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Li J, Xu Y, Li P, Völkel A, Saldaña FI, Antonietti M, López-Salas N, Odziomek M. Beyond Conventional Carbon Activation: Creating Porosity without Etching Using Cesium Effect. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311655. [PMID: 38240357 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Facile synthesis of porous carbon with high yield and high specific surface area (SSA) from low-cost molecular precursors offers promising opportunities for their industrial applications. However, conventional activation methods using potassium and sodium hydroxides or carbonates suffer from low yields (<20%) and poor control over porosity and composition especially when high SSAs are targeted (>2000 m2 g-1) because nanopores are typically created by etching. Herein, a non-etching activation strategy is demonstrated using cesium salts of low-cost carboxylic acids as the sole precursor in producing porous carbons with yields of up to 25% and SSAs reaching 3008 m2 g-1. The pore size and oxygen content can be adjusted by tuning the synthesis temperature or changing the molecular precursor. Mechanistic investigation unravels the non-classical role of cesium as an activating agent. The cesium compounds that form in situ, including carbonates, oxides, and metallic cesium, have extremely low work function enabling electron injection into organic/carbonaceous framework, promoting condensation, and intercalation of cesium ions into graphitic stacks forming slit pores. The resulting porous carbons deliver a high capacity of 252 mAh g-1 (567 F g-1) and durability of 100 000 cycles as cathodes of Zn-ion capacitors, showing their potential for electrochemical energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Li
- Colloid Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yaolin Xu
- Institute of Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pengzhou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Antje Völkel
- Colloid Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Markus Antonietti
- Colloid Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nieves López-Salas
- Colloid Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Mateusz Odziomek
- Colloid Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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Ugartemendia A, Casademont-Reig I, Zhao L, Zhang Z, Frenking G, Ugalde JM, Garcia-Lekue A, Jimenez-Izal E. Deciphering the chemical bonding of the trivalent oxygen atom in oxygen doped graphene. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6151-6159. [PMID: 38665533 PMCID: PMC11041353 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00142g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, planar and neutral tricoordinated oxygen embedded in graphene has been imaged experimentally (Nat. Commun., 2019, 10, 4570-4577). In this work, this unusual chemical species is studied utilizing a variety of state-of-the-art methods and combining periodic calculations with a fragmental approach. Several factors influencing the stability of trivalent oxygen are identified. A σ-donation and a π-backdonation mechanism between graphite and oxygen is established. π-Local aromaticity, with a delocalized 4c-2e bond involving the oxygen atom and the three nearest carbon atoms aids in the stabilization of this system. In addition, the framework in which the oxygen is embedded is crucial too to the stabilization, helping to delocalize the "extra" electron pair in the virtual orbitals. Based on the understanding gathered in this work, a set of organic molecules containing planar and neutral trivalent oxygen is theoretically proposed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andoni Ugartemendia
- Polimero eta Material Aurreratuak: Fisika, Kimika eta Teknologia Saila, Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU) M. de Lardizabal Pasealekua 3, Donostia, Euskadi Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) Manuel de Lardizabal Pasealekua 3, Donostia, Euskadi Spain
| | - Irene Casademont-Reig
- Department of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) Pleinlaan 2 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Zuxian Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) Manuel de Lardizabal Pasealekua 3, Donostia, Euskadi Spain
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse D-35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Jesus M Ugalde
- Polimero eta Material Aurreratuak: Fisika, Kimika eta Teknologia Saila, Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU) M. de Lardizabal Pasealekua 3, Donostia, Euskadi Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) Manuel de Lardizabal Pasealekua 3, Donostia, Euskadi Spain
| | - Aran Garcia-Lekue
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science Euskadi Bilbao Spain
| | - Elisa Jimenez-Izal
- Polimero eta Material Aurreratuak: Fisika, Kimika eta Teknologia Saila, Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU) M. de Lardizabal Pasealekua 3, Donostia, Euskadi Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) Manuel de Lardizabal Pasealekua 3, Donostia, Euskadi Spain
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3
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Ba J, Dong H, Odziomek M, Lai F, Wang R, Han Y, Shu J, Antonietti M, Liu T, Yang W, Tian Z. Red Carbon Mediated Formation of Cu 2O Clusters Dispersed on the Oxocarbon Framework by Fehling's Route and their Use for the Nitrate Electroreduction in Acidic Conditions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2400396. [PMID: 38528795 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The oligomers of carbon suboxide, known as red carbon, exhibit a highly conjugated structure and semiconducting properties. Upon mild heat treatment, it transforms into a carbonaceous framework rich in oxygen surface terminations, called oxocarbon. In this study, the abundant oxygen functionalities are harnessed as anchors to create oxocarbon-supported nanohybrid electrocatalysts. Starting with single atomic Cu (II) strongly coordinated to oxygen atoms on red carbon, the Fehling reaction leads to the formation of Cu2O clusters. Simultaneously, a covalent oxocarbon framework emerges via cross-linking, providing robust support for Cu2O clusters. Notably, the oxocarbon support effectively stabilizes Cu2O clusters of very small size, ensuring their high durability in acidic conditions and the presence of ammonia. The synthesized material exhibits a superior electrocatalytic activity for nitrate reduction under acidic electrolyte conditions, with a high yield rate of ammonium (NH4 +) at 3.31 mmol h-1 mgcat -1 and a Faradaic efficiency of 92.5% at a potential of -0.4 V (vs RHE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Ba
