1
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Groß MF, Schneider JLG, Chen Y, Kadic M, Wegener M. Dispersion Engineering by Hybridizing the Back-Folded Soft Mode of Monomode Elastic Metamaterials with Stiff Acoustic Modes. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2307553. [PMID: 37769647 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
In many cases, the hybridization of two or more excitation modes in solids has led to new and useful dispersion relations of waves. Well-studied examples are phonon polaritons, plasmon polaritons, particle-plasmon polaritons, cavity polaritons, and magnetic resonances at optical frequencies. In all of these cases, the lowest propagating mode couples to a finite-frequency localized resonance. Herein, the unusual metamaterial phonon dispersion relations arising from the hybridization of an ordinary acoustical phonon mode with a back-folded soft or easy phonon mode of a monomode elastic metamaterial are discussed. Conceptually, the single easy mode can have strictly zero wave velocity. In reality, its wave velocity is very much smaller than that of all other modes. Considering polymeric three-dimensional printed elastic monomode metamaterials at ultrasound frequencies, it is shown theoretically and experimentally that the resulting pronounced avoided crossing, with a frequency splitting comparable to the mid-frequency, leads to backward-wave behavior for the lowest band over a broad frequency range, conceptually at zero loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Groß
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jonathan L G Schneider
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Yi Chen
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Muamer Kadic
- Université de Franche-Comté, Institut FEMTO-ST, UMR 6174, CNRS, Besançon, 25000, France
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
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2
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Gauci SC, Vranic A, Blasco E, Bräse S, Wegener M, Barner-Kowollik C. Photochemically Activated 3D Printing Inks: Current Status, Challenges, and Opportunities. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2306468. [PMID: 37681744 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
3D printing with light is enabled by the photochemistry underpinning it. Without fine control over the ability to photochemically gate covalent bond formation by the light at a certain wavelength and intensity, advanced photoresists with functions spanning from on-demand degradability, adaptability, rapid printing speeds, and tailored functionality are impossible to design. Herein, recent advances in photoresist design for light-driven 3D printing applications are critically assessed, and an outlook of the outstanding challenges and opportunities is provided. This is achieved by classing the discussed photoresists in chemistries that function photoinitiator-free and those that require a photoinitiator to proceed. Such a taxonomy is based on the efficiency with which photons are able to generate covalent bonds, with each concept featuring distinct advantages and drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Gauci
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
| | - Aleksandra Vranic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eva Blasco
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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3
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Abstract
Mechanical metamaterials, also known as architected materials, are rationally designed composites, aiming at elastic behaviors and effective mechanical properties beyond ("meta") those of their individual ingredients - qualitatively and/or quantitatively. Due to advances in computational science and manufacturing, this field has progressed considerably throughout the last decade. Here, we review its mathematical basis in the spirit of a tutorial, and summarize the conceptual as well as experimental state-of-the-art. This summary comprises disordered, periodic, quasi-periodic, and graded anisotropic functional architectures, in one, two, and three dimensions, covering length scales ranging from below one micrometer to tens of meters. Examples include extreme ordinary linear elastic behavior from artificial crystals, e.g., auxetics and pentamodes, "negative" effective properties, behavior beyond classical linear elasticity, e.g., arising from local resonances, chirality, beyond-nearest-neighbor interactions, quasi-crystalline mechanical metamaterials, topological band gaps, cloaking based on coordinate transformations and on scattering cancellation, seismic protection, nonlinear and programmable metamaterials, as well as space-time-periodic architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard V Craster
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, Huxley Bld, 180 Queens Gate, London, SW7 2AZ, London, SW7 2AZ, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | | | - Kadic Muamer
- FEMTO-ST, 15b Avenue Montboucons, Besancon, 25044, FRANCE
| | - Martin Wegener
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie , Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, 76128, GERMANY
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4
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Groß MF, Schneider JLG, Wei Y, Chen Y, Kalt S, Kadic M, Liu X, Hu G, Wegener M. Tetramode Metamaterials as Phonon Polarizers. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2211801. [PMID: 36787442 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In classical Cauchy elasticity, 3D materials exhibit six eigenmodes of deformation. Following the 1995 work of Milton and Cherkaev, extremal elastic materials can be classified by the number of eigenmodes, N, out of these six that are "easy". Using Greek number words, this leads to hexamode (N = 6), pentamode (N = 5), tetramode (N = 4), trimode (N = 3), dimode (N = 2), and monomode (N = 1) materials. While hexamode materials are unstable in all regards, the possibility of pentamode metamaterials ("meta-fluids") has attracted considerable attention throughout the last decade. Here, inspired by the 2021 theoretical work of Wei, Liu, and Hu, microstructured 3D polymer-based tetramode metamaterials are designed and characterized by numerical band-structure calculations, fabricated by laser printing, characterized by ultrasound experiments, and compared to the theoretical ideal. An application in terms of a compact and broadband polarizer for acoustical phonons at ultrasound frequencies is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fidelis Groß
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Yu Wei
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yi Chen
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kalt
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Muamer Kadic
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut FEMTO-ST, UMR 6174, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), Besançon, 25030, France
| | - Xiaoning Liu
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Genkai Hu
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
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5
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Chen Y, Abouelatta MAA, Wang K, Kadic M, Wegener M. Nonlocal Cable-Network Metamaterials. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2209988. [PMID: 36655553 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterials are artificial materials in which the atoms of ordinary solids are replaced by tailored functional building blocks. Therefore, previous work has emphasized tailoring the inside of the building blocks, for example, by exploiting local resonances, to realize unusual effective metamaterial properties. However, the wave properties of a metamaterial are not only determined by its building blocks but also by the interactions between these building blocks. Here, reconfigurable "plug-and-play" electromagnetic metamaterials are introduced for which the building blocks are essentially trivial standard bayonet Neill-Concelman (BNC) connectors and the effective metamaterial properties are solely achieved by tailoring the local and especially the nonlocal interactions mediated by standard coaxial cables. Unprecedented dispersion relations of the lowest band with multiple regions of slow waves and backward waves are demonstrated. Importantly, the dispersion relation of such metamaterials dominated by nonlocal interactions is not limited by the principle of causality in the same way as for metamaterials designed by local resonances of building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mahmoud A A Abouelatta
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ke Wang
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Center for Composite Materials, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Muamer Kadic
- Institut FEMTO-ST, UMR 6174, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 25030, Besançon, France
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Yang L, Hu H, Scholz A, Feist F, Cadilha Marques G, Kraus S, Bojanowski NM, Blasco E, Barner-Kowollik C, Aghassi-Hagmann J, Wegener M. Laser printed microelectronics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1103. [PMID: 36843156 PMCID: PMC9968718 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36722-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Printed organic and inorganic electronics continue to be of large interest for sensors, bioelectronics, and security applications. Many printing techniques have been investigated, albeit often with typical minimum feature sizes in the tens of micrometer range and requiring post-processing procedures at elevated temperatures to enhance the performance of functional materials. Herein, we introduce laser printing with three different inks, for the semiconductor ZnO and the metals Pt and Ag, as a facile process for fabricating printed functional electronic devices with minimum feature sizes below 1 µm. The ZnO printing is based on laser-induced hydrothermal synthesis. Importantly, no sintering of any sort needs to be performed after laser printing for any of the three materials. To demonstrate the versatility of our approach, we show functional diodes, memristors, and a physically unclonable function based on a 6 × 6 memristor crossbar architecture. In addition, we realize functional transistors by combining laser printing and inkjet printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yang
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), 215127, Suzhou, China.
