1
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Lavarda G, Labella J, Martínez-Díaz MV, Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Osuka A, Torres T. Recent advances in subphthalocyanines and related subporphyrinoids. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:9482-9619. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00280a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Subporphyrinoids constitute a class of extremely versatile and attractive compounds. Herein, a comprehensive review of the most recent advances in the fundamentals and applications of these cone-shaped aromatic macrocycles is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lavarda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Labella
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Victoria Martínez-Díaz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Salomé Rodríguez-Morgade
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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2
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Miao J, Wang Y, Liu J, Wang L. Organoboron molecules and polymers for organic solar cell applications. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 51:153-187. [PMID: 34851333 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00974e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic solar cells (OSCs) are emerging as a new photovoltaic technology with the great advantages of low cost, light-weight, flexibility and semi-transparency. They are promising for portable energy-conversion products and building-integrated photovoltaics. Organoboron chemistry offers an important toolbox to design novel organic/polymer optoelectronic materials and to tune their optoelectronic properties for OSC applications. At present, organoboron small molecules and polymers have become an important class of organic photovoltaic materials. Power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 16% and 14% have been realized with organoboron polymer electron donors and electron acceptors, respectively. In this review, we summarize the research progress in various kinds of organoboron photovoltaic materials for OSC applications, including organoboron small molecular electron donors, organoboron small molecular electron acceptors, organoboron polymer electron donors and organoboron polymer electron acceptors. This review also discusses how to tune their opto-electronic properties and active layer morphology for enhancing OSC device performance. We also offer our insight into the opportunities and challenges in improving the OSC device performance of organoboron photovoltaic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China.
| | - Yinghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China. .,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China.
| | - Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China.
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3
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Venkateswararao A, Wong KT. Small Molecules for Vacuum-Processed Organic Photovoltaics: Past, Current Status, and Prospect. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ken-Tsung Wong
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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4
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Raboui H, Josey DS, Jin Y, Bender TP. Initial Engineering and Outdoor Stability Assessment of "Gray/Black" Fullerene-Free Organic Photovoltaics Based on Only Two Complementary Absorbing Materials: A Tetrabenzotriazacorrole and a Subphthalocyanine. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:25264-25272. [PMID: 33043204 PMCID: PMC7542850 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Broad absorption is a desired characteristic of materials employed in the photoactive layers of organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices. Here, we have identified tetrabenzotriazacorroles (Tbcs) as complementary absorbing chromophores and electron donors to the promising nonfullerene acceptors boron subphthalocyanines (BsubPcs). These two materials, which can be utilized as donor-acceptor pairs within fullerene-free OPVs, yield spectral coverage over the entire visible range of 300-750 nm. Oxy phosphorus Tbc derivative (POTbc) was employed as an electron donor and paired initially with multiple BsubPc derivatives having a distribution of highest occupied molecular orbital/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels in planar heterojunction OPVs. These devices were "gray/black" due to the broad absorption across the visible spectrum. Upon screening, the partially halogenated chloro hexachloro BsubPc (Cl-Cl6BsubPc) showed the greatest promise for coupling with POTbc. The thickness ratio and total thickness of the active layer were then probed in order to identify the optical and electrical limitations on the POTbc/Cl-Cl6BsubPc-based OPV device. A maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.13% was achieved at 60 nm total thickness of the active layer and 1 to 3 (POTbc to Cl-Cl6BsubPc) thickness ratio. Outdoor stability of the champion device was evaluated using protocols established by International Summits on OPV Stability and was found to be on par with an α-sexithiophene/Cl-Cl6BsubPc baseline OPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Raboui
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - David S. Josey
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Yin Jin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Timothy P. Bender
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Toronto, 184 College
St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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5
