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Gao Z, Zhao ZH, Wang H, Bai Y, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Mei H, Yuan M, Zhang G. Jahn-Teller Distortions Induced by in situ Li Migration in λ-MnO 2 for Boosting Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318967. [PMID: 38153676 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-mediated electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (Li-NRR) completely eschews the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) occurred in aqueous system, whereas the continuous deposition of lithium readily blocks the active sites and further reduces the reaction kinetics. Herein, we propose an innovative in situ Li migration strategy to realize that Li substitutes Mn sites in λ-MnO2 instead of evolving into the dead Li. Comprehensive characterizations corroborate that the intercalation of Li+ at high voltage breaks the structural integrity of MnO6 octahedron and further triggers unique Jahn-Teller distortions, which promotes the spin state regulation of Mn sites to generate the ameliorative eg orbital configuration and accelerates N≡N bond cleavage via eg -σ and eg -π* interaction. To this end, the resulted cationic disordered LiMnO4 delivers the recorded highest NH3 yield rate of 220 μg h-1 cm-2 and a Faradaic efficiency (FE) 83.80 % in organic electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Gao
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoeletronics Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Hao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Haifan Wang
- Center of Materials Science and Optoeletronics Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yiling Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, CAS Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, P. R. China
- National Energy Center for Coal to Liquids, Synfuels China Technology Co. Ltd, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
| | - Xuehua Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering(RIPP, SINOPEC), Beijing, 101407, P. R. China
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Queen Mary University of London Engineering School, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, P. R. China
| | - Hui Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Menglei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Guangjin Zhang
- Center of Materials Science and Optoeletronics Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Green and High-value Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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2
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Bai J, Wang W, Liu J. Bioinspired Hydrophobicity for Enhancing Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302461. [PMID: 37702459 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction (CO2 R) is a promising pathway for converting greenhouse gasses into valuable fuels and chemicals using intermittent renewable energy. Enormous efforts have been invested in developing and designing CO2 R electrocatalysts suitable for industrial applications at accelerated reaction rates. The microenvironment, specifically the local CO2 concentration (local [CO2 ]) as well as the water and ion transport at the CO2 -electrolyte-catalyst interface, also significantly impacts the current density, Faradaic efficiency (FE), and operation stability. In nature, hydrophobic surfaces of aquatic arachnids trap appreciable amounts of gases due to the "plastron effect", which could inspire the reliable design of CO2 R catalysts and devices to enrich gaseous CO2 . In this review, starting from the wettability modulation, we summarize CO2 enrichment strategies to enhance CO2 R. To begin, superwettability systems in nature and their inspiration for concentrating CO2 in CO2 R are described and discussed. Moreover, other CO2 enrichment strategies, compatible with the hydrophobicity modulation, are explored from the perspectives of catalysts, electrolytes, and electrolyzers, respectively. Finally, a perspective on the future development of CO2 enrichment strategies is provided. We envision that this review could provide new guidance for further developments of CO2 R toward practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Bai
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China
| | - Wenshuo Wang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China
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Kong Y, Jiang X, Li X, Sun J, Hu Q, Chai X, Yang H, He C. Boosting electrocatalytic CO2 reduction to formate via carbon nanofiber encapsulated bismuth nanoparticles with ultrahigh mass activity. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(22)64177-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Wang X, He W, Shi J, Junqueira JRC, Zhang J, Dieckhöfer S, Seisel S, Das D, Schuhmann W. Ag-induced Phase Transition of Bi 2 O 3 Nanofibers for Enhanced Energy Conversion Efficiency towards Formate in CO 2 Electroreduction. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201165. [PMID: 36445811 PMCID: PMC10107736 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bi-based electrocatalysts have been widely investigated in the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR) for the formation of formate. However, it remains a challenge to achieve high Faradaic efficiency (FE) and industrial current densities at low overpotentials for obtaining both high formate productivity and energy efficiency (EE). Herein, we report an Ag-Bi2 O3 hybrid nanofiber (Ag-Bi2 O3 ) for highly efficient electrochemical reduction of CO2 to formate. Ag-Bi2 O3 exhibits a formate FE of >90% for current densities from -10 to -250 mA ⋅ cm-2 and attains a yield rate of 11.7 mmol ⋅ s-1 ⋅ m-2 at -250 mA ⋅ cm-2 . Moreover, Ag-Bi2 O3 increased the EE (52.7%) by nearly 10% compared to a Bi2 O3 only counterpart. Structural characterization and in-situ Raman results suggest that the presence of Ag induced the conversion of Bi2 O3 from a monoclinic phase (α-Bi2 O3 ) to a metastable tetragonal phase (β-Bi2 O3 ) and accelerated the formation of active metallic Bi at low overpotentials (at > -0.3 V), which together contributes to the highly efficient formate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wenhui He