| | - Hongrong Hu
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexander Scholz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Florian Feist
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gabriel Cadilha Marques
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Steven Kraus
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Eva Blasco
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 and 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Jasmin Aghassi-Hagmann
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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7
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Rai V, Gerhard L, Balzer N, Valášek M, Holzer C, Yang L, Wegener M, Rockstuhl C, Mayor M, Wulfhekel W. Activating Electroluminescence of Charged Naphthalene Diimide Complexes Directly Adsorbed on a Metal Substrate. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 130:036201. [PMID: 36763403 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.036201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Electroluminescence from single molecules adsorbed on a conducting surface imposes conflicting demands for the molecule-electrode coupling. To conduct electrons, the molecular orbitals need to be hybridized with the electrodes. To emit light, they need to be decoupled from the electrodes to prevent fluorescence quenching. Here, we show that fully quenched 2,6-core-substituted naphthalene diimide derivative in a self-assembled monolayer directly deposited on a Au(111) surface can be activated with the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope to decouple the relevant frontier orbitals from the metallic substrate. In this way, individual molecules can be driven from a strongly hybridized state with quenched luminescence to a light-emitting state. The emission performance compares in terms of quantum efficiency, stability, and reproducibility to that of single molecules deposited on thin insulating layers. Quantum chemical calculations suggest that the emitted light originates from the singly charged cationic pair of the molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhuti Rai
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Lukas Gerhard
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Nico Balzer
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Michal Valášek
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christof Holzer
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Liang Yang
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carsten Rockstuhl
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johannsring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Xingang West Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wulf Wulfhekel
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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8
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Hobich J, Blasco E, Wegener M, Mutlu H, Barner‐Kowollik C. Synergistic, Orthogonal, and Antagonistic Photochemistry for Light‐Induced 3D Printing. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hobich
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Eva Blasco
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
- Organic Chemistry Institute Heidelberg University im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials Heidelberg University im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76128 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Hatice Mutlu
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory (SML) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Christopher Barner‐Kowollik
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
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9
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Monti J, Concellón A, Dong R, Simmler M, Münchinger A, Huck C, Tegeder P, Nirschl H, Wegener M, Osuji CO, Blasco E. Two-Photon Laser Microprinting of Highly Ordered Nanoporous Materials Based on Hexagonal Columnar Liquid Crystals. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:33746-33755. [PMID: 35849651 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanoporous materials relying on supramolecular liquid crystals (LCs) are excellent candidates for size- and charge-selective membranes. However, whether they can be manufactured using printing technologies remained unexplored so far. In this work, we develop a new approach for the fabrication of ordered nanoporous microstructures based on supramolecular LCs using two-photon laser printing. In particular, we employ photo-cross-linkable hydrogen-bonded complexes, that self-assemble into columnar hexagonal (Colh) mesophases, as the base of our printable photoresist. The presence of photopolymerizable groups in the periphery of the molecules enables the printability using a laser. We demonstrate the conservation of the Colh arrangement and of the adsorptive properties of the materials after laser microprinting, which highlights the potential of the approach for the fabrication of functional nanoporous structures with a defined geometry. This first example of printable Colh LC should open new opportunities for the fabrication of functional porous microdevices with potential application in catalysis, filtration, separation, or molecular recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Monti
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Alberto Concellón
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ruiqi Dong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Mira Simmler
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics (MVM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Alexander Münchinger
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Christian Huck
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Petra Tegeder
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Hermann Nirschl
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics (MVM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Chinedum O Osuji
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Eva Blasco
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
- Center for Advanced Materials (CAM), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Heidelberg University, Hedelberg 69120, Germany
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10
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Abele T, Messer T, Jahnke K, Hippler M, Bastmeyer M, Wegener M, Göpfrich K. Two-Photon 3D Laser Printing Inside Synthetic Cells. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2106709. [PMID: 34800321 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Toward the ambitious goal of manufacturing synthetic cells from the bottom up, various cellular components have already been reconstituted inside lipid vesicles. However, the deterministic positioning of these components inside the compartment has remained elusive. Here, by using two-photon 3D laser printing, 2D and 3D hydrogel architectures are manufactured with high precision and nearly arbitrary shape inside preformed giant unilamellar lipid vesicles (GUVs). The required water-soluble photoresist is brought into the GUVs by diffusion in a single mixing step. Crucially, femtosecond two-photon printing inside the compartment does not destroy the GUVs. Beyond this proof-of-principle demonstration, early functional architectures are realized. In particular, a transmembrane structure acting as a pore is 3D printed, thereby allowing for the transport of biological cargo, including DNA, into the synthetic compartment. These experiments show that two-photon 3D laser microprinting can be an important addition to the existing toolbox of synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Abele
- Biophysical Engineering Group, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Messer
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kevin Jahnke
- Biophysical Engineering Group, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Hippler
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute for Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Göpfrich
- Biophysical Engineering Group, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Irshadeen IM, Walden SL, Wegener M, Truong VX, Frisch H, Blinco JP, Barner-Kowollik C. Action Plots in Action: In-Depth Insights into Photochemical Reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:21113-21126. [PMID: 34859671 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Predicting wavelength-dependent photochemical reactivity is challenging. Herein, we revive the well-established tool of measuring action spectra and adapt the technique to map wavelength-resolved covalent bond formation and cleavage in what we term "photochemical action plots". Underpinned by tunable lasers, which allow excitation of molecules with near-perfect wavelength precision, the photoinduced reactivity of several reaction classes have been mapped in detail. These include photoinduced cycloadditions and bond formation based on photochemically generated o-quinodimethanes and 1,3-dipoles such as nitrile imines as well as radical photoinitiator cleavage. Organized by reaction class, these data demonstrate that UV/vis spectra fail to act as a predictor for photochemical reactivity at a given wavelength in most of the examined reactions, with the photochemical reactivity being strongly red shifted in comparison to the absorption spectrum. We provide an encompassing perspective of the power of photochemical action plots for bond-forming reactions and their emerging applications in the design of wavelength-selective photoresists and photoresponsive soft-matter materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishrath Mohamed Irshadeen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Sarah L Walden
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Vinh X Truong
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Hendrik Frisch
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - James P Blinco
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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12
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Iglesias Martínez JA, Groß MF, Chen Y, Frenzel T, Laude V, Kadic M, Wegener M. Experimental observation of roton-like dispersion relations in metamaterials. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabm2189. [PMID: 34851658 PMCID: PMC8635434 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm2189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Previously, rotons were observed in correlated quantum systems at low temperatures, including superfluid helium and Bose-Einstein condensates. Here, following a recent theoretical proposal, we report the direct experimental observation of roton-like dispersion relations in two different three-dimensional metamaterials under ambient conditions. One experiment uses transverse elastic waves in microscale metamaterials at ultrasound frequencies. The other experiment uses longitudinal air-pressure waves in macroscopic channel–based metamaterials at audible frequencies. In both experiments, we identify the roton-like minimum in the dispersion relation that is associated to a triplet of waves at a given frequency. Our work shows that designed interactions in metamaterials beyond the nearest neighbors open unprecedented experimental opportunities to tailor the lowest dispersion branch—while most previous metamaterial studies have concentrated on shaping higher dispersion branches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Fidelis Groß
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76128, Germany
| | - Yi Chen
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76128, Germany
- Corresponding author. (Y.C.); (M.W.)
| | - Tobias Frenzel
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76128, Germany
| | - Vincent Laude
- Institut FEMTO-ST, UMR 6174, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, 25030, France
| | - Muamer Kadic
- Institut FEMTO-ST, UMR 6174, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, 25030, France
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76128, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76128, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76128, Germany
- Corresponding author. (Y.C.); (M.W.)
