, current manipulation, Majorana zero modes and etc, are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibo Wang
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, People's Republic of China
- Center for Computational Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuguang Cheng
- Department of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Jiang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People's Republic of China
- Institute for Advanced Study of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People's Republic of China
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35
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Lloyd LT, Wood RE, Mujid F, Sohoni S, Ji KL, Ting PC, Higgins JS, Park J, Engel GS. Sub-10 fs Intervalley Exciton Coupling in Monolayer MoS 2 Revealed by Helicity-Resolved Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy. ACS Nano 2021; 15:10253-10263. [PMID: 34096707 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The valley pseudospin at the K and K' high-symmetry points in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) has potential as an optically addressable degree of freedom in next-generation optoelectronics. However, intervalley scattering and relaxation of charge carriers leads to valley depolarization and limits practical applications. In addition, enhanced Coulomb interactions lead to pronounced excitonic effects that dominate the optical response and initial valley depolarization dynamics but complicate the interpretation of ultrafast spectroscopic experiments at short time delays. Employing broadband helicity-resolved two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES), we observe ultrafast (∼10 fs) intervalley coupling between all A and B valley exciton states that results in a complete breakdown of the valley index in large-area monolayer MoS2 films. These couplings and subsequent dynamics exhibit minimal excitation fluence or temperature dependence and are robust toward changes in sample grain size and inherent strain. Our observations strongly suggest that this direct intervalley coupling on the time scale of optical excitation is an inherent property of large-area MoS2 distinct from dynamic carrier or exciton scattering, phonon-driven processes, and multiexciton effects. This ultrafast intervalley coupling poses a fundamental challenge for exciton-based valleytronics in monolayer TMDs and must be overcome to fully realize large-area valleytronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawson T Lloyd
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Ryan E Wood
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Fauzia Mujid
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Siddhartha Sohoni
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Karen L Ji
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Po-Chieh Ting
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jacob S Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jiwoong Park
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Gregory S Engel
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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36
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Liu H, Fu D, Li X, Han J, Chen X, Wu X, Sun B, Tang W, Ke C, Wu Y, Wu Z, Kang J. Enhanced Valley Splitting in Monolayer WSe 2 by Phase Engineering. ACS Nano 2021; 15:8244-8251. [PMID: 33982558 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lifting the valley degeneracy in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides could promote their applications in information processing. Various external regulations, including magnetic substrate, magnetic doping, electric field, and carrier doping, have been implemented to enhance the valley splitting under the magnetic field. Here, a phase engineering strategy, through modifying the intrinsic lattice structure, is proposed to enhance the valley splitting in monolayer WSe2. The valley splitting in hybrid H and T phase WSe2 is tunable by the concentration of the T phase. An obvious valley splitting of ∼4.1 meV is obtained with the T phase concentration of 31% under ±5 T magnetic fields, which corresponds to an effective Landé geff factor of -14, about 3.5-fold of that in pure H-WSe2. Comparing the temperature and magnetic field dependent polarized photoluminescence and also combining the theoretical simulations reveal the enhanced valley splitting is dominantly attributed to exchange interaction of H phase WSe2 with the local magnetic moments induced by the T phase. This finding provides a convenient solution for lifting the valley degeneracy of two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Liu
- Department of Physics, OSED, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and Applications, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Deyi Fu
- Department of Physics, OSED, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and Applications, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Physics, OSED, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and Applications, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Junbo Han
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodie Chen
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- Department of Physics, OSED, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and Applications, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Baofan Sun
- Department of Physics, OSED, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and Applications, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqing Tang
- Department of Physics, OSED, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and Applications, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Congming Ke
- Department of Physics, OSED, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and Applications, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Wu
- Department of Physics, OSED, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and Applications, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Wu
