1
|
Tang M, Sun C, Chen Q, Ding W, Yang J, Zhang Y, Lu J. Broadband wavelength designable achromatic grating based on a cholesteric liquid crystal template. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:20449-20458. [PMID: 38859426 DOI: 10.1364/oe.517638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Liquid crystal (LC) gratings have played important roles in light field control due to the advantages of being lightweight, low cost, having no moving parts, and low power consumption. However, the chromatic aberration limits the bandwidth of the LC device and affects the efficiency of the grating. To solve the chromatic aberration issue, a broadband wavelength designable achromatic grating is proposed. Different grating structures are integrated into a single-layer templated cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) device, and the achromatic diffraction wavelength of the grating can be freely designed from the visible spectral region to the infrared range within the Bragg reflection band of the CLCs. The diffraction intensity of different orders can be changed with the electric field applied to meet the need for dynamic modulation. This grating shows suitable potential applications in optical communication and displays.
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Y, Yang Z, Hu P, Hossain S, Liu Z, Ou TH, Ye J, Wu W. End-to-End Diverse Metasurface Design and Evaluation Using an Invertible Neural Network. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2561. [PMID: 37764590 PMCID: PMC10534592 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Employing deep learning models to design high-performance metasurfaces has garnered significant attention due to its potential benefits in terms of accuracy and efficiency. A deep learning-based metasurface design framework typically comprises a forward prediction path for predicting optical responses and a backward retrieval path for generating geometrical configurations. In the forward design path, a specific geometrical configuration corresponds to a unique optical response. However, in the inverse design path, a single performance metric can correspond to multiple potential designs. This one-to-many mapping poses a significant challenge for deep learning models and can potentially impede their performance. Although representing the inverse path as a probabilistic distribution is a widely adopted method for tackling this problem, accurately capturing the posterior distribution to encompass all potential solutions remains an ongoing challenge. Furthermore, in most pioneering works, the forward and backward paths are captured using separate models. However, the knowledge acquired from the forward path does not contribute to the training of the backward model. This separation of models adds complexity to the system and can hinder the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the design framework. Here, we utilized an invertible neural network (INN) to simultaneously model both the forward and inverse process. Unlike other frameworks, INN focuses on the forward process and implicitly captures a probabilistic model for the inverse process. Given a specific optical response, the INN enables the recovery of the complete posterior over the parameter space. This capability allows for the generation of novel designs that are not present in the training data. Through the integration of the INN with the angular spectrum method, we have developed an efficient and automated end-to-end metasurface design and evaluation framework. This novel approach eliminates the need for human intervention and significantly speeds up the design process. Utilizing this advanced framework, we have effectively designed high-efficiency metalenses and dual-polarization metasurface holograms. This approach extends beyond dielectric metasurface design, serving as a general method for modeling optical inverse design problems in diverse optical fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Wang
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ziyuan Yang
- The High School Affiliated to Renmin University of China, CUIWEI Campus, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Pan Hu
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Sushmit Hossain
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Zerui Liu
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Tse-Hsien Ou
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jiacheng Ye
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu X, Kong X, Qiu CW. Relative-phase simulated annealing for time-efficient and large-scale inverse design of achromatic thin lenses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:30536-30551. [PMID: 36242155 DOI: 10.1364/oe.461230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
High-efficiency, broadband, wafer-size, and ultra-thin lenses are highly demanded, due to its great potential in abundant applications such as compact imaging modules. It is usually conceived that this target might be attainable given the advancement in nanofabrication, computation power and emerging algorithms, though challenging. Here, we reveal the inconvenient truth that for ultra-thin lenses, there actually exists intrinsic check-and-balance between size, broadband and performance. Unveiled by our inverse design algorithm, Relative-Phase Simulated Annealing (RPSA), focusing efficiency inevitably drops with refining wavelength intervals for better achromatic broadband features in optimized lens; and drops exponentially with increasing diameter and bandwidth, supported by our empirical formula. Meanwhile, with a slightly compromised goal, the powerfulness of RPSA is unlocked since it could provide a globally optimized design recipe whose time complexity relates to lens scale linearly rather than exponentially. This work, as a fast search engine for optimal solutions, paves the way towards practical large-scale achromatic ultra-thin lenses.
Collapse
|
4
|
Guan J, Park JE, Deng S, Tan MJH, Hu J, Odom TW. Light-Matter Interactions in Hybrid Material Metasurfaces. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15177-15203. [PMID: 35762982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This Review focuses on the integration of plasmonic and dielectric metasurfaces with emissive or stimuli-responsive materials for manipulating light-matter interactions at the nanoscale. Metasurfaces, engineered planar structures with rationally designed building blocks, can change the local phase and intensity of electromagnetic waves at the subwavelength unit level and offers more degrees of freedom to control the flow of light. A combination of metasurfaces and nanoscale emitters facilitates access to weak and strong coupling regimes for enhanced photoluminescence, nanoscale lasing, controlled quantum emission, and formation of exciton-polaritons. In addition to emissive materials, functional materials that respond to external stimuli can be combined with metasurfaces to engineer tunable nanophotonic devices. Emerging metasurface designs including surface-functionalized, chemically tunable, and multilayer hybrid metasurfaces open prospects for diverse applications, including photocatalysis, sensing, displays, and quantum information.