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13
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Kohler L, Mader M, Kern C, Wegener M, Hunger D. Tracking Brownian motion in three dimensions and characterization of individual nanoparticles using a fiber-based high-finesse microcavity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6385. [PMID: 34737301 PMCID: PMC8569196 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26719-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of nanosystems in solution contain a wealth of information with relevance for diverse fields ranging from materials science to biology and biomedical applications. When nanosystems are marked with fluorophores or strong scatterers, it is possible to track their position and reveal internal motion with high spatial and temporal resolution. However, markers can be toxic, expensive, or change the object’s intrinsic properties. Here, we simultaneously measure dispersive frequency shifts of three transverse modes of a high-finesse microcavity to obtain the three-dimensional path of unlabeled SiO2 nanospheres with 300 μs temporal and down to 8 nm spatial resolution. This allows us to quantitatively determine properties such as the polarizability, hydrodynamic radius, and effective refractive index. The fiber-based cavity is integrated in a direct-laser-written microfluidic device that enables the precise control of the fluid with ultra-small sample volumes. Our approach enables quantitative nanomaterial characterization and the analysis of biomolecular motion at high bandwidth. Tracking of nanoparticle dynamics in solution often require labelling. Here, the authors use a high-finesse microcavity and simultaneously measure dispersive frequency shifts of three transverse modes, demonstrating 3D tracking of unlabelled single nanospheres, and quantitatively determine their physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Kohler
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Physikalisches Institut, Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Matthias Mader
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Schellingstraße 4, 80799, München, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Kern
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Institut für Angewandte Physik, Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Institut für Nanotechnologie, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Institut für Angewandte Physik, Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Institut für Nanotechnologie, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - David Hunger
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Physikalisches Institut, Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany. .,Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Institut für QuantenMaterialien und Technologien, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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14
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Köpfler J, Frenzel T, Schmalian J, Wegener M. Fused-Silica 3D Chiral Metamaterials via Helium-Assisted Microcasting Supporting Topologically Protected Twist Edge Resonances with High Mechanical Quality Factors. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2103205. [PMID: 34398466 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It is predicted theoretically that a 1D diatomic chain of 3D chiral cells can support a topological bandgap that allows for translating a small time-harmonic axial movement at one end of the chain into a resonantly enhanced large rotation of an edge state at the other end. This edge state is topologically protected such that an arbitrary mass of a mirror at the other end does not shift the eigenfrequency out of the bandgap. Herein, this complex 3D laser-beam-scanner microstructure is realized in fused-silica form. A novel microcasting approach is introduced that starts from a hollow polymer cast made by standard 3D laser nanoprinting. The cast is evacuated and filled with helium, such that a highly viscous commercial glass slurry is sucked in. After UV curing and thermal debinding of the polymer, the fused-silica glass is sintered at 1225 °C under vacuum. Detailed optical measurements reveal a mechanical quality factor of the twist-edge resonance of 2850 at around 278 kHz resonance frequency under ambient conditions. The microcasting approach can likely be translated to many other glasses, to metals and ceramics, and to complex architectures that are not or not yet amenable to direct 3D laser printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Köpfler
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tobias Frenzel
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jörg Schmalian
- Institute for Theoretical Condensed Matter Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
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15
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Abstract
Roton dispersion relations have been restricted to correlated quantum systems at low temperatures, such as liquid Helium-4, thin films of Helium-3, and Bose–Einstein condensates. This unusual kind of dispersion relation provides broadband acoustical backward waves, connected to energy flow vortices due to a “return flow”, in the words of Feynman, and three different coexisting acoustical modes with the same polarization at one frequency. By building mechanisms into the unit cells of artificial materials, metamaterials allow for molding the flow of waves. So far, researchers have exploited mechanisms based on various types of local resonances, Bragg resonances, spatial and temporal symmetry breaking, topology, and nonlinearities. Here, we introduce beyond-nearest-neighbor interactions as a mechanism in elastic and airborne acoustical metamaterials. For a third-nearest-neighbor interaction that is sufficiently strong compared to the nearest-neighbor interaction, this mechanism allows us to engineer roton-like acoustical dispersion relations under ambient conditions. Here, the authors introduce beyond-nearest-neighbour interactions as a mechanism for molding the flow of waves in acoustic metamaterials. They find that for strong third-nearest-neighbour interactions, this mechanism allows for engineering roton-like acoustical dispersion relations under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Muamer Kadic
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institut FEMTO-ST, UMR 6174, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany. .,Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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16
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Ramani D, Singh Y, White R, Haddow T, Wegener M, Orfino F, Ghassemzadeh L, Dutta M, Kjeang E. Four-dimensional in situ imaging of chemical membrane degradation in fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Bertels S, Jaggy M, Richter B, Keppler S, Weber K, Genthner E, Fischer AC, Thiel M, Wegener M, Greiner AM, Autenrieth TJ, Bastmeyer M. Geometrically defined environments direct cell division rate and subcellular YAP localization in single mouse embryonic stem cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9269. [PMID: 33927254 PMCID: PMC8084931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88336-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanotransduction via yes-associated protein (YAP) is a central mechanism for decision-making in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Nuclear localization of YAP is tightly connected to pluripotency and increases the cell division rate (CDR). How the geometry of the extracellular environment influences mechanotransduction, thereby YAP localization, and decision-making of single isolated mESCs is largely unknown. To investigate this relation, we produced well-defined 2D and 2.5D microenvironments and monitored CDR and subcellular YAP localization in single mESCs hence excluding cell–cell interactions. By systematically varying size and shape of the 2D and 2.5D substrates we observed that the geometry of the growth environment affects the CDR. Whereas CDR increases with increasing adhesive area in 2D, CDR is highest in small 2.5D micro-wells. Here, mESCs attach to all four walls and exhibit a cross-shaped cell and nuclear morphology. This observation indicates that changes in cell shape are linked to a high CDR. Inhibition of actomyosin activity abrogate these effects. Correspondingly, nuclear YAP localization decreases in inhibitor treated cells, suggesting a relation between cell shape, intracellular forces, and cell division rate. The simplicity of our system guarantees high standardization and reproducibility for monitoring stem cell reactions and allows addressing a variety of fundamental biological questions on a single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bertels
- Zoological Institute, Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,3DMM2O - Cluster of Excellence (EXC-2082/1 - 390761711), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mona Jaggy
- Zoological Institute, Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Richter
- Zoological Institute, Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stephan Keppler
- Zoological Institute, Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,3DMM2O - Cluster of Excellence (EXC-2082/1 - 390761711), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kerstin Weber
- Zoological Institute, Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Elisa Genthner
- Zoological Institute, Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,3DMM2O - Cluster of Excellence (EXC-2082/1 - 390761711), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andrea C Fischer
- Zoological Institute, Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Thiel
- Nanoscribe GmbH, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,3DMM2O - Cluster of Excellence (EXC-2082/1 - 390761711), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexandra M Greiner
- Zoological Institute, Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tatjana J Autenrieth
- Zoological Institute, Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Zoological Institute, Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany. .,Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany. .,3DMM2O - Cluster of Excellence (EXC-2082/1 - 390761711), Karlsruhe, Germany. .,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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18
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Pfeifer J, Sairawan H, Wegener M, Philippou S, Meletiadis K. [An unusually painful leg ulcer in an 81-year-old patient: an interdisciplinary challenge]. Internist (Berl) 2021; 62:424-432. [PMID: 33284357 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-020-00913-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An 81-year-old male patient with a history of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) was admitted to the authors' outpatient clinic with a painful lower leg ulcer. As the degree of PAD did not correspond to the clinical findings, multiple biopsies were taken from the base and edge of the ulcer. This resulted in the histopathological and clinical diagnosis of pyoderma gangrenosum (PG). Since PG is often associated with numerous underlying diseases, further thorough examinations were performed. A mass in the gastric antrum suspicious for malignancy was histopathologically identified as gastric cancer (signet ring cell carcinoma). The PG was successfully treated with cortisone p.o. and tacrolimus ointment. Since the cancer was locally limited, the patient underwent surgery involving gastric resection with D2 lymphadenectomy and gastrojejunostomy (Roux-en‑Y anastomosis).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pfeifer
- Klinik für Gefäßmedizin, Helios St. Anna Klinik Duisburg, Albertus-Magnus-Straße 33, 47259, Duisburg, Deutschland.
