1
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Duan T, You S, Chen M, Yu W, Li Y, Guo P, Berry JJ, Luther JM, Zhu K, Zhou Y. Chiral-structured heterointerfaces enable durable perovskite solar cells. Science 2024; 384:878-884. [PMID: 38781395 DOI: 10.1126/science.ado5172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Mechanical failure and chemical degradation of device heterointerfaces can strongly influence the long-term stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) under thermal cycling and damp heat conditions. We report chirality-mediated interfaces based on R-/S-methylbenzyl-ammonium between the perovskite absorber and electron-transport layer to create an elastic yet strong heterointerface with increased mechanical reliability. This interface harnesses enantiomer-controlled entropy to enhance tolerance to thermal cycling-induced fatigue and material degradation, and a heterochiral arrangement of organic cations leads to closer packing of benzene rings, which enhances chemical stability and charge transfer. The encapsulated PSCs showed retentions of 92% of power-conversion efficiency under a thermal cycling test (-40°C to 85°C; 200 cycles over 1200 hours) and 92% under a damp heat test (85% relative humidity; 85°C; 600 hours).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwei Duan
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Shuai You
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Min Chen
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Wenjian Yu
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Peijun Guo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Joseph J Berry
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - Joseph M Luther
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Kai Zhu
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
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2
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Yang H, Peng M, Yi W, Jiang H, Cheng GJ. Oriented Perovskite Film from Laser Recrystallization in Magnetic Field. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303635. [PMID: 37473433 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The orientation of crystals on the substrate and the presence of defects are critical factors in electro-optic performance. However, technical approaches to guide the orientational crystallization of electro-optical thin films remain challenging. Here, a novel physical method called magnetic-field-assisted pulse laser annealing (MAPLA) for controlling the orientation of perovskite crystals on substrates is reported. By inducing laser recrystallization of perovskite crystals under a magnetic field and with magnetic nanoparticles, the optical and magnetic fields are found to guide the orientational gathering of perovskite units into nanoclusters, resulting in perovskite crystals with preferred lattice orientation in (110) and (220) perpendicular to the substrate. The perovskite crystals obtained by MAPLA exhibit significantly larger grain size and fewer defects compared to those from pulsed laser annealing (PLA) and traditional thermal annealing, resulting in improved carrier lifetime and mobility. Furthermore, MAPLA demonstrates enhanced device performance, increasing responsivity and detectivity by two times, and photocurrent by nearly three orders compared with PLA. The introduction of Fe2 O3 nanoparticles during MAPLA not only improves crystal size and orientation but also significantly enhances long-term stability by preventing Pb2+ reduction. The MAPLA method has great potential for fabricating many electro-optical thin films with desired device properties and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanrui Yang
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ming Peng
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wendi Yi
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Haoqing Jiang
- Institute of Laser Manufacturing, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
| | - Gary J Cheng
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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3
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Gegevičius R, Elkhouly K, Franckevičius M, Chmeliov J, Goldberg I, Gehlhaar R, Qiu W, Genoe J, Heremans P, Gulbinas V. Electric Field-Induced Quenching of MAPbI 3 Photoluminescence in PeLED Architecture. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:42784-42791. [PMID: 37647415 PMCID: PMC11007676 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Photoluminescence (PL) measurements are a widely used technique for the investigation of perovskite-based materials and devices. Although electric field-induced PL quenching provides additional useful information, this phenomenon is quite complex and not yet clearly understood. Here, we address the PL quenching of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite in a light-emitting diode (PeLED) architecture. We distinguish two quenching mechanisms: (a) indirect quenching by slow irreversible or partially reversible material changes that occur gradually under the applied light and electric field and (b) direct quenching by the influence of the electric field on the charge carrier densities, their spatial distributions, and radiative recombination rates. Direct quenching, observed under the abrupt application of negative voltage, causes a decrease of the PL intensity. However, the PL intensity then partially recovers within tens of milliseconds as mobile ions screen the internal electric field. The screening time increases to hundreds of seconds at low temperatures, indicating activation energies for ion motion of about 80 meV. On the other hand, ultrafast time-resolved PL measurements revealed two main phases of direct quenching: an instantaneous reduction in the radiative carrier recombination rate, which we attribute to the electron and hole displacement within individual perovskite grains, followed by a second phase lasting hundreds of picoseconds, which is due to the charge carrier extraction and spatial separation of electron and hole "clouds" within the entire perovskite layer thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokas Gegevičius
- Department
of Molecular Compound Physics, Center for
Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio Avenue 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Karim Elkhouly
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark, Arenberg, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marius Franckevičius
- Department
of Molecular Compound Physics, Center for
Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio Avenue 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jevgenij Chmeliov
- Department
of Molecular Compound Physics, Center for
Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio Avenue 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Institute
of Chemical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Avenue 9, LT-10222 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Iakov Goldberg
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark, Arenberg, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Jan Genoe
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark, Arenberg, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Heremans
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark, Arenberg, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vidmantas Gulbinas
- Department
of Molecular Compound Physics, Center for
Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio Avenue 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Institute
of Chemical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Avenue 9, LT-10222 Vilnius, Lithuania
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4
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Baronnier J, Mahler B, Dujardin C, Houel J. Low-Temperature Emission Dynamics of Methylammonium Lead Bromide Hybrid Perovskite Thin Films at the Sub-Micrometer Scale. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2376. [PMID: 37630961 PMCID: PMC10458237 DOI: 10.3390/nano13162376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
We study the low-temperature (T = 4.7 K) emission dynamics of a thin film of methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3), prepared via the anti-solvent method. Using intensity-dependent (over 5 decades) hyperspectral microscopy under quasi-resonant (532 nm) continuous wave excitation, we revealed spatial inhomogeneities in the thin film emission. This was drastically different at the band-edge (∼550 nm, sharp peaks) than in the emission tail (∼568 nm, continuum of emission). We are able to observe regions of the film at the micrometer scale where emission is dominated by excitons, in between regions of trap emission. Varying the density of absorbed photons by the MAPbBr3 thin films, two-color fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy unraveled the emission dynamics: a fast, resolution-limited (∼200 ps) monoexponential tangled with a stretched exponential decay. We associate the first to the relaxation of excitons and the latter to trap emission dynamics. The obtained stretching exponents can be interpreted as the result of a two-dimensional electron diffusion process: Förster resonant transfer mechanism. Furthermore, the non-vanishing fast monoexponential component even in the tail of the MAPbBr3 emission indicates the subsistence of localized excitons. Finally, we estimate the density of traps in MAPbBr3 thin films prepared using the anti-solvent method at n∼1017 cm-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Baronnier
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière-Matière UMR5306 CNRS, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Benoit Mahler
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière-Matière UMR5306 CNRS, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christophe Dujardin
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière-Matière UMR5306 CNRS, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Julien Houel
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière-Matière UMR5306 CNRS, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
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5
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Gao L, He Z, Xu C, Su Y, Hu J, Ma T. Systematic investigation of metal dopants and mechanism for the SnO 2 electron transport layer in perovskite solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:7229-7238. [PMID: 36852732 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01475k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
SnO2, the most promising alternative to TiO2 as the electron transport layer (ETL), has attracted great attention for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to its high bulk electron mobility, good band energy at the ETL/perovskite interface, and high chemical stability. To enable more efficient carrier transfer and extraction, elemental doping with different metal cations has been studied in SnO2 ETLs. However, the systematic investigation of the doping mechanism lag far behind their efficiency promotion. In this paper, elements of the same main group (Li, Na, K) and period (K, Ca, Ga) have been selected for doping in SnO2. The results showed that among the properties of the dopants, the electronegativity has the greatest influence. The smaller the electronegativity of the doping species, the more conducive it is to carrier transmission and separation. The corresponding mechanism was proposed and discussed. At last, an efficiency of 20.92% of PSCs based on SnO2-K was achieved. In addition, the doped SnO2 is more beneficial for the growth of perovskite crystals, thus reducing grain boundaries and enhancing the stability of the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liguo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, P. R. China.
