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López-Galán OA, Boll T, Nogan J, Chassaing D, Welle A, Heilmaier M, Ramos M. One-step sputtering of MoSSe metastable phase as thin film and predicted thermodynamic stability by computational methods. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7104. [PMID: 38531954 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57243-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We present the fabrication of a MoS2-xSex thin film from a co-sputtering process using MoS2 and MoSe2 commercial targets with 99.9% purity. The sputtering of the MoS2 and MoSe2 was carried out using a straight and low-cost magnetron radio frequency sputtering recipe to achieve a MoS2-xSex phase with x = 1 and sharp interface formation as confirmed by Raman spectroscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy, and cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy. The sulfur and selenium atoms prefer to distribute randomly at the octahedral geometry of molybdenum inside the MoS2-xSex thin film, indicated by a blue shift in the A1g and E1g vibrational modes at 355 cm-1 and 255 cm-1, respectively. This work is complemented by computing the thermodynamic stability of a MoS2-xSex phase whereby density functional theory up to a maximum selenium concentration of 33.33 at.% in both a Janus-like and random distribution. Although the Janus-like and the random structures are in the same metastable state, the Janus-like structure is hindered by an energy barrier below selenium concentrations of 8 at.%. This research highlights the potential of transition metal dichalcogenides in mixed phases and the need for further exploration employing low-energy, large-scale methods to improve the materials' fabrication and target latent applications of such structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A López-Galán
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
- Institute for Applied Materials and Materials Science (IAM-WK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engelbert-Arnold-Str. 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Departamento de Física y Matemáticas, Instituto de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Avenida del Charro #450 N, Ciudad Juárez, 32310, CHIH, México.
| | - Torben Boll
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - John Nogan
- Sandia National Laboratories, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), 1101 Eubank Bldg. SE, Albuquerque, NM, 87110, USA
| | - Delphine Chassaing
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Heilmaier
- Institute for Applied Materials and Materials Science (IAM-WK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engelbert-Arnold-Str. 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manuel Ramos
- Departamento de Física y Matemáticas, Instituto de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Avenida del Charro #450 N, Ciudad Juárez, 32310, CHIH, México.
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Welle A, Mehta M, Marek K, Peters H, van der Wel P, Imole O. Impact of high shear blending on distribution of magnesium stearate on lactose for dry powder inhaled formulations. Int J Pharm 2023; 647:123503. [PMID: 37827391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of magnesium stearate along with lactose in Dry Powder Inhaler (DPI) formulations is increasing. The impact of different conditions of high shear blending on the distribution of magnesium stearate on lactose particles was investigated in this study. The formulated blends were manufactured using high shear blending of pre-blended coarse and fine lactose particles with 1.0% (w/w) magnesium stearate under different blending conditions, specifically blending speed and time. The effects of blending conditions on the distribution of magnesium stearate on lactose particles were clearly identifiable by characterizing the formulated blends by means of rheological evaluations, scanning electron microscopy, and chemical surface analysis using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Rheological properties were significantly affected in blends with magnesium stearate compared to blends without magnesium stearate. Blending speed exhibited a strong influence on the distribution of magnesium stearate on lactose surface, while blending time had relatively minor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Welle
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Institute for Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Mohit Mehta
- Harro Höfliger Verpackungsmaschinen GmbH, Helmholtzstraße 4, 71573 Allmersbach i.T., Germany
| | - Karin Marek
- Harro Höfliger Verpackungsmaschinen GmbH, Helmholtzstraße 4, 71573 Allmersbach i.T., Germany
| | - Harry Peters
- DFE Pharma GmbH, Kleverstrasse 187, 47568 Goch, Germany
| | - Peter van der Wel
- Hosokawa Micron B.V., Gildenstraat 26, 7005 BL, Doetinchem, the Netherlands
| | - Olukayode Imole
- Hosokawa Micron B.V., Gildenstraat 26, 7005 BL, Doetinchem, the Netherlands
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Hassan ZM, Guo W, Welle A, Oestreich R, Janiak C, Redel E. Formation of Gold Nanoclusters from Goldcarbonyl Chloride inside the Metal-Organic Framework HKUST-1. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062716. [PMID: 36985688 PMCID: PMC10051452 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Gas-phase infiltration of the carbonylchloridogold(I), Au(CO)Cl precursor into the pores of HKUST-1 ([Cu3(BTC)2(H2O)2], Cu-BTC) SURMOFs (surface-mounted metal-organic frameworks; BTC = benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate) leads to Au(CO)Cl decomposition within the MOF through hydrolysis with the aqua ligands on Cu. Small Aux clusters with an average atom number of x ≈ 5 are formed in the medium-sized pores of the HKUST-1 matrix. These gold nanoclusters are homogeneously distributed and crystallographically ordered, which was supported by simulations of the powder X-ray diffractometric characterization. Aux@HKUST-1 was further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared reflection absorption (IRRA) as well as Raman spectroscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Mohamed Hassan
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Wei Guo
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Robert Oestreich
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Janiak
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Correspondence: (C.J.); (E.R.)
| | - Engelbert Redel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Correspondence: (C.J.); (E.R.)
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Welle A, Rabel K, Schwotzer M, Kohal RJ, Steinberg T, Altmann B. Identification of Zirconia Particle Uptake in Human Osteoblasts by ToF-SIMS Analysis and Particle-Size Effects on Cell Metabolism. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:4272. [PMID: 36500895 PMCID: PMC9736599 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As the use of zirconia-based nano-ceramics is rising in dentistry, the examination of possible biological effects caused by released nanoparticles on oral target tissues, such as bone, is gaining importance. The aim of this investigation was to identify a possible internalization of differently sized zirconia nanoparticles (ZrNP) into human osteoblasts applying Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), and to examine whether ZrNP exposure affected the metabolic activity of the cells. Since ToF-SIMS has a low probing depth (about 5 nm), visualizing the ZrNP required the controlled erosion of the sample by oxygen bombardment. This procedure removed organic matter, uncovering the internalized ZrNP and leaving the hard particles practically unaffected. It was demonstrated that osteoblasts internalized ZrNP within 24 h in a size-dependent manner. Regarding the cellular metabolic activity, metabolization of alamarBlue by osteoblasts revealed a size- and time-dependent unfavorable effect of ZrNP, with the smallest ZrNP exerting the most pronounced effect. These findings point to different uptake efficiencies of the differently sized ZrNP by human osteoblasts. Furthermore, it was proven that ToF-SIMS is a powerful technique for the detection of zirconia-based nano/microparticles that can be applied for the cell-based validation of clinically relevant materials at the nano/micro scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Welle
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Rabel
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwotzer
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ralf Joachim Kohal
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Thorsten Steinberg
- Department of Oral Biotechnology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Brigitte Altmann
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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Melder FTI, Lindemann P, Welle A, Trouillet V, Heißler S, Nazaré M, Selbach M. Compound Interaction Screen on a Photoactivatable Cellulose Membrane (CISCM) Identifies Drug Targets. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200346. [PMID: 35867055 PMCID: PMC9826412 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the protein targets of drugs is an important but tedious process. Existing proteomic approaches enable unbiased target identification but lack the throughput needed to screen larger compound libraries. Here, we present a compound interaction screen on a photoactivatable cellulose membrane (CISCM) that enables target identification of several drugs in parallel. To this end, we use diazirine-based undirected photoaffinity labeling (PAL) to immobilize compounds on cellulose membranes. Functionalized membranes are then incubated with protein extract and specific targets are identified via quantitative affinity purification and mass spectrometry. CISCM reliably identifies known targets of natural products in less than three hours of analysis time per compound. In summary, we show that combining undirected photoimmobilization of compounds on cellulose with quantitative interaction proteomics provides an efficient means to identify the targets of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Teresa I. Melder
- Proteome Dynamics LabMax Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz AssociationRobert-Roessle-Str. 1013125BerlinGermany
| | - Peter Lindemann
- Medicinal ChemistryLeibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP)13125BerlinGermany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Institute of Functional Interfaces and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Vanessa Trouillet