| | - H Sairawan
- Klinik für Gefäßmedizin, Helios St. Anna Klinik Duisburg, Albertus-Magnus-Straße 33, 47259, Duisburg, Deutschland
| | - M Wegener
- Medizinische Klinik, Helios St. Anna Klinik Duisburg, Duisburg, Deutschland
| | - S Philippou
- Institut für Pathologie und Zytologie, Augusta-Kranken-Anstalt Bochum, Bochum, Deutschland
| | - K Meletiadis
- Klinik für Gefäßmedizin, Helios St. Anna Klinik Duisburg, Albertus-Magnus-Straße 33, 47259, Duisburg, Deutschland
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19
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Wegener M, Dreißigacker C, Becker M, Kargl F. Isothermal furnace for long-term in situ and real-time X-radiography solidification experiments. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:035114. [PMID: 33819986 DOI: 10.1063/5.0037398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new x-ray isothermal furnace has been developed, suitable for in situ observations of semi-solid processes including the transition from dendritic to globulitic grain morphology and grain coarsening in metallic samples. A homogeneous, isothermal temperature field is achieved using a novel heater concept. The furnace structure is sandwich-like with heating elements positioned in the beam line and parallel to the sample. Planar heat transfer to the sample enables measurements with low cooling rates and a minimized temperature gradient. Cooling rates from 0.1 to 15 K min-1 can be controlled in the temperature range 1170-670 K. The furnace setup is integrable in the existing rotatable laboratory x-ray facility (X-RISE) at the German Aerospace Center (DLR). In this setup, an effective pixel size of 3 μm and a field of view of 8 mm in diameter can be achieved. Preliminary solidification and semi-solid experiments in the hypo-eutectic alloy systems Al-Ge and Al-Cu, inoculated with Al-5Ti-1B grain refiner, are presented. They indicate a very uniform temperature distribution in the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wegener
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), 51170 Köln, Germany
| | - C Dreißigacker
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), 51170 Köln, Germany
| | - M Becker
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), 51170 Köln, Germany
| | - F Kargl
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), 51170 Köln, Germany
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20
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Chen Y, Kadic M, Wegener M. Chiral triclinic metamaterial crystals supporting isotropic acoustical activity and isotropic chiral phonons. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2020.0764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work predicted the existence of isotropic chiral phonon dispersion relations of the lowest bands connected to isotropic acoustical activity in cubic crystalline approximants of three-dimensional (3D) chiral icosahedral metamaterial quasi-crystals. While these architectures are fairly broadband and presumably robust against fabrication tolerances due to orientation averaging, they are extremely complex, very hard to manufacture experimentally, and they show effects which are about an order of magnitude smaller compared with those of ordinary highly anisotropic chiral cubic metamaterial crystals. Here, we propose and analyse a chiral triclinic metamaterial crystal exhibiting broadband isotropic acoustical activity. These 3D truss lattices are much less complex and exhibit substantially larger effects than the 3D quasi-crystals at the price of being somewhat more susceptible to fabrication tolerances. This susceptibility originates from the fact that we have tailored the lowest two transverse phonon bands to exhibit an ‘accidental’ degeneracy in momentum space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Muamer Kadic
- Institut FEMTO-ST, UMR, 6174, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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21
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Rai V, Gerhard L, Sun Q, Holzer C, Repän T, Krstić M, Yang L, Wegener M, Rockstuhl C, Wulfhekel W. Boosting Light Emission from Single Hydrogen Phthalocyanine Molecules by Charging. Nano Lett 2020; 20:7600-7605. [PMID: 32960069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Interest in electroluminescence of single molecules is stimulated by the prospect of possible applications in novel light emitting devices. Recent studies provide valuable insights into the mechanisms leading to single molecule electroluminescence. Concrete information on how to boost the intensity of the emitted light, however, is rare. By combining scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and quantum chemical calculations, we show that the light emission efficiencies of an individual hydrogen-phthalocyanine molecule can be increased by a factor of ≈19 upon charging. This boost in intensity can be explained by the development of a vertical dipole moment normal to the substrate facilitating out-coupling of the local excitation to the far field. As this effect is not related to the specific nature of hydrogen-phthalocyanine, it opens up a general way to increase light emission from molecular junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhuti Rai
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Lukas Gerhard
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Qing Sun
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christof Holzer
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Taavi Repän
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Marjan Krstić
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Liang Yang
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carsten Rockstuhl
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Wulf Wulfhekel
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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22
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Hippler M, Weißenbruch K, Richler K, Lemma ED, Nakahata M, Richter B, Barner-Kowollik C, Takashima Y, Harada A, Blasco E, Wegener M, Tanaka M, Bastmeyer M. Mechanical stimulation of single cells by reversible host-guest interactions in 3D microscaffolds. Sci Adv 2020; 6:6/39/eabc2648. [PMID: 32967835 PMCID: PMC7531888 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc2648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Many essential cellular processes are regulated by mechanical properties of their microenvironment. Here, we introduce stimuli-responsive composite scaffolds fabricated by three-dimensional (3D) laser lithography to simultaneously stretch large numbers of single cells in tailored 3D microenvironments. The key material is a stimuli-responsive photoresist containing cross-links formed by noncovalent, directional interactions between β-cyclodextrin (host) and adamantane (guest). This allows reversible actuation under physiological conditions by application of soluble competitive guests. Cells adhering in these scaffolds build up initial traction forces of ~80 nN. After application of an equibiaxial stretch of up to 25%, cells remodel their actin cytoskeleton, double their traction forces, and equilibrate at a new dynamic set point within 30 min. When the stretch is released, traction forces gradually decrease until the initial set point is retrieved. Pharmacological inhibition or knockout of nonmuscle myosin 2A prevents these adjustments, suggesting that cellular tensional homeostasis strongly depends on functional myosin motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Hippler
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kai Weißenbruch
- Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kai Richler
- Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Enrico D Lemma
- Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Masaki Nakahata
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Benjamin Richter
- Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Yoshinori Takashima
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Akira Harada
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Eva Blasco
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Motomu Tanaka
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Physics, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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23
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Houck HA, Müller P, Wegener M, Barner-Kowollik C, Du Prez FE, Blasco E. Shining Light on Poly(ethylene glycol): From Polymer Modification to 3D Laser Printing of Water Erasable Microstructures. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2003060. [PMID: 32644269 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of stimuli-responsive bonds into 3D network assemblies is a key concept to design adaptive materials that can reshape and degrade. Here, a straightforward but unique photoresist is introduced for the tailored fabrication of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) materials that can be readily erased by water, even without the need for acidic or basic additives. Specifically, a new class of photoresist is developed that operates through the backbone crosslinking of PEG when irradiated in the presence of a bivalent triazolinedione. Hence, macroscopic gels are obtained upon visible light-emitting diode irradiation (λ > 515 nm) that are stable in organic media but rapidly degrade upon the addition of water. Photoinduced curing is also applicable to multiphoton laser lithography (λ > 700 nm), hence providing access to 3D printed microstructures that vanish when immersed in water at 37 °C. Materials with varying crosslinking densities are accessed by adapting the applied laser writing power, thereby allowing for tunable hydrolytic erasing timescales. A new platform technology is thus presented that enables the crosslinking and 3D laser printing of PEG-based materials, which can be cleaved and erased in water, and additionally holds potential for the facile modification and backbone degradation of polyether-containing materials in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes A Houck
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Gent, 9000, Belgium
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Patrick Müller
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Filip E Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Gent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Eva Blasco
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
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24