| | - Zhen He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, P. R. China.
| | - Cai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, P. R. China.
| | - Yingjie Su
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, P. R. China.
| | - Jingjing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, P. R. China.
| | - Tingli Ma
- College of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China.,Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan
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6
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Yin Y, Zhou Y, Rafailovich MH, Nam CY. Recent advances of two-dimensional material additives in hybrid perovskite solar cells. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:172001. [PMID: 36652701 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acb441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become one of the state-of-the-art photovoltaic technologies due to their facile solution-based fabrication processes combined with extremely high photovoltaic performance originating from excellent optoelectronic properties such as strong light absorption, high charge mobility, long free charge carrier diffusion length, and tunable direct bandgap. However, the poor intrinsic stability of hybrid perovskites under environmental stresses including light, heat, and moisture, which is often associated with high defect density in the perovskite, has limited the large-scale commercialization and deployment of PSCs. The use of process additives, which can be included in various subcomponent layers in the PSC, has been identified as one of the effective approaches that can address these issues and improve the photovoltaic performance. Among various additives that have been explored, two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged recently due to their unique structures and properties that can enhance the photovoltaic performance and device stability by improving perovskite crystallization, defect passivation, and charge transport. Here, we provide a review of the recent progresses in 2D material additives for improving the PSC performance based on key representative 2D material systems, including graphene and its derivatives, transitional metal dichalcogenides, and black phosphorous, providing a useful guideline for further exploiting unique nanomaterial additives for more efficient and stable PSCs in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Yin
- Department of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States of America
| | - Yuchen Zhou
- Department of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States of America
| | - Miriam H Rafailovich
- Department of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States of America
| | - Chang-Yong Nam
- Department of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States of America
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton 11973, United States of America
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7
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Ma C, Eickemeyer FT, Lee SH, Kang DH, Kwon SJ, Grätzel M, Park NG. Unveiling facet-dependent degradation and facet engineering for stable perovskite solar cells. Science 2023; 379:173-178. [PMID: 36634188 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf3349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A myriad of studies and strategies have already been devoted to improving the stability of perovskite films; however, the role of the different perovskite crystal facets in stability is still unknown. Here, we reveal the underlying mechanisms of facet-dependent degradation of formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) films. We show that the (100) facet is substantially more vulnerable to moisture-induced degradation than the (111) facet. With combined experimental and theoretical studies, the degradation mechanisms are revealed; a strong water adhesion following an elongated lead-iodine (Pb-I) bond distance is observed, which leads to a δ-phase transition on the (100) facet. Through engineering, a higher surface fraction of the (111) facet can be achieved, and the (111)-dominated crystalline FAPbI3 films show exceptional stability against moisture. Our findings elucidate unknown facet-dependent degradation mechanisms and kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqing Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering and Center for Antibonding Regulated Crystals, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Felix T Eickemeyer
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sun-Ho Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering and Center for Antibonding Regulated Crystals, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Kang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Center for Antibonding Regulated Crystals, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Joon Kwon
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.,SKKU Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael Grätzel
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,SKKU Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Gyu Park
- School of Chemical Engineering and Center for Antibonding Regulated Crystals, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.,SKKU Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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8
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Cho C, Feldmann S, Yeom KM, Jang YW, Kahmann S, Huang JY, Yang TCJ, Khayyat MNT, Wu YR, Choi M, Noh JH, Stranks SD, Greenham NC. Efficient vertical charge transport in polycrystalline halide perovskites revealed by four-dimensional tracking of charge carriers. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:1388-1395. [PMID: 36396960 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01395-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fast diffusion of charge carriers is crucial for efficient charge collection in perovskite solar cells. While lateral transient photoluminescence microscopies have been popularly used to characterize charge diffusion in perovskites, there exists a discrepancy between low diffusion coefficients measured and near-unity charge collection efficiencies achieved in practical solar cells. Here, we reveal hidden microscopic dynamics in halide perovskites through four-dimensional (directions x, y and z and time t) tracking of charge carriers by characterizing out-of-plane diffusion of charge carriers. By combining this approach with confocal microscopy, we discover a strong local heterogeneity of vertical charge diffusivities in a three-dimensional perovskite film, arising from the difference between intragrain and intergrain diffusion. We visualize that most charge carriers are efficiently transported through the direct intragrain pathways or via indirect detours through nearby areas with fast diffusion. The observed anisotropy and heterogeneity of charge carrier diffusion in perovskites rationalize their high performance as shown in real devices. Our work also foresees that further control of polycrystal growth will enable solar cells with micrometres-thick perovskites to achieve both long optical path length and efficient charge collection simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsoon Cho
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sascha Feldmann
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Rowland Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kyung Mun Yeom
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeoun-Woo Jang
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy Systems, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Simon Kahmann
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jun-Yu Huang
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Terry Chien-Jen Yang
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Yuh-Renn Wu
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mansoo Choi
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy Systems, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hong Noh
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Energy and Environment (KU-KIST Green School), Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Samuel D Stranks
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Neil C Greenham
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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9
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Lee AY, Park JH, Kim H, Jeong HY, Lee JH, Song MH. Blue Perovskite Nanocrystal Light-Emitting Diodes: Overcoming RuddlesdenPopper Fault-Induced Nonradiative Recombination via Post-Halide Exchange. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2205011. [PMID: 36354161 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have gained traction as emitters owing to their excellent optical properties, such as facile bandgap tuning, defect tolerance, and high color purity. Nevertheless, blue-emitting MHP light-emitting diodes (LEDs) show only marginal progress in device efficiency compared with green and red LEDs. Herein, the origin of the drop in efficiency of blue-emitting perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) by mixing halides and the genesis of Ruddlesden-Popper faults (RPFs) in CsPbBrX Cl3-X nanocrystals is investigated. Using scanning transmission electron microscopy and density functional theory calculations, the authors have found that RPFs induce possible nonradiative recombination pathways owing to the high chloride vacancy concentration nearby. The authors further confirm that the blue-emitting PNCs do not show RPFs post-halide exchange in the CsPbBr3 nanocrystals. By introducing the post-halide exchange treatment, high-efficiency pure blue-emitting (464 nm) PNC-based LEDs with an external quantum efficiency of 2.1% and excellent spectral stability with a full-width at half-maximum of 14 nm are obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Young Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongju Kim
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hu Young Jeong
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Hoon Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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10
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Han Y, Shen Y, Shen K, Su Z, Li Y, Song F, Gao X, Tang JX. Unraveling the Hole-Transport-Layer-Manipulated Carrier Transfer Dynamics in Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:10455-10463. [PMID: 36326482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Charge transfer dynamics is decisive for the performance of perovskite light emitting diodes (PeLEDs), and deep insight into the charge transfer process inside the working device is indispensable. Here, the influence of the hole transport layer on charge transport and recombination processes in PeLEDs is investigated via impedance spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that the rational interfacial energy level alignment can improve the radiative recombination by reducing the leakage current and carrier transport resistance. Shockley-Read-Hall recombination and Auger recombination enlarge the lifetime of carrier transfer in the working devices as determined from the electroluminescence spectrum. Our work provides a distinctive and reliable method to explore the charge transfer property and highlights the importance of interfaces to boost the performance of PeLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Han