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Hongliang Dong
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Mateusz Odziomek
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Feili Lai
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Rui Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Yandong Han
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Jinfu Shu
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tianxi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Wensheng Yang
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Tian
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
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Zhang G, Li Y, Zhu R, Huang Z, Zhang D, Long Z, Li Y. Fabrication of Multi-Layered Paper-Based Supercapacitor Anode by Growing Cu(OH) 2 Nanorods on Oxygen Functional Groups-Rich Sponge-Like Carbon Fibers. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305136. [PMID: 37759415 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
This work addresses the challenges in developing carbon fiber paper-based supercapacitors (SCs) with high energy density by focusing on the limited capacity of carbon fiber. To overcome this limitation, a sponge-like porous carbon fiber paper enriched with oxygen functional groups (OFGs) is prepared, and Cu(OH)2 nanorods are grown on its surface to construct the SC anode. This design results in a multi-layered carbon fiber paper-based electrode with a specific structure and enhanced capacitance. The Cu(OH)2 @PCFP anode exhibits an areal capacitance of 547.83 mF cm-2 at a current density of 1 mA cm-2 and demonstrates excellent capacitance retention of 99.8% after 10 000 cycles. Theoretical calculations further confirm that the Cu(OH)2 /OFGs-graphite heterostructure exhibits higher conductivity, facilitating faster charge transfer. A solid-state SC is successfully assembled using Ketjen Black@PCFP as the cathode and KOH/PVA as the gel electrolyte. The resulting device exhibits an energy density of 0.21 Wh cm-2 at 1.50 mW cm-2 , surpassing the performance of reported Cu(OH)2 SCs. This approach, combining materials design with an understanding of underlying mechanisms, not only expands the range of electrode materials but also provides valuable insights for the development of high-capacity energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Yaoyao Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Beijing Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Ruifeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Dan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Zhu Long
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Yuning Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
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5
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Zheng X, Tian Z, Bouchal R, Antonietti M, López-Salas N, Odziomek M. Tin (II) Chloride Salt Melts as Non-Innocent Solvents for the Synthesis of Low-Temperature Nanoporous Oxo-Carbons for Nitrate Electrochemical Hydrogenation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2311575. [PMID: 38152896 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous electrocatalysts offer advantages over metal-based counterparts, being cost-effective, sustainable, and electrochemically stable. Their high surface area increases reaction kinetics, making them valuable for environmental applications involving contaminant removal. However, their rational synthesis is challenging due to the applied high temperatures and activation steps, leading to disordered materials with limited control over doping. Here, a new synthetic pathway using carbon oxide precursors and tin chloride as a p-block metal salt melt is presented. As a result, highly porous oxygen-rich carbon sheets (with a surface area of 1600 m2 g-1 ) are obtained at relatively low temperatures (400 °C). Mechanistic studies reveal that Sn(II) triggers reductive deoxygenation and concomitant condensation/cross-linking, facilitated by the Sn(II) → Sn(IV) transition. Due to their significant surface area and oxygen doping, these materials demonstrate exceptional electrocatalytic activity in the nitrate-to-ammonia conversion, with an ammonia yield rate of 221 mmol g-1 h-1 and a Faradic efficiency of 93%. These results surpass those of other carbon-based electrocatalysts. In situ Raman studies reveal that the reaction occurs through electrochemical hydrogenation, where active hydrogen is provided by water reduction. This work contributes to the development of carbonaceous electrocatalysts with enhanced performance for sustainable environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zheng
- Colloid Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Zhihong Tian
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Roza Bouchal
- Colloid Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Colloid Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nieves López-Salas
- Colloid Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Sustainable Materials Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 30098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Mateusz Odziomek
- Colloid Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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6