- Department of Physics, OSED, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and Applications, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyong Kang
- Department of Physics, OSED, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and Applications, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
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37
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Zhang C, Zhang S, Lin Y, Tao J, Guan L. Strong valley splitting in d0two-dimensional SnO induced by magnetic proximity effect. Nanotechnology 2021; 32:225201. [PMID: 33618342 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abe895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Strong magnetic interfacial coupling in van der Waals heterostructures is important for designing novel electronic devices. Besides the most studied transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) materials, we demonstrate that the valley splitting can be activated in two-dimensional tetragonald0metal oxide, SnO, via the magnetic proximity effect by EuBrO. In SnO/EuBrO, the valley splitting of SnO can reach ∼46 meV, which is comparable to many TMDCs and equivalent to an external magnetic field of 800 T. In addition, the valley splitting can be further enhanced by adjusting interlayer distance and applying uniaxial strains. A design principle of new spintronic device based on this unique electronic structure of SnO/EuBrO has been proposed. Our findings indicate that SnO is a promising material for future valleytronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changcheng Zhang
- School of Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifeng Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, People's Republic of China
| | - Junguang Tao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixiu Guan
- School of Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, People's Republic of China
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38
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Suntornwipat N, Majdi S, Gabrysch M, Kovi KK, Djurberg V, Friel I, Twitchen DJ, Isberg J. A Valleytronic Diamond Transistor: Electrostatic Control of Valley Currents and Charge-State Manipulation of NV Centers. Nano Lett 2021; 21:868-874. [PMID: 33337898 PMCID: PMC7872423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The valley degree of freedom in many-valley semiconductors provides a new paradigm for storing and processing information in valleytronic and quantum-computing applications. Achieving practical devices requires all-electric control of long-lived valley-polarized states, without the use of strong external magnetic fields. Because of the extreme strength of the carbon-carbon bond, diamond possesses exceptionally stable valley states that provide a useful platform for valleytronic devices. Using ultrapure single-crystalline diamond, we demonstrate electrostatic control of valley currents in a dual-gate field-effect transistor, where the electrons are generated with a short ultraviolet pulse. The charge current and the valley current measured at the receiving electrodes are controlled separately by varying the gate voltages. We propose a model to interpret experimental data, based on drift-diffusion equations coupled through rate terms, with the rates computed by microscopic Monte Carlo simulations. As an application, we demonstrate valley-current charge-state modulation of nitrogen-vacancy centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattakarn Suntornwipat
- Division
for Electricity, Department of Electrical Engineering, Uppsala University, Box 65, 751 03, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Saman Majdi
- Division
for Electricity, Department of Electrical Engineering, Uppsala University, Box 65, 751 03, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Markus Gabrysch
- Division
for Electricity, Department of Electrical Engineering, Uppsala University, Box 65, 751 03, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kiran Kumar Kovi
- Division
for Electricity, Department of Electrical Engineering, Uppsala University, Box 65, 751 03, Uppsala, Sweden
- Center
for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National
Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - Viktor Djurberg
- Division
for Electricity, Department of Electrical Engineering, Uppsala University, Box 65, 751 03, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ian Friel
- Global
Innovation Centre, Element Six, Fermi Ave, Harwell Oxford, Oxfordshire OX11 0QR, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Twitchen
- Global
Innovation Centre, Element Six, Fermi Ave, Harwell Oxford, Oxfordshire OX11 0QR, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Isberg
- Division
for Electricity, Department of Electrical Engineering, Uppsala University, Box 65, 751 03, Uppsala, Sweden
- E-mail:
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39
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Florków P, Krychowski D, Lipiński S. Kondo effects in small-bandgap carbon nanotube quantum dots. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2020; 11:1873-1890. [PMID: 33425637 PMCID: PMC7770385 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We study the magnetoconductance of small-bandgap carbon nanotube quantum dots in the presence of spin-orbit coupling in the strong-correlations regime. A finite-U slave-boson mean-field approach is used to study many-body effects. Different degeneracies are restored in a magnetic field and Kondo effects of different symmetries arise, including SU(3) effects of different types. Full spin-orbital degeneracy might be recovered at zero field and, correspondingly, the SU(4) Kondo effect sets in. We point out the possibility of the occurrence of electron-hole Kondo effects in slanting magnetic fields, which we predict to occur in magnetic fields with an orientation close to perpendicular. When the field approaches a transverse orientation a crossover from SU(2) or SU(3) symmetry into SU(4) is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Florków
- Department of Theory of Nanostructures, Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Smoluchowskiego 17,60-179 Poznań, Poland
