Mesoporous titanium zirconium oxide nanospheres with potential for drug delivery applications

Comparative Study of Bi2 O3 , MgO and ZrO2 Nanomaterials designed by Polymer Sacrificial Method for Amoxicillin delivery and Bone Regeneration: In-Vitro Studies.. [DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3146890/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0]

Hard tissue scientists face many difficulties, including persistent osteomyelitis and diseased bone abnormalities. Inorganic mesoporous nanomaterials are excellent candidates for the adsorption and loading of bioactive medicinal substances because to their chemical-physical characteristics. Recently, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide and bismuth oxide nanoparticles are of great surface area and biocompatibility, and they have been described as a new drug delivery carrier. In this study, amoxicillin antibiotic was loaded into the prepared mesoporous nanomaterials (ZrO2, MgO and Bi2O3) to form a local antibiotic delivery system. The prepared mesoporous nanomaterials were investigated by XRD, FTIR, TEM, zeta potential and BET surface area measurements. Amoxicillin antibiotic was released from the prepared mesoporous nanomaterials in PBS. The effectiveness of the antibacterial study against several gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains was assessed. The cytotoxicity study of the human osteoblast-like cells (MG-63) was tested for all prepared mesoporous nanomaterials utilizing MTT assay. ZrO2 demonstrated particle diameters in the range of (5.26– 11.47nm), MgO was (70–80nm) and Bi2O3 was (9.79– 13.7nm). The greater surface area was confirmed for Bi2O3 sample (3.99 m2g− 1) by BET surface area. Amoxicillin loaded mesoporous nano powders exhibited impressive antibacterial and antifungal activities. MgO and Bi2O3 mesoporous nanoparticles exhibited better antimicrobial activities compared to ZrO2 sample. The proliferation for all samples gave good results especially for MgO and Bi2O3. As a result, the produced mesoporous nanomaterials have a significant potential for use as medicine delivery systems for bone regeneration and for enhancing the properties of other products in medical applications.

Erythromycin Formulations—A Journey to Advanced Drug Delivery

Erythromycin (ERY) is a macrolide compound with a broad antimicrobial spectrum which is currently being used to treat a large number of bacterial infections affecting the skin, respiratory tract, intestines, bones and other systems, proving great value from a clinical point of view. It became popular immediately after its discovery in 1952, due to its therapeutic effect against pathogens resistant to other drugs. Despite this major advantage, ERY exhibits several drawbacks, raising serious clinical challenges. Among them, the very low solubility in water and instability under acidic conditions cause a limited efficacy and bioavailability. Apart from this, higher doses promote drug resistance and undesirable effects. In order to overcome these disadvantages, during the past decades, a large variety of ERY formulations, including nanoparticles, have emerged. Despite the interest in ERY-(nano)formulations, a review on them is lacking. Therefore, this work was aimed at reviewing all efforts made to encapsulate ERY in formulations of various chemical compositions, sizes and morphologies. In addition, their preparation/synthesis, physico-chemical properties and performances were carefully analysed. Limitations of these studies, particularly the quantification of ERY, are discussed as well.

Rational design of hollow mesoporous titania nanoparticles loaded with curcumin for UV-controlled release and targeted drug delivery

Curcumin (Cur), appeared to provide huge potential in biomedical application. However, its therapeutic efficacy was greatly limited as the result of poor solubility and instability. To address these limitations, we create a new type of hollow mesoporous titania nanoparticle (HMTN) to encapsulate Cur. HMTN was decorated with a layer of hydrophilic polyethylenimine (PEI), which controlled the release rate of Cur inside the pore due to its dendritic structure. Combined with the folic acid (FA) mediated targeting effect, the potential multifunctional Cur loaded titania nanoparticle (Cur-FA-PEI-HMTN) showed excellent biocompatibility and bioavailability, as well as the UV-responsive drug release properties. The operating parameters to prepare hollow structure were studied and the Cur-FA-PEI-HMTN nanosystem had been fully characterized by Brunauer-Emmet-Teller, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope, thermal gravity analysis, differential thermal analysis, x-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering and zeta potential. In addition, the hemolytic test, as well as CCK8, flow cytometry, Hoechst 33342 staining experiment, were carried out to confirm the low cytotoxity and high biocompatibility. The confocal microscopy analysis results also revealed the increasing uptake of Cur@FA-PEI-HMTN by MCF-7 cells. The synthesized nanoparticles displayed great potential as drug nanovehicles with high biocompatibility.