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Chen X, Wang L, Sun W, Yang Z, Jin J, Huang Y, Liu G. Boron Bifunctional Catalysts for Rapid Degradation of Persistent Organic Pollutants in a Metal-Free Electro-Fenton Process: O 2 and H 2O 2 Activation Process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15693-15702. [PMID: 37791801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Metals usually served as the active sites of the heterogeneous bifunctional electro-Fenton reaction, which faced the challenge of poor stability under acidic or even neutral conditions. Exploring a metal-free heterogeneous bifunctional electro-Fenton catalyst can effectively solve the above problems. In this work, a stable metal-free heterogeneous bifunctional boron-modified porous carbon catalyst (BTA-1000) was synthesized. For the BTA-1000 catalyst, the yield of H2O2 (294 mg/L) significantly increased. The degradation rate of phenol by BTA-1000 (0.242 min-1) increased by an order of magnitude, compared with the porous carbon catalyst (0.0105 min-1). The BTA catalyst could rapidly degrade industrial dye wastewater, and its specific energy consumption was 5.52 kW h kg-1 COD-1, lower than that in previous reports (6.38-7.4 kW h kg-1 COD-1). DFT and XPS revealed that C═O and -BC2O groups jointly promoted the generation of H2O2, and the -BCO2 group played dominant roles in the generation of •OH because the oxygen atom near the electron-giving groups (-BCO2 group) facilitated the formation of hydrogen bond and H2O2 adsorption. This work gained deep insights into the reaction mechanism of the boron-modified porous carbon catalyst, which helped to guide the development of metal-free heterogeneous bifunctional electro-Fenton catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Lida Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Flue Gas Purification and Waste Heat Utilization, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Flue Gas Purification and Waste Heat Utilization, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhengqing Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingjing Jin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - YaPeng Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Guichang Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Flue Gas Purification and Waste Heat Utilization, Dalian 116024, China
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7
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Reis GSD, Petnikota S, Subramaniyam CM, de Oliveira HP, Larsson S, Thyrel M, Lassi U, García Alvarado F. Sustainable Biomass-Derived Carbon Electrodes for Potassium and Aluminum Batteries: Conceptualizing the Key Parameters for Improved Performance. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:765. [PMID: 36839133 PMCID: PMC9959877 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of sustainable, safe, low-cost, high energy and density power-density energy storage devices is most needed to electrify our modern needs to reach a carbon-neutral society by ~2050. Batteries are the backbones of future sustainable energy sources for both stationary off-grid and mobile plug-in electric vehicle applications. Biomass-derived carbon materials are extensively researched as efficient and sustainable electrode/anode candidates for lithium/sodium-ion chemistries due to their well-developed tailored textures (closed pores and defects) and large microcrystalline interlayer spacing and therefore opens-up their potential applications in sustainable potassium and aluminum batteries. The main purpose of this perspective is to brief the use of biomass residues for the preparation of carbon electrodes for potassium and aluminum batteries annexed to the biomass-derived carbon physicochemical structures and their aligned electrochemical properties. In addition, we presented an outlook as well as some challenges faced in this promising area of research. We believe that this review enlightens the readers with useful insights and a reasonable understanding of issues and challenges faced in the preparation, physicochemical properties and application of biomass-derived carbon materials as anodes and cathode candidates for potassium and aluminum batteries, respectively. In addition, this review can further help material scientists to seek out novel electrode materials from different types of biomasses, which opens up new avenues in the fabrication/development of next-generation sustainable and high-energy density batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glaydson Simões Dos Reis
- Biomass Technology Centre, Department of Forest Biomaterials and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Shaikshavali Petnikota
- Biomass Technology Centre, Department of Forest Biomaterials and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Chandrasekar M. Subramaniyam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Helinando Pequeno de Oliveira
- Institute of Materials Science, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Avenue Antônio Carlos Magalhães, 510-Santo Antônio CEP, Juazeiro 48902-300, BA, Brazil
| | - Sylvia Larsson
- Biomass Technology Centre, Department of Forest Biomaterials and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mikael Thyrel
- Biomass Technology Centre, Department of Forest Biomaterials and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ulla Lassi
- Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Applied Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla, Kokkola University Consortium Chydenius, Talonpojankatu 2B, FI-67100 Kokkola, Finland
| | - Flaviano García Alvarado
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Madrid, Spain
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Controllable Preparation of Eucommia Wood-Derived Mesoporous Activated Carbon as Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030663. [PMID: 36771963 PMCID: PMC9920536 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated carbons (ACs) for supercapacitors were synthesized from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (EUO) wood by H3PO4 with systemic activation processes. The target structure of ACs could be prepared by adjusting the technological parameters. As the H3PO4 concentration was 25%, the mass ratio of feedstocks to activator was 1:4, the activation time was 6 h, and the activation temperature was 400 °C, the obtained AC revealed a high specific surface area (2033.87 m2·g-1) and well-developed mesoporous (the rate of mesoporous was 96.4%) with the best economic feasibility. Besides, it possessed excellent electrochemical performance: the maximum specific capacitance reached up to 252 F·g-1, the charging and discharging period was 3098.2 s at 0.2 A·g-1, and the retention rate of specific capacitance reached 92.3% after 10,000 cycles. This low temperature and convenience technology provide a valuable reference for synthesizing the EUO-based ACs, making high-value utilization on the EUO branches, and owning a broad application prospect in supercapacitors.