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Shen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Kongchao Shen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhuang Su
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqing Li
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, Ministry of Education Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument Engineering Research Center, East China Normal University, Shanghai200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Song
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Gao
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Xin Tang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu215123, People's Republic of China
- Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (MIMSE), Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao999078, People's Republic of China
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11
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Ni Z, Xu S, Jiao H, Gu H, Fei C, Huang J. High grain boundary recombination velocity in polycrystalline metal halide perovskites. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq8345. [PMID: 36070394 PMCID: PMC9451161 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq8345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Understanding carrier recombination processes in metal halide perovskites is fundamentally important to further improving the efficiency of perovskite solar cells, yet the accurate recombination velocity at grain boundaries (GBs) has not been determined. Here, we report the determination of carrier recombination velocities at GBs (SGB) of polycrystalline perovskites by mapping the transient photoluminescence pattern change induced by the nonradiative recombination of carriers at GBs. Charge recombination at GBs is revealed to be even stronger than at surfaces of unpassivated films, with average SGB reaching 2200 to 3300 cm/s. Regular surface treatments do not passivate GBs because of the absence of contact at GBs. We find a surface treatment using tributyl(methyl)phosphonium dimethyl phosphate that can penetrate into GBs by partially dissolving GBs and converting it into one-dimensional perovskites. It reduces the average SGB by four times, with the lowest SGB of 410 cm/s, which is comparable to surface recombination velocities after passivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyi Ni
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shuang Xu
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Haoyang Jiao
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hangyu Gu
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chengbin Fei
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jinsong Huang
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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12
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Kumar J, Yadav A, Bag M. Visualization of 3D to quasi 2D conversion of perovskite thin films via in situ photoluminescence measurement: a facile route to design a graded energy landscape. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:15474-15483. [PMID: 35713111 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01484j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
2D-perovskites are generally more stable than 3D perovskites while charge transport in 2D-perovskites becomes inefficient. On the other hand, the instability of 3D perovskite films under heat, light and environmental conditions makes them inapplicable for practical purposes. Therefore, quasi-2D perovskites could be the optimum solution for stable yet highly efficient devices. Using the post-fabrication treatment method, we have converted methylammonium lead tribromide (MAPbBr3) 3D perovskite films into a quasi 2D-perovskite interfacial layer. In situ photoluminescence measurement during spin coating indicates a rapid conversion of 3D-perovskite into 2D-perovskites. The kinetics of oxygen and moisture diffusion, ion diffusion and electronic charge transport can be estimated from the time dependent PL measurements in the 3D and 2D/3D perovskite samples. 2D terminated perovskite samples show enhanced photoluminescence and improved stability in moisture and UV-irradiation. We also propose that a relatively wide bandgap of 2D-perovskite can give rise to a graded energy landscape at the interface for favorable charge separation. Simulation results reveal that the power conversion efficiency can be improved from 2.83% to 4.02% due to an increase in open-circuit voltage and fill factor in 2D/3D based MAPbBr3 solar cells without using any electron transport layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Kumar
- Advanced Research in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India.
| | - Ankur Yadav
- Advanced Research in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India.
| | - Monojit Bag
- Advanced Research in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India. .,Centre of Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
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13
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Shirzadi E, Tappy N, Ansari F, Nazeeruddin MK, Hagfeldt A, Dyson PJ. Deconvolution of Light-Induced Ion Migration Phenomena by Statistical Analysis of Cathodoluminescence in Lead Halide-Based Perovskites. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103729. [PMID: 35238172 PMCID: PMC9069390 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Studying the compositional instability of mixed ion perovskites under light illumination is important to understand the mechanisms underlying their efficiency and stability. However, current techniques are limited in resolution and are unable to deconvolute minor ion migration phenomena. Here, a method that enables ion migration to be studied allowing different segregation mechanisms to be elucidated is described. Statistical analysis is applied to cathodoluminescence data to generate compositional distribution histograms. Using these histograms, two different ion migration phenomena, horizontal ion migration (HIM) and vertical ion migration (VIM), are identified in different perovskite films. It is found that most passivating agents inhibit HIM, but not VIM. However, VIM can be reduced by deposition of imidazolium iodide on the perovskite surface. This method can be used to study perovskite-based devices efficiency and stability by providing molecular level mechanistic understanding of passivation approaches leading to performance improvement of perovskite solar cells via rational design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Shirzadi
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringSwiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneCH‐1015Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Tappy
- Laboratoire des Matériaux SemiconducteursInstitute of MaterialsFaculty of EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanne1015Switzerland
| | - Fatemeh Ansari
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringSwiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneCH‐1015Switzerland
| | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringSwiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneCH‐1015Switzerland
| | - Anders Hagfeldt
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringSwiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneCH‐1015Switzerland
| | - Paul J. Dyson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringSwiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneCH‐1015Switzerland
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14
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Bulloch A, Wang S, Ghosh P, Jagadamma LK. Hysteresis in hybrid perovskite indoor photovoltaics. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210144. [PMID: 35220768 PMCID: PMC9069567 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Halide perovskite indoor photovoltaics (PV) are a viable solution to autonomously power the billions of sensors in the huge technology field of the Internet of Things. However, there exists a knowledge gap in the hysteresis behaviour of these photovoltaic devices under indoor lighting conditions. The present work is the first experimental study dedicated to exploring the degree of hysteresis in halide perovskite indoor photovoltaic devices by carrying out both transient J-V scan and steady state maximum power point tracking (MPPT) measurements. Dependence of hysteresis on device architecture, selection of electron transporting layers and the composition of the perovskite photoactive layers were investigated. Under indoor illumination, the p-i-n MAPbI3-based devices show consistently high power conversion efficiency (PCE) (stabilized PCE) of greater than 30% and negligible hysteresis behaviour, whereas the n-i-p MAPbI3 devices show poor performance (stabilized PCE ∼ 15%) with pronounced hysteresis effect. Our study also reveals that the n-i-p triple cation perovskite devices are more promising (stabilized PCE ∼ 25%) for indoor PV compared to n-i-p MAPbI3 due to their suppressed ion migration effects. It was observed that the divergence of the PCE values estimated from the J-V scan measurements, and the maximum power point tracking method is higher under indoor illumination compared to 1 Sun, and hence for halide perovskite-based indoor PV, the PCE from the MPPT measurements should be prioritized over the J-V scan measurements. The results from our study suggest the following approaches for maximizing the steady state PCE from halide perovskite indoor PV: (i) select perovskite active layer composition with suppressed ion migration effects (such as Cs-containing triple cation perovskites) and (ii) for the perovskite composition such as MAPbI3, where the ion migration is very active, p-i-n architecture with organic charge transport layers is beneficial over the n-i-p architecture with conventional metal oxides (such as TiO2, SnO2) as charge transport layers. This article is part of the theme issue 'Developing resilient energy systems'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair Bulloch
- Energy Harvesting Research Group, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Shaoyang Wang
- Energy Harvesting Research Group, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Paheli Ghosh
- Energy Harvesting Research Group, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Lethy Krishnan Jagadamma
- Energy Harvesting Research Group, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
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15
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Abstract
Photoinduced halide segregation in mixed halide perovskites is an intriguing phenomenon and simultaneously a stability issue. In-depth probing this effect and unveiling the underpinning mechanisms are of great interest and significance. This article reviews the progress in visualized investigation of halide segregation, especially light-induced, by means of spatially-resolved imaging techniques. Furthermore, the current understanding of photoinduced phase separation based on several possible mechanisms is summarized and discussed. Finally, the remained open questions and future outlook in this field are outlined.