Tailored Mesoporous Inorganic Biomaterials: Assembly, Functionalization, and Drug Delivery Engineering

Infectious or immune diseases have caused serious threat to human health due to their complexity and specificity, and emerging drug delivery systems (DDSs) have evolved into the most promising therapeutic strategy for drug-targeted therapy. Various mesoporous biomaterials are exploited and applied as efficient nanocarriers to loading drugs by virtue of their large surface area, high porosity, and prominent biocompatibility. Nanosized mesoporous nanocarriers show great potential in biomedical research, and it has become the research hotspot in the interdisciplinary field. Herein, recent progress and assembly mechanisms on mesoporous inorganic biomaterials (e.g., silica, carbon, metal oxide) are summarized systematically, and typical functionalization methods (i.e., hybridization, polymerization, and doping) for nanocarriers are also discussed in depth. Particularly, structure-activity relationship and the effect of physicochemical parameters of mesoporous biomaterials, including morphologies (e.g., hollow, core-shell), pore textures (e.g., pore size, pore volume), and surface features (e.g., roughness and hydrophilic/hydrophobic) in DDS application are overviewed and elucidated in detail. As one of the important development directions, advanced stimuli-responsive DDSs (e.g., pH, temperature, redox, ultrasound, light, magnetic field) are highlighted. Finally, the prospect of mesoporous biomaterials in disease therapeutics is stated, and it will open a new spring for the development of mesoporous nanocarriers.

Comprehensive Survey on Nanobiomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications

One of the most important ideas ever produced by the application of materials science to the medical field is the notion of biomaterials. The nanostructured biomaterials play a crucial role in the development of new treatment strategies including not only the replacement of tissues and organs, but also repair and regeneration. They are designed to interact with damaged or injured tissues to induce regeneration, or as a forest for the production of laboratory tissues, so they must be micro-environmentally sensitive. The existing materials have many limitations, including impaired cell attachment, proliferation, and toxicity. Nanotechnology may open new avenues to bone tissue engineering by forming new assemblies similar in size and shape to the existing hierarchical bone structure. Organic and inorganic nanobiomaterials are increasingly used for bone tissue engineering applications because they may allow to overcome some of the current restrictions entailed by bone regeneration methods. This review covers the applications of different organic and inorganic nanobiomaterials in the field of hard tissue engineering.

Photocatalytic and bactericidal properties and molecular docking analysis of TiO2 nanoparticles conjugated with Zr for environmental remediation