Collapse
|
5
|
He Y, Song B, Tang J. Optical metalenses: fundamentals, dispersion manipulation, and applications. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2022; 15:24. [PMID: 36637532 PMCID: PMC9756243 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-022-00017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces, also known as 2D artificial metamaterials, are attracting great attention due to their unprecedented performances and functionalities that are hard to achieve by conventional diffractive or refractive elements. With their sub-wavelength optical scatterers, metasurfaces have been utilized to freely modify different characteristics of incident light such as amplitude, polarization, phase, and frequency. Compared to traditional bulky lenses, metasurface lenses possess the advantages of flatness, light weight, and compatibility with semiconductor manufacture technology. They have been widely applied to a range of scenarios including imaging, solar energy harvesting, optoelectronic detection, etc. In this review, we will first introduce the fundamental design principles for metalens, and then report recent theoretical and experimental progress with emphasis on methods to correct chromatic and monochromatic aberrations. Finally, typical applications of metalenses and corresponding design rules will be presented, followed by a brief outlook on the prospects and challenges of this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongli He
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Boxiang Song
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Jiang Tang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ma W, Xu Y, Xiong B, Deng L, Peng RW, Wang M, Liu Y. Pushing the Limits of Functionality-Multiplexing Capability in Metasurface Design Based on Statistical Machine Learning. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110022. [PMID: 35167138 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As 2D metamaterials, metasurfaces provide an unprecedented means to manipulate light with the ability to multiplex different functionalities in a single planar device. Currently, most pursuits of multifunctional metasurfaces resort to empirically accommodating more functionalities at the cost of increasing structural complexity, with little effort to investigate the intrinsic restrictions of given meta-atoms and thus the ultimate limits in the design. In this work, it is proposed to embed machine-learning models in both gradient-based and nongradient optimization loops for the automatic implementation of multifunctional metasurfaces. Fundamentally different from the traditional two-step approach that separates phase retrieval and meta-atom structural design, the proposed end-to-end framework facilitates full exploitation of the prescribed design space and pushes the multifunctional design capacity to its physical limit. With a single-layer structure that can be readily fabricated, metasurface focusing lenses and holograms are experimentally demonstrated in the near-infrared region. They show up to eight controllable responses subjected to different combinations of working frequencies and linear polarization states, which are unachievable by the conventional physics-guided approaches. These results manifest the superior capability of the data-driven scheme for photonic design, and will accelerate the development of complex devices and systems for optical display, communication, and computing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yihao Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Bo Xiong
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Lin Deng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ru-Wen Peng
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Mu Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yongmin Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Klopfer E, Dagli S, Barton D, Lawrence M, Dionne JA. High-Quality-Factor Silicon-on-Lithium Niobate Metasurfaces for Electro-optically Reconfigurable Wavefront Shaping. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:1703-1709. [PMID: 35112873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dynamically reconfigurable metasurfaces promise compact and lightweight spatial light modulation for many applications, including LiDAR, AR/VR, and LiFi systems. Here, we design and computationally investigate high-quality-factor silicon-on-lithium niobate metasurfaces with electrically driven, independent control of its constituent nanobars for full phase tunability with high tuning efficiency. Free-space light couples to guided modes within each nanobar via periodic perturbations, generating quality factors exceeding 30,000 while maintaining a bar spacing of <λ/1.5. We achieve nearly 2π phase variation with an applied bias not exceeding ±25 V, maintaining a reflection efficiency above 91%. Using full-field simulations, we demonstrate a high-angle (51°) switchable beamsplitter with a diffracted efficiency of 93% and an angle-tunable beamsteerer, spanning 18-31°, with up to 86% efficiency, all using the same metasurface device. Our platform provides a foundation for highly efficient wavefront-shaping devices with a wide dynamic tuning range capable of generating nearly any transfer function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elissa Klopfer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sahil Dagli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - David Barton
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mark Lawrence
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xiong X, Wang X, Wang Z, Gao Y, Peng R, Wang M. Constructing an achromatic polarization-dependent bifocal metalens with height-gradient metastructures. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:1193-1196. [PMID: 33720145 DOI: 10.1364/ol.414668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metalenses possess the extraordinary capability to tailor the wavefront of light with compact metastructures. However, it remains challenging to eliminate chromatic aberration and realize multifunctionality. Here we report an achromatic bifocal metalens (ABM) made of three-dimensional standing nano blocks (SNBs). By introducing a height gradient to SNBs, the ABM can achieve achromatic focusing in the wavelength range of 760-1550 nm with two different focal lengths by merely orthogonally switching the linear polarization of the incident beam. Such an achromatic multi-functional element may have applications in polarization sensing/display and shared-aperture optics design, among many others.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
As technology advances, electrical devices such as smartphones have become more and more compact, leading to a demand for the continuous miniaturization of optical components. Metalenses, ultrathin flat optical elements composed of metasurfaces consisting of arrays of subwavelength optical antennas, provide a method of meeting those requirements. Moreover, metalenses have many other distinctive advantages including aberration correction, active tunability, and semi-transparency, compared to their conventional refractive and diffractive counterparts. Therefore, over the last decade, great effort has been focused on developing metalenses to investigate and broaden the capabilities of metalenses for integration into future applications. Here, we discuss recent progress on metalenses including their basic design principles and notable characteristics such as aberration correction, tunability, and multifunctionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Won Moon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseul Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwanho Yoon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Optical detection for magnetic field using Ni-subwavelength grating on SiO 2/thin-film Ag/glass structure. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19298. [PMID: 33168843 PMCID: PMC7653930 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74202-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An optical sensor for magnetic field detection using Ni-subwavelength grating (SWG) on SiO2/Ag-thin-film/glass substrates was experimentally developed on the basis of the re-radiation condition of surface-plasmon-polaritons (SPPs) at Ag surfaces. The fabricated sample showed two dips in the reflection spectra associated with SPP excitation, and the optical response exhibited good agreement with that simulated by the finite-difference time-domain method. The reflectivity at one of the dip wavelengths varied minimally with the application of the magnetic field, whereas that at the other dip wavelength significantly decreased owing to the large electric field overlap of SPP with the magnetized Ni-SWG. As a result, a magnetic field on the order of a few mT could be detected with a simple normal-incidence optical system.