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16
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Frohna K, Anaya M, Macpherson S, Sung J, Doherty TAS, Chiang YH, Winchester AJ, Orr KWP, Parker JE, Quinn PD, Dani KM, Rao A, Stranks SD. Nanoscale chemical heterogeneity dominates the optoelectronic response of alloyed perovskite solar cells. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:190-196. [PMID: 34811554 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-01019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Halide perovskites perform remarkably in optoelectronic devices. However, this exceptional performance is striking given that perovskites exhibit deep charge-carrier traps and spatial compositional and structural heterogeneity, all of which should be detrimental to performance. Here, we resolve this long-standing paradox by providing a global visualization of the nanoscale chemical, structural and optoelectronic landscape in halide perovskite devices, made possible through the development of a new suite of correlative, multimodal microscopy measurements combining quantitative optical spectroscopic techniques and synchrotron nanoprobe measurements. We show that compositional disorder dominates the optoelectronic response over a weaker influence of nanoscale strain variations even of large magnitude. Nanoscale compositional gradients drive carrier funnelling onto local regions associated with low electronic disorder, drawing carrier recombination away from trap clusters associated with electronic disorder and leading to high local photoluminescence quantum efficiency. These measurements reveal a global picture of the competitive nanoscale landscape, which endows enhanced defect tolerance in devices through spatial chemical disorder that outcompetes both electronic and structural disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Frohna
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Miguel Anaya
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Jooyoung Sung
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Yu-Hsien Chiang
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew J Winchester
- Femtosecond Spectroscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Japan
| | - Kieran W P Orr
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julia E Parker
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Paul D Quinn
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Keshav M Dani
- Femtosecond Spectroscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Japan
| | - Akshay Rao
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samuel D Stranks
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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17
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Kim D, Lim J, Lee S, Soufiani AM, Choi E, Ievlev AV, Borodinov N, Liu Y, Ovchinnikova OS, Ahmadi M, Lim S, Sharma P, Seidel J, Noh JH, Yun JS. Microstructural Evaluation of Phase Instability in Large Bandgap Metal Halide Perovskites. ACS NANO 2021; 15:20391-20402. [PMID: 34846843 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c08726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The optoelectronic performance of organic-inorganic halide perovskite (OIHP)-based devices has been improved in recent years. Particularly, solar cells fabricated using mixed-cations and mixed-halides have outperformed their single-cation and single-halide counterparts. Yet, a systematic evaluation of the microstructural behavior of mixed perovskites is missing despite their known composition-dependent photoinstability. Here, we explore microstructural inhomogeneity in (FAPbI3)x(MAPbBr3)1-x using advanced scanning probe microscopy techniques. Contact potential difference (CPD) maps measured by Kelvin probe force microscopy show an increased fraction of grains exhibiting a low CPD with flat topography as MAPbBr3 concentration is increased. The higher portion of low CPD contributes to asymmetric CPD distribution curves. Chemical analysis reveals these grains being rich in MA, Pb, and I. The composition-dependent phase segregation upon illumination, reflected on the emergence of a low-energy peak emission in the original photoluminescence spectra, arises from the formation of such grains with flat topology. Bias-dependent piezo-response force microscopy measurements, in these grains, further confirm vigorous ion migration and cause a hysteretic piezo-response. Our results, therefore, provide insights into the microstructural evaluation of phase segregation and ion migration in OIHPs pointing toward process optimization as a mean to further enhance their optoelectronic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dohyung Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Joint Institute for Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Jihoo Lim
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Seungmin Lee
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Arman Mahboubi Soufiani
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Eunyoung Choi
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Anton V Ievlev
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Nikolay Borodinov
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Yongtao Liu
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Olga S Ovchinnikova
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Mahshid Ahmadi
- Joint Institute for Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Sean Lim
- Electron Microscope Unit, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jan Seidel
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jun Hong Noh
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sung Yun
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Advanced Technology Institute (ATI), University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K
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18
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On the Shape-Selected, Ligand-Free Preparation of Hybrid Perovskite (CH 3NH 3PbBr 3) Microcrystals and Their Suitability as Model-System for Single-Crystal Studies of Optoelectronic Properties. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11113057. [PMID: 34835821 PMCID: PMC8623308 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid perovskite materials are one of the most promising candidates for optoelectronic applications, e.g., solar cells and LEDs, which can be produced at low cost compared to established materials. Although this field of research has seen a huge upsurge in the past decade, there is a major lack in understanding the underlying processes, such as shape-property relationships and the role of defects. Our aerosol-assisted synthesis pathway offers the possibility to obtain methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3) microcrystals from a liquid single source precursor. The differently shaped particles are aligned on several substrates, without using a directing agent or other additives. The obtained particles show good stability under dry conditions. This allows us to characterize these materials and their pure surfaces at the single-crystal level using time- and spatially resolved methods, without any influences of size-dependent effects. By optimizing the precursor for the aerosol process, we were able to eliminate any purification steps and use the materials as processed. In addition, we performed theoretical simulations to deepen the understanding of the underlying processes in the formation of the different crystal facets and their specific properties. The model system presented provides insights into the shape-related properties of MAPbBr3 single crystals and their directed but ligand-free synthesis.
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19
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Gegevičius R, Franckevičius M, Gulbinas V. The Role of Grain Boundaries in Charge Carrier Dynamics in Polycrystalline Metal Halide Perovskites. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rokas Gegevičius
- Department of Molecular Compound Physics Center for Physical Sciences and Technology Saulėtekio ave. 3 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Marius Franckevičius
- Department of Molecular Compound Physics Center for Physical Sciences and Technology Saulėtekio ave. 3 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Vidmantas Gulbinas
- Department of Molecular Compound Physics Center for Physical Sciences and Technology Saulėtekio ave. 3 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
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20
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Are Shockley-Read-Hall and ABC models valid for lead halide perovskites? Nat Commun 2021; 12:3329. [PMID: 34099662 PMCID: PMC8185072 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23275-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal halide perovskites are an important class of emerging semiconductors. Their charge carrier dynamics is poorly understood due to limited knowledge of defect physics and charge carrier recombination mechanisms. Nevertheless, classical ABC and Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) models are ubiquitously applied to perovskites without considering their validity. Herein, an advanced technique mapping photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) as a function of both the excitation pulse energy and repetition frequency is developed and employed to examine the validity of these models. While ABC and SRH fail to explain the charge dynamics in a broad range of conditions, the addition of Auger recombination and trapping to the SRH model enables a quantitative fitting of PLQY maps and low-power PL decay kinetics, and extracting trap concentrations and efficacies. However, PL kinetics at high power are too fast and cannot be explained. The proposed PLQY mapping technique is ideal for a comprehensive testing of theories and applicable to any semiconductor.
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21
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Liu W, Yu H, Li Y, Hu A, Wang J, Lu G, Li X, Yang H, Dai L, Wang S, Gong Q. Mapping Trap Dynamics in a CsPbBr 3 Single-Crystal Microplate by Ultrafast Photoemission Electron Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:2932-2938. [PMID: 33759535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
For versatile lead-halide perovskite materials, their trap states, both in the bulk and at the surface, significantly influence optoelectronic behaviors and the performance of the materials and devices. Direct observation of the trap dynamics at the nanoscale is necessary to understand and improve the device design. In this report, we combined the femtosecond pump-probe technique and photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) to investigate the trap states of an inorganic perovskite CsPbBr3 single-crystal microplate with spatial-temporal-energetic resolving capabilities. Several shallow trap sites were identified within the microplate, while the deep traps were resolved throughout the surface. The results revealed high-defect tolerance to the shallow traps, while the surface dynamics were dominated by the surface deep traps. The ultrafast PEEM disclosed a full landscape of fast electron transfer and accumulation of the surface trap states. These discoveries proved the excellent electronic properties of perovskite materials and the importance of surface optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haoran Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yaolong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Aiqin Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ju Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Guowei Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hong Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lun Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shufeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University and the Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
- Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Nantong 226010, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qihuang Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
- Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Nantong 226010, Jiangsu, China
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22
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Guo Y, Yuan S, Zhu D, Yu M, Wang HY, Lin J, Wang Y, Qin Y, Zhang JP, Ai XC. Influence of the MACl additive on grain boundaries, trap-state properties, and charge dynamics in perovskite solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:6162-6170. [PMID: 33687033 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06575g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Grain boundary trap passivation in perovskite films has become one of the most effective strategies for suppressing the charge recombination and enhancing the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells, whereas the relevant trap-state properties and the charge carrier dynamics need to be further clarified. In this work, the CH3NH3Cl (MACl) additive is introduced into the MAI:PbI2 precursor solution to obtain perovskite films comprising various grain sizes with distinct grain boundaries and trap-state properties. The influence of grain boundary traps passivated with the MACl additive on trap-state properties and charge carrier transport/recombination dynamics is systematically studied with time-resolved spectroscopic and transient photoelectric characterization. Specifically, the MACl amount determines the content of the PbI2 residual in the final perovskite, leading to photoluminescence quenching induced by charge transfer. The trap-state distribution result reveals that the deep-level traps at the grain boundaries as the main sources of charge recombination centers are dramatically passivated. Low-temperature photoluminescence spectroscopy distinguishes and compares the trap-state emission related to different perovskite phases. Transient photoelectric measurements including photovoltage decay and charge extraction further demonstrate that the boundary trap passivation can effectively promote charge transport and inhibit charge recombination in devices treated with the optimized MACl amount. As a result, the corresponding device possesses superior photovoltaic parameters to the control device. This work proposes a systematic understanding of the grain boundary trap passivation strategy and provides a new insight into the development of high-performance perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China.