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Zango G, Krug M, Krishna S, Mariñas V, Clark T, Martinez-Diaz MV, Guldi DM, Torres T. Photoactive preorganized subphthalocyanine-based molecular tweezers for selective complexation of fullerenes. Chem Sci 2020; 11:3448-3459. [PMID: 34745517 PMCID: PMC8515455 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00059k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new chromophoric receptors capable of binding curved carbon nanostructures is central to the quest for improved fullerene-based organic photovoltaics. We herein report the synthesis and characterization of a subphthalocyanine-based multicomponent ensemble consisting of two electron-rich SubPc-monomers rigidly attached to the convex surface of an electron-poor SubPc-dimer. Such a unique configuration, especially in terms of the two SubPc-monomers, together with the overall stiffness of the linker, endows the multicomponent system with a well-defined tweezer-like topology to efficiently embrace a fullerene in its inner cavity. The formation of a 1 : 1 complex was demonstrated in a variety of titration studies with either C60 or C70. In solution, the underlying association constants were of the order of 105 M-1. Detailed physicochemical experiments revealed a complex scenario of energy- and electron-transfer processes upon photoexcitation in the absence and presence of fullerenes. The close proximity of the fullerenes to the electron-rich SubPcs enables a charge shift from the initially formed reduced SubPc-dimer to either C60 to C70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Zango
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid c/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Marcel Krug
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 3 Erlangen 91058 Germany
| | - Swathi Krishna
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 3 Erlangen 91058 Germany
| | - Víctor Mariñas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid c/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Timothy Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 3 Erlangen 91058 Germany
| | - M Victoria Martinez-Diaz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid c/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 3 Erlangen 91058 Germany
| | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid c/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
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6
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Mizrahi A, Bukuroshi E, Vestfrid J, Bender TP, Gross Z. Axial/Peripheral Chloride/Fluoride-Substituted Boron Subphthalocyanines as Electron Acceptors. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:2641-2645. [PMID: 32077690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chloroboron subphthalocyanines (Cl-BsubPc) are robust compounds that can be readily modified at the axial and peripheral positions. Peripherally chlorinated derivatives were recently found to be advantageous regarding integration into organic electronic devices. We now report on the effects of fluorides introduced on both the peripheral and axial positions of BsubPcs. Specific attention on the reduction of these compounds revealed that the much fewer electronegative chlorides still shift the redox potentials as much as fluorides. The main advantage of the fluorinated derivatives was deduced to be their stability, allowing for the spectroscopic characterization of mono-anionic and even bis-anionic subphthalocyanines. This study sets the precedence for further tuning of the electrochemical properties of BsubPcs through molecular design, thus increasing their applicability regarding organic electronic devices that undergo multiple redox cycles during operational lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mizrahi
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200008, Israel.,Chemistry Department, Nuclear Research Centre Negev, Beer-Sheva 84190, Israel
| | - Esmeralda Bukuroshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto M5S 3E4, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jenya Vestfrid
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto M5S 3E4, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timothy P Bender
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto M5S 3E4, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto M5S 3H6, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto M5S 3E4, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zeev Gross
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200008, Israel
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7
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Wang Y, Mori S, Furuta H, Shimizu S. Bis(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)-Substituted Subtriazachlorin: A Subphthalocyanine Analogue with Redox Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10975-10979. [PMID: 31199050 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bis(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)-substituted subtriazachlorin was formed because of an unusual reaction of a 1,3-dithiole-2-one-fused subphthalocyanine in a triethylphosphite-mediated tetrathiafulvalene synthesis. In this novel molecule, the bis(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)ethane moiety and subtriazachlorin structure are fused, resulting in an electron-donating ability and broad absorption in the near-infrared region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yemei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Advanced Research Support Center (ADRES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Soji Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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8
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Wang Y, Mori S, Furuta H, Shimizu S. Bis(1,3‐dithiol‐2‐ylidene)‐Substituted Subtriazachlorin: A Subphthalocyanine Analogue with Redox Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201905331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yemei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryGraduate School of EngineeringKyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Advanced Research Support Center (ADRES)Ehime University Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryGraduate School of EngineeringKyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS)Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Soji Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryGraduate School of EngineeringKyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS)Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
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9