Despite implementing several methodologies including a combination of physical, chemical and biological techniques, aquatic and microbial pollution remains a challenge to this day. Recently, nanomaterials have attracted considerable attention due to their extraordinary prospective for utilization toward environmental remediation. Among several probable candidates, TiO₂ stands out due to its potential for use in multifaceted applications. One way to improve the catalytic and antimicrobial potential of TiO₂ is to dope it with certain elements. In this study, Zr-doped TiO₂ was synthesized through a sol–gel chemical method using various dopant concentrations (2, 4, 6, and 8 wt%). Surface morphological, microstructural and elemental analysis was carried out using FESEM and HR-TEM along with EDS to confirm the formation of Zr–TiO₂. XRD spectra showed a linear shift of the (101) anatase peak to lower diffraction angles (from 25.4° to 25.08°) with increasing Zr⁴⁺ concentration. Functional groups were examined via FTIR, an ample absorption band appearing between 400 and 700 cm⁻¹ in the acquired spectrum was attributed to the vibration modes of the Ti–O–Ti linkage present within TiO₂ nanoparticles, which denotes the formation of TiO₂. Experimental results indicated that with increasing dopant concentrations, photocatalytic potential was enhanced significantly. In this respect, TiO₂ doped with 8 wt% Zr (sample 0.08 : 1) exhibited outstanding performance by realizing 98% elimination of synthetic MB in 100 minutes. This is thought to be due to a decreased rate of electron–hole pair recombination that transpires upon doping. Therefore, it is proposed that Zr-doped TiO₂ can be used as an effective photocatalyst material for various environmental and wastewater treatment applications. The good docking scores and binding confirmation of Zr-doped TiO₂ suggested doped nanoparticles as a potential inhibitor against selected targets of both E. coli and S. aureus. Hence, enzyme inhibition studies of Zr-doped TiO₂ NPs are suggested for further confirmation of these in silico predictions.

Despite implementing several methodologies including a combination of physical, chemical and biological techniques, aquatic and microbial pollution remains a challenge to this day.

Multifunctional Polypyrrole-Coated Mesoporous TiO2 Nanocomposites for Photothermal, Sonodynamic, and Chemotherapeutic Treatments and Dual-Modal Ultrasound/Photoacoustic Imaging of Tumors

TiO₂ nanoparticles have emerged as satisfactory sonosensitizers in sonodynamic therapy over the years, but shortcomings such as poor drug loading capability and inadequate techniques to construct suitable TiO₂ nanoparticles, limit their broader applications. Hence, in this paper, versatile nanocomposites that combine mesoporous TiO₂ nanoparticles (mTiO₂ s) with the promising photothermal material, polypyrrole (PPY) to exert synergistic therapeutic effects on tumors are fabricated. The PPY-coated mesoporous TiO₂ nanocomposites (mTiO₂ @PPYs) act as drug delivery vehicles and ultrasonically activated sonosensitizers as well as photothermal agents. Besides, mTiO₂ @PPY may have potential as an ultrasound/photoacoustic (US/PA) imaging contrast agent. The mTiO₂ @PPY shows a favorable drug loading and good photothermal conversion ability. Moreover, intracellular reactive oxygen species generation is verified. The in vitro cell experiments on HepG2 and 4T1 cells demonstrate that honokiol (HNK)-loaded mTiO₂ @PPY has satisfactory cytotoxicity under laser and US irradiation, and the results are further validated by animal experiments. The ability of mTiO₂ @PPY as a contrast agent for US and PA imaging is investigated both in vitro and in vivo. The results indicate that mTiO₂ @PPY-HNK has multitherapeutic effects and bimodal imaging property, which shows great prospect as a novel nanosystem in antitumor applications.

Facile Synthesis of Lanthanide (Ce, Eu, Tb, Ce/Tb, Yb/Er, Yb/Ho, and Yb/Tm)-Doped LnF3 and LnOF Porous Sub-Microspheres with Multicolor Emissions

Monodisperse YF₃ and YOF porous sub-microspheres were synthesized by using a novel sacrificing template method with amorphous Y(OH)CO₃ ⋅x H₂ O as the precursors and the template. It was found that the size and shape were well maintained, and the condensed precursor was transformed into uniform porous structures after fluoridation. By fine-tuning the feed of the fluorine source, the final product could be converted from YF₃ to YOF. A possible growth mechanism is proposed for the uniform porous YF₃ structure and the porous yolk-shell-like YOF structure. The luminescence properties showed that the as-synthesized YF₃ :Ln³⁺ (Ln=Eu, Tb, Ce, Ce/Tb, Yb/Er, Yb/Ho, and Yb/Tm) products exhibited strong multicolor emissions, which included down-/upconversion and energy-transfer processes. Additionally, YOX (X=Cl and Br) could be obtained if a different halogen source was used during calcination. However, the spheres were almost completely destroyed. Our novel synthetic route can also be extended to other lanthanide fluorides (REF₃ , RE=Gd, Lu), which may open a facile way to fabricate novel porous nanostructures.