Collapse
|
11
|
Xie R, Zhai G, Gao J, Zhang D, Wang X, An S, Zheng B, Zhang H, Ding J. Multifunctional Geometric Metasurfaces Based on Tri‐Spectral Meta‐Atoms with Completely Independent Phase Modulations at Three Wavelengths. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rensheng Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing East China Normal University Shanghai 200241 China
| | - Guohua Zhai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing East China Normal University Shanghai 200241 China
| | - Jianjun Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing East China Normal University Shanghai 200241 China
| | - Dajun Zhang
- School of Information Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Xiong Wang
- School of Information Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Sensong An
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell MA 01854 USA
| | - Bowen Zheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell MA 01854 USA
| | - Hualiang Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell MA 01854 USA
| | - Jun Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing East China Normal University Shanghai 200241 China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lin H, Xu ZQ, Cao G, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Wang Z, Wan Z, Liu Z, Loh KP, Qiu CW, Bao Q, Jia B. Diffraction-limited imaging with monolayer 2D material-based ultrathin flat lenses. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:137. [PMID: 32821378 PMCID: PMC7421448 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ultrathin flat optics allow control of light at the subwavelength scale that is unmatched by traditional refractive optics. To approach the atomically thin limit, the use of 2D materials is an attractive possibility due to their high refractive indices. However, achievement of diffraction-limited focusing and imaging is challenged by their thickness-limited spatial resolution and focusing efficiency. Here we report a universal method to transform 2D monolayers into ultrathin flat lenses. Femtosecond laser direct writing was applied to generate local scattering media inside a monolayer, which overcomes the longstanding challenge of obtaining sufficient phase or amplitude modulation in atomically thin 2D materials. We achieved highly efficient 3D focusing with subwavelength resolution and diffraction-limited imaging. The high focusing performance even allows diffraction-limited imaging at different focal positions with varying magnifications. Our work paves the way for downscaling of optical devices using 2D materials and reports an unprecedented approach for fabricating ultrathin imaging devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Lin
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, P. O. Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122 Australia
| | - Zai-Quan Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Guiyuan Cao
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, P. O. Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122 Australia
| | - Yupeng Zhang
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Lab of Artificial Microstructure for Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, 518000 Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiadong Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798 Singapore
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Zhichen Wan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Zheng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798 Singapore
| | - Kian Ping Loh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583 Singapore
| | - Qiaoliang Bao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Baohua Jia
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, P. O. Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122 Australia
- The Australian Research Council (ARC) Industrial Transformation Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), Swinburne University of Technology, P. O. Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zang W, Yuan Q, Chen R, Li L, Li T, Zou X, Zheng G, Chen Z, Wang S, Wang Z, Zhu S. Chromatic Dispersion Manipulation Based on Metalenses. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1904935. [PMID: 31823480 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces are 2D metamaterials composed of subwavelength nanoantennas according to specific design. They have been utilized to precisely manipulate various parameters of light fields, such as phase, polarization, amplitude, etc., showing promising functionalities. Among all meta-devices, the metalens can be considered as the most basic and important application, given its significant advantage in integration and miniaturization compared with traditional lenses. However, the resonant dispersion of each nanoantenna in a metalens and the intrinsic chromatic dispersion of planar devices and optical materials result in a large chromatic aberration in metalenses that severely reduces the quality of their focusing and imaging. Consequently, how to effectively suppress or manipulate the chromatic aberration of metalenses has attracted worldwide attention in the last few years, leading to variety of excellent achievements promoting the development of this field. Herein, recent progress in chromatic dispersion control based on metalenses is reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Run Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Lin Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Tianyue Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiujuan Zou
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Gaige Zheng
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Shuming Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhenlin Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Shining Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210093, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lee D, Gwak J, Badloe T, Palomba S, Rho J. Metasurfaces-based imaging and applications: from miniaturized optical components to functional imaging platforms. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:605-625. [PMID: 36133253 PMCID: PMC9419029 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00751b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the imaging applications of metasurfaces. These optical elements provide a unique platform to control light; not only do they have a reduced size and complexity compared to conventional imaging systems but they also enable novel imaging modalities, such as functional-imaging techniques. This review highlights the development of metalenses, from their basic principles, to the achievement of achromatic and tunable lenses, and metasurfaces implemented in functional optical imaging applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dasol Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Gwak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Stefano Palomba
- Institute of Photonics and Optical Science, School of Physics, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Metasurfaces are made of subwavelength nanoantennas with a flat, ultrathin architecture, and strong capability in manipulating the propagation of light by flexible modulations on its phase, amplitude, and polarization. Conventional metallic metalenses always suffer from its low efficiencies due to large intrinsic loss. Here, we demonstrate a cavity enhanced bilayer metalens composed of aluminum nanobars and its complementary structures. The focusing and imaging experiments definitely show an improved efficiency of such kind of bilayer metalens compared with its single layer counterpart. Detailed theoretical analyses based on full-wave simulations are carried out with respect to different cavity lengthes and working wavelengths, which reveals that the improvement rightly attributes to enhanced cavity mode. Our design will not only improve the working efficiency for metalens with simplified manufacturing procedure, but also indicates more possibilities by employing the metal as electrodes.