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9
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Kim JH, Kim SH, Kim BJ, Lee HM. Effects of Oxygen-Containing Functional Groups on the Electrochemical Performance of Activated Carbon for EDLCs. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:262. [PMID: 36678013 PMCID: PMC9861518 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Activated carbon (AC) is used in commercial electric double-layer capacitors (EDLC) as electrode active material owing to its favorable properties. However, oxygen functional groups (OFGs) present in AC reduce the lifespan of EDLCs. Thus, we investigated the correlation between the OFGs in AC and their electrochemical characteristics. Samples were prepared by heat-treating commercial AC at 300 °C-900 °C for 1 h under two gas atmospheres (N2 and 4% H2/N2 mixed gas). The textural properties were studied, and the reduction characteristics of AC under Ar and H2/Ar mixed gas atmospheres were investigated. Additionally, changes in the OFGs with respect to the heat-treatment conditions were examined via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The specific surface areas of AC-N and AC-H were 2220-2040 and 2220-2090 m2/g, respectively. Importantly, the samples treated in hydrogen gas exhibited a higher yield than those treated in nitrogen while maintaining their pore characteristics. Additionally, the electrochemical performance of the AC was significantly enhanced after the reduction process; the specific capacitance increased from 62.1 F/g to 81.6 F/g (at 0.1 A/g). Thus, heat treatment in hydrogen gas improves the electrochemical performance of EDLCs without destroying the pore characteristics of AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hwan Kim
- Research & Development Division, Korea Carbon Industry Promotion Agency, Jeonju 54853, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hwi Kim
- Center for Bio-Resource Recycling, Institute for Advanced Engineering, Yongin 11780, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Joo Kim
- Department of Nano & Advanced Materials Engineering, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Min Lee
- Research & Development Division, Korea Carbon Industry Promotion Agency, Jeonju 54853, Republic of Korea
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10
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Liu J, Zhang K, Wang H, Lin L, Zhang J, Li P, Zhang Q, Shi J, Cui H. Advances in Micro-/Mesopore Regulation Methods for Plant-Derived Carbon Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204261. [PMID: 36297839 PMCID: PMC9611847 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, renewable and clean energy has become increasingly important due to energy shortage and environmental pollution. Selecting plants as the carbon precursors to replace costly non-renewable energy sources causing severe pollution is a good choice. In addition, owing to their diverse microstructure and the rich chemical composition, plant-based carbon materials are widely used in many fields. However, some of the plant-based carbon materials have the disadvantage of possessing a large percentage of macroporosity, limiting their functionality. In this paper, we first introduce two characteristics of plant-derived carbon materials: diverse microstructure and rich chemical composition. Then, we propose improvement measures to cope with a high proportion of macropores of plant-derived carbon materials. Emphatically, size regulation methods are summarized for micropores (KOH activation, foam activation, physical activation, freezing treatment, and fungal treatment) and mesopores (H3PO4 activation, enzymolysis, molten salt activation, and template method). Their advantages and disadvantages are also compared and analyzed. Finally, the paper makes suggestions on the pore structure improvement of plant-derived carbon materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Wooden Materials Science and Engineering of Jilin Province, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wooden Materials Science and Engineering of Jilin Province, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Huiyan Wang
- Beijing Spacecraft Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Beijing 100094, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Wooden Materials Science and Engineering of Jilin Province, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wooden Materials Science and Engineering of Jilin Province, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Peng Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wooden Materials Science and Engineering of Jilin Province, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Junyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Wooden Materials Science and Engineering of Jilin Province, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Hang Cui
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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