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM-ESS) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Stefan Heißler
- Institute of Functional Interfaces and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Marc Nazaré
- Medicinal ChemistryLeibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP)13125BerlinGermany
| | - Matthias Selbach
- Proteome Dynamics LabMax Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz AssociationRobert-Roessle-Str. 1013125BerlinGermany
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Hou S, Li W, Watzele S, Kluge RM, Xue S, Yin S, Jiang X, Döblinger M, Welle A, Garlyyev B, Koch M, Müller-Buschbaum P, Wöll C, Bandarenka AS, Fischer RA. Metamorphosis of Heterostructured Surface-Mounted Metal-Organic Frameworks Yielding Record Oxygen Evolution Mass Activities. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2103218. [PMID: 34337809 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Materials derived from surface-mounted metal-organic frameworks (SURMOFs) are promising electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). A series of mixed-metal, heterostructured SURMOFs is fabricated by the facile layer-by-layer deposition method. The obtained materials reveal record-high electrocatalyst mass activities of ≈2.90 kA g-1 at an overpotential of 300 mV in 0.1 m KOH, superior to the benchmarking precious and nonprecious metal electrocatalysts. This property is assigned to the particular in situ self-reconstruction and self-activation of the SURMOFs during the immersion and the electrochemical treatment in alkaline aqueous electrolytes, which allows for the generation of NiFe (oxy)hydroxide electrocatalyst materials of specific morphology and microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujin Hou
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Catalysis Research Center TUM, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Weijin Li
- Catalysis Research Center TUM, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Sebastian Watzele
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Regina M Kluge
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Song Xue
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Shanshan Yin
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Xinyu Jiang
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Markus Döblinger
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13 (E), 81377, München, Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG), Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Batyr Garlyyev
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Max Koch
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Christof Wöll
- Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG), Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Aliaksandr S Bandarenka
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Catalysis Research Center TUM, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Roland A Fischer
- Catalysis Research Center TUM, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
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Boussouga YA, Mohankumar MB, Gopalakrishnan A, Welle A, Schäfer AI. Removal of arsenic(III) via nanofiltration: contribution of organic matter interactions. Water Res 2021; 201:117315. [PMID: 34198199 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The removal of arsenic(III) (As(III)) with nanofiltration (NF) was investigated with emphasis on the role of salinity, pH and organic matter on retention mechanisms. While no measurable impact of salinity on As(III) retention with NF membranes (NF270 and NF90) was observed, a significant increase in As(III) retention occurred from pH 9 to pH 12. This was explained by As(III) deprotonation at pH > 9 that enhanced Donnan (charge) exclusion. Of the five different organic matter types investigated at 10 mgC/L, only humic acid (HA) increased As(III) retention by up to 10%. Increasing HA concentration to 100 mgC/L enhanced As(III) retention by 40%, which was attributed to As(III)-HA complexation. Complexation was confirmed by field-flow fractionation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (FFF-ICP-MS) measurements, which showed that the bound As(III) increased with HA concentration. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) showed that NF90, which exhibited lower permeability reduction than NF270, has accumulated a lower amount of As(III) in the presence of HA, where As(III)-HA complex was formed in the feed solution. This finding implies that As(III) retention with NF technology can be enhanced by complexation, instead of using other methods such as oxidation or pH adjustement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef-Amine Boussouga
- Institute for Advanced Membrane Technology (IAMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Malini Bangalore Mohankumar
- Institute for Advanced Membrane Technology (IAMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Akhil Gopalakrishnan
- Institute for Advanced Membrane Technology (IAMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), KIT, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), KIT, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Andrea I Schäfer
- Institute for Advanced Membrane Technology (IAMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Gil Alvaradejo G, Glassner M, Kumar R, Trouillet V, Welle A, Wang Y, de la Rosa VR, Sekula-Neuner S, Hirtz M, Hoogenboom R, Delaittre G. Thioacetate-Based Initiators for the Synthesis of Thiol-End-Functionalized Poly(2-oxazoline)s. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 41:e2000320. [PMID: 33463837 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
New functional initiators for the cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-alkyl-2-oxazolines are described to introduce a thiol moiety at the α terminus. Both tosylate and nosylate initiators carrying a thioacetate group are obtained in multigram scale, from commercial reagents in two steps, including a phototriggered thiol-ene radical addition. The nosylate derivative gives access to a satisfying control over the cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline, with dispersity values lower than 1.1 during the entire course of the polymerization, until full conversion. Cleavage of the thioacetate end group is rapidly achieved using triazabicyclodecene, thereby leading to a mercapto terminus. The latter gives access to a new subgeneration of α-functional poly(2-oxazoline)s (butyl ester, N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester, furan) by Michael addition with commercial (meth)acrylates. The amenability of the mercapto-poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) for covalent surface patterning onto acrylated surfaces is demonstrated in a microchannel cantilever spotting (µCS) experiment, characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Gil Alvaradejo
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems (IBCS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Mathias Glassner
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Vanessa Trouillet
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Yangxin Wang
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems (IBCS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Victor R de la Rosa
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Sylwia Sekula-Neuner
- n.able GmbH, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Delaittre
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems (IBCS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany.,Organic Functional Molecules, Organic Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstrasse 20, Wuppertal, 42119, Germany
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Benz M, Asperger A, Hamester M, Welle A, Heissler S, Levkin PA. A combined high-throughput and high-content platform for unified on-chip synthesis, characterization and biological screening. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5391. [PMID: 33106489 PMCID: PMC7589500 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Acceleration and unification of drug discovery is important to reduce the effort and cost of new drug development. Diverse chemical and biological conditions, specialized infrastructure and incompatibility between existing analytical methods with high-throughput, nanoliter scale chemistry make the whole drug discovery process lengthy and expensive. Here, we demonstrate a chemBIOS platform combining on-chip chemical synthesis, characterization and biological screening. We developed a dendrimer-based surface patterning that enables the generation of high-density nanodroplet arrays for both organic and aqueous liquids. Each droplet (among > 50,000 droplets per plate) functions as an individual, spatially separated nanovessel, that can be used for solution-based synthesis or analytical assays. An additional indium-tin oxide coating enables ultra-fast on-chip detection down to the attomole per droplet by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. The excellent optical properties of the chemBIOS platform allow for on-chip characterization and in-situ reaction monitoring in the ultraviolet, visible (on-chip UV-Vis spectroscopy and optical microscopy) and infrared (on-chip IR spectroscopy) regions. The platform is compatible with various cell-biological screenings, which opens new avenues in the fields of high-throughput synthesis and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Benz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Arndt Asperger
- Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Fahrenheitstraße 4, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Meike Hamester
- Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Fahrenheitstraße 4, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Heissler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Pavel A Levkin
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany. .,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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10