Collapse
|
16
|
Hermon S, Ma A, Yue F, Kubrom F, Intaravanne Y, Han J, Ma Y, Chen X. Metasurface hologram for polarization measurement. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:4436-4438. [PMID: 31517902 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.004436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polarization measurement is crucial for many optical applications in science and technology. Geometric metasurfaces have been used to develop polarization-sensitive holograms, providing a new opportunity for polarization measurement. We propose and experimentally demonstrate a hologram method to measure the polarization state of light. A reflective-type metasurface hologram is used to generate holographic images of graphene pattern. The ellipticity and helicity of the incident light are measured based on the intensities of the neighboring light spots, corresponding to two opposite circular polarization states. Benefiting from the advantages of reflective geometric metasurfaces, this device can operate in broadband.
Collapse
|
17
|
Hu J, Wang D, Bhowmik D, Liu T, Deng S, Knudson MP, Ao X, Odom TW. Lattice-Resonance Metalenses for Fully Reconfigurable Imaging. ACS NANO 2019; 13:4613-4620. [PMID: 30896920 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a reconfigurable metalens system that can image at visible wavelengths based on arrays of coupled plasmonic nanoparticles. These lenses manipulated the wavefront and focused light by exciting surface lattice resonances that were tuned by patterned polymer blocks on single-particle sites. Predictive design of the dielectric nanoblocks was performed using an evolutionary algorithm to create a range of three-dimensional focusing responses. For scalability, we demonstrated a simple technique for erasing and writing the polymer nanostructures on the metal nanoparticle arrays in a single step using solvent-assisted nanoscale embossing. This reconfigurable materials platform enables tunable focusing with diffraction-limited resolution and offers prospects for highly adaptive, compact imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xianyu Ao
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research and South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics , South China Normal University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510006 China
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yao K, Unni R, Zheng Y. Intelligent nanophotonics: merging photonics and artificial intelligence at the nanoscale. NANOPHOTONICS 2019; 8:339-366. [PMID: 34290952 PMCID: PMC8291385 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2018-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanophotonics has been an active research field over the past two decades, triggered by the rising interests in exploring new physics and technologies with light at the nanoscale. As the demands of performance and integration level keep increasing, the design and optimization of nanophotonic devices become computationally expensive and time-inefficient. Advanced computational methods and artificial intelligence, especially its subfield of machine learning, have led to revolutionary development in many applications, such as web searches, computer vision, and speech/image recognition. The complex models and algorithms help to exploit the enormous parameter space in a highly efficient way. In this review, we summarize the recent advances on the emerging field where nanophotonics and machine learning blend. We provide an overview of different computational methods, with the focus on deep learning, for the nanophotonic inverse design. The implementation of deep neural networks with photonic platforms is also discussed. This review aims at sketching an illustration of the nanophotonic design with machine learning and giving a perspective on the future tasks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kan Yao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Rohit Unni
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu S, Zhang L, Bai GD, Cui TJ. Flexible controls of broadband electromagnetic wavefronts with a mechanically programmable metamaterial. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1809. [PMID: 30755667 PMCID: PMC6372690 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38328-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Coding and programmable metamaterials have experienced a rapid development since 2014, leading to many physical phenomena and engineering applications from microwave to terahertz frequencies, and even in the acoustic regime. The major challenge for current programmable metamaterials based on switching diodes is the experimental realization of a huge number of feeding lines for independent control of each digital unit. In this work, we provide an alternative approach for the experimental realization of the programmable metamaterial by developing a mechanical system, which consists of an array of metal blocks with adjustable height. The system supports the combination with conventional coding metamaterials to take full controls of both the phase and polarization of EM waves. As a theoretical byproduct of this work, we propose group delay code to achieve diffraction-limited achromatic redirection of linearly polarized broadband beam from 4 to 6 GHz by combining the group-delay code with the conventional phase code, a feat that traditionally requires complex structural design of unit cell. In view of the multifunctional performance afforded by the full-control of the phase, polarization and group delay, the mechanically controllable metamaterial in the microwave region may benefit different applications, such as imaging, communication, and radar detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Wireless Communication Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Wireless Communication Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Guo Dong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Wireless Communication Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Wireless Communication Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jin Z, Mei S, Chen S, Li Y, Zhang C, He Y, Yu X, Yu C, Yang JKW, Luk'yanchuk B, Xiao S, Qiu CW. Complex Inverse Design of Meta-optics by Segmented Hierarchical Evolutionary Algorithm. ACS NANO 2019; 13:821-829. [PMID: 30615418 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With the recent burgeoning advances in nano-optics, ultracompact, miniaturized photonic devices with high-quality and spectacular functionalities are highly desired. Such devices' design paradigms often call for the solution of a complex inverse nonanalytical/semianalytical problem. However, currently reported