| | - Damian Krychowski
- Department of Theory of Nanostructures, Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Smoluchowskiego 17,60-179 Poznań, Poland
| | - Stanisław Lipiński
- Department of Theory of Nanostructures, Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Smoluchowskiego 17,60-179 Poznań, Poland
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40
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Avdeev ID, Nestoklon MO, Goupalov SV. Exciton Fine Structure in Lead Chalcogenide Quantum Dots: Valley Mixing and Crucial Role of Intervalley Electron-Hole Exchange. Nano Lett 2020; 20:8897-8902. [PMID: 33170719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We study the exciton fine structure in quantum dots of multivalley lead chalcogenides. We demonstrate that intervalley electron-hole exchange interaction, ignored in previous studies, dramatically modifies the exciton fine structure and leads to appearance of the ultrabright valley-symmetric spin-triplet exciton state dominating interband optical absorption. Valley mixing leads to brightening of other symmetry-allowed spin-triplet states which dominate low-temperature photoluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Serguei V Goupalov
- Ioffe Institute, St. Petersburg 194021, Russia
- Department of Physics, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
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41
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Liang J, Fang Q, Wang H, Xu R, Jia S, Guan Y, Ai Q, Gao G, Guo H, Shen K, Wen X, Terlier T, Wiederrecht GP, Qian X, Zhu H, Lou J. Perovskite-Derivative Valleytronics. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2004111. [PMID: 33103318 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Halide perovskites are revolutionizing the renewable energy sector owing to their high photovoltaic efficiency, low manufacturing cost, and flexibility. Their remarkable mobility and long carrier lifetime are also valuable for information technology, but fundamental challenges like poor stability under an electric field prevent realistic applications of halide perovskites in electronics. Here, it is discovered that valleytronics is a promising route to leverage the advantages of halide perovskites and derivatives for information storage and processing. The synthesized all-inorganic lead-free perovskite derivative, Cs3 Bi2 I9 , exhibits strong light-matter interaction and parity-dependent optically addressable valley degree of freedom. Robust optical helicity in all odd-layer-number crystals with inversion symmetry breaking is observed, indicating excitonic coherence extending well beyond 11 layers. The excellent optical and valley properties of Cs3 Bi2 I9 arise from the unique parallel bands, according to first principles calculations. This discovery points to new materials design principles for scalable valleytronic devices and demonstrates the promise of perovskite derivatives beyond energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liang
- Department of Materials Science and Nano Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Qiyi Fang
- Department of Materials Science and Nano Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Nano Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Shuai Jia
- Department of Materials Science and Nano Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Yuxuan Guan
- Department of Materials Science and Nano Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Qing Ai
- Department of Materials Science and Nano Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Guanhui Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Nano Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Nano Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Kaijun Shen
- Department of Materials Science and Nano Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Xiewen Wen
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Tanguy Terlier
- Shared Equipment Authority, SIMS Laboratory, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Gary P Wiederrecht
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Qian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Hanyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Nano Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Jun Lou
- Department of Materials Science and Nano Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
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42
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Abstract
Engineered heterostructures derive distinct properties from materials integration and interface formation. Two-dimensional crystals have been combined to form vertical stacks and lateral heterostuctures with covalent line interfaces. While thicker vertical stacks have been realized, lateral heterostructures from multilayer van der Waals crystals, which could bring the benefits of high-quality interfaces to bulk-like layered materials, have remained much less explored. Here, we demonstrate the integration of anisotropic layered Sn and Ge monosulfides into complex heterostructures with seamless lateral interfaces and tunable vertical design using a two-step growth process. The anisotropic lattice mismatch at the lateral interfaces between GeS and SnS is relaxed via dislocations and interfacial alloying. Nanoscale optoelectronic measurements by cathodoluminescence spectroscopy show the characteristic light emission of joined high-quality van der Waals crystals. Spectroscopy across the lateral interface indicates valley-selective luminescence in the bulk SnS component that arises due to anisotropic electron transfer across the interface. The results demonstrate the ability to realize high-quality lateral heterostructures of multilayer van der Waals crystals for diverse applications, e.g., in optoelectronics or valleytronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Sutter
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Peter Sutter
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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43