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Scheiger JM, Direksilp C, Falkenstein P, Welle A, Koenig M, Heissler S, Matysik J, Levkin PA, Theato P. Inverse Vulcanization of Styrylethyltrimethoxysilane-Coated Surfaces, Particles, and Crosslinked Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18639-18645. [PMID: 32627908 PMCID: PMC7589442 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur as a side product of natural gas and oil refining is an underused resource. Converting landfilled sulfur waste into materials merges the ecological imperative of resource efficiency with economic considerations. A strategy to convert sulfur into polymeric materials is the inverse vulcanization reaction of sulfur with alkenes. However, the materials formed are of limited applicability, because they need to be cured at high temperatures (>130 °C) for many hours. Herein, we report the reaction of elemental sulfur with styrylethyltrimethoxysilane. Marrying the inverse vulcanization and silane chemistry yielded high sulfur content polysilanes, which could be cured via room temperature polycondensation to obtain coated surfaces, particles, and crosslinked materials. The polycondensation was triggered by hydrolysis of poly(sulfur-r-styrylethyltrimethoxysilane) (poly(Sn -r-StyTMS) under mild conditions (HCl, pH 4). For the first time, an inverse vulcanization polymer could be conveniently coated and mildly cured via post-polycondensation. Silica microparticles coated with the high sulfur content polymer could improve their Hg2+ ion remediation capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes M Scheiger
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 20, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Materials Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Chatrawee Direksilp
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College (PPC), Chulalongkorn University, Soi Chulalongkorn 12, Phayathai road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Patricia Falkenstein
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Campus North), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Campus North), Germany
| | - Meike Koenig
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Campus North), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Heissler
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Campus North), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pavel A Levkin
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Materials Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Patrick Theato
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 20, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory, Institute for Biological Interfaces III, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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11
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Scheiger JM, Direksilp C, Falkenstein P, Welle A, Koenig M, Heissler S, Matysik J, Levkin PA, Theato P. Inverse Vulcanization of Styrylethyltrimethoxysilane–Coated Surfaces, Particles, and Crosslinked Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes M. Scheiger
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 20 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems—Functional Materials Systems (IBCS-FMS) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Chatrawee Direksilp
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College (PPC) Chulalongkorn University Soi Chulalongkorn 12, Phayathai road, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Patricia Falkenstein
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Leipzig University Linnéstrasse 3 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Campus North) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Campus North) Germany
| | - Meike Koenig
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Campus North) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Stefan Heissler
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Campus North) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Leipzig University Linnéstrasse 3 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Pavel A. Levkin
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems—Functional Materials Systems (IBCS-FMS) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Patrick Theato
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 20 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory Institute for Biological Interfaces III Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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12
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Koenig M, Trouillet V, Welle A, Hinrichs K, Lahann J. Molecular Changes in Vapor‐Based Polymer Thin Films Assessed by Characterization of Swelling Properties of Amine‐Functionalized Poly‐
p
‐xylylene. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meike Koenig
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Functional Interfaces Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Vanessa Trouillet
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute for Applied Materials Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Functional Interfaces Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Karsten Hinrichs
- Leibniz‐Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften ‐ ISAS ‐ e.V. Schwarzschildstr. 8 Berlin 12489 Germany
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Functional Interfaces Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
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13
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Railian S, Haven JJ, Maes L, De Sloovere D, Trouillet V, Welle A, Adriaensens P, Van Bael MK, Hardy A, Deferme W, Junkers T. Photo-induced copper-mediated (meth)acrylate polymerization towards graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide modification. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Li W, Xue S, Watzele S, Hou S, Fichtner J, Semrau AL, Zhou L, Welle A, Bandarenka AS, Fischer RA. Advanced Bifunctional Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Electrocatalyst Derived from Surface-Mounted Metal-Organic Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5837-5843. [PMID: 31912955 PMCID: PMC7154533 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their derivatives are considered as promising catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which are important for many energy provision technologies, such as electrolyzers, fuel cells and some types of advanced batteries. In this work, a "strain modulation" approach has been applied through the use of surface-mounted NiFe-MOFs in order to design an advanced bifunctional ORR/OER electrocatalyst. The material exhibits an excellent OER activity in alkaline media, reaching an industrially relevant current density of 200 mA cm-2 at an overpotential of only ≈210 mV. It demonstrates operational long-term stability even at a high current density of 500 mA cm-2 and exhibits the so far narrowest "overpotential window" ΔEORR-OER of 0.69 V in 0.1 m KOH with a mass loading being two orders of magnitude lower than that of benchmark electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijin Li
- Department of ChemistryTechnical University of MunichLichtenbergstraße 485748Garching b. MünchenGermany
- Catalysis Research CenterTechnical University of MunichErnst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 185748Garching b. MünchenGermany
| | - Song Xue
- Catalysis Research CenterTechnical University of MunichErnst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 185748Garching b. MünchenGermany
- Department of PhysicsTechnical University of MunichJames-Franck-Straße 185748Garching b. MünchenGermany
| | - Sebastian Watzele
- Catalysis Research CenterTechnical University of MunichErnst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 185748Garching b. MünchenGermany
- Department of PhysicsTechnical University of MunichJames-Franck-Straße 185748Garching b. MünchenGermany
| | - Shujin Hou
- Catalysis Research CenterTechnical University of MunichErnst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 185748Garching b. MünchenGermany
- Department of PhysicsTechnical University of MunichJames-Franck-Straße 185748Garching b. MünchenGermany
| | - Johannes Fichtner
- Catalysis Research CenterTechnical University of MunichErnst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 185748Garching b. MünchenGermany
- Department of PhysicsTechnical University of MunichJames-Franck-Straße 185748Garching b. MünchenGermany
| | - A. Lisa Semrau
- Department of ChemistryTechnical University of MunichLichtenbergstraße 485748Garching b. MünchenGermany
- Catalysis Research CenterTechnical University of MunichErnst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 185748Garching b. MünchenGermany
| | - Liujiang Zhou
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier SciencesUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu610054P. R. China
| | - Alexander Welle
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, and Karlsruhe Nano Micro FacilityKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Aliaksandr S. Bandarenka
- Catalysis Research CenterTechnical University of MunichErnst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 185748Garching b. MünchenGermany
- Department of PhysicsTechnical University of MunichJames-Franck-Straße 185748Garching b. MünchenGermany
| | - Roland A. Fischer
- Department of ChemistryTechnical University of MunichLichtenbergstraße 485748Garching b. MünchenGermany
- Catalysis Research CenterTechnical University of MunichErnst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 185748Garching b. MünchenGermany
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15
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De Bruycker K, Welle A, Hirth S, Blanksby SJ, Barner-Kowollik C. Mass spectrometry as a tool to advance polymer science. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:257-268. [PMID: 37127980 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to natural polymers, which have existed for billions of years, the first well-understood synthetic polymers date back to just over one century ago. Nevertheless, this relatively short period has seen vast progress in synthetic polymer chemistry, which can now afford diverse macromolecules with varying structural complexities. To keep pace with this synthetic progress, there have been commensurate developments in analytical chemistry, where mass spectrometry has emerged as the pre-eminent technique for polymer analysis. This Perspective describes present challenges associated with the mass-spectrometric analysis of synthetic polymers, in particular the desorption, ionization and structural interrogation of high-molar-mass macromolecules, as well as strategies to lower spectral complexity. We critically evaluate recent advances in technology in the context of these challenges and suggest how to push the field beyond its current limitations. In this context, the increasingly important role of high-resolution mass spectrometry is emphasized because of its unrivalled ability to describe unique species within polymer ensembles, rather than to report the average properties of the ensemble.