Porous Ti/Zr Microspheres for Efficient Transfer Hydrogenation of Biobased Ethyl Levulinate to γ-Valerolactone

γ-Valerolactone (GVL) is one of the versatile platform molecules and biofuel additives derived from the lignocellulosic biomass. Herein, the efficient synthesis of GVL from biobased ethyl levulinate (EL) using alcohol as both H-donor and solvent without an external hydrogen source has been achieved over porous Ti/Zr microspheres. The catalysts (Ti _x Zr _y ) with different Ti/Zr molar ratios were synthesized using hexadecylamine (HDA) as a structure-directing agent via a sol-gel process combined with solvothermal treatment and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis, NH₃/CO₂-TPD, N₂ adsorption-desorption, and pyridine-IR. A high GVL yield of 90.1% at 100% EL conversion was obtained at 180 °C for 6 h over Ti₂Zr₈ in 2-propanol. The microspheric and porous structure, enhanced surface areas, and acid/base contents by the proper introduction of Ti species into Zr oxide were demonstrated to be responsible for the pronounced performance. The microspheric Ti₂Zr₈ porous catalyst could be reused at least six times with no decrease in catalytic activity.

Electrospray biodegradable microcapsules loaded with curcumin for drug delivery systems with high bioactivity

Biodegradable microcapsules as novel drug delivery systems were successfully fabricated by one-step processing using an electrospray technique.

Rational Design of Multifunctional Dendritic Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles to Load Curcumin and Enhance Efficacy for Breast Cancer Therapy

Breast cancer is the primary reason for cancer-related death in women worldwide and the development of new formulations to treat breast cancer patients is crucial. Curcumin (Cur), a natural product, exerts promising anticancer activities against various cancer types. However, its therapeutic efficacy is hindered as a result of poor water solubility, instability, and low bioavailability. The aim of this work is to assess the curative effect of a novel nanoformulation, i.e., Cur-loaded and calcium-doped dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles modified with folic acid (Cur-Ca@DMSNs-FA) for breast cancer therapy. The results manifested that Cur-Ca@DMSNs-FA dispersed very well in aqueous solution, released Cur with a pH-responsible profile, and targeted efficiently to human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Further investigations indicated that Cur-Ca@DMSNs-FA effectively inhibited cell proliferation, increased intracellular ROS generation, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and enhanced cell cycle retardation at G2/M phase, leading to a higher apoptosis rate in MCF-7 compared to free Cur. Moreover, the Western blotting analysis demonstrated that Cur-Ca@DMSNs-FA were more active than free Cur through suppression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and activation of the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway. In addition, hemolysis assay showed that the Ca@DMSNs-FA exhibited good biocompatibility. Last, in vivo studies indicated that when Cur was encapsulated in Ca@DMSNs-FA, the Cur concentration in blood serum and tumor tissues was increased after 1 h intraperitoneal injection. In conclusion, Cur-Ca@DMSNs-FA might act as a potential anticancer drug formulation for breast cancer therapy.

Biodegradable mesoporous bioactive glass nanospheres for drug delivery and bone tissue regeneration