strategies dealing with amplitude-controlled meta-optics devices achieved limited functionalities mainly due to restricted search space and demanding computational schemes. Here, we established a segmented hierarchical evolutionary algorithm, aiming to solve large-pixelated, complex inverse meta-optics design and fully demonstrate the targeted performance. This paradigm allows significantly extended search space at a rapid converging speed. As typical complex proof-of-concept examples, large-pixelated meta-holograms are chosen to demonstrate the validity of our design paradigm. An improved fitness function is proposed to reinforce the performance balance among image pixels, so that the image quality is improved and computing speed is further accelerated. Broadband and full-color meta-holograms with high image fidelities using binary amplitude control are demonstrated experimentally. Our work may find important applications in the advanced design of future nanoscale high-quality optical devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Jin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 3 , Singapore 117583
| | - Shengtao Mei
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 3 , Singapore 117583
| | - Shuqing Chen
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology , Shenzhen University , Nanhai Avenue 3688 , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518060 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology , Shenzhen University , Nanhai Avenue 3688 , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518060 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory on Tunable Laser Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Shenzhen Graduate School , Harbin Institute of Technology , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yanliang He
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology , Shenzhen University , Nanhai Avenue 3688 , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518060 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 3 , Singapore 117583
| | - Changyuan Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 3 , Singapore 117583
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom, Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Joel K W Yang
- Singapore University of Technology and Design , 8 Somapah Road , Singapore 487372
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering , A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) , 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis , Singapore 138634
| | - Boris Luk'yanchuk
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 637371
- Faculty of Physics , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Shumin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory on Tunable Laser Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Shenzhen Graduate School , Harbin Institute of Technology , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 3 , Singapore 117583
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060 , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li W, Yu Y, Yuan W. Flexible focusing pattern realization of centimeter-scale planar super-oscillatory lenses in parallel fabrication. NANOSCALE 2018; 11:311-320. [PMID: 30534750 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr07985d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Planar super-oscillatory lenses (SOLs) can exert far-field foci beyond the diffraction limit free from the contribution of evanescent waves. However, the reported design methods of SOLs are always complicated and divergent, leading to a poor control over the desired focusing patterns. Furthermore, the existing device sizes of SOLs are mainly within hundreds of micrometers accompanied by a subwavelength-scale feature size. Here, we propose a general optimization design model for realizing flexible focusing patterns, e.g. multifocal and achromatic contours. Additionally, a novel design called the chromatic-customized SOL fighting against the dispersion rule of traditional diffractive optical elements (DOEs) is also demonstrated based on the proposed flexible algorithm. The diameters for all the SOLs reach 12 mm with 30 μm minimum feature size, which can be easily fabricated by employing the conventional optical lithography technique. Such centimeter-scale, light weight and low-cost lenses reveal new capacities of arbitrarily customized optical patterns in various interdisciplinary fields including parallel particle trapping, full-color high-resolution imaging, and compact spectral imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Li
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace (Ministry of Education), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yang Z, Wang Z, Wang Y, Feng X, Zhao M, Wan Z, Zhu L, Liu J, Huang Y, Xia J, Wegener M. Generalized Hartmann-Shack array of dielectric metalens sub-arrays for polarimetric beam profiling. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4607. [PMID: 30389933 PMCID: PMC6214988 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
To define and characterize optical systems, obtaining the amplitude, phase, and polarization profile of optical beams is of utmost importance. Traditional polarimetry is well established to characterize the polarization state. Recently, metasurfaces have successfully been introduced as compact optical components. Here, we take the metasurface concept to the system level by realizing arrays of metalenses, allowing the determination of the polarization profile of an optical beam. We use silicon-based metalenses with a numerical aperture of 0.32 and a mean measured focusing efficiency in transmission mode of 28% at a wavelength of 1550 nm. Our system is extremely compact and allows for real-time beam diagnostics by inspecting the foci amplitudes. By further analyzing the foci displacements in the spirit of a Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor, we can simultaneously detect phase-gradient profiles. As application examples, we diagnose the profiles of a radially polarized beam, an azimuthally polarized beam, and of a vortex beam. Obtaining information on the amplitude, phase and polarization profile of optical beams is of huge interest. Here, the authors create a generalized Hartmann-Shack array with metalenses which measures phase and phase-gradient profiles of optical beams but also measures spatial polarization profiles at the same time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Yang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Zhaokun Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xing Feng
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhujun Wan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liangqiu Zhu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jinsong Xia