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16
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Li W, Xue S, Watzele S, Hou S, Fichtner J, Semrau AL, Zhou L, Welle A, Bandarenka AS, Fischer RA. Advanced Bifunctional Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Electrocatalyst Derived from Surface‐Mounted Metal–Organic Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weijin Li
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching b. München Germany
- Catalysis Research Center Technical University of Munich Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1 85748 Garching b. München Germany
| | - Song Xue
- Catalysis Research Center Technical University of Munich Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1 85748 Garching b. München Germany
- Department of Physics Technical University of Munich James-Franck-Straße 1 85748 Garching b. München Germany
| | - Sebastian Watzele
- Catalysis Research Center Technical University of Munich Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1 85748 Garching b. München Germany
- Department of Physics Technical University of Munich James-Franck-Straße 1 85748 Garching b. München Germany
| | - Shujin Hou
- Catalysis Research Center Technical University of Munich Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1 85748 Garching b. München Germany
- Department of Physics Technical University of Munich James-Franck-Straße 1 85748 Garching b. München Germany
| | - Johannes Fichtner
- Catalysis Research Center Technical University of Munich Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1 85748 Garching b. München Germany
- Department of Physics Technical University of Munich James-Franck-Straße 1 85748 Garching b. München Germany
| | - A. Lisa Semrau
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching b. München Germany
- Catalysis Research Center Technical University of Munich Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1 85748 Garching b. München Germany
| | - Liujiang Zhou
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 610054 P. R. China
| | - Alexander Welle
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Aliaksandr S. Bandarenka
- Catalysis Research Center Technical University of Munich Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1 85748 Garching b. München Germany
- Department of Physics Technical University of Munich James-Franck-Straße 1 85748 Garching b. München Germany
| | - Roland A. Fischer
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching b. München Germany
- Catalysis Research Center Technical University of Munich Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1 85748 Garching b. München Germany
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17
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Wang Z, Henke S, Paulus M, Welle A, Fan Z, Rodewald K, Rieger B, Fischer RA. Defect Creation in Surface-Mounted Metal-Organic Framework Thin Films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:2655-2661. [PMID: 31840974 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b18672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Defect engineering is a strategy for tailoring the properties of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Plenty of efforts have been devoted to study the defect chemistry and structures of bulk MOFs; however, the reported example of a defect-engineered surface-mounted MOF (SURMOF) thin film is rare. In this work, defects were incorporated in SURMOF thin films by using defect-generating linkers and taking advantage of the liquid-phase stepwise epitaxial layer-by-layer growth (LBL). Two methods based on the LBL, named mixing method and alternating method, are proposed for incorporating defects in the prototypical SURMOF HKUST-1 by partially substituting the parent H3btc (benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid) linker with a set of defect-generating linkers H2ip (isophthalic acid), H2OH-ip (5-hydroxyisophthalic acid), and H2pydc (3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid). The crystallinity and phase purity of the obtained "defected" SURMOFs were confirmed by X-ray diffraction, infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The incorporation of the defect-generating linkers and the types of induced defects were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, methanol adsorption, scanning electron microscopy, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (after digestion of the samples). These two methods provide avenues for controlling the defect formation in MOF thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Henke
- Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie , Technische Universität Dortmund , Otto-Hahn Str. 6 , 44227 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Michael Paulus
- Fakultät Physik/DELTA , Technische Universität Dortmund , Maria-Goeppert-Mayer-Str. 2 , 44221 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie , Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
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18
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Fu Z, Ladnorg T, Gliemann H, Welle A, Bashir A, Rohwerder M, Zhang Q, Schüpbach B, Terfort A, Wöll C. Mobility of charge carriers in self-assembled monolayers. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2019; 10:2449-2458. [PMID: 31921523 PMCID: PMC6941449 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.10.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a new approach to study charge transport within 2D layers of organic semi-conductors (OSCs) using atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based lithography applied to self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), fabricated from appropriate organothiols. The extent of lateral charge transport was investigated by insulating pre-defined patches within OSC-based SAMs with regions of insulating SAM made from large band gap alkanethiolates. The new method is demonstrated using a phenyl-linked anthracenethiolate (PAT), 4-(anthracene-2-ylethynyl)benzyl thiolate. I-V characteristics of differently shaped PAT-islands were measured using the AFM tip as a top electrode. We were able to determine a relationship between island size and electrical conductivity, and from this dependence, we could obtain information on the lateral charge transport and charge carrier mobility within the thin OSC layers. Our study demonstrates that AFM nanografting of appropriately functionalized OSC molecules provides a suitable method to determine intrinsic mobilities of charge carriers in OSC thin films. In particular, this method is rather insensitive with regard to influence of grain boundaries and other defects, which hamper the application of conventional methods for the determination of mobilities in macroscopic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Fu
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Campus Nord, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Tatjana Ladnorg
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Campus Nord, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Gliemann
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Campus Nord, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Campus Nord, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Asif Bashir
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Thyssenkrupp Bilstein GmbH, Herner Str. 299, 44809 Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Rohwerder
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Campus Nord, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Björn Schüpbach
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe-University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Terfort
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe-University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christof Wöll
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Campus Nord, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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19
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Kunz SV, Cole CM, Welle A, Shaw PE, Sonar P, Thoebes NP, Baumann T, Yambem SD, Blasco E, Blinco JP, Barner-Kowollik C. Photo-Cross-Linkable Polymer Inks for Solution-Based OLED Fabrication. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna V. Kunz
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
| | - Cameron M. Cole
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
| | - Alexander Welle
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Paul E. Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Prashant Sonar
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
| | | | - Thomas Baumann
- Cynora GmbH, Werner-von-Siemens-Straße 2-6, 76646 Bruchsal, Germany
| | - Soniya D. Yambem
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
| | - Eva Blasco
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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20
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Goldmann AS, Boase NRB, Michalek L, Blinco JP, Welle A, Barner-Kowollik C. Adaptable and Reprogrammable Surfaces. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1902665. [PMID: 31414512 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Establishing control over chemical reactions on interfaces is a key challenge in contemporary surface and materials science, in particular when introducing well-defined functionalities in a reversible fashion. Reprogrammable, adaptable and functional interfaces require sophisticated chemistries to precisely equip them with specific functionalities having tailored properties. In the last decade, reversible chemistries-both covalent and noncovalent-have paved the way to precision functionalize 2 or 3D structures that provide both spatial and temporal control. A critical literature assessment reveals that methodologies for writing and erasing substrates exist, yet are still far from reaching their full potential. It is thus critical to assess the current status and to identify avenues to overcome the existing limitations. Herein, the current state-of-the-art in the field of reversible chemistry on surfaces is surveyed, while concomitantly identifying the challenges-not only synthetic but also in current surface characterization methods. The potential within reversible chemistry on surfaces to function as true writeable memories devices is identified, and the latest developments in readout technologies are discussed. Finally, we explore how spatial and temporal control over reversible, light-induced chemistries has the potential to drive the future of functional interface design, especially when combined with powerful laser lithographic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja S Goldmann
- School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Nathan R B Boase
- School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Lukas Michalek
- School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - James P Blinco
- School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Alexander Welle
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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21
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Rosenfeld A, Brehm M, Welle A, Trouillet V, Heissler S, Benz M, Levkin PA. Solid-phase combinatorial synthesis using microarrays of microcompartments with light-induced on-chip cell screening. Mater Today Bio 2019; 3:100022. [PMID: 32159150 PMCID: PMC7061619 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2019.100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of drug discovery includes individual synthesis and characterization of drug candidates, followed by a biological screening, which is separated from synthesis in space and time. This approach suffers from low throughput and associated high costs, which in turn lead to inefficiency in the field of drug discovery. Here, we present a miniaturized platform combining combinatorial solid-phase synthesis with high-throughput cell screenings. The method is based on the formation of nanoporous poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) layers patterned with hydrophilic spots separated from each other by superhydrophobic liquid-impermeable barriers. The porous polymer inside the hydrophilic spots is used as a support to conduct solid-phase synthesis. The hydrophilic spots can be then filled with droplets containing either reagents for synthesis or live cells. Upon irradiation with UV light, products of solid-phase synthesis are released from the porous polymer because of the photo-cleavable linkers used and diffuse into separate droplets. The light-induced release of the products allows the control of the release spatially, temporally, and quantitatively. To demonstrate the versatility and usability of the platform for various cell lines, we have successfully implemented peptide synthesis to create an exemplary chemical library and demonstrated high cell viability after the UV-triggered small-molecule release.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rosenfeld
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - M Brehm
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - A Welle
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - V Trouillet
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Applied Materials, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - S Heissler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - M Benz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - P A Levkin
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Organic Chemistry, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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22
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Ramakers G, Wackers G, Trouillet V, Welle A, Wagner P, Junkers T. Laser-Grafted Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for the Detection of Histamine from Organocatalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gijs Ramakers
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Universiteit Hasselt, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Gideon Wackers
- Department Soft Matter and Biophysics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Patrick Wagner
- Department Soft Matter and Biophysics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Universiteit Hasselt, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
- Polymer Reaction Design Group, School of Chemistry, Rainforest Walk 19, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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23
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Woehlk H, Trimble MJ, Mansour SC, Pletzer D, Trouillet V, Welle A, Barner L, Hancock REW, Barner-Kowollik C, Fairfull-Smith KE. Controlling biofilm formation with nitroxide functional surfaces. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00690g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nitroxide functional polymer coatings with inherent antibiofilm activity are introduced as an avenue to combat bacterial biofilm contamination of medical devices.