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Li TY, Benduhn J, Qiao Z, Liu Y, Li Y, Shivhare R, Jaiser F, Wang P, Ma J, Zeika O, Neher D, Mannsfeld SCB, Ma Z, Vandewal K, Leo K. Effect of H- and J-Aggregation on the Photophysical and Voltage Loss of Boron Dipyrromethene Small Molecules in Vacuum-Deposited Organic Solar Cells. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:2684-2691. [PMID: 31066274 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of the factors limiting the open-circuit voltage ( Voc) and related photon energy loss mechanisms is critical to increase the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of small-molecule organic solar cells (OSCs), especially those with near-infrared (NIR) absorbers. In this work, two NIR boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) molecules are characterized for application in planar (PHJ) and bulk (BHJ) heterojunction OSCs. When two H atoms are substituted by F atoms on the peripheral phenyl rings of the molecules, the molecular aggregation type in the thin film changes from the H-type to J-type. For PHJ devices, the nonradiative voltage loss of 0.35 V in the J-aggregated BODIPY is lower than that of 0.49 V in the H-aggregated device. In BHJ devices with a nonradiative voltage loss of 0.35 V, a PCE of 5.5% is achieved with an external quantum efficiency (EQE) maximum of 68% at 700 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yi Li
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) , Technische Universität Dresden , Nöthnitzer Straße 61 , Dresden 01187 , Germany
- Department of Chemistry , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Johannes Benduhn
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) , Technische Universität Dresden , Nöthnitzer Straße 61 , Dresden 01187 , Germany
| | - Zhi Qiao
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) , Technische Universität Dresden , Nöthnitzer Straße 61 , Dresden 01187 , Germany
| | - Yuan Liu
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) , Technische Universität Dresden , Nöthnitzer Straße 61 , Dresden 01187 , Germany
| | - Yue Li
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) , Technische Universität Dresden , Nöthnitzer Straße 61 , Dresden 01187 , Germany
| | - Rishi Shivhare
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) , Technische Universität Dresden , Nöthnitzer Straße 61 , Dresden 01187 , Germany
| | - Frank Jaiser
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Potsdam , Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25 , Potsdam-Golm 14476 , Germany
| | - Pei Wang
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , Helmholtzstrasse 20 , 01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Chemistry , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Olaf Zeika
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) , Technische Universität Dresden , Nöthnitzer Straße 61 , Dresden 01187 , Germany
| | - Dieter Neher
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Potsdam , Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25 , Potsdam-Golm 14476 , Germany
| | - Stefan C B Mannsfeld
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) , Technische Universität Dresden , Nöthnitzer Straße 61 , Dresden 01187 , Germany
| | - Zaifei Ma
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) , Technische Universität Dresden , Nöthnitzer Straße 61 , Dresden 01187 , Germany
| | - Koen Vandewal
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) , Technische Universität Dresden , Nöthnitzer Straße 61 , Dresden 01187 , Germany
| | - Karl Leo
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) , Technische Universität Dresden , Nöthnitzer Straße 61 , Dresden 01187 , Germany
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10
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Bai RR, Zhang CR, Wu YZ, Shen YL, Liu ZJ, Chen HS. Donor Halogenation Effects on Electronic Structures and Electron Process Rates of Donor/C60 Heterojunction Interface: A Theoretical Study on FnZnPc (n = 0, 4, 8, 16) and ClnSubPc (n = 0, 6). J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:4034-4047. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b01937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cai-Rong Zhang
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | | | - Yu-Lin Shen
- Gansu Computing Center, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Zi-Jiang Liu
- Department of Physics, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Hong-Shan Chen
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
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11
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Grant T, McIntyre V, Vestfrid J, Raboui H, White RT, Lu ZH, Lessard BH, Bender TP. Straightforward and Relatively Safe Process for the Fluoride Exchange of Trivalent and Tetravalent Group 13 and 14 Phthalocyanines. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:5317-5326. [PMID: 31459702 PMCID: PMC6649288 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To avoid the use of hydrofluoric acid, a series of fluorinated trivalent and tetravalent metal-containing phthalocyanines (MPcs) were synthesized using a straightforward one-step halide substitution process using cesium fluoride (CsF) as the fluoride source and by reflux in N,N-dimethylformamide for less than an hour. The resulting fluoro MPcs were characterized and compared to the parent chloro MPcs. In some cases, very little change in properties was observed between the fluoro MPcs and the chloro MPcs. In other cases, such as fluoro aluminum phthalocyanine, a blue shift in the absorbance characteristics and an increase in oxidation and reduction potential of as much as 0.22 V was observed compared to the chloro derivative. Thermo gravimetric analysis was performed on all halo-MPcs, indicating that the choice of halo substitution on the axial position can have an effect on the decomposition or sublimation temperature of the final compound. After initial establishment and characterization of the fluoro MPcs, the halide substitution reaction of difluoro silicon phthalocyanine (F2-SiPc) was further explored by scaling the reaction up to a gram scale as well as considering tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) as an additional safe fluoride source. The scaled-up reactions producing F2-SiPc using CsF and TBAF as fluoride exchange sources were successfully reproducible, resulting in reaction yields of 100 and 73%, respectively. Both processes led to pure final products but results indicate that CsF, as the fluoride exchange reagent, appears to be the superior reaction process as it has a much higher yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor