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China.
| | - Dongping Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China.
| | - Man Yu
- School of Materials Engineering, Xi'an Aeronautical University, Xi'an 710077, China
| | - Hao-Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China.
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China.
| | - Yujun Qin
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China.
| | - Jian-Ping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China.
| | - Xi-Cheng Ai
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China.
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23
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Qin J, Liu XK, Yin C, Gao F. Carrier Dynamics and Evaluation of Lasing Actions in Halide Perovskites. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Rahman SI, Lamsal BS, Gurung A, Chowdhury AH, Reza KM, Ghimire N, Bahrami B, Luo W, Bobba RS, Pokharel J, Baniya A, Laskar AR, Emshadi K, Rahman MT, Qiao Q. Grain Boundary Defect Passivation of Triple Cation Mixed Halide Perovskite with Hydrazine-Based Aromatic Iodide for Efficiency Improvement. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:41312-41322. [PMID: 32829634 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perovskites have been unprecedented with a relatively sharp rise in power conversion efficiency in the last decade. However, the polycrystalline nature of the perovskite film makes it susceptible to surface and grain boundary defects, which significantly impedes its potential performance. Passivation of these defects has been an effective approach to further improve the photovoltaic performance of the perovskite solar cells. Here, we report the use of a novel hydrazine-based aromatic iodide salt or phenyl hydrazinium iodide (PHI) for secondary post treatment to passivate surface and grain boundary defects in triple cation mixed halide perovskite films. In particular, the PHI post treatment reduced current at the grain boundaries, facilitated an electron barrier, and reduced trap state density, indicating suppression of leakage pathways and charge recombination, thus passivating the grain boundaries. As a result, a significant enhancement in power conversion efficiency to 20.6% was obtained for the PHI-treated perovskite device in comparison to a control device with 17.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Ifatur Rahman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | - Buddhi Sagar Lamsal
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | - Ashim Gurung
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | - Ashraful Haider Chowdhury
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | - Khan Mamun Reza
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | - Nabin Ghimire
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | - Behzad Bahrami
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | - Wenqin Luo
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Raja Sekhar Bobba
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | - Jyotshna Pokharel
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | - Abiral Baniya
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | - Ashiqur Rahman Laskar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | - Khalid Emshadi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | - Md Tawabur Rahman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | - Quinn Qiao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
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25
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Wang T, Fu Y, Jin L, Deng S, Pan D, Dong L, Jin S, Huang L. Phenethylammonium Functionalization Enhances Near-Surface Carrier Diffusion in Hybrid Perovskites. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16254-16264. [PMID: 32845129 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ti Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- School of Physics and Technology and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yongping Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Linrui Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Shibin Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Dongxu Pan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Liang Dong
- School of Physics and Technology and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Song Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Libai Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Wook Lee
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and Department of Nanoengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Suk Jung
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Shin
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Gyu Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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27
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Hickey CL, Grumstrup EM. Direct Correlation of Charge Carrier Transport to Local Crystal Quality in Lead Halide Perovskites. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:5050-5056. [PMID: 32520576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although solution processing methods provide an attractive route toward development of low-cost functional materials, these accessible fabrication approaches can engender high concentrations of microscopic structural defects that are detrimental to performance. In lead halide perovskites, structural disorder derived from solution processing has been implicated as an important determiner of photophysical properties. However, a direct correlation between the functional properties of these materials and the local crystal structure in which non-equilibrium states evolve has remained elusive, in part because structural heterogeneities occur on length scales that defy conventional characterization techniques. To address this knowledge gap, we have combined ultrafast pump-probe microscopy and electron backscattering diffraction to directly correlate charge carrier transport with the local diffraction pattern contrast, an indicator of crystal quality. Spatial correlation of these measurements strongly suggests that even on individual single crystal CsPbBr3 domains, microscopic variability in the crystal quality profoundly impacts the efficiency of charge carrier transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey L Hickey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Erik M Grumstrup
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
- Montana Materials Science Program, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
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28
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deQuilettes DW, Laitz M, Brenes R, Dou B, Motes BT, Stranks SD, Snaith HJ, Bulović V, Ginger DS. Maximizing the external radiative efficiency of hybrid perovskite solar cells. PURE APPL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2019-0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDespite rapid advancements in power conversion efficiency in the last decade, perovskite solar cells still perform below their thermodynamic efficiency limits. Non-radiative recombination, in particular, has limited the external radiative efficiency and open circuit voltage in the highest performing devices. We review the historical progress in enhancing perovskite external radiative efficiency and determine key strategies for reaching high optoelectronic quality. Specifically, we focus on non-radiative recombination within the perovskite layer and highlight novel approaches to reduce energy losses at interfaces and through parasitic absorption. By strategically targeting defects, it is likely that the next set of record-performing devices with ultra-low voltage losses will be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane W. deQuilettes
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA98195-1700, USA
| | - Madeleine Laitz
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
| | - Roberto Brenes
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
| | - Benjia Dou
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
| | - Brandon T. Motes
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
| | | | - Henry J. Snaith
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Vladimir Bulović
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
| | - David S. Ginger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA98195-1700, USA
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29
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Zhizhchenko AY, Tonkaev P, Gets D, Larin A, Zuev D, Starikov S, Pustovalov EV, Zakharenko AM, Kulinich SA, Juodkazis S, Kuchmizhak AA, Makarov SV. Light-Emitting Nanophotonic Designs Enabled by Ultrafast Laser Processing of Halide Perovskites. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000410. [PMID: 32309903 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanophotonics based on resonant nanostructures and metasurfaces made of halide perovskites have become a prospective direction for efficient light manipulation at the subwavelength scale in advanced photonic designs. One of the main challenges in this field is the lack of large-scale low-cost technique for subwavelength perovskite structures fabrication preserving highly efficient luminescence. Here, unique properties of halide perovskites addressed to their extremely low thermal conductivity (lower than that of silica glass) and high defect tolerance to apply projection femtosecond laser lithography for nanofabrication with precise spatial control in all three dimensions preserving the material luminescence efficiency are employed. Namely, with CH3 NH3 PbI3 perovskite highly ordered nanoholes and nanostripes of width as small as 250 nm, metasurfaces with periods less than 400 nm, and nanowire lasers as thin as 500 nm, corresponding to the state-of-the-art in multistage expensive lithographical methods are created. Remarkable performance of the developed approach allows to demonstrate a number of advanced optical applications, including morphology-controlled photoluminescence yield, structural coloring, optical- information encryption, and lasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Y Zhizhchenko
- Institute of Automation and Control Processes (IACP), Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690091, Russia
| | | | - Dmitry Gets
- ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Artem Larin
- ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Dmitry Zuev
- ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Sergey Starikov
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, 44701, Germany
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures of RAS, Moscow, 125412, Russia
| | | | | | - Sergei A Kulinich
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia
- Research Institute of Science and Technology, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan
| | | | - Aleksandr A Kuchmizhak
- Institute of Automation and Control Processes (IACP), Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690091, Russia
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30
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Saidaminov MI, Williams K, Wei M, Johnston A, Quintero-Bermudez R, Vafaie M, Pina JM, Proppe AH, Hou Y, Walters G, Kelley SO, Tisdale WA, Sargent EH. Multi-cation perovskites prevent carrier reflection from grain surfaces. NATURE MATERIALS 2020; 19:412-418. [PMID: 32042078 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The composition of perovskite has been optimized combinatorially such that it often contains six components (AxByC1-x-yPbXzY3-z) in state-of-art perovskite solar cells. Questions remain regarding the precise role of each component, and the lack of a mechanistic explanation limits the practical exploration of the large and growing chemical space. Here, aided by transient photoluminescence microscopy, we find that, in perovskite single crystals, carrier diffusivity is in fact independent of composition. In polycrystalline thin films, the different compositions play a crucial role in carrier diffusion. We report that methylammonium (MA)-based films show a high carrier diffusivity of 0.047 cm2 s-1, while MA-free mixed caesium-formamidinium (CsFA) films exhibit an order of magnitude lower diffusivity. Elemental composition studies show that CsFA grains display a graded composition. This curtails electron diffusion in these films, as seen in both vertical carrier transport and surface potential studies. Incorporation of MA leads to a uniform grain core-to-edge composition, giving rise to a diffusivity of 0.034 cm2 s-1 in CsMAFA films. A model that invokes competing crystallization processes allows us to account for this finding, and suggests further strategies to achieve homogeneous crystallization for the benefit of perovskite optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makhsud I Saidaminov