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jafar-Zanjani S, Inampudi S, Mosallaei H. Adaptive Genetic Algorithm for Optical Metasurfaces Design. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11040. [PMID: 30038394 PMCID: PMC6056425 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29275-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As optical metasurfaces become progressively ubiquitous, the expectations from them are becoming increasingly complex. The limited number of structural parameters in the conventional metasurface building blocks, and existing phase engineering rules do not completely support the growth rate of metasurface applications. In this paper, we present digitized-binary elements, as alternative high-dimensional building blocks, to accommodate the needs of complex-tailorable-multifunctional applications. To design these complicated platforms, we demonstrate adaptive genetic algorithm (AGA), as a powerful evolutionary optimizer, capable of handling such demanding design expectations. We solve four complex problems of high current interest to the optics community, namely, a binary-pattern plasmonic reflectarray with high tolerance to fabrication imperfections and high reflection efficiency for beam-steering purposes, a dual-beam aperiodic leaky-wave antenna, which diffracts TE and TM excitation waveguides modes to arbitrarily chosen directions, a compact birefringent all-dielectric metasurface with finer pixel resolution compared to canonical nano-antennas, and a visible-transparent infrared emitting/absorbing metasurface that shows high promise for solar-cell cooling applications, to showcase the advantages of the combination of binary-pattern metasurfaces and the AGA technique. Each of these novel applications encounters computational and fabrication challenges under conventional design methods, and is chosen carefully to highlight one of the unique advantages of the AGA technique. Finally, we show that large surplus datasets produced as by-products of the evolutionary optimizers can be employed as ingredients of the new-age computational algorithms, such as, machine learning and deep leaning. In doing so, we open a new gateway of predicting the solution to a problem in the fastest possible way based on statistical analysis of the datasets rather than researching the whole solution space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samad Jafar-Zanjani
- Metamaterials Lab, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Sandeep Inampudi
- Metamaterials Lab, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Hossein Mosallaei
- Metamaterials Lab, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gao S, Lee SS, Kim ES, Choi DY. Vertically integrated visible and near-infrared metasurfaces enabling an ultra-broadband and highly angle-resolved anomalous reflection. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:12453-12460. [PMID: 29926867 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr03059f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An optical device with minimized dimensions, which is capable of efficiently resolving an ultra-broad spectrum into a wide splitting angle but incurring no spectrum overlap, is of importance in advancing the development of spectroscopy. Unfortunately, this challenging task cannot be easily addressed through conventional geometrical or diffractive optical elements. Herein, we propose and demonstrate vertically integrated visible and near-infrared metasurfaces which render an ultra-broadband and highly angle-resolved anomalous reflection. The proposed metasurface capitalizes on a supercell that comprises two vertically concatenated trapezoid-shaped aluminum antennae, which are paired with a metallic ground plane via a dielectric layer. Under normal incidence, reflected light within a spectral bandwidth of 1000 nm ranging from λ = 456 nm to 1456 nm is efficiently angle-resolved to a single diffraction order with no spectrum overlap via the anomalous reflection, exhibiting an average reflection efficiency over 70% and a substantial angular splitting of 58°. In light of a supercell pitch of 1500 nm, to the best of our knowledge, the micron-scale bandwidth is the largest ever reported. It is noted that the substantially wide bandwidth has been accomplished by taking advantage of spectral selective vertical coupling effects between antennae and ground plane. In the visible regime, the upper antenna primarily renders an anomalous reflection by cooperating with the lower antenna, which in turn cooperates with the ground plane and produces phase variations leading to an anomalous reflection in the near-infrared regime. Misalignments between the two antennae have been particularly inspected to not adversely affect the anomalous reflection, thus guaranteeing enhanced structural tolerance of the proposed metasurface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Gao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li P, Guo X, Qi S, Han L, Zhang Y, Liu S, Li Y, Zhao J. Creation of independently controllable multiple focal spots from segmented Pancharatnam-Berry phases. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9831. [PMID: 29959390 PMCID: PMC6026170 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, based on space-variant Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phases, various flat devices allowing abrupt changes of beam parameters have been predicted and demonstrated to implement intriguing manipulation on spin states in three dimensions, including the efficient generation of vector beams, spin Hall effect of light and light-guiding confinement, and so on. Here, we report on the construction of independently controllable multiple focal spots with different inhomogeneous polarization states by utilizing segmented PB phases. Combining the phase shift approach with PB phases, we engineer fan-shaped segmented PB phases and encode them onto two spin components that compose a hybrid polarized vector beam in a modified common-path interferometer system. Experimental results demonstrate that the fan-shaped segmented PB phase enables the flexible manipulation of focal number, array structure and polarization state of each focal spot. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this fan-shaped approach enables to flexibly tailor the polarization state and the spin angular momentum distribution of a tightly focused field, which have potential applications in optical manipulation, tailored optical response and imaging etc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical information Technology, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China.