M. Grant
- Department
of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Victoria McIntyre
- Department
of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Jenya Vestfrid
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Hasan Raboui
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Robin T. White
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Toronto, 180 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Zheng-Hong Lu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Toronto, 180 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Benoît H. Lessard
- Department
of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Timothy P. Bender
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Toronto, 180 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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12
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Grant TM, Josey DS, Sampson KL, Mudigonda T, Bender TP, Lessard BH. Boron Subphthalocyanines and Silicon Phthalocyanines for Use as Active Materials in Organic Photovoltaics. CHEM REC 2019; 19:1093-1112. [PMID: 30672126 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have experienced continued interest over the last 25 years as a viable technology for the generation of power. Phthalocyanines are among the oldest commercial dyes and have been utilized in some of the earliest examples of OPVs. In recent years, the use of boron subphthalocyanines (BsubPcs) and silicon phthalocyanines (SiPcs) has attracted a flurry of interest with some examples of fullerene-free devices reaching power conversion efficiencies >8 %. Unlike other more common divalent phthalocyanines such as copper or zinc, BsubPcs and SiPcs contain additional axial groups that can easily be functionalized without significantly affecting the optoelectronic properties of the macrocycle. This handle facilitates our ability to tune the solid-state arrangement and other physical characteristics such as solubility ultimately giving us the ability to improve the thin film processing and final device performance. This review covers recent studies on the development of BsubPcs and SiPcs for use as active materials in organic photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Grant
- University of Ottawa, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - David S Josey
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Kathleen L Sampson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Thanmayee Mudigonda
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Timothy P Bender
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Benoît H Lessard
- University of Ottawa, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
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13
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Bukuroshi E, Vestfrid J, Gross Z, Bender TP. Fluorinated boron subphthalocyanines: Lewis acid based templating chemistry facilitates random halide exchange, and fluoride versus chloride affects the basic photophysical properties and the solid-state arrangement. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj04093e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A sub-group of the phthalocyanine family, the boron subphthalocyanines (BsubPcs), have robust chemistry and can be readily modified at the axial and peripheral positions to tune their physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Bukuroshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Jenya Vestfrid
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Zeev Gross
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry
- Israel Institute of Technology (Technion)
- Haifa 3200008
- Israel
| | - Timothy P. Bender
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
- Department of Chemistry
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14
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Obłoza M, Łapok Ł, Solarski J, Pędziński T, Nowakowska M. Facile Synthesis, Triplet‐State Properties, and Electrochemistry of Hexaiodo‐Subphthalocyanine. Chemistry 2018; 24:17080-17090. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Obłoza
- Faculty of ChemistryJagiellonian University Gronostajowa 2 30-387 Kraków Poland
| | - Łukasz Łapok
- Faculty of ChemistryJagiellonian University Gronostajowa 2 30-387 Kraków Poland
| | - Jędrzej Solarski
- Institute of Physical ChemistryPolish Academy of Science 44/52 Kasprzaka 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Tomasz Pędziński
- Faculty of ChemistryAdam Mickiewicz University in Poznań 89b Umultowska 61-614 Poznań Poland
| | - Maria Nowakowska
- Faculty of ChemistryJagiellonian University Gronostajowa 2 30-387 Kraków Poland
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15
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Gotfredsen H, Holmstrøm T, Muñoz AV, Storm FE, Tortzen CG, Kadziola A, Mikkelsen KV, Hammerich O, Nielsen MB. Complexation of Fullerenes by Subphthalocyanine Dimers. Org Lett 2018; 20:5821-5825. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Gotfredsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Thomas Holmstrøm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Alberto Viñas Muñoz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Freja Eilsø Storm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Christian G. Tortzen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Anders Kadziola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ole Hammerich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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16
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Gotfredsen H, Neumann T, Storm FE, Muñoz AV, Jevric M, Hammerich O, Mikkelsen KV, Freitag M, Boschloo G, Nielsen MB. Donor−Acceptor-Functionalized Subphthalocyanines for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201800135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Gotfredsen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Timo Neumann
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory; Uppsala University; PO Box 523 75120 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Freja Eilsø Storm
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Alberto Viñas Muñoz
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Martyn Jevric