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jialin Shi
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - João R C Junqueira
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jian Zhang
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Dieckhöfer
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sabine Seisel
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Debanjan Das
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
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Liu T, Ohashi K, Nagita K, Harada T, Nakanishi S, Kamiya K. A Tin Oxide-Coated Copper Foam Hybridized with a Gas Diffusion Electrode for Efficient CO 2 Reduction to Formate with a Current Density Exceeding 1 A cm -2. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2205323. [PMID: 36319467 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR) is a promising strategy for closing the carbon cycle. Increasing the current density ( J) for CO2 RR products is a critical requirement for the social implementation of this technology. Herein, nanoscale tin-oxide-modified copper-oxide foam is hybridized with a carbon-based gas-diffusion electrode (GDE). Using the resultant electrode, the Jformate is increased to -1152 mA cm-2 at -1.2 V versus RHE in 1 m KOH, which is the highest value for CO2 -to-formate electrolysis. The formate faradaic efficiency (FEformate ) reaches ≈99% at -0.6 V versus RHE. The achievement of ultra-high-rate formate production is attributable to the following factors: i) homogeneously-modified Sn atoms suppressing H2 evolution and ii) the hydrophobic carbon nanoparticles on GDEs penetrating the macroporous structure of the foam causing the increase in the thickness of triple-phase interface. Additionally, the FEformate remains at ≈70% under a high J of -1.0 A cm-2 for more than 20 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyi Liu
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Keitaro Ohashi
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kaito Nagita
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Takashi Harada
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shuji Nakanishi
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Kamiya
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Zhang B, Wu Y, Zhai P, Wang C, Sun L, Hou J. Rational design of bismuth-based catalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(22)64132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Jang HJ, Maeng JY, Kim YJ, Yoon I, Myung CW, Rhee CK, Sohn Y. Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction over group 15 bismuth and antimony film electrodes: What makes difference? J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wan L, Liu J, Xu Z, Xu Q, Pang M, Wang P, Wang B. Construction of Integrated Electrodes with Transport Highways for Pure-Water-Fed Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200380. [PMID: 35491509 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The design of high-performance and durable electrodes for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial for pure-water-fed anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE). In this study, an integrated electrode with vertically aligned ionomer-incorporated nickel-iron layered double hydroxide nanosheet arrays, used on one side of the liquid/gas diffusion layer, is fabricated for the OER. Transport highways in the fabricated integrated electrode, significantly improve the transport of liquid/gas, hydroxide ions, and electron in the anode, resulting in a high current density of 1900 mA cm-2 at 1.90 V in pure-water-fed AEMWE. Specifically, three-electrode and single-cell measurement results indicate that an anion-exchange ionomer can increase the local OH- concentration on the integrated electrodes surface and facilitate the OER for pure-water-fed AEMWE. This study highlights a new approach to fabricating and understanding electrode architecture with enhanced performance and durability for pure-water-fed AEMWE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wan
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, No.30 Shuang-Qing Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, No.30 Shuang-Qing Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Ziang Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, No.30 Shuang-Qing Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Qin Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, No.30 Shuang-Qing Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Maobin Pang
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, No.30 Shuang-Qing Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Peican Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, No.30 Shuang-Qing Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Baoguo Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, No.30 Shuang-Qing Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
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Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) electroreduction offers an attractive pathway for converting CO2 to valuable fuels and chemicals. Despite the existence of some excellent electrocatalysts with superior selectivity for specific products, these reactions are conducted at low current densities ranging from several mA cm−2 to tens of mA cm−2, which are far from commercially desirable values. To extend the applications of CO2 electroreduction technology to an industrial scale, long-term operations under high current densities (over 200 mA cm−2) are desirable. In this paper, we review recent major advances toward higher current density in CO2 reduction, including: (1) innovations in electrocatalysts (engineering the morphology, modulating the electronic structure, increasing the active sites, etc.); (2) the design of electrolyzers (membrane electrode assemblies, flow cells, microchannel reactors, high-pressure cells, etc.); and (3) the influence of electrolytes (concentration, pH, anion and cation effects). Finally, we discuss the current challenges and perspectives for future development toward high current densities.