| | - Xuyue Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical information Technology, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Shuxia Qi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical information Technology, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Lei Han
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical information Technology, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical information Technology, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical information Technology, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Yu Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical information Technology, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Jianlin Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical information Technology, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Culver KS, Liu T, Hryn AJ, Fang N, Odom TW. In Situ Identification of Nanoparticle Structural Information Using Optical Microscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:2886-2892. [PMID: 29750870 PMCID: PMC6319630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Diffraction-limited optical microscopy lacks the resolution to directly characterize nanoscale features of single nanoparticles. This paper describes how structural features of gold nanostars can be identified using differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy. First, we established structure-property relationships between categories of nanoparticle shapes and DIC optical images and then validated the correlation with electrodynamic simulations and electron microscopy. We found that DIC image patterns of single nanostars could be differentiated between 2D and 3D geometries. DIC images were also used to distinguish asymmetric and 4-fold symmetric structures and track nanoparticle orientation. Finally, we demonstrated how this wide-field optical technique can be used for in situ characterization of single nanoparticles rotating at a glass-water interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayla S.B. Culver
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Alexander J. Hryn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Ning Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Teri W. Odom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang S, Wu PC, Su VC, Lai YC, Chen MK, Kuo HY, Chen BH, Chen YH, Huang TT, Wang JH, Lin RM, Kuan CH, Li T, Wang Z, Zhu S, Tsai DP. A broadband achromatic metalens in the visible. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 13:227-232. [PMID: 29379204 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-017-0052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Metalenses consist of an array of optical nanoantennas on a surface capable of manipulating the properties of an incoming light wavefront. Various flat optical components, such as polarizers, optical imaging encoders, tunable phase modulators and a retroreflector, have been demonstrated using a metalens design. An open issue, especially problematic for colour imaging and display applications, is the correction of chromatic aberration, an intrinsic effect originating from the specific resonance and limited working bandwidth of each nanoantenna. As a result, no metalens has demonstrated full-colour imaging in the visible wavelength. Here, we show a design and fabrication that consists of GaN-based integrated-resonant unit elements to achieve an achromatic metalens operating in the entire visible region in transmission mode. The focal length of our metalenses remains unchanged as the incident wavelength is varied from 400 to 660 nm, demonstrating complete elimination of chromatic aberration at about 49% bandwidth of the central working wavelength. The average efficiency of a metalens with a numerical aperture of 0.106 is about 40% over the whole visible spectrum. We also show some examples of full-colour imaging based on this design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuming Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pin Chieh Wu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Vin-Cent Su
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National United University, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chieh Lai
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Ku Chen
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin Yu Kuo
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bo Han Chen
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu Han Chen
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ting Huang
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Hsi Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ray-Ming Lin
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Hsiung Kuan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tao Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenlin Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, China
| | - Shining Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, China
| | - Din Ping Tsai
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chen WT, Zhu AY, Sanjeev V, Khorasaninejad M, Shi Z, Lee E, Capasso F. A broadband achromatic metalens for focusing and imaging in the visible. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 13:220-226. [PMID: 29292382 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-017-0034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A key goal of metalens research is to achieve wavefront shaping of light using optical elements with thicknesses on the order of the wavelength. Such miniaturization is expected to lead to compact, nanoscale optical devices with applications in cameras, lighting, displays and wearable optics. However, retaining functionality while reducing device size has proven particularly challenging. For example, so far there has been no demonstration of broadband achromatic metalenses covering the entire visible spectrum. Here, we show that by judicious design of nanofins on a surface, it is possible to simultaneously control the phase, group delay and group delay dispersion of light, thereby achieving a transmissive achromatic metalens with large bandwidth. We demonstrate diffraction-limited achromatic focusing and achromatic imaging from 470 to 670 nm. Our metalens comprises only a single layer of nanostructures whose thickness is on the order of the wavelength, and does not involve spatial multiplexing or cascading. While this initial design (numerical aperture of 0.2) has an efficiency of about 20% at 500 nm, we discuss ways in which our approach may be further optimized to meet the demand of future applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ting Chen
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Y Zhu
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vyshakh Sanjeev
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | - Zhujun Shi
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eric Lee
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Federico Capasso