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Electrical & Computer Engineering, Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kristopher Williams
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mingyang Wei
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Johnston
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rafael Quintero-Bermudez
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maral Vafaie
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joao M Pina
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew H Proppe
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yi Hou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grant Walters
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shana O Kelley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William A Tisdale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Edward H Sargent
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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31
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Stavrakas C, Delport G, Zhumekenov AA, Anaya M, Chahbazian R, Bakr OM, Barnard ES, Stranks SD. Visualizing Buried Local Carrier Diffusion in Halide Perovskite Crystals via Two-Photon Microscopy. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2020; 5:117-123. [PMID: 32055687 PMCID: PMC7009023 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.9b02244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Halide perovskites have shown great potential for light emission and photovoltaic applications due to their remarkable electronic properties. Although the device performances are promising, they are still limited by microscale heterogeneities in their photophysical properties. Here, we study the impact of these heterogeneities on the diffusion of charge carriers, which are processes crucial for efficient collection of charges in light-harvesting devices. A photoluminescence tomography technique is developed in a confocal microscope using one- and two-photon excitation to distinguish between local surface and bulk diffusion of charge carriers in methylammonium lead bromide single crystals. We observe a large dispersion of local diffusion coefficients with values between 0.3 and 2 cm2·s-1 depending on the trap density and the morphological environment-a distribution that would be missed from analogous macroscopic or surface measurements. This work reveals a new framework to understand diffusion pathways, which are extremely sensitive to local properties and buried defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Stavrakas
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Géraud Delport
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Ayan A. Zhumekenov
- Division
of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Miguel Anaya
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemonde Chahbazian
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Osman M. Bakr
- Division
of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Edward S. Barnard
- Molecular
Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Samuel D. Stranks
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
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32
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Delor M, Weaver HL, Yu Q, Ginsberg NS. Imaging material functionality through three-dimensional nanoscale tracking of energy flow. NATURE MATERIALS 2020; 19:56-62. [PMID: 31591529 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0498-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The ability of energy carriers to move between atoms and molecules underlies biochemical and material function. Understanding and controlling energy flow, however, requires observing it on ultrasmall and ultrafast spatio-temporal scales, where energetic and structural roadblocks dictate the fate of energy carriers. Here, we developed a non-invasive optical scheme that leverages non-resonant interferometric scattering to track tiny changes in material polarizability created by energy carriers. We thus map evolving energy carrier distributions in four dimensions of spacetime with few-nanometre lateral precision and directly correlate them with material morphology. We visualize exciton, charge and heat transport in polyacene, silicon and perovskite semiconductors and elucidate how disorder affects energy flow in three dimensions. For example, we show that morphological boundaries in polycrystalline metal halide perovskites possess lateral- and depth-dependent resistivities, blocking lateral transport for surface but not bulk carriers. We also reveal strategies for interpreting energy transport in disordered environments that will direct the design of defect-tolerant materials for the semiconductor industry of tomorrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Delor
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- STROBE, National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hannah L Weaver
- STROBE, National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - QinQin Yu
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Naomi S Ginsberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- STROBE, National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Material Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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33
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Kumar J, Kumar R, Frohna K, Moghe D, Stranks SD, Bag M. Unraveling the antisolvent dripping delay effect on the Stranski–Krastanov growth of CH3NH3PbBr3 thin films: a facile route for preparing a textured morphology with improved optoelectronic properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:26592-26604. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05467d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Controlled nucleation and growth by delaying the antisolvent dripping time leads to the formation of a textured perovskite thin film morphology with improved optoelectronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Kumar
- Advanced Research in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee 247667
- India
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Advanced Research in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee 247667
- India
| | - Kyle Frohna
- Cavendish Laboratory University of Cambridge
- Cambridge
- UK
| | - Dhanashree Moghe
- Department of Physics
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai 400076
- India
| | | | - Monojit Bag
- Advanced Research in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee 247667
- India
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34
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Jiang Y, Wang X, Pan A. Properties of Excitons and Photogenerated Charge Carriers in Metal Halide Perovskites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1806671. [PMID: 31106917 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201806671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have recently attracted great attention from the scientific community due to their excellent photovoltaic performance as well as their tremendous potential for other optoelectronic applications such as light-emitting diodes, lasers, and photodetectors. Despite the rapid progress in device applications, a solid understanding of the photophysical properties behind the device performance is highly desirable for MHPs. Here, the properties of excitons and photogenerated charge carriers in MHPs are explored. The unique dielectric constant properties, crystal-liquid duality, and fundamental optical processes of MHPs are first discussed. The properties of excitons and related phenomena in MHPs are then detailed, including the exciton binding energy determined by various methods and their influence factors, exciton dynamics, exciton-photon coupling and related applications, and exciton-phonon coupling in MHPs. The properties of photogenerated free charge carriers in MHPs such as the carrier diffusion length, mobility, and recombination are described. Recent progress in various applications is also demonstrated. Finally, a conclusion and perspectives of future studies for MHPs are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Anlian Pan
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410012, China
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35
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deQuilettes DW, Frohna K, Emin D, Kirchartz T, Bulovic V, Ginger DS, Stranks SD. Charge-Carrier Recombination in Halide Perovskites. Chem Rev 2019; 119:11007-11019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dane W. deQuilettes
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Kyle Frohna
- Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - David Emin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, 1919 Lomas Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Thomas Kirchartz
- IEK5-Photovoltaik, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Faculty of Engineering and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Carl-Benz-Strasse 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Bulovic
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David S. Ginger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Samuel D. Stranks
- Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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36
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Ghosh D, Acharya D, Zhou L, Nie W, Prezhdo OV, Tretiak S, Neukirch AJ. Lattice Expansion in Hybrid Perovskites: Effect on Optoelectronic Properties and Charge Carrier Dynamics. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:5000-5007. [PMID: 31407911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid halide perovskites frequently undergo structural expansion due to various stimuli, significantly affecting their electronic properties and in particular their charge carrier dynamics. It is essential to atomistically model how geometric changes modify electronic characteristics that are important for applications such as light harvesting and lighting. Using ab initio simulations, here we investigate the structural dynamics and optoelectronic properties of FAPbI3 under tensile strain. The applied strain leads to elongation of the Pb-I bonds and a decrease in the level of PbI6 octahedral tilting, which manifests as blue-shifts in band gaps. Nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations further reveal that charge carrier recombination rates moderately decrease in these expanded lattices. The complex influence of lattice dynamics on electron-phonon scattering results in a longer carrier lifetime, which is advantageous for efficient solar cells. By providing detailed information about the structure-property relationships, this work emphasizes the role of controlled lattice expansion in enhancing the electronic functionalities of hybrid perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyajyoti Ghosh
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Debdipto Acharya
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Liujiang Zhou
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
| | - Wanyi Nie
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Oleg V Prezhdo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Amanda J Neukirch
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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37