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Enhanced Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction of Bismuth Nanosheets with Introducing Surface Bismuth Subcarbonate. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) into hydrocarbon products is one of the most promising approaches for CO2 utilization in modern society. However, the application of CO2RR requires optimizing state-of-the-art catalysts as well as elucidating the catalytic interface formation mechanism. In this study, a flower-like nano-structured Bi catalyst is prepared by a facile pulse current electrodeposition method wherein the morphologies could be accurately controlled. Interestingly, nano-structured Bi is inclined to generate Bi2O2CO3 in the air and form a stable Bi2O2CO3@Bi interface, which could enhance the CO2 adsorption and conversion. In-situ Raman spectroscopy analysis also proves the existence of Bi2O2CO3 on the electrode surface. In a practical CO2 reduction test by a flow-cell reactor, the Bi2O2CO3@Bi electrode delivers a high faradaic efficiency of the CO2 to formate/formic acid (~90%) at −1.07 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) with no obvious decay during more than a 10 h continuous test. The introducing surface Bi2O2CO3 in nano-structured Bi supports a promising strategy as well as facile access to prepare improved CO2RR electrocatalysts.
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Hu X, Sun J, Zheng W, Zheng S, Xie Y, Gao X, Yang B, Li Z, Lei L, Hou Y. Layered bismuth oxide/bismuth sulfide supported on carrageenan derived carbon for efficient carbon dioxide electroreduction to formate. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wu SQ, Hao YC, Chen LW, Li J, Yu ZL, Zhu Z, Liu D, Su X, Hu L, Huang HZ, Yin AX. Modulating the electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction performances of bismuth nanoparticles with carbon substrates with controlled degrees of oxidation. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:20091-20097. [PMID: 34846444 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05793f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic performances of metal nanoparticles can be widely tuned and promoted by the metal-support interactions. Here, we report that the morphologies and electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) properties of bismuth nanoparticles (BiNPs) can be rationally modulated by their interactions with carbon black (CB) supports by controlling the degree of surface oxidation. Appropriately oxidized CB supports can provide sufficient oxygen-containing groups for anchoring BiNPs with tunable sizes and surface areas, desirable key intermediate adsorption abilities, appropriate surface wettability, and adequate electron transfer abilities. As a result, the optimized Bi/CB catalysts exhibited a promoted CO2RR performance with a Faradaic efficiency of 94% and a current density of 16.7 mA cm-2 for HCOO- at -0.9 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode. Our results demonstrate the significance of regulating the interactions between supports and metal nanoparticles for both synthesis of the catalyst and electrolysis applications, which may find broader applicability in more electrocatalyst designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Qian Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Yu-Chen Hao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Li-Wei Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Jiani Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Zi-Long Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Zhejiaji Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Di Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Xin Su
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Linyu Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Hui-Zi Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - An-Xiang Yin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
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