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Gong SH, Komen I, Alpeggiani F, Kuipers L. Nanoscale Optical Addressing of Valley Pseudospins through Transverse Optical Spin. Nano Lett 2020; 20:4410-4415. [PMID: 32406694 PMCID: PMC7291348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Valley pseudospin has emerged as a good quantum number to encode information, analogous to spin in spintronics. Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDCs) recently attracted enormous attention for their easy access to the valley pseudospin through valley-dependent optical transitions. Different ways have been reported to read out the valley pseudospin state. For practical applications, on-chip access to and manipulation of valley pseudospins is paramount, not only to read out but especially to initiate the valley pseudospin state. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the selective on-chip, optical near-field initiation of valley pseudospins at room temperature. We exploit a nanowire optical waveguide, such that the local transverse optical spin of its guided modes selectively excites a specific valley pseudospin. Furthermore, spin-momentum locking of the transverse optical spin enables us to flip valley pseudospins with the opposite propagation direction. Thus, we open up ways to realize integrated hybrid opto-valleytronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hyun Gong
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Department
of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Irina Komen
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Filippo Alpeggiani
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - L. Kuipers
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
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44
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Yao K, Yanev E, Chuang HJ, Rosenberger MR, Xu X, Darlington T, McCreary KM, Hanbicki AT, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Jonker BT, Zhu X, Basov DN, Hone JC, Schuck PJ. Continuous Wave Sum Frequency Generation and Imaging of Monolayer and Heterobilayer Two-Dimensional Semiconductors. ACS Nano 2020; 14:708-714. [PMID: 31891477 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b07555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report continuous-wave second harmonic and sum frequency generation from two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers and their heterostructures with pump irradiances several orders of magnitude lower than those of conventional pulsed experiments. The high nonlinear efficiency originates from above-gap excitons in the band nesting regions, as revealed by wavelength-dependent second order optical susceptibilities quantified in four common monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides. Using sum frequency excitation spectroscopy and imaging, we identify and distinguish one- and two-photon resonances in both monolayers and heterobilayers. Data for heterostructures reveal responses from constituent layers accompanied by nonlinear signal correlated with interlayer transitions. We demonstrate spatial mapping of heterogeneous interlayer coupling by sum frequency and second harmonic confocal microscopy on heterobilayer MoSe2/WSe2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyuan Yao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Emanuil Yanev
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Hsun-Jen Chuang
- Materials Science & Technology Division , Naval Research Laboratory , Washington , D.C. 20375 , United States
| | - Matthew R Rosenberger
- Materials Science & Technology Division , Naval Research Laboratory , Washington , D.C. 20375 , United States
| | - Xinyi Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Thomas Darlington
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
- Department of Physics , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Kathleen M McCreary
- Materials Science & Technology Division , Naval Research Laboratory , Washington , D.C. 20375 , United States
| | - Aubrey T Hanbicki
- Materials Science & Technology Division , Naval Research Laboratory , Washington , D.C. 20375 , United States
- Laboratory for Physical Sciences , College Park , Maryland 20740 , United States
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science , Tsukuba 305-0047 , Japan
| | | | - Berend T Jonker
- Materials Science & Technology Division , Naval Research Laboratory , Washington , D.C. 20375 , United States
| | - Xiaoyang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - James C Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - P James Schuck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
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45
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Tanaka K, Hachiya K, Zhang W, Matsuda K, Miyauchi Y. Machine-Learning Analysis to Predict the Exciton Valley Polarization Landscape of 2D Semiconductors. ACS Nano 2019; 13:12687-12693. [PMID: 31584791 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the applicability of employing machine-learning-based analysis to predict the low-temperature exciton valley polarization landscape of monolayer tungsten diselenide (1L-WSe2) using position-dependent information extracted from its photoluminescence (PL) spectra at room temperature. We performed low- and room-temperature polarization-resolved PL mapping and used the obtained experimental data to create regression models for the prediction using the Random Forest machine-learning algorithm. The local information extracted from the room-temperature PL spectra and the low-temperature exciton valley polarization was used as the input and output data for the machine-learning process, respectively. The spatial distribution of the exciton valley polarization in a 1L-WSe2 sample that was not used for the learning of the decision trees was successfully predicted. Furthermore, we numerically obtained the degree of importance for each input variable and demonstrated that this parameter provides helpful information for examining the physics that shape the spatially heterogeneous valley polarization landscape of 1L-WSe2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Tanaka