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Ghosh D, Aziz A, Dawson JA, Walker AB, Islam MS. Putting the Squeeze on Lead Iodide Perovskites: Pressure-Induced Effects To Tune Their Structural and Optoelectronic Behavior. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019; 31:4063-4071. [PMID: 32063673 PMCID: PMC7011759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Lattice compression through hydrostatic pressure has emerged as an effective means of tuning the structural and optoelectronic properties of hybrid halide perovskites. In addition to external pressure, the local strain present in solution-processed thin films also causes significant heterogeneity in their photophysical properties. However, an atomistic understanding of structural changes of hybrid perovskites under pressure and their effects on the electronic landscape is required. Here, we use high level ab initio simulation techniques to explore the effect of lattice compression on the formamidinium (FA) lead iodide compound, FA1-x Cs x PbI3 (x = 0, 0.25). We show that, in response to applied pressure, the Pb-I bonds shorten, the PbI6 octahedra tilt anisotropically, and the rotational dynamics of the FA+ molecular cation are partially suppressed. Because of these structural distortions, the compressed perovskites exhibit band gaps that are narrower (red-shifted) and indirect with spin-split band edges. Furthermore, the shallow defect levels of intrinsic iodide defects transform to deep-level states with lattice compression. This work highlights the use of hydrostatic pressure as a powerful tool for systematically modifying the photovoltaic performance of halide perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyajyoti Ghosh
- Department
of Physics and Department of Chemistry, University of
Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Alex Aziz
- Department
of Physics and Department of Chemistry, University of
Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - James A. Dawson
- Department
of Physics and Department of Chemistry, University of
Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Alison B. Walker
- Department
of Physics and Department of Chemistry, University of
Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - M. Saiful Islam
- Department
of Physics and Department of Chemistry, University of
Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
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38
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Quantitative optical assessment of photonic and electronic properties in halide perovskite. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1586. [PMID: 30962450 PMCID: PMC6453959 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09527-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of high efficiency solar cells relies on the management of electronic and optical properties that need to be accurately measured. As the conversion efficiencies increase, there is a concomitant electronic and photonic contribution that affects the overall performances. Here we show an optical method to quantify several transport properties of semiconducting materials and the use of multidimensional imaging techniques allows decoupling and quantifying the electronic and photonic contributions. Example of application is shown on halide perovskite thin film for which a large range of transport properties is given in the literature. We therefore optically measure pure carrier diffusion properties and evidence the contribution of optical effects such as the photon recycling as well as the photon propagation where emitted light is laterally transported without being reabsorbed. This latter effect has to be considered to avoid overestimated transport properties such as carrier mobility, diffusion length or diffusion coefficient.
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39
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Giridharagopal R, Precht JT, Jariwala S, Collins L, Jesse S, Kalinin SV, Ginger DS. Time-Resolved Electrical Scanning Probe Microscopy of Layered Perovskites Reveals Spatial Variations in Photoinduced Ionic and Electronic Carrier Motion. ACS NANO 2019; 13:2812-2821. [PMID: 30726060 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We study light-induced dynamics in thin films comprising Ruddlesden-Popper phases of the layered 2D perovskite (C4H9NH3)2PbI4. We probe ionic and electronic carrier dynamics using two complementary scanning probe methods, time-resolved G-mode Kelvin probe force microscopy and fast free time-resolved electrostatic force microscopy, as a function of position, time, and illumination. We show that the average surface photovoltage sign is dominated by the band bending at the buried perovskite-substrate interface. However, the film exhibits substantial variations in the spatial and temporal response of the photovoltage. Under illumination, the photovoltage equilibrates over hundreds of microseconds, a time scale associated with ionic motion and trapped electronic carriers. Surprisingly, we observe that the surface photovoltage of the 2D grain centers evolves more rapidly in time than at the grain boundaries. We propose that the slower evolution at grain boundaries is due to a combination of ion migration occurring between PbI4 planes, as well as electronic carriers traversing grain boundary traps, thereby changing the time-dependent band unbending at grain boundaries. These results provide a model for the photoinduced dynamics in 2D perovskites and are a useful basis for interpreting photovoltage dynamics on hybrid 2D/3D structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Giridharagopal
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Jake T Precht
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Sarthak Jariwala
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Liam Collins
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37830 , United States
| | - Stephen Jesse
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37830 , United States
| | - Sergei V Kalinin
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37830 , United States
| | - David S Ginger
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
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40
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Fassl P, Ternes S, Lami V, Zakharko Y, Heimfarth D, Hopkinson PE, Paulus F, Taylor AD, Zaumseil J, Vaynzof Y. Effect of Crystal Grain Orientation on the Rate of Ionic Transport in Perovskite Polycrystalline Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:2490-2499. [PMID: 30516361 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we examine the effect of microstructure on ion-migration-induced photoluminescence (PL) quenching in methylammonium lead iodide perovskite films. Thin films were fabricated by two methods: spin-coating, which results in randomly oriented perovskite grains, and zone-casting, which results in aligned grains. As an external bias is applied to these films, migration of ions causes a quenching of the PL signal in the vicinity of the anode. The evolution of this PL-quenched zone is less uniform in the spin-coated devices than in the zone-cast ones, suggesting that the relative orientation of the crystal grains plays a significant role in the migration of ions within polycrystalline perovskite. We simulate this effect via a simple Ising model of ionic motion across grains in the perovskite thin film. The results of this simulation align closely with the observed experimental results, further solidifying the correlation between crystal grain orientation and the rate of ionic transport.
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41
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Adhyaksa GWP, Brittman S, Āboliņš H, Lof A, Li X, Keelor JD, Luo Y, Duevski T, Heeren RMA, Ellis SR, Fenning DP, Garnett EC. Understanding Detrimental and Beneficial Grain Boundary Effects in Halide Perovskites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1804792. [PMID: 30368936 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Grain boundaries play a key role in the performance of thin-film optoelectronic devices and yet their effect in halide perovskite materials is still not understood. The biggest factor limiting progress is the inability to identify grain boundaries. Noncrystallographic techniques can misidentify grain boundaries, leading to conflicting literature reports about their influence; however, the gold standard - electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) - destroys halide perovskite thin films. Here, this problem is solved by using a solid-state EBSD detector with 6000 times higher sensitivity than the traditional phosphor screen and camera. Correlating true grain size with photoluminescence lifetime, carrier diffusion length, and mobility shows that grain boundaries are not benign but have a recombination velocity of 1670 cm s-1 , comparable to that of crystalline silicon. Amorphous grain boundaries are also observed that give rise to locally brighter photoluminescence intensity and longer lifetimes. This anomalous grain boundary character offers a possible explanation for the mysteriously long lifetime and record efficiency achieved in small grain halide perovskite thin films. It also suggests a new approach for passivating grain boundaries, independent of surface passivation, to lead to even better performance in optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gede W P Adhyaksa
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098, XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Brittman
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098, XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Haralds Āboliņš
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098, XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andries Lof
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098, XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xueying Li
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Joel D Keelor
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yanqi Luo
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Teodor Duevski
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098, XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron M A Heeren
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Shane R Ellis
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - David P Fenning
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Erik C Garnett
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098, XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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42
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Foley BJ, Cuthriell S, Yazdi S, Chen AZ, Guthrie SM, Deng X, Giri G, Lee SH, Xiao K, Doughty B, Ma YZ, Choi JJ. Impact of Crystallographic Orientation Disorders on Electronic Heterogeneities in Metal Halide Perovskite Thin Films. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:6271-6278. [PMID: 30216078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskite thin films have achieved remarkable performance in optoelectronic devices but suffer from spatial heterogeneity in their electronic properties. To achieve higher device performance and reliability needed for widespread commercial deployment, spatial heterogeneity of optoelectronic properties in the perovskite thin film needs to be understood and controlled. Clear identification of the causes underlying this heterogeneity, most importantly the spatial heterogeneity in charge trapping behavior, has remained elusive. Here, a multimodal imaging approach consisting of photoluminescence, optical transmission, and atomic force microscopy is utilized to separate electronic heterogeneity from morphology variations in perovskite thin films. By comparing the degree of heterogeneity in highly oriented and randomly oriented polycrystalline perovskite thin film samples, we reveal that disorders in the crystallographic orientation of the grains play a dominant role in determining charge trapping and electronic heterogeneity. This work also demonstrates a polycrystalline thin film with uniform charge trapping behavior by minimizing crystallographic orientation disorder. These results suggest that single crystals may not be required for perovskite thin film based optoelectronic devices to reach their full potential.