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24
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Woehlk H, Lauer A, Trouillet V, Welle A, Barner L, Blinco JP, Fairfull-Smith KE, Barner-Kowollik C. Dynamic Nitroxide Functional Materials. Chemistry 2018; 24:18873-18879. [PMID: 30329188 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A substrate-independent and versatile coating platform for (spatially resolved) surface functionalization, based on nitroxide radical coupling (NRC) reactions and the formation of thermo-labile alkoxyamine functional groups, was introduced. Nitroxide-decorated poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) microspheres, obtained through bioinspired copolymer surface deposition using dopamine and a nitroxide functional dopamine derivative as monomers, were conjugated with small functional groups in a rewritable process. Reversible coding of the nitroxide functional microspheres by NRC and decoding through thermal alkoxyamine fission were monitored and characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In addition, this nitroxide coating system was exploited in "grafting-to" polymer surface ligations of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate) (PTFEMA) in spatially confined areas. Polymer strands terminated with an Irgacure 2959 (2-hydroxy-4'-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone) photoinitiator were obtained through chain-transfer polymerization, and subsequently coupled to nitroxide-immobilized poly(dopamine) (PDA)-coated silicon substrates by using rapid photoclick NRC reactions. Light-driven polymer surface coding was visualized by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and XPS imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Woehlk
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD, 4000, Brisbane, Australia.,Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andrea Lauer
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD, 4000, Brisbane, Australia.,Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Vanessa Trouillet
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Leonie Barner
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD, 4000, Brisbane, Australia.,Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD, 4000, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James P Blinco
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD, 4000, Brisbane, Australia.,Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kathryn E Fairfull-Smith
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD, 4000, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD, 4000, Brisbane, Australia.,Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
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25
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Haldar R, Sen B, Hurrle S, Kitao T, Sankhla R, Kühl B, Welle A, Heissler S, Brenner-Weiß G, Thissen P, Uemura T, Gliemann H, Barner-Kowollik C, Wöll C. Oxidative polymerization of terthiophene and a substituted thiophene monomer in metal-organic framework thin films. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Behboodi-Sadabad F, Trouillet V, Welle A, Messersmith PB, Levkin PA. Surface Functionalization and Patterning by Multifunctional Resorcinarenes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:39268-39278. [PMID: 30335364 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b14771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant phenolic compounds and catecholamines have been widely used to obtain substrate-independent precursor nanocoatings and adhesives. Nevertheless, there are downsides in using such phenolic compounds for surface modification such as formation of nonuniform coatings, need for multistep modification, and restricted possibilities for postfunctionalization. In this study, inspired by a strong binding ability of natural polyphenols found in plants, we used three different macrocyclic polyphenols, known as resorcin[4]arenes, to modify the surface of different substrates by simple dip-coating into the dilute solution of these compounds. Eight hydroxyl groups on the large rim of these resorcin[4]arenes provide multiple anchoring points to the surface, whereas the lower rim decorated with different appending groups introduces the desired chemical and physical functionalities to the substrate's surface. Deposition of a uniform and transparent resorcinarene layer on the surface was confirmed by several surface characterization techniques. Incubation of the modified substrates in different environments indicated that the stability of the resorcinarene layer was dependent on the type of substrate and the pH value. The most stable resorcinarene layer was formed on amine-functionalized substrates. The surface was modified with alkenyl functional groups in one step using a resorcinarene compound possessing four alkenyl appending groups on its small rim. Thiol-ene photoclick chemistry was used to site-selectively postfunctionalize the surface with hydrophilic and hydrophobic micropatterns, which was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Thus, we demonstrate that resorcin[4]arenes extend the scope of applications of plant polyphenol and mussel-inspired precursors to tailor-made multifunctional nanocoatings, suitable for a variety of potential applications in biotechnology, biology, and material science.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Behboodi-Sadabad
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | | | | | - Phillip B Messersmith
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and Bioengineering , University of California Berkeley , 94720 Berkeley , United States
| | - Pavel A Levkin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
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27
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Kumar R, Welle A, Becker F, Kopyeva I, Lahann J. Correction to Substrate-Independent Micropatterning of Polymer Brushes Based on Photolytic Deactivation of Chemical Vapor Deposition Based Surface-Initiated Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerization Initiator Films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:38656-38658. [PMID: 30362709 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
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28
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Dong Z, Schumann MF, Hokkanen MJ, Chang B, Welle A, Zhou Q, Ras RHA, Xu Z, Wegener M, Levkin PA. Superoleophobic Slippery Lubricant-Infused Surfaces: Combining Two Extremes in the Same Surface. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1803890. [PMID: 30160319 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The ability to create superoleophobic surfaces repellent toward low-surface-tension liquids is important for various applications, and has been recently demonstrated using re-entrant or doubly re-entrant microtopography. Liquid droplets on such surfaces feature composite liquid-solid-air interfaces, whereas composite liquid-lubricant-air interfaces would have potential for additional repellency. Here, the development of a novel slippery superoleophobic surface with low adhesion is demonstrated via combining doubly re-entrant microtopography with slippery lubricant-infused porous surfaces. This is realized by using 3D direct laser writing to fabricate doubly re-entrant micropillars with dedicated nanostructures on top of each pillar. The top nanostructures stabilize the impregnated slippery lubricant, while the re-entrant geometry of the micropillars prevents lubricant from spreading. The slippery layer reduces the adhesion of liquid to the pillars, as proved using scanning droplet adhesion microscopy (SDAM), while the doubly re-entrant micropillars make the surface superoleophobic. This novel interface combining two extremes, superoleophobicity and slippery lubricant-infused surface, is of importance for designing superoleophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces with advanced liquid repellent, anti-icing, or anti-fouling properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheqin Dong
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Martin F Schumann
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Matti J Hokkanen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University School of Electrical Engineering, 02150, Espoo, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Bo Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University School of Electrical Engineering, 02150, Espoo, Finland
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, 710021, Xi'An, P. R. China
| | - Alexander Welle
- Institute of Functional Interfaces and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University School of Electrical Engineering, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Robin H A Ras
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, 02150, Espoo, Finland
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Zhenliang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Pavel A Levkin
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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29
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Kumar R, Welle A, Becker F, Kopyeva I, Lahann J. Substrate-Independent Micropatterning of Polymer Brushes Based on Photolytic Deactivation of Chemical Vapor Deposition Based Surface-Initiated Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerization Initiator Films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:31965-31976. [PMID: 30180547 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Precise microscale arrangement of biomolecules and cells is essential for tissue engineering, microarray development, diagnostic sensors, and fundamental research in the biosciences. Biofunctional polymer brushes have attracted broad interest in these applications. However, patterning approaches to creating microstructured biointerfaces based on polymer brushes often involve tedious, expensive, and complicated procedures that are specifically designed for model substrates. We report a substrate-independent, facile, and scalable technique with which to prepare micropatterned biofunctional brushes with the ability to generate binary chemical patterns. Employing chemical vapor deposition (CVD) polymerization, a functionalized polymer coating decorated with 2-bromoisobutyryl groups that act as atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiators was prepared and subsequently modified using UV light. The exposure of 2-bromoisobutyryl groups to UV light with wavelengths between 187 and 254 nm resulted in selective debromination, effectively eliminating the initiation of ATRP. In addition, when coatings incorporating both 2-bromoisobutyryl and primary amine groups were irradiated with UV light, the amines retained their functionality after UV treatment and could be conjugated to activated esters, facilitating binary chemical patterns. In contrast, polymer brushes were selectively grown from areas protected from UV treatment, as confirmed by atomic force microscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, and imaging ellipsometry. Furthermore, spatial control over biomolecular adhesion was achieved in three ways: (1) patterned nonfouling brushes resulted in nonspecific protein adsorption to areas not covered with polymer brushes; (2) patterned brushes decorated with active binding sides gave rise to specific protein immobilization on areas presenting polymer brushes; (3) and primary amines were co-patterned along with clickable polymer brushes bearing pendant alkyne groups, leading to bifunctional reactivity. Because this novel technique is independent of the original substrate's physicochemical properties, it can be extended to technologically relevant substrates such as polystyrene, polydimethylsiloxane, polyvinyl chloride, and steel. With further work, the photolytic deactivation of CVD-based initiator coatings promises to advance the utility of patterned biofunctional polymer brushes across a spectrum of biomedical applications.