- Institute of Advanced Energy , Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan
| | - Kengo Hachiya
- Institute of Advanced Energy , Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan
| | - Wenjin Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Energy , Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan
| | - Kazunari Matsuda
- Institute of Advanced Energy , Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan
| | - Yuhei Miyauchi
- Institute of Advanced Energy , Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan
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46
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Suzuki T, Iimori T, Ahn SJ, Zhao Y, Watanabe M, Xu J, Fujisawa M, Kanai T, Ishii N, Itatani J, Suwa K, Fukidome H, Tanaka S, Ahn JR, Okazaki K, Shin S, Komori F, Matsuda I. Ultrafast Unbalanced Electron Distributions in Quasicrystalline 30° Twisted Bilayer Graphene. ACS Nano 2019; 13:11981-11987. [PMID: 31553174 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b06091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast carrier dynamics in a graphene system are very important in terms of optoelectronic devices. Recently, a twisted bilayer graphene has been discovered that possesses interesting electronic properties owing to strong modifications in interlayer couplings. Thus, a better understanding of ultrafast carrier dynamics in a twisted bilayer graphene is highly desired. Here, we reveal the unbalanced electron distributions in a quasicrystalline 30° twisted bilayer graphene (QCTBG), using time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy on the femtosecond time scale. We distinguish time-dependent electronic behavior between the upper- and lower-layer Dirac cones and gain insight into the dynamical properties of replica bands, which show characteristic signatures due to Umklapp scatterings. The experimental results are reproduced by solving a set of rate equations among the graphene layers and substrate. We find that the substrate buffer layer plays a key role in initial carrier injections to the upper and lower layers. Our results demonstrate that QCTBG can be a promising element for future devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Suzuki
- Institute for Solid State Physics , The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-8581 , Japan
| | - Takushi Iimori
- Institute for Solid State Physics , The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-8581 , Japan
| | - Sung Joon Ahn
- Department of Physics and SAINT , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yuhao Zhao
- Institute for Solid State Physics , The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-8581 , Japan
| | - Mari Watanabe
- Institute for Solid State Physics , The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-8581 , Japan
| | - Jiadi Xu
- Institute for Solid State Physics , The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-8581 , Japan
| | - Masami Fujisawa
- Institute for Solid State Physics , The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-8581 , Japan
| | - Teruto Kanai
- Institute for Solid State Physics , The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-8581 , Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Ishii
- Institute for Solid State Physics , The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-8581 , Japan
| | - Jiro Itatani
- Institute for Solid State Physics , The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-8581 , Japan
| | - Kento Suwa
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication , Tohoku University , Sendai , Miyagi 980-8577 , Japan
| | - Hirokazu Fukidome
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication , Tohoku University , Sendai , Miyagi 980-8577 , Japan
| | - Satoru Tanaka
- Department of Applied Quantum Physics and Nuclear Engineering , Kyushu University , Fukuoka , Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Joung Real Ahn
- Department of Physics and SAINT , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do 16419 , Republic of Korea
- Samsung-SKKU Graphene Centre , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do 440-746 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kozo Okazaki
- Institute for Solid State Physics , The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-8581 , Japan
- OPERANDO-OIL , AIST , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-8581 , Japan
| | - Shik Shin
- Institute for Solid State Physics , The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-8581 , Japan
- OPERANDO-OIL , AIST , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-8581 , Japan
- The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-8581 , Japan
| | - Fumio Komori
- Institute for Solid State Physics , The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-8581 , Japan
| | - Iwao Matsuda
- Institute for Solid State Physics , The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-8581 , Japan
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47
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Abstract
The generation and manipulation of valley polarization in controllable ways are important for the valley-related physics and devices. In analogy to multiferroic materials with more than one ferromagnetic, ferroelectric, and ferroelastic orders, a new triferroic system with ferromagnetism, ferroelectricity, and ferrovalley is proposed, namely, the monolayer AgBiP2Se6/CrI3 van der Waals heterostructure. Using density functional theory, we further predict that the electrical control on the valley degree of freedom could be realized in this triferroic system. The mechanism of electrically controlled valley is elucidated as an intermediate coupling between lattice and ferroelectricity. The coupling of three ferroic orders in triferroic material paves the way for electrically controlled valleytronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Pei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparation Technology, School of Science , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300354 , China