Bioactive inorganic materials are attractive for hard tissue regeneration, and they are used as delivery vehicles for pharmaceutical molecules, scaffolds and components for bio-composites. We demonstrated mesoporous bioactive glass (BG) nanospheres that exhibited the capacity to deliver pharmaceutical molecules. Mesoporous BG nanospheres with variable Ca to Si ratios were synthesized using sol-gel chemistry. By controlling the hydrolysis and condensation conditions, the diameter of the mesoporous BG nanospheres was changed from 300 nm to 1500 nm. The porous structure and surface area of the BG nanospheres were shown to be dependent on their composition. The surface area of the BG nanospheres decreased from 400 ± 2 m(2) g(-1) to 56 ± 0.1 m(2) g(-1) when the Ca/Si ratio increased from 5 to 50 at.%. When the mesoporous BG nanospheres were loaded with ibuprofen (IBU), they exhibited a sustained release profile in simulated body fluid (SBF). In the meantime, the IBU-loaded BG nanospheres degraded in SBF, and induced apatite layer formation on the surface as a result of their good bioactivity. When the BG nanospheres were used as a composite filler to poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL), they were shown to be effective at improving the in vitro bioactivity of PCL microspheres.

Synthesis of mesoporous titanium oxide for release control and high efficiency drug delivery of vinorelbine bitartrate

Schematic illustration of porous titanium oxide for drug delivery of vinorelbine bitartrate.

Synthesis and applications of porous non-silica metal oxide submicrospheres

A variety of metal oxide particles of spherical morphology from nano to micrometer size have been reviewed with a special emphasis on the appraisal of synthetic strategies and applications in biomedical, environmental and energy-related areas.

Hollow ZrO2/PPy nanoplatform for improved drug delivery and real-time CT monitoring in synergistic photothermal-chemo cancer therapy

Hollow ZrO₂ nanospheres are fabricated to integrate polypyrrole and doxorubicin into one platform for synergistic photothermal-chemo therapy, and in vivo biodistribution is monitored by real-time CT imaging.

Acid-induced release of curcumin from calcium containing nanotheranostic excipient

Poor water solubility is believed one of the most critical problems of numerous promising pharmaceutical ingredients in their successful clinical utilization. Nanomedicine holds considerable promise to address this challenge, because it extends the therapeutic window of hydrophobic drugs through nanonization approach. Recently, the integration of diagnostic agents with smart therapeutic nanocarriers is also an emerging research arena to simultaneously visualize diseased tissues, achieve site specific drug release and track the impact of therapy. In this study, we have developed a biocompatible smart theranostic nanosystem which transports a highly promising hydrophobic drug (curcumin) in response to mildly acidic environment. As calcium is a main constituent of human body, hence we exploited the reversible calcium chelate formation tendency of divalent calcium to load and unload curcumin molecules. Moreover, an emerging T1 contrast agent is also tethered onto the surface of nanocarrier to realize MRI diagnosis application. In-vitro cell experiments revealed a significantly high chemotherapeutic efficiency of curcumin nanoformulation (IC50; 1.67 μg/mL), whereas free curcumin was found ineffective at the corresponding concentration (IC50; 29.72 μg/mL). MR imaging test also validated the performance of resulting system. Our strategy can be extended for the targeted delivery of other hydrophobic pharmaceutical ingredients.

Facile fabrication of single-phase multifunctional BaGdF5 nanospheres as drug carriers

Multifunctional BaGdF5 nanospheres with mesoporous, luminescent, and magnetic properties have been successfully synthesized with the assistance of trisodium citrate by a hydrothermal method. The mesoporous structure is revealed by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope images as well as N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm. The as-synthesized BaGdF5 nanospheres exhibit an intense broad bluish emission (centered at 450 nm) under the excitation of 390 nm, which might originate from the CO2·(-) radical-related defect produced by Cit(3-) groups. It is also shown that these BaGdF5 nanospheres brightened the T1-weighted images, suggesting that they could act as T1 contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. Using metformin hydrochloride as the model drug, the luminescent porous spheres show good drug storage/release capability. Furthermore, the emission intensity varies as a function of the cumulative drug release, making the drug-carrying system easily trackable and monitorable by detecting the luminescence intensity. Additionally, the paramagnetic property, originating from the unpaired electrons of Gd(3+) ions, opens the possibility of directing the magnetic targeted carrier to the pathological site by magnetic field gradient.