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30
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Stöbener DD, Paulus F, Welle A, Wöll C, Haag R. Dynamic Protein Adsorption onto Dendritic Polyglycerol Sulfate Self-Assembled Monolayers. Langmuir 2018; 34:10302-10308. [PMID: 30103603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterial surfaces that are in contact with blood are often prone to unspecific protein adsorption and the activation of the blood clotting cascade. Hence, such materials usually must be functionalized with low-fouling or anticoagulant polymer coatings to increase their performance and durability with respect to various applications, for example as implants or in biomedical devices. Many coatings are based on anionic polymers, such as heparin, and are known to have pronounced anticoagulant effects. To assess the ability of a surface to prevent biofouling and to get further insight into its underlying mechanism, studies of the protein adsorption on self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are often used as a predictive tool. In this article, we synthesized thioctic acid-functionalized dendritic polyglycerol sulfate (dPGS), which is a well-known synthetic heparin mimetic, and immobilized it onto gold model surfaces. The anionic dPGS SAMs were characterized via contact angle measurements and ellipsometry and compared to their neutral dendritic polyglycerol (dPG) counterparts with respect to their single protein adsorption of the two most abundant blood proteins albumin (Alb) and fibrinogen (Fib). In addition, we used QCM-D and ToF-SIMS as complementary techniques to investigate the dynamic, mixed, and sequential adsorption of Alb and Fib. Our results clearly demonstrate an incomplete Vroman effect and indicate the rearrangement of the adsorbed protein layers, which is presumably drive by ionic interactions between the two proteins and the anionic dPGS surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel David Stöbener
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universitaet Berlin , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Florian Paulus
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universitaet Berlin , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
| | - Christof Wöll
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universitaet Berlin , 14195 Berlin , Germany
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31
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Laun J, Marchal W, Trouillet V, Welle A, Hardy A, Van Bael MK, Barner-Kowollik C, Junkers T. Reversible Surface Engineering via Nitrone-Mediated Radical Coupling. Langmuir 2018; 34:3244-3255. [PMID: 29457981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and simple polymer conjugation reactions are critical for introducing functionalities on surfaces. For polymer surface grafting, postpolymerization modifications are often required, which can impose a significant synthetic hurdle. Here, we report two strategies that allow for reversible surface engineering via nitrone-mediated radical coupling (NMRC). Macroradicals stemming from the activation of polymers generated by copper-mediated radical polymerization are grafted via radical trapping with a surface-immobilized nitrone or a solution-borne nitrone. Since the product of NMRC coupling features an alkoxyamine linker, the grafting reactions can be reversed or chain insertions can be performed via nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP). Poly( n-butyl acrylate) ( Mn = 1570 g·mol-1, D̵ = 1.12) with a bromine terminus was reversibly grafted to planar silicon substrates or silica nanoparticles as successfully evidenced via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, and grazing angle attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (GAATR-FTIR). NMP chain insertions of styrene are evidenced via GAATR-FTIR. On silica nanoparticles, an NMRC grafting density of close to 0.21 chains per nm2 was determined by dynamic light scattering and thermogravimetric analysis. Concomitantly, a simple way to decorate particles with nitroxide radicals with precise control over the radical concentration is introduced. Silica microparticles and zinc oxide, barium titanate, and silicon nanoparticles were successfully functionalized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , 2 George Street , QLD 4000 , Brisbane , Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstraße 18 , 76128 Karlsruhe , Germany
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32
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Laun J, De Smet Y, Van de Reydt E, Krivcov A, Trouillet V, Welle A, Möbius H, Barner-Kowollik C, Junkers T. 2D laser lithography on silicon substrates via photoinduced copper-mediated radical polymerization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:751-754. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc08444g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A 2D laser lithography protocol for controlled grafting of polymer brushes in a single-step is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Laun
- Polymer Reaction Design Group
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
- Universiteit Hasselt
- 3500 Hasselt
- Belgium
| | - Yana De Smet
- Polymer Reaction Design Group
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
- Universiteit Hasselt
- 3500 Hasselt
- Belgium
| | - Emma Van de Reydt
- Polymer Reaction Design Group
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
- Universiteit Hasselt
- 3500 Hasselt
- Belgium
| | - Alexander Krivcov
- University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern
- 66482 Zweibrücken
- Germany
| | - Vanessa Trouillet
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
| | - Alexander Welle
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
- Institute of Functional Interfaces
| | - Hildegard Möbius
- University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern
- 66482 Zweibrücken
- Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Polymer Reaction Design Group
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
- Universiteit Hasselt
- 3500 Hasselt
- Belgium
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Kulkarni P, Dost M, Bulut ÖD, Welle A, Böcker S, Boland W, Svatoš A. Secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging and multivariate data analysis reveal co-aggregation patterns of Populus trichocarpa leaf surface compounds on a micrometer scale. Plant J 2018; 93:193-206. [PMID: 29117637 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Spatially resolved analysis of a multitude of compound classes has become feasible with the rapid advancement in mass spectrometry imaging strategies. In this study, we present a protocol that combines high lateral resolution time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) imaging with a multivariate data analysis (MVA) approach to probe the complex leaf surface chemistry of Populus trichocarpa. Here, epicuticular waxes (EWs) found on the adaxial leaf surface of P. trichocarpa were blotted on silicon wafers and imaged using TOF-SIMS at 10 μm and 1 μm lateral resolution. Intense M+● and M-● molecular ions were clearly visible, which made it possible to resolve the individual compound classes present in EWs. Series of long-chain aliphatic saturated alcohols (C21 -C30 ), hydrocarbons (C25 -C33 ) and wax esters (WEs; C44 -C48 ) were clearly observed. These data correlated with the 7 Li-chelation matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis, which yielded mostly molecular adduct ions of the analyzed compounds. Subsequently, MVA was used to interrogate the TOF-SIMS dataset for identifying hidden patterns on the leaf's surface based on its chemical profile. After the application of principal component analysis (PCA), a small number of principal components (PCs) were found to be sufficient to explain maximum variance in the data. To further confirm the contributions from pure components, a five-factor multivariate curve resolution (MCR) model was applied. Two distinct patterns of small islets, here termed 'crystals', were apparent from the resulting score plots. Based on PCA and MCR results, the crystals were found to be formed by C23 or C29 alcohols. Other less obvious patterns observed in the PCs revealed that the adaxial leaf surface is coated with a relatively homogenous layer of alcohols, hydrocarbons and WEs. The ultra-high-resolution TOF-SIMS imaging combined with the MVA approach helped to highlight the diverse patterns underlying the leaf's surface. Currently, the methods available to analyze the surface chemistry of waxes in conjunction with the spatial information related to the distribution of compounds are limited. This study uses tools that may provide important biological insights into the composition of the wax layer, how this layer is repaired after mechanical damage or insect feeding, and which transport mechanisms are involved in deploying wax constituents to specific regions on the leaf surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purva Kulkarni
- Lehrstuhl für Bioinformatik, Friedrich Schiller University, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Mina Dost
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Özgül Demir Bulut
- Institute of Functional Interfaces and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Institute of Functional Interfaces and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Böcker
- Lehrstuhl für Bioinformatik, Friedrich Schiller University, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Aleš Svatoš
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
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Lederhose P, Abt D, Welle A, Müller R, Barner‐Kowollik C, Blinco JP. Exploiting λ‐Orthogonal Photoligation for Layered Surface Patterning. Chemistry 2017; 24:576-580. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lederhose
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QLD) 2 George St Brisbane Queensland 4001 Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr. 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Doris Abt
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr. 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute for Biological Interfaces Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr. 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute for Biological Interfaces Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Rouven Müller
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr. 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute for Biological Interfaces Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Christopher Barner‐Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QLD) 2 George St Brisbane Queensland 4001 Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr. 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute for Biological Interfaces Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QLD) 2 George St Brisbane Queensland 4001 Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr. 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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Ramakers G, Krivcov A, Trouillet V, Welle A, Möbius H, Junkers T. Organocatalyzed Photo-Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Methacrylic Acid in Continuous Flow and Surface Grafting. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 38. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gijs Ramakers