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Ole Hammerich
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Marina Freitag
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory; Uppsala University; PO Box 523 75120 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Gerrit Boschloo
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory; Uppsala University; PO Box 523 75120 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
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17
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Zango G, Sakurai T, Urones B, Saeki H, Matsuda W, Martínez-Díaz MV, Seki S, Torres T. Peripherally Cyanated Subphthalocyanines as Potential n-Type Organic Semiconductors. Chemistry 2018; 24:8331-8342. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Germán Zango
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; c/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Tsuneaki Sakurai
- Department of Molecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Nishikyo-ku Kyoto Japan
| | - Beatriz Urones
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; c/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Hidenori Saeki
- Department of Molecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Nishikyo-ku Kyoto Japan
| | - Wakana Matsuda
- Department of Molecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Nishikyo-ku Kyoto Japan
| | - M. Victoria Martínez-Díaz
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; c/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Shu Seki
- Department of Molecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Nishikyo-ku Kyoto Japan
| | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; c/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia; c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
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18
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Sampson KL, Jiang X, Bukuroshi E, Dovijarski A, Raboui H, Bender TP, Kasdish KM. A Comprehensive Scope of Peripheral and Axial Substituent Effect on the Spectroelectrochemistry of Boron Subphthalocyanines. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:4414-4424. [PMID: 29672045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b02023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An extensive study of the electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical properties of 14 boron subphthalocyanine (BsubPc) derivatives with various axial and peripheral substituents was performed in 1,2-dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) containing 0.1 M tetra- n-butyl-ammonium perchlorate (TBAP) as the supporting electrolyte. From the cyclic voltammetry results, all compounds exhibit one oxidation and at least two reduction processes within the solvent potential window of +1.6 to -1.8 V vs SCE. It was found that the reversibility of the redox reactions depends on the axial and peripheral substituents and the dipole moment of the boron-to-axial substituent. In general, UV-vis absorption spectra of the singly reduced BsubPc derivatives exhibit three equal intensity peaks in the 450 to 650 nm region that are derived from the maximum BsubPc absorbance peak upon reduction. Axial substituents affect the intensity of the three peaks upon reduction, while peripheral substituents shift the position of the peaks to higher wavelengths. Upon oxidation, the UV-vis absorption profile flattens considerably with only a single broad (∼300 nm) band apparent. Understanding the effect of substituents on the stability of the redox processes of BsubPcs will aid in further development of these materials for applications in organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L Sampson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , 200 College Street , Toronto , Ontario , Canada M5S 3E4
| | - Xiaoqin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204-5003 , United States
| | - Esmeralda Bukuroshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , 200 College Street , Toronto , Ontario , Canada M5S 3E4
| | - Aleksa Dovijarski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , 200 College Street , Toronto , Ontario , Canada M5S 3E4
| | - Hasan Raboui
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , 200 College Street , Toronto , Ontario , Canada M5S 3E4
| | - Timothy P Bender
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , 200 College Street , Toronto , Ontario , Canada M5S 3E4.,Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St George Street , Toronto , Ontario , Canada M5S 3H6.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Toronto , 184 College Street , Toronto , Ontario , Canada , M5S 3E4
| | - Karl M Kasdish
- Department of Chemistry , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204-5003 , United States
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19
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Dang J, Josey DS, Dang MT, Bender TP. Phenoxy-(Chloro) n -Boron Subnaphthalocyanines: Alloyed Mixture, Electron-Accepting Functionality, and Enhanced Solubility for Bulk Heterojunction Organic Photovoltaics. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:2093-2103. [PMID: 31458517 PMCID: PMC6641232 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The first set of phenoxy BsubNc compounds, PhO-Cl n BsubNc and F5-Cl n BsubNc, was synthesized through an axial displacement reaction of Cl-Cl n BsubNc with phenol and pentafluorophenol (respectively). Like their precursor, the products were found to be an alloyed mixture of phenoxylated Cl n BsubNcs with random positioning in the solid state yet consistent frequency of bay position chlorination. The average bay position chlorine occupancy was determined to be 0.99 through single crystal diffraction of PhO-Cl n BsubNc. Although the phenoxylation of Cl-Cl n BsubNc did not influence the chromophore photophysical properties, the electrochemical behavior was found to be more stable. Phenoxylation yielded differences in organic photovoltaic (OPV) device metrics. Specifically, a significant increase in open circuit voltage (V OC) was observed, ultimately exceeding 1.0 V when phenoxylated Cl n BsubNcs were paired with alpha-sexithiophene (α-6T) in planar heterojunction OPVs. Phenoxylation enabled the first example of BsubNcs incorporated into polymer-based bulk heterojunction (BHJ) OPVs through enhanced solubility. Phenoxylated Cl n BsubNcs, when paired with poly-3-hexylthiophene, also showed high V OC in BHJ OPVs with broad spectral absorption up to 760 nm. In the BHJ case, simple phenoxy was shown to be a better axial substituent compared to pentafluorophenoxy. This study represents the first example of using Cl n BsubNcs with nonchlorine axial substituents in OPVs and demonstrates that phenoxylation has a significant impact on device metrics while enhancing solubility to enable incorporation of Cl n BsubNcs into BHJ OPVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy