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Mayer F, Ryklin D, Wacker I, Curticean R, Čalkovský M, Niemeyer A, Dong Z, Levkin PA, Gerthsen D, Schröder RR, Wegener M. 3D Two-Photon Microprinting of Nanoporous Architectures. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2002044. [PMID: 32608038 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A photoresist system for 3D two-photon microprinting is presented, which enables the printing of inherently nanoporous structures with mean pore sizes around 50 nm by means of self-organization on the nanoscale. A phase separation between polymerizable and chemically inert photoresist components leads to the formation of 3D co-continuous structures. Subsequent washing-out of the unpolymerized phase reveals the porous polymer structures. To characterize the volume properties of the printed structures, scanning electron microscopy images are recorded from ultramicrotome sections. In addition, the light-scattering properties of the 3D-printed material are analyzed. By adjusting the printing parameters, the porosity can be controlled during 3D printing. As an application example, a functioning miniaturized Ulbricht light-collection sphere is 3D printed and tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Mayer
- 3DMM2O-Cluster of Excellence (EXC-2082/1-390761711), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76128, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76128, Germany
| | - Daniel Ryklin
- 3DMM2O-Cluster of Excellence (EXC-2082/1-390761711), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Irene Wacker
- 3DMM2O-Cluster of Excellence (EXC-2082/1-390761711), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Ronald Curticean
- 3DMM2O-Cluster of Excellence (EXC-2082/1-390761711), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Martin Čalkovský
- 3DMM2O-Cluster of Excellence (EXC-2082/1-390761711), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
- Laboratorium für Elektronenmikroskopie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76128, Germany
| | - Andreas Niemeyer
- 3DMM2O-Cluster of Excellence (EXC-2082/1-390761711), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76128, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76128, Germany
| | - Zheqin Dong
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Pavel A Levkin
- 3DMM2O-Cluster of Excellence (EXC-2082/1-390761711), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Dagmar Gerthsen
- 3DMM2O-Cluster of Excellence (EXC-2082/1-390761711), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
- Laboratorium für Elektronenmikroskopie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76128, Germany
| | - Rasmus R Schröder
- 3DMM2O-Cluster of Excellence (EXC-2082/1-390761711), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- 3DMM2O-Cluster of Excellence (EXC-2082/1-390761711), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76128, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76128, Germany
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25
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Chen Y, Kadic M, Guenneau S, Wegener M. Isotropic Chiral Acoustic Phonons in 3D Quasicrystalline Metamaterials. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 124:235502. [PMID: 32603154 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.235502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The elastic properties of three-dimensional (3D) crystalline mechanical metamaterials, unlike those of amorphous structures, are generally strongly anisotropic-even in the long-wavelength limit and for highly symmetric crystals. Aiming at isotropic linear elastic wave propagation, we therefore study 3D periodic approximants of 3D icosahedral quasicrystalline mechanical metamaterials consisting of uniaxial chiral metarods. Considering the increasing order of the approximants, we approach nearly isotropic effective speeds of sound and isotropic acoustical activity. The latter is directly connected to circularly polarized 3D metamaterial chiral acoustic phonons-for all propagation directions in three dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Muamer Kadic
- Institut FEMTO-ST, UMR 6174, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Sébastien Guenneau
- UMI 2004 Abraham de Moivre-CNRS, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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26
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Gräfe D, Walden SL, Blinco J, Wegener M, Blasco E, Barner‐Kowollik C. It's in the Fine Print: Erasable Three-Dimensional Laser-Printed Micro- and Nanostructures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6330-6340. [PMID: 31749287 PMCID: PMC7317938 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
3D printing, on all scales, is currently a vibrant topic in scientific and industrial research as it has enormous potential to radically change manufacturing. Owing to the inherent nature of the manufacturing process, 3D printed structures may require additional material to structurally support complex features. Such support material must be removed after printing-sometimes termed subtractive manufacturing-without adversely affecting the remaining structure. An elegant solution is the use of photoresists containing labile bonds that allow for controlled cleavage with specific triggers. Herein, we explore state-of-the-art cleavable photoresists for 3D direct laser writing, as well as their potential to combine additive and subtractive manufacturing in a hybrid technology. We discuss photoresist design, feature resolution, cleavage properties, and current limitations of selected examples. Furthermore, we share our perspective on possible labile bonds, and their corresponding cleavage trigger, which we believe will have a critical impact on future applications and expand the toolbox of available cleavable photoresists.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gräfe
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and PhysicsQueensland University of Technology (QUT)2 George StreetQLD4000BrisbaneAustralia
| | - Sarah L. Walden
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and PhysicsQueensland University of Technology (QUT)2 George StreetQLD4000BrisbaneAustralia
| | - James Blinco
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and PhysicsQueensland University of Technology (QUT)2 George StreetQLD4000BrisbaneAustralia
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstrasse 1876131KarlsruheGermany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Eva Blasco
- Macromolecular ArchitecturesInstitute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstrasse 1876131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Christopher Barner‐Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and PhysicsQueensland University of Technology (QUT)2 George StreetQLD4000BrisbaneAustralia
- Macromolecular ArchitecturesInstitute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstrasse 1876131KarlsruheGermany
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27
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Gräfe D, Walden SL, Blinco J, Wegener M, Blasco E, Barner‐Kowollik C. Es ist im Kleingedruckten: Löschbare dreidimensionale lasergedruckte Mikro‐ und Nanostrukturen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Gräfe
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street QLD 4000 Brisbane Australien
| | - Sarah L. Walden
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street QLD 4000 Brisbane Australien
| | - James Blinco
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street QLD 4000 Brisbane Australien
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institut für Angewandte Physik (APH) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Nanotechnologie (INT) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Eva Blasco
- Makromolekulare Architekturen Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie (ITCP) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Christopher Barner‐Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street QLD 4000 Brisbane Australien
- Makromolekulare Architekturen Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie (ITCP) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Karlsruhe Deutschland
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28
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Blasco E, Müller J, Müller P, Trouillet V, Schön M, Scherer T, Barner-Kowollik C, Wegener M. Fabrication of Conductive 3D Gold-Containing Microstructures via Direct Laser Writing. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2001062. [PMID: 32255559 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
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29
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Feis J, Beutel D, Köpfler J, Garcia-Santiago X, Rockstuhl C, Wegener M, Fernandez-Corbaton I. Helicity-Preserving Optical Cavity Modes for Enhanced Sensing of Chiral Molecules. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 124:033201. [PMID: 32031847 DOI: 10.1063/5.0025006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Researchers routinely sense molecules by their infrared vibrational "fingerprint" absorption resonances. In addition, the dominant handedness of chiral molecules can be detected by circular dichroism (CD), the normalized difference between their optical response to incident left- and right- handed circularly polarized light. Here, we introduce a cavity composed of two parallel arrays of helicity-preserving silicon disks that allows one to enhance the CD signal by more than 2 orders of magnitude for a given molecule concentration and given thickness of the cell containing the molecules. The underlying principle is first-order diffraction into helicity-preserving modes with large transverse momentum and long lifetimes. In sharp contrast, in a conventional Fabry-Perot cavity, each reflection flips the handedness of light, leading to large intensity enhancements inside the cavity, yet to smaller CD signals than without the cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Feis
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dominik Beutel
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Julian Köpfler
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Xavier Garcia-Santiago
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- JCMWave GmbH, 14050 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Rockstuhl
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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30