| | - Baozeng Zhou
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , Tianjin University of Technology , Tianjin 300384 , China
| | - Wenbo Mi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparation Technology, School of Science , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300354 , China
| | - Yingchun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
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48
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Barré E, Incorvia JAC, Kim SH, McClellan CJ, Pop E, Wong HSP, Heinz TF. Spatial Separation of Carrier Spin by the Valley Hall Effect in Monolayer WSe 2 Transistors. Nano Lett 2019; 19:770-774. [PMID: 30601667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the valley Hall effect (VHE) in monolayer WSe2 field-effect transistors using optical Kerr rotation measurements at 20 K. While studies of the VHE have so far focused on n -doped MoS2, we observe the VHE in WSe2 in both the n - and p -doping regimes. Hole doping enables access to the large spin-splitting of the valence band of this material. The Kerr rotation measurements probe the spatial distribution of the valley carrier imbalance induced by the VHE. Under current flow, we observe distinct spin-valley polarization along the edges of the transistor channel. From analysis of the magnitude of the Kerr rotation, we infer a spin-valley density of 44 spins/μm, integrated over the edge region in the p -doped regime. Assuming a spin diffusion length less than 0.1 μm, this corresponds to a spin-valley polarization of the holes exceeding 1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse Barré
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Jean Anne C Incorvia
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Suk Hyun Kim
- Departments of Applied Physics and Photon Science , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Connor J McClellan
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Eric Pop
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - H-S Philip Wong
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Tony F Heinz
- Departments of Applied Physics and Photon Science , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
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49
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Lee H, Park GH, Park J, Lee GH, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Lee HJ. Edge-Limited Valley-Preserved Transport in Quasi-1D Constriction of Bilayer Graphene. Nano Lett 2018; 18:5961-5966. [PMID: 30110547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the quantization of the conductance of quasi-one-dimensional (quasi-1D) constrictions in high-mobility bilayer graphene (BLG) with different geometrical aspect ratios. Ultrashort (a few tens of nanometers long) constrictions were fabricated by applying an under-cut etching technique. Conductance was quantized in steps of ∼4 e2/ h (∼2 e2/ h) in devices with aspect ratios smaller (larger) than 1. We argue that scattering at the edges of a quasi-1D BLG constriction limits the intervalley scattering length, which causes valley-preserved (valley-broken) quantum transport in devices with aspect ratios smaller (larger) than 1. The subband energy levels, analyzed in terms of the bias-voltage and temperature dependences of the quantized conductance, indicated that they corresponded well to the effective channel width of a physically defined conducting channel with a hard-wall confining potential. Our study in ultrashort high-mobility BLG nano constrictions with physically tailored edges clearly confirms that physical edges are the major source of intervalley scattering in graphene in the ballistic limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Lee
- Department of Physics , Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang , 37673 , Korea
| | - Geon-Hyoung Park
- Department of Physics , Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang , 37673 , Korea
| | - Jinho Park
- Department of Physics , Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang , 37673 , Korea
| | - Gil-Ho Lee
- Department of Physics , Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang , 37673 , Korea
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Material Science , Tsukuba , 305-0044 , Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Material Science , Tsukuba , 305-0044 , Japan
| | - Hu-Jong Lee
- Department of Physics , Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang , 37673 , Korea
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50
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Vitale SA, Nezich D, Varghese JO, Kim P, Gedik N, Jarillo-Herrero P, Xiao D, Rothschild M. Valleytronics: Opportunities, Challenges, and Paths Forward. Small 2018; 14:e1801483. [PMID: 30102452 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A lack of inversion symmetry coupled with the presence of time-reversal symmetry endows 2D transition metal dichalcogenides with individually addressable valleys in momentum space at the K and K' points in the first Brillouin zone. This valley addressability opens up the possibility of using the momentum state of electrons, holes, or excitons as a completely new paradigm in information processing. The opportunities and challenges associated with manipulation of the valley degree of freedom for practical quantum and classical information processing applications were analyzed during the 2017 Workshop on Valleytronic Materials, Architectures, and Devices; this Review presents the major findings of the workshop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Vitale
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Daniel Nezich
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | | | - Philip Kim
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, 11 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Nuh Gedik
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Pablo Jarillo-Herrero
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Di Xiao
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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