- Polymer Reaction Design Group, Institute for Materials Research (IMO); Universiteit Hasselt; Martelarenlaan 42 B-3500 Hasselt Belgium
| | - Alexander Krivcov
- University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern; Amerikastr. 1 D-66482 Zweibrücken Germany
| | - Vanessa Trouillet
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Institute of Functional Interfaces; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Hildegard Möbius
- University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern; Amerikastr. 1 D-66482 Zweibrücken Germany
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Polymer Reaction Design Group, Institute for Materials Research (IMO); Universiteit Hasselt; Martelarenlaan 42 B-3500 Hasselt Belgium
- IMEC division IMOMEC; Wetenschapspark 1 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
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Winkler AL, Koenig M, Welle A, Trouillet V, Kratzer D, Hussal C, Lahann J, Lee-Thedieck C. Bioinstructive Coatings for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Expansion Based on Chemical Vapor Deposition Copolymerization. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:3089-3098. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joerg Lahann
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Gegenhuber T, Abt D, Welle A, Özbek S, Goldmann AS, Barner-Kowollik C. Spatially resolved photochemical coding of reversibly anchored cysteine-rich domains. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:4993-5000. [PMID: 32264016 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00962c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel methodology to generate recodable surfaces using cysteine-rich domains (CRD) via a combination of photolithography and reversible covalently peptide-driven disulfide formation. Therefore, two 21mer CRD peptide derivatives were synthesized, one bearing an electron deficient fumarate group for immobilization via nitrile imine-ene mediated cycloaddition (NITEC) to a tetrazole-functional surface. Secondly, a bromine moiety is introduced to the CRD for analytic labelling purposes to detect surface encoding. The photolithography is conducted by selectively passivating the surface with a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-fumarate via NITEC using a photomask in a dotted pattern. Consecutively, the CRD-fumarate is immobilized via NITEC adjacent to the PEG-functional areas to the unaffected tetrazole covered surface layer. Subsequently, the CRD-bromide is covalently linked to the CRD-fumarate by forming disulfide bonds under mild reoxidative conditions in a buffer solution. The CRD-bromide is released from the surface upon reduction to recover the prior state of the surface without the bromine marker. The analysis of the CRD precursors is based on electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The surface analytics were carried out via time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), unambiguously verifying the successful immobilization as well as coding and decoding of the CRD-bromide on the surface based on dynamically reversible disulfide bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gegenhuber
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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38
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Yoo H, Welle A, Guo W, Choi J, Redel E. Electrodeposition of WO 3 nanoparticles into surface mounted metal-organic framework HKUST-1 thin films. Nanotechnology 2017; 28:115605. [PMID: 28211359 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa5cf5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe a novel procedure to fabricate WO3@surface-mounted metal-organic framework (SURMOF) hybrid materials by electrodeposition of WO3 nanoparticles into HKUST-1, also termed Cu3(BTC)2 SURMOFs. These materials have been characterized using x-ray diffraction, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy as well as linear sweep voltammetry. The WO3 semiconductor/SURMOF heterostructures were further tested as hybrid electrodes in their performance for hydrogen evolution reaction from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonseok Yoo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center for Molecular Catalysts and Applications (BK21 plus program), Inha University, Yonghyun Dong 253, 22212, Republic of Korea
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Du X, Li L, Behboodi-Sadabad F, Welle A, Li J, Heissler S, Zhang H, Plumeré N, Levkin PA. Bio-inspired strategy for controlled dopamine polymerization in basic solutions. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00051k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe a facile and convenient method to achieve both spatial and temporal control of dopamine polymerization under basic conditions by the cooperative action of sodium ascorbate and UV irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Du
- School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- China
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics
| | - Linxian Li
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- 76021 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Farid Behboodi-Sadabad
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- 76021 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Institute of Functional Interfaces
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- 76021 Karlsruhe
- Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility
| | - Junsheng Li
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- 76021 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Stefan Heissler
- Institute of Functional Interfaces
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- 76021 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Huijie Zhang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- 76021 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Nicolas Plumeré
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- 76021 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Pavel A. Levkin
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- 76021 Karlsruhe
- Germany
- Center for Electrochemical Sciences—Molecular Nanostructures
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40
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Claus TK, Telitel S, Welle A, Bastmeyer M, Vogt AP, Delaittre G, Barner-Kowollik C. Light-driven reversible surface functionalization with anthracenes: visible light writing and mild UV erasing. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:1599-1602. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc09897e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a methodology to reversibly pattern planar surfaces via the light-induced dimerization of anthracenes, particularly involving a 9-triazolylanthracene motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja K. Claus
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Siham Telitel
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Zoological Institute
- Cell and Neurobiology
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Andrew P. Vogt
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Guillaume Delaittre
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
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41
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Abstract
The para-fluoro-thiol ligation is performed for the first time in aqueous medium and shown to be controlled by pH. Solution kinetics in various conditions of pH, temperature, and concentration are reported, together with an application for the modification of a polymeric tissue culture dish with a peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Turgut
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
| | - Aaron C. Schmidt
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
| | - Parvesh Wadhwani
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG-2)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76128 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Rouven Müller
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76128 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Guillaume Delaittre
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
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Müller K, Wadhwa J, Singh Malhi J, Schöttner L, Welle A, Schwartz H, Hermann D, Ruschewitz U, Heinke L. Photoswitchable nanoporous films by loading azobenzene in metal–organic frameworks of type HKUST-1. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:8070-8073. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc00961e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photoswitchable metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), realized by loading with azobenzene molecules, enable the dynamic remote control of their key properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Müller
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Jasmine Wadhwa
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Jasleen Singh Malhi
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Ludger Schöttner
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility
| | - Heidi Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cologne
- 50939 Köln
- Germany
| | - Daniela Hermann
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cologne
- 50939 Köln
- Germany
| | - Uwe Ruschewitz
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cologne
- 50939 Köln
- Germany
| | - Lars Heinke
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
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Giraudo N, Bergdolt S, Wohlgemuth J, Welle A, Schuhmann R, Königer F, Thissen P. Calcium Silicate Phases Explained by High-Temperature-Resistant Phosphate Probe Molecules. Langmuir 2016; 32:13577-13584. [PMID: 27973852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, high-temperature-resistant phosphate molecules are applied to characterize ultrathin (100 nm) calcium silicate (C-S) phases. These C-S phases are synthesized on silicon wafers, and the interaction of phosphates with the C-S phases is studied by means of in situ transmission Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. At room temperature, the chemistry of the system is dominated by the formation of calcium phosphates (C-P). In the case of temperature rising to 1000 °C, the C-S phases are regenerated. FTIR results are analyzed on the basis of first-principles calculations and further supported by complementary time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) experiments. This study provides a detailed and self-consistent picture of the chemical and structural properties of interfaces such as the one between the atmosphere and ultrathin C-S phases (gas/C-S) and the one between them and silicon wafers (C-S/Si bulk). The material combination of ultrathin C-S phases grown on silicon wafers might in the future have great potential in selective chemistry, catalysis, and sensing technology as well as in semiconductor manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Giraudo
- Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG), ‡Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), and §Competence Center for Material Moisture, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Samuel Bergdolt
- Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG), ‡Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), and §Competence Center for Material Moisture, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jonas Wohlgemuth
- Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG), ‡Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), and §Competence Center for Material Moisture, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG), ‡Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), and §Competence Center for Material Moisture, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Rainer Schuhmann
- Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG), ‡Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), and §Competence Center for Material Moisture, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Franz Königer
- Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG), ‡Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), and §Competence Center for Material Moisture, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Peter Thissen
- Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG), ‡Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), and §Competence Center for Material Moisture, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Guo J, Fang W, Welle A, Feng W, Filpponen I, Rojas OJ, Levkin PA. Superhydrophobic and Slippery Lubricant-Infused Flexible Transparent Nanocellulose Films by Photoinduced Thiol-Ene Functionalization. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:34115-34122. [PMID: 27960438 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b11741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Films comprising nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) are suitable substrates for flexible devices in analytical, sensor, diagnostic, and display technologies. However, some major challenges in such developments include their high moisture sensitivity and the complexity of current methods available for functionalization and patterning. In this work, we present a facile process for tailoring the surface wettability and functionality of NFC films by a fast and versatile approach. First, the NFC films were coated with a layer of reactive nanoporous silicone nanofilament by polycondensation of trichlorovinylsilane (TCVS). The TCVS afforded reactive vinyl groups, thereby enabling simple UV-induced functionalization of NFC films with various thiol-containing molecules via the photo "click" thiol-ene reaction. Modification with perfluoroalkyl thiols resulted in robust superhydrophobic surfaces, which could then be further transformed into transparent slippery lubricant-infused NFC films that displayed repellency against both aqueous and organic liquids with surface tensions as low as 18 mN·m-1. Finally, transparent and flexible NFC films incorporated hydrophilic micropatterns by modification with OH, NH2, or COOH surface groups, enabling space-resolved superhydrophobic-hydrophilic domains. Flexibility, transparency, patternability, and perfect superhydrophobicity of the produced nanocellulose substrates warrants their application in biosensing, display protection, and biomedical and diagnostics devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander Welle
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wenqian Feng
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | | | | | - Pavel A Levkin
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Wenqian Feng
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG); KIT; Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF); Germany
| | - Pavel A. Levkin
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
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46
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Li L, Feng W, Welle A, Levkin PA. UV-Induced Disulfide Formation and Reduction for Dynamic Photopatterning. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:13765-13769. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Wenqian Feng
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG); KIT; Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF); Germany
| | - Pavel A. Levkin
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
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47
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Oldenburg M, Turshatov A, Busko D, Wollgarten S, Adams M, Baroni N, Welle A, Redel E, Wöll C, Richards BS, Howard IA. Photon Upconversion at Crystalline Organic-Organic Heterojunctions. Adv Mater 2016; 28:8477-8482. [PMID: 27500466 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201601718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Triplet transfer across a surface-anchored metal-organic-framework heterojunction is demonstrated by the observation of triplet-triplet annihilation photon -upconversion in a sensitizer-emitter heterostructure. Upconversion thresholds under 1 mW cm-2 are achieved. In the broader context, the double-electron-exchange mechanism of triplet transfer indicates that the heterojunction quality is sufficient for electrons to move between layers in this solution-processed crystalline heterostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Oldenburg
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Andrey Turshatov
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dmitry Busko
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Wollgarten
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Michael Adams
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Nicolò Baroni
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Engelbert Redel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christof Wöll
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Bryce S Richards
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Ian A Howard
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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48
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Neumann T, Liu J, Wächter T, Friederich P, Symalla F, Welle A, Mugnaini V, Meded V, Zharnikov M, Wöll C, Wenzel W. Superexchange Charge Transport in Loaded Metal Organic Frameworks. ACS Nano 2016; 10:7085-93. [PMID: 27359160 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In the past, nanoporous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been mostly studied for their huge potential with regard to gas storage and separation. More recently, the discovery that the electrical conductivity of a widely studied, highly insulating MOF, HKUST-1, improves dramatically when loaded with guest molecules has triggered a huge interest in the charge carrier transport properties of MOFs. The observed high conductivity, however, is difficult to reconcile with conventional transport mechanisms: neither simple hopping nor band transport models are consistent with the available experimental data. Here, we combine theoretical results and new experimental data to demonstrate that the observed conductivity can be explained by an extended hopping transport model including virtual hops through localized MOF states or molecular superexchange. Predictions of this model agree well with precise conductivity measurements, where experimental artifacts and the influence of defects are largely avoided by using well-defined samples and the Hg-drop junction approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tobias Wächter
- Applied Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University , 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael Zharnikov
- Applied Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University , 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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49
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Tokura Y, Jiang Y, Welle A, Stenzel MH, Krzemien KM, Michaelis J, Berger R, Barner-Kowollik C, Wu Y, Weil T. Frontispiz: Bottom-Up Fabrication of Nanopatterned Polymers on DNA Origami by In Situ Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201681961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tokura
- Organic Chemistry III; Macromolecular Chemistry and Biomaterials; Ulm University; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- Organic Chemistry III; Macromolecular Chemistry and Biomaterials; Ulm University; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD); School of Chemistry; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Alexander Welle
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute for Biological Interfaces; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD); School of Chemistry; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | | | - Jens Michaelis
- Institute of Biophysics; Ulm University; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Rüdiger Berger
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute for Biological Interfaces; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Yuzhou Wu
- Organic Chemistry III; Macromolecular Chemistry and Biomaterials; Ulm University; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Organic Chemistry III; Macromolecular Chemistry and Biomaterials; Ulm University; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
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50
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Tokura Y, Jiang Y, Welle A, Stenzel MH, Krzemien KM, Michaelis J, Berger R, Barner-Kowollik C, Wu Y, Weil T. Frontispiece: Bottom-Up Fabrication of Nanopatterned Polymers on DNA Origami by In Situ Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201681961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tokura
- Organic Chemistry III; Macromolecular Chemistry and Biomaterials; Ulm University; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- Organic Chemistry III; Macromolecular Chemistry and Biomaterials; Ulm University; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD); School of Chemistry; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Alexander Welle
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute for Biological Interfaces; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD); School of Chemistry; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | | | - Jens Michaelis
- Institute of Biophysics; Ulm University; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Rüdiger Berger
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute for Biological Interfaces; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Yuzhou Wu
- Organic Chemistry III; Macromolecular Chemistry and Biomaterials; Ulm University; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Organic Chemistry III; Macromolecular Chemistry and Biomaterials; Ulm University; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
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