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Feis J, Beutel D, Köpfler J, Garcia-Santiago X, Rockstuhl C, Wegener M, Fernandez-Corbaton I. Helicity-Preserving Optical Cavity Modes for Enhanced Sensing of Chiral Molecules. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 124:033201. [PMID: 32031847 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.033201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Researchers routinely sense molecules by their infrared vibrational "fingerprint" absorption resonances. In addition, the dominant handedness of chiral molecules can be detected by circular dichroism (CD), the normalized difference between their optical response to incident left- and right- handed circularly polarized light. Here, we introduce a cavity composed of two parallel arrays of helicity-preserving silicon disks that allows one to enhance the CD signal by more than 2 orders of magnitude for a given molecule concentration and given thickness of the cell containing the molecules. The underlying principle is first-order diffraction into helicity-preserving modes with large transverse momentum and long lifetimes. In sharp contrast, in a conventional Fabry-Perot cavity, each reflection flips the handedness of light, leading to large intensity enhancements inside the cavity, yet to smaller CD signals than without the cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Feis
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dominik Beutel
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Julian Köpfler
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Xavier Garcia-Santiago
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- JCMWave GmbH, 14050 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Rockstuhl
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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31
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Kargl F, Drescher J, Dreißigacker C, Balter M, Becker M, Wegener M, Sondermann E. XRISE-M: X-radiography facility for solidification and diffusion studies of alloys aboard sounding rockets. Rev Sci Instrum 2020; 91:013906. [PMID: 32012603 DOI: 10.1063/1.5124548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A compact fully protected microfocus X-radiography facility (XRISE-M) is presented for the study of microstructure evolution during the solidification of thin liquid alloy samples and chemical diffusion in liquid binary alloys in situ and in real-time aboard a sounding rocket. XRISE-M presently enables the simultaneous processing of either two near-isothermal solidification furnaces or a combination of a linear-shear cell diffusion furnace and a near-isothermal solidification furnace. For optimal detector calibration shortly before flight, the furnaces can be rotated around the central beam axis and calibration images can be recorded. The facility allows preheating the samples into the liquid state prior to lift-off without leakage during the ascent phase at accelerations of up to 27 g. Macrosegregation on remelting of thin metal samples for microstructure evolution investigations is prevented by an inclinable furnace metric. The use of ion-getter pumps for vacuum generation enables us to exploit the entire available time of reduced gravity for image recording and data acquisition. With the device and currently available sample environments, microstructure formation upon solidification and chemical diffusion under purely diffusive conditions in alloys can be investigated. The facility can be used equally for other investigations such as granular matter dynamics or metal foaming, provided that suitable experiment inserts are developed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kargl
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, 51170 Köln, Germany
| | - J Drescher
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, 51170 Köln, Germany
| | - C Dreißigacker
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, 51170 Köln, Germany
| | - M Balter
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, 51170 Köln, Germany
| | - M Becker
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, 51170 Köln, Germany
| | - M Wegener
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, 51170 Köln, Germany
| | - E Sondermann
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, 51170 Köln, Germany
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32
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Reinbold J, Frenzel T, Münchinger A, Wegener M. The Rise of (Chiral) 3D Mechanical Metamaterials. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:ma12213527. [PMID: 31661805 PMCID: PMC6862497 DOI: 10.3390/ma12213527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
On the occasion of this special issue, we start by briefly outlining some of the history and future perspectives of the field of 3D metamaterials in general and 3D mechanical metamaterials in particular. Next, in the spirit of a specific example, we present our original numerical as well as experimental results on the phenomenon of acoustical activity, the mechanical counterpart of optical activity. We consider a three-dimensional chiral cubic mechanical metamaterial architecture that is different from the one that we have investigated in recent early experiments. We find even larger linear-polarization rotation angles per metamaterial crystal lattice constant than previously and a slower decrease of the effects towards the bulk limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Reinbold
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Tobias Frenzel
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Alexander Münchinger
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Batchelor R, Messer T, Hippler M, Wegener M, Barner-Kowollik C, Blasco E. Two in One: Light as a Tool for 3D Printing and Erasing at the Microscale. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1904085. [PMID: 31420930 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ability to selectively remove sections from 3D-printed structures with high resolution remains a current challenge in 3D laser lithography. A novel photoresist is introduced to enable the additive fabrication of 3D microstructures at one wavelength and subsequent spatially controlled cleavage of the printed resist at another wavelength. The photoresist is composed of a difunctional acrylate cross-linker containing a photolabile o-nitrobenzyl ether moiety. 3D microstructures are written by photoinduced radical polymerization of acrylates using Ivocerin as photoinitiator upon exposure to 900 nm laser light. Subsequent scanning using a laser at 700 nm wavelength allows for the selective removal of the resist by photocleaving the o-nitrobenzyl group. Both steps rely on two-photon absorption. The fabricated and erased features are imaged using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser scanning microscopy (LSM). In addition, a single wire bond is successfully eliminated from an array, proving the possibility of complete or partial removal of structures on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon Batchelor
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tobias Messer
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marc Hippler
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St., 4000, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eva Blasco
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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34
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Gernhardt M, Blasco E, Hippler M, Blinco J, Bastmeyer M, Wegener M, Frisch H, Barner-Kowollik C. Tailoring the Mechanical Properties of 3D Microstructures Using Visible Light Post-Manufacturing. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1901269. [PMID: 31155785 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The photochemistry of anthracene, a new class of photoresist for direct laser writing, is used to enable visible-light-gated control over the mechanical properties of 3D microstructures post-manufacturing. The mechanical and viscoelastic properties (hardness, complex elastic modulus, and loss factor) of the microstructures are measured over the course of irradiation via dynamic mechanical analysis on the nanoscale. Irradiation of the microstructures leads to a strong hardening and stiffening effect due to the generation of additional crosslinks through the photodimerization of the anthracene functionalities. A relationship between the loss of fluorescence-a consequence of the photodimerization-and changes in the mechanical properties is established. The fluorescence thus serves as a proxy read-out for the mechanical properties. These photoresponsive microstructures can potentially be used as "mechanical blank slates": their mechanical properties can be readily adjusted using visible light to serve the demands of different applications and read out using their fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Gernhardt
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Eva Blasco
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marc Hippler
- Zoological Institute, Cell and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - James Blinco
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Zoological Institute, Cell and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute for Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Frisch
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Fernandez-Corbaton I, Rockstuhl C, Ziemke P, Gumbsch P, Albiez A, Schwaiger R, Frenzel T, Kadic M, Wegener M. New Twists of 3D Chiral Metamaterials. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1807742. [PMID: 30790363 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201807742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rationally designed artificial materials, called metamaterials, allow for tailoring effective material properties beyond ("meta") the properties of their bulk ingredient materials. This statement is especially true for chiral metamaterials, as unlocking certain degrees of freedom necessarily requires broken centrosymmetry. While the field of chiral electromagnetic/optical metamaterials has become rather mature, the field of elastic/mechanical metamaterials is just emerging and wide open. This research news reviews recent theoretical and experimental progress concerning 3D chiral mechanical and optical metamaterials, with special emphasis on work performed at KIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Fernandez-Corbaton
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - C Rockstuhl
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P Ziemke