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43
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Arias DH, Moore DT, van de Lagemaat J, Johnson JC. Direct Measurements of Carrier Transport in Polycrystalline Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Films with Transient Grating Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:5710-5717. [PMID: 30204448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid organic-inorganic halide perovskites have been proposed in many optoelectronic applications, but critical to their increasing functionality and utility is understanding and controlling carrier transport. Here, we use light-induced transient grating spectroscopy to probe directly carrier transport in polycrystalline methylammonium lead iodide perovskite thin films using a weakly perturbative and noncontact method. The data reveal intrinsic diffusion characteristics of the charge carriers in the material and agree well with a simulated model of charge transport in which grain boundaries act as barriers to carrier movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan H Arias
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , 15013 Denver West Parkway , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | - David T Moore
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , 15013 Denver West Parkway , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | - Jao van de Lagemaat
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , 15013 Denver West Parkway , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | - Justin C Johnson
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , 15013 Denver West Parkway , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
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44
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Stavrakas C, Zhumekenov AA, Brenes R, Abdi-Jalebi M, Bulović V, Bakr OM, Barnard ES, Stranks SD. Probing buried recombination pathways in perovskite structures using 3D photoluminescence tomography. ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2018; 11:2846-2852. [PMID: 30713582 PMCID: PMC6333269 DOI: 10.1039/c8ee00928g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells and light-emission devices are yet to achieve their full potential owing in part to microscale inhomogeneities and defects that act as non-radiative loss pathways. These sites have been revealed using local photoluminescence mapping techniques but the short absorption depth of photons with energies above the bandgap means that conventional one-photon excitation primarily probes the surface recombination. Here, we use two-photon time-resolved confocal photoluminescence microscopy to explore the surface and bulk recombination properties of methylammonium lead halide perovskite structures. By acquiring 2D maps at different depths, we form 3D photoluminescence tomography images to visualise the charge carrier recombination kinetics. The technique unveils buried recombination pathways in both thin film and micro-crystal structures that aren't captured in conventional one-photon mapping experiments. Specifically, we reveal that light-induced passivation approaches are primarily surface-sensitive and that nominal single crystals still contain heterogeneous defects that impact charge-carrier recombination. Our work opens a new route to sensitively probe defects and associated non-radiative processes in perovskites, highlighting additional loss pathways in these materials that will need to be addressed through improved sample processing or passivation treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayan A Zhumekenov
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Roberto Brenes
- Research Laboratory of Electronics , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , MA 02139 , USA
| | | | - Vladimir Bulović
- Research Laboratory of Electronics , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , MA 02139 , USA
| | - Osman M Bakr
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Edward S Barnard
- Molecular Foundry , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , CA , USA
| | - Samuel D Stranks
- Cavendish Laboratory , JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge CB3 0HE , UK .
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45
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Howard JM, Tennyson EM, Barik S, Szostak R, Waks E, Toney MF, Nogueira AF, Neves BRA, Leite MS. Humidity-Induced Photoluminescence Hysteresis in Variable Cs/Br Ratio Hybrid Perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:3463-3469. [PMID: 29882399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites containing Cs are a promising new material for light-absorbing and light-emitting optoelectronics. However, the impact of environmental conditions on their optical properties is not fully understood. Here, we elucidate and quantify the influence of distinct humidity levels on the charge carrier recombination in Cs xFA1- xPb(I yBr1- y)3 perovskites. Using in situ environmental photoluminescence (PL), we temporally and spectrally resolve light emission within a loop of critical relative humidity (rH) levels. Our measurements show that exposure up to 35% rH increases the PL emission for all Cs (10-17%) and Br (17-38%) concentrations investigated here. Spectrally, samples with larger Br concentrations exhibit PL redshift at higher humidity levels, revealing water-driven halide segregation. The compositions considered present hysteresis in their PL intensity upon returning to a low-moisture environment due to partially reversible hydration of the perovskites. Our findings demonstrate that the Cs/Br ratio strongly influences both the spectral stability and extent of light emission hysteresis. We expect our method to become standard when testing the stability of emerging perovskites, including lead-free options, and to be combined with other parameters known for affecting material degradation, e.g., oxygen and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Howard
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20740 , United States
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20740 , United States
| | - Elizabeth M Tennyson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20740 , United States
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20740 , United States
| | - Sabyasachi Barik
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20740 , United States
- Department of Physics , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20740 , United States
| | - Rodrigo Szostak
- Institute of Chemistry , University of Campinas , Campinas - SP 13083-970 , Brazil
| | - Edo Waks
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20740 , United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20740 , United States
| | - Michael F Toney
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Ana F Nogueira
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
- Institute of Chemistry , University of Campinas , Campinas - SP 13083-970 , Brazil
| | - Bernardo R A Neves
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20740 , United States
- Department of Physics , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte - MG 31270-901 , Brazil
| | - Marina S Leite
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20740 , United States
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20740 , United States
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46
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Hu X, Wang X, Fan P, Li Y, Zhang X, Liu Q, Zheng W, Xu G, Wang X, Zhu X, Pan A. Visualizing Carrier Transport in Metal Halide Perovskite Nanoplates via Electric Field Modulated Photoluminescence Imaging. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:3024-3031. [PMID: 29696975 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskite nanostructures have recently been the focus of intense research due to their exceptional optoelectronic properties and potential applications in integrated photonics devices. Charge transport in perovskite nanostructure is a crucial process that defines efficiency of optoelectronic devices but still requires a deep understanding. Herein, we report the study of the charge transport, particularly the drift of minority carrier in both all-inorganic CsPbBr3 and organic-inorganic hybrid CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite nanoplates by electric field modulated photoluminescence (PL) imaging. Bias voltage dependent elongated PL emission patterns were observed due to the carrier drift at external electric fields. By fitting the drift length as a function of electric field, we obtained the carrier mobility of about 28 cm2 V-1 S-1 in the CsPbBr3 perovskite nanoplate. The result is consistent with the spatially resolved PL dynamics measurement, confirming the feasibility of the method. Furthermore, the electric field modulated PL imaging is successfully applied to the study of temperature-dependent carrier mobility in CsPbBr3 nanoplates. This work not only offers insights for the mobile carrier in metal halide perovskite nanostructures, which is essential for optimizing device design and performance prediction, but also provides a novel and simple method to investigate charge transport in many other optoelectronic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelu Hu
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, School of Physics and Electronics , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, School of Physics and Electronics , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Fan
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, School of Physics and Electronics , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yunyun Li
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, School of Physics and Electronics , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, School of Physics and Electronics , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qingbo Liu
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, School of Physics and Electronics , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Weihao Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, School of Physics and Electronics , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Gengzhao Xu
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-Bionics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, School of Physics and Electronics , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, School of Physics and Electronics , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Anlian Pan
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, School of Physics and Electronics , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
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