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chen J, Wang K, Long H, Han X, Hu H, Liu W, Wang B, Lu P. Tungsten Disulfide-Gold Nanohole Hybrid Metasurfaces for Nonlinear Metalenses in the Visible Region. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:1344-1350. [PMID: 29370525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b05033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, nonlinear hybrid metasurface comes into an attractive new concept in the research of nanophotonics and nanotechnology. It is composed of semiconductors with an intrinsically large nonlinear susceptibility and traditional plasmonic metasurfaces, offering opportunities for efficiently generating and manipulating nonlinear optical responses. A high second-harmonic generation (SHG) conversion efficiency has been demonstrated in the mid-infrared region by using multiquantum-well (MQW)-based plasmonic metasurfaces. However, it has yet to be demonstrated in the visible region. Here, we present a new type of nonlinear hybrid metasurfaces for the visible region, which consists of a single layer of tungsten disulfide (WS2) and a phased gold nanohole array. The results indicate that a large SHG susceptibility of ∼10-1 nm/V at 810 nm is achieved, which is 2-3 orders of magnitude larger than that of typical plasmonic metasurfaces. Nonlinear metalenses with the focal lengths of 30, 50, and 100 μm are demonstrated experimentally, providing a direct evidence for both generating and manipulating SH signals based on the nonlinear hybrid metasurfaces. It shows great potential applications in designing of integrated, ultrathin, compacted, and efficient nonlinear optical devices, such as frequency converters, nonlinear holography, and the generation of nonlinear optical vortex beams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Chen
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hua Long
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaobo Han
- Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology , Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Hongbo Hu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Peixiang Lu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
- Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology , Wuhan 430205, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kim H, Kim J, An H, Lee Y, Lee GY, Na J, Park K, Lee S, Lee SY, Lee B, Jeong Y. Metallic Fresnel zone plate implemented on an optical fiber facet for super-variable focusing of light. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:30290-30303. [PMID: 29221059 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.030290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We propose and investigate a metallic Fresnel zone plate (FZP/MFZP) implemented on a silver-coated optical fiber facet for super-variable focusing of light, the focal point of which can be drastically relocated by varying the wavelength of the incident light. We numerically show that when its nominal focal length is set to 20 μm at 550 nm, its effective focal length can be tuned by ~13.7 μm for 300-nm change in the visible wavelength range. This tuning sensitivity is over 20 times higher than that of a conventional silica-based spherical lens. Even with such high tuning sensitivity with respect to the incident wavelength change, the effective beam radius at the focal point is preserved nearly unchanged, irrespective of the incident wavelength. Then, we fabricate the proposed device, exploiting electron- and focused-ion-beam processes, and experimentally verify its super-variable focusing functionality at typical red, green, and blue wavelengths in the visible wavelength range, which is in good agreement with the numerical prediction. Moreover, we propose a novel MFZP structure that primarily exploits the surface-plasmon-polariton-mediated, extra-ordinary transmission effect. For this we make all the openings of an MFZP, which are determined by the fundamental FZP design formula, be partitioned by multi-rings of all-sub-wavelength annular slits, so that the transmission of azimuthally polarized light is inherently prohibited, thereby leading to super-variable and selective focusing of radially polarized light. We design and fabricate a proof-of-principle structure implemented on a gold-coated fused-silica substrate, and verify its novel characteristics both numerically and experimentally, which are mutually in good agreement. We stress that both the MFZP structures proposed here will be very useful for micro-machining, optical trapping, and biomedical sensing, in particular, which invariably seek compact, high-precision, and flexible focusing schemes.
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Among various flat optical devices, metasurfaces have presented their great ability in efficient manipulation of light fields and have been proposed for variety of devices with specific functionalities. However, due to the high phase dispersion of their building blocks, metasurfaces significantly suffer from large chromatic aberration. Here we propose a design principle to realize achromatic metasurface devices which successfully eliminate the chromatic aberration over a continuous wavelength region from 1200 to 1680 nm for circularly-polarized incidences in a reflection scheme. For this proof-of-concept, we demonstrate broadband achromatic metalenses (with the efficiency on the order of ∼12%) which are capable of focusing light with arbitrary wavelength at the same focal plane. A broadband achromatic gradient metasurface is also implemented, which is able to deflect wide-band light by the same angle. Through this approach, various flat achromatic devices that were previously impossible can be realized, which will allow innovation in full-color detection and imaging. Metasurfaces suffer from large chromatic aberration due to the high phase dispersion of their building blocks, limiting their applications. Here, Wang et al. design achromatic metasurface devices which eliminate the chromatic aberration over a continuous region from 1200 to 1680 nm in a reflection schleme.
Collapse
|
32
|
Glotzer SC, Nordlander P, Fernandez LE. Theory, Simulation, and Computation in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. ACS NANO 2017; 11:6505-6506. [PMID: 28746991 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b05028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
|
33
|
Khorasaninejad M, Shi Z, Zhu AY, Chen WT, Sanjeev V, Zaidi A, Capasso F. Achromatic Metalens over 60 nm Bandwidth in the Visible and Metalens with Reverse Chromatic Dispersion. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:1819-1824. [PMID: 28125234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b05137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we experimentally report an achromatic metalens (AML) operating over a continuous bandwidth in the visible. This is accomplished via dispersion engineering of dielectric phase shifters: titanium dioxide nanopillars tiled on a dielectric spacer layer above a metallic mirror. The AML works in reflection mode with a focal length independent of wavelength from λ = 490 to 550 nm. We also design a metalens with reverse chromatic dispersion, where the focal length increases as the wavelength increases, contrary to conventional diffractive lenses. The ability to engineer the chromatic dispersion of metalenses at will enables a wide variety of applications that were not previously possible. In particular, for the AML design, we envision applications such as imaging under LED illumination, fluorescence, and photoluminescence spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - V Sanjeev
- University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|