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P Gumbsch
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Fraunhofer IWM, Wöhlerstr. 11, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - A Albiez
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - R Schwaiger
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - T Frenzel
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Kadic
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut FEMTO-ST, UMR 6174, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - M Wegener
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Hippler M, Lemma ED, Bertels S, Blasco E, Barner-Kowollik C, Wegener M, Bastmeyer M. 3D Scaffolds to Study Basic Cell Biology. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1808110. [PMID: 30793374 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201808110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Mimicking the properties of the extracellular matrix is crucial for developing in vitro models of the physiological microenvironment of living cells. Among other techniques, 3D direct laser writing (DLW) has emerged as a promising technology for realizing tailored 3D scaffolds for cell biology studies. Here, results based on DLW addressing basic biological issues, e.g., cell-force measurements and selective 3D cell spreading on functionalized structures are reviewed. Continuous future progress in DLW materials engineering and innovative approaches for scaffold fabrication will enable further applications of DLW in applied biomedical research and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Hippler
- Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Enrico Domenico Lemma
- Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sarah Bertels
- Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Eva Blasco
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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38
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Bialas S, Michalek L, Marschner DE, Krappitz T, Wegener M, Blinco J, Blasco E, Frisch H, Barner-Kowollik C. Access to Disparate Soft Matter Materials by Curing with Two Colors of Light. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1807288. [PMID: 30614578 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201807288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A platform technology for multimaterial photoresists that can be orthogonally cured by disparate colors of light is introduced. The resist's photochemistry is designed such that one wavelength selectively activates the crosslinking of one set of macromolecules, while a different wavelength initiates network formation of a different set of chains. Each wavelength is thus highly selective towards a specific photoligation reaction within the resist. Critically, the shorter wavelength does not induce ligation of the longer wavelength selective species within the same resist mixture, defined as "wavelength orthogonality." Uniquely, this dual-color addressable resist system allows generating spatially resolved soft matter materials by simply selecting the curing wavelength, thus constituting a wavelength-orthogonal multimaterial resist with applications ranging from coatings to 3D additive manufacturing of multimaterial architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Bialas
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Lukas Michalek
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - David E Marschner
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tim Krappitz
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - James Blinco
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Eva Blasco
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hendrik Frisch
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Mayer F, Richter S, Westhauser J, Blasco E, Barner-Kowollik C, Wegener M. Multimaterial 3D laser microprinting using an integrated microfluidic system. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaau9160. [PMID: 30783624 PMCID: PMC6368435 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau9160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) laser micro- and nanoprinting has become a versatile, reliable, and commercially available technology for the preparation of complex 3D architectures for diverse applications. However, the vast majority of structures published so far have been composed of only a single constituent material. Here, we present a system based on a microfluidic chamber integrated into a state-of-the-art laser lithography apparatus. This system is scalable in terms of the number of materials and eliminates the need to go back and forth between the lithography instrument and the chemistry room numerous times, with tedious realignment steps in between. As an application, we present 3D deterministic microstructured security features requiring seven different liquids: a nonfluorescent photoresist as backbone, two photoresists containing different fluorescent quantum dots, two photoresists with different fluorescent dyes, and two developers. Our integrated microfluidic 3D printing system opens the door to truly multimaterial 3D additive manufacturing on the micro- and nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Mayer
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Corresponding author.
| | - Stefan Richter
- Carl Zeiss AG, Carl Zeiss Promenade 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Johann Westhauser
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eva Blasco
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute of Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute of Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Hippler M, Blasco E, Qu J, Tanaka M, Barner-Kowollik C, Wegener M, Bastmeyer M. Controlling the shape of 3D microstructures by temperature and light. Nat Commun 2019; 10:232. [PMID: 30651553 PMCID: PMC6335428 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08175-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive microstructures are critical to create adaptable systems in soft robotics and biosciences. For such applications, the materials must be compatible with aqueous environments and enable the manufacturing of three-dimensional structures. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) is a well-established polymer, exhibiting a substantial response to changes in temperature close to its lower critical solution temperature. To create complex actuation patterns, materials that react differently with respect to a stimulus are required. Here, we introduce functional three-dimensional hetero-microstructures based on pNIPAM. By variation of the local exposure dose in three-dimensional laser lithography, we demonstrate that the material parameters can be altered on demand in a single resist formulation. We explore this concept for sophisticated three-dimensional architectures with large-amplitude and complex responses. The experimental results are consistent with numerical calculations, able to predict the actuation response. Furthermore, a spatially controlled response is achieved by inducing a local temperature increase by two-photon absorption of focused light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Hippler
- Zoologisches Institut, Zell- und Neurobiologie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eva Blasco
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jingyuan Qu
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Nanotechnologie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Motomu Tanaka
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Materials Science (WPI iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Institut für Nanotechnologie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Zoologisches Institut, Zell- und Neurobiologie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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41
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Mannherz S, Niemeyer A, Mayer F, Kern C, Wegener M. On the limits of laminates in diffusive optics. Opt Express 2018; 26:34274-34287. [PMID: 30650854 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.034274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Laminate metamaterials lead to anisotropic material properties, which can be tailored by the contrast between the two ingredient materials within the laminate. Such tailored anisotropies are, for example, required to realize advanced invisibility cloaks, wormhole architectures, or analogues of negative refraction. The physics and mathematics of laminates is very well established in the context of the diffusion equation and mathematical equivalents thereof, such as the heat conduction equation, the electrical conduction equation, electrostatics, magnetostatics, and laminar fluid dynamics. However, the validity of the diffusion equation is often stressed for disordered optical media, because sufficiently large transmission of light is requested. As a result, the condition that all relevant transport mean free path lengths need to be small compared to all relevant geometrical dimensions, may not be fulfilled. Monte Carlo simulations can grasp the physics of this transition regime between diffusive and ballistic optics. Here, we present corresponding numerical simulations for laminates. On this basis, we discuss the resulting fundamental limitations and trade-offs for laminates.
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Hahn V, Kalt S, Sridharan GM, Wegener M, Bhattacharya S. Polarizing beam splitter integrated onto an optical fiber facet. Opt Express 2018; 26:33148-33157. [PMID: 30645471 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.033148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
When light either leaves or enters an optical fiber, one often needs free-space optical components to manipulate the state of polarization or the light's phase profile. It is therefore desirable to integrate such components onto a fiber end facet. In this paper, we realize, for the first time, a polarizing beam splitter fabricated directly onto the end facet of a single-mode optical fiber. The element is composed of a refractive prism, intentionally slightly displaced from the core of the fiber, and an elevated and suspended sub-wavelength diffraction grating, the lamellae of which have an aspect ratio of about 5. This integrated micro-optical component is characterized experimentally at 1550 nm wavelength. We find that the two emerging output beams exhibit a degree of polarization of 81 percent and 82 percent for Transverse Magnetic (TM) and Transverse Electric (TE) polarization, respectively.
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Edelmann K, Gerhard L, Winkler M, Wilmes L, Rai V, Schumann M, Kern C, Meyer M, Wegener M, Wulfhekel W. Light collection from a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope using integrated mirror tips fabricated by direct laser writing. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:123107. [PMID: 30599551 DOI: 10.1063/1.5053882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report on a cryogenic scanning tunneling microscope (STM) designed for single molecule studies, in which the light emitted from the tunneling junction is collected by an integrated optics on the tip. Using direct laser writing, the tip and the surrounding microscopic parabolic mirror are fabricated as one piece, which is small enough to collimate the collected light directly into an optical multimode fiber fixed inside the STM. This simple and compact setup combines high collection efficiency and ease of handling while not interfering with the cryostat operation, allowing uninterrupted measurements at 1.4 K for up to 5 days with low drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Edelmann
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Lukas Gerhard
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Moritz Winkler
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Lars Wilmes
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Vibhuti Rai
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Schumann
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christian Kern
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Michael Meyer
- Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Wulf Wulfhekel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Yang Z, Wang Z, Wang Y, Feng X, Zhao M, Wan Z, Zhu L, Liu J, Huang Y, Xia J, Wegener M. Generalized Hartmann-Shack array of dielectric metalens sub-arrays for polarimetric beam profiling. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4607. [PMID: 30389933 PMCID: PMC6214988 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
To define and characterize optical systems, obtaining the amplitude, phase, and polarization profile of optical beams is of utmost importance. Traditional polarimetry is well established to characterize the polarization state. Recently, metasurfaces have successfully been introduced as compact optical components. Here, we take the metasurface concept to the system level by realizing arrays of metalenses, allowing the determination of the polarization profile of an optical beam. We use silicon-based metalenses with a numerical aperture of 0.32 and a mean measured focusing efficiency in transmission mode of 28% at a wavelength of 1550 nm. Our system is extremely compact and allows for real-time beam diagnostics by inspecting the foci amplitudes. By further analyzing the foci displacements in the spirit of a Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor, we can simultaneously detect phase-gradient profiles. As application examples, we diagnose the profiles of a radially polarized beam, an azimuthally polarized beam, and of a vortex beam. Obtaining information on the amplitude, phase and polarization profile of optical beams is of huge interest. Here, the authors create a generalized Hartmann-Shack array with metalenses which measures phase and phase-gradient profiles of optical beams but also measures spatial polarization profiles at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Yang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Zhaokun Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xing Feng
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhujun Wan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liangqiu Zhu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jinsong Xia
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Dong Z, Schumann MF, Hokkanen MJ, Chang B, Welle A, Zhou Q, Ras RHA, Xu Z, Wegener M, Levkin PA. Superoleophobic Slippery Lubricant-Infused Surfaces: Combining Two Extremes in the Same Surface. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1803890. [PMID: 30160319 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The ability to create superoleophobic surfaces repellent toward low-surface-tension liquids is important for various applications, and has been recently demonstrated using re-entrant or doubly re-entrant microtopography. Liquid droplets on such surfaces feature composite liquid-solid-air interfaces, whereas composite liquid-lubricant-air interfaces would have potential for additional repellency. Here, the development of a novel slippery superoleophobic surface with low adhesion is demonstrated via combining doubly re-entrant microtopography with slippery lubricant-infused porous surfaces. This is realized by using 3D direct laser writing to fabricate doubly re-entrant micropillars with dedicated nanostructures on top of each pillar. The top nanostructures stabilize the impregnated slippery lubricant, while the re-entrant geometry of the micropillars prevents lubricant from spreading. The slippery layer reduces the adhesion of liquid to the pillars, as proved using scanning droplet adhesion microscopy (SDAM), while the doubly re-entrant micropillars make the surface superoleophobic. This novel interface combining two extremes, superoleophobicity and slippery lubricant-infused surface, is of importance for designing superoleophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces with advanced liquid repellent, anti-icing, or anti-fouling properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheqin Dong
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Martin F Schumann
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Matti J Hokkanen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University School of Electrical Engineering, 02150, Espoo, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Bo Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University School of Electrical Engineering, 02150, Espoo, Finland
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, 710021, Xi'An, P. R. China
| | - Alexander Welle
- Institute of Functional Interfaces and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University School of Electrical Engineering, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Robin H A Ras
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, 02150, Espoo, Finland
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Zhenliang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Pavel A Levkin
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Gräfe D, Wickberg A, Zieger MM, Wegener M, Blasco E, Barner-Kowollik C. Adding chemically selective subtraction to multi-material 3D additive manufacturing. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2788. [PMID: 30018325 PMCID: PMC6050325 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing photoresists for 3D laser lithography that can be removed after development in a subtractive manner typically suffer from harsh cleavage conditions. Here, we report chemoselectively cleavable photoresists for 3D laser lithography based on silane crosslinkers, allowing the targeted degradation of 3D printed microstructures under mild conditions. Three bifunctional silane crosslinkers carrying various substitutions on the silicon atom are synthesized. The photoresists are prepared by mixing these silane crosslinkers with pentaerythritol triacrylate and a two-photon photoinitiator. The presence of pentaerythritol triacrylate significantly enhances the direct laser written structures with regard to resolution, while the microstructures remain cleavable. For the targeted cleavage of the fabricated 3D microstructures, simply a methanol solution including inorganic salts is required, highlighting the mild cleavage conditions. Critically, the photoresists can be cleaved selectively, which enables the sequential degradation of direct laser written structures and allows for subtractive manufacturing at the micro- and nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gräfe
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.,School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Andreas Wickberg
- Institute of Applied Physics, KIT, Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Markus Michael Zieger
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics, KIT, Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany. .,Institute of Nanotechnology, KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Eva Blasco
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany. .,School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
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Kern C, Kadic M, Wegener M. Kern, Kadic, and Wegener Reply. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:149702. [PMID: 29694118 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.149702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kern
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Muamer Kadic
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut Franche-Comté Electronique, Mécanique, Thermique et Optique-Sciences et Technologies, UMR 6174, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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48
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Batchelor RR, Blasco E, Wuest KNR, Lu H, Wegener M, Barner-Kowollik C, Stenzel MH. Spatially resolved coding of λ-orthogonal hydrogels by laser lithography. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:2436-2439. [PMID: 29457168 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc09619d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A λ-orthogonal reaction system is introduced, where visible light induced radical thiol-ene and UV light induced NITEC (Nitrile-Imine mediated Tetrazole-Ene Conjugation) ligations are consecutively employed to fabricate and functionalize PEG-based hydrogels. The fluorescent pyrazoline cycloadducts from the NITEC reaction are exploited to visualize the written structures within the hydrogels as well as to attach RGD containing functional groups to promote spatially resolved cell attachment on the hydrogel surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon R Batchelor
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia.
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Schumann MF, Fritz B, Eckstein R, Lemmer U, Gomard G, Wegener M. Cloaking of metal grid electrodes on Lambertian emitters by free-form refractive surfaces. Opt Lett 2018; 43:527-530. [PMID: 29400832 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.000527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We discuss invisibility cloaking of metal grid electrodes on Lambertian light emitters by using dielectric free-form surfaces. We show that cloaking can be ideal in geometrical optics for all viewing directions if reflections at the dielectric-air interface are negligible. We also present corresponding white-light proof-of-principle experiments that demonstrate close-to-ideal cloaking for a wide range of viewing angles. Remaining imperfections are analyzed by ray-tracing calculations. The concept can potentially be used to enhance the luminance homogeneity of large-area organic light-emitting diodes.
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50
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Frenzel T, Kadic M, Wegener M. Three-dimensional mechanical metamaterials with a twist. Science 2017; 358:1072-1074. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aao4640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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