D. Dang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - David S. Josey
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Minh Trung Dang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Timothy P. Bender
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Toronto, 184 College
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
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20
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Sampson KL, Lessard BH, Cho E, Bender TP. Boron Subphthalocyanine Coupled to Methacrylate-Rich Terpolymers by Nitroxide Mediated Polymerization: The Subphthalocyanine Dictates the Phase Transition Temperatures. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201600592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L. Sampson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; 200 College Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3E5 Canada
| | - Benoît H. Lessard
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; 200 College Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3E5 Canada
| | - Eunjung Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; 200 College Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3E5 Canada
| | - Timothy P. Bender
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; 200 College Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3E5 Canada
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21
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Castrucci JS, Garner RK, Dang JD, Thibau E, Lu ZH, Bender TP. Characterization of μ-oxo-(BsubPc)2 in Multiple Organic Photovoltaic Device Architectures: Comparing against and Combining with Cl-BsubPc. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:24712-24721. [PMID: 27548372 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the first application of a unique boron subphthalocyanine (BsubPc) derivative, the oxygen bridged dimer μ-oxo-(BsubPc)2, as a multifunctional material within planar heterojunction organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices. We first explored the pairing of μ-oxo-(BsubPc)2 with well-known electron accepting and electron donating materials to explore its basic functionality. These preliminary device structures and metrics indicated that μ-oxo-(BsubPc)2 is best applied as an electron donating material when used in simple bilayer structures, as it yielded comparable OPV device efficiencies to that of the more well-established and highly optimized chloro-boron subphthalocyanine (Cl-BsubPc) OPV device structures. Thereafter we established that the HOMO/LUMO energy levels of μ-oxo-(BsubPc)2 are well-placed to apply it as a bifunctional donor/acceptor interlayer material in both energy and charge cascade OPV device architectures. Within this context, we found that μ-oxo-(BsubPc)2 was particularly effective in a charge cascade device as an interlayer between Cl-BsubPc and C70. We finally found evidence of an alloying-like effect for devices with mixed electron donor layers of (Cl-BsubPc) and μ-oxo-(BsubPc)2, achieved through co-deposition. The overarching conclusion is therefore that μ-oxo-(BsubPc)2 has the ability to improve the performance of Cl-BsubPc OPV devices and is a multifunctional material worthy of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Castrucci
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto , 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Richard K Garner
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Jeremy D Dang
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Thibau
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto , 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Zheng-Hong Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto , 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Timothy P Bender
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto , 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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22
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Bonnier C, Bender TP. Ring Opening Reactions through C-O Bond Cleavage Uniquely Adding Chemical Functionality to Boron Subphthalocyanine. Molecules 2015; 20:18237-45. [PMID: 26457699 PMCID: PMC6332161 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201018237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We are reporting the unexpected reaction between bromo-boron subphthalocyanine (Br-BsubPc) and THF, 1,4-dioxane or γ-butyrolactone that results in the ring opening of the solvent and its addition into the BsubPc moiety. Under heating, the endocyclic C-O bond of the solvent is cleaved and the corresponding bromoalkoxy-BsubPc derivative is obtained. These novel alkoxy-BsubPc derivatives have remaining alkyl-bromides suitable for further functionalization. The alkoxy-BsubPcs maintain the characteristic strongly absorption in visible spectrum and their fluorescence quantum yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Bonnier
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St., Toronto M5S 3E5, ON, Canada
| | - Timothy P Bender
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St., Toronto M5S 3E5, ON, Canada.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College St., Toronto M5S 3E4, ON, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto M5S 3H6, ON, Canada.
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23
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Castrucci JS, Josey DS, Thibau E, Lu ZH, Bender TP. Boron Subphthalocyanines as Triplet Harvesting Materials within Organic Photovoltaics. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:3121-3125. [PMID: 26267212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Singlet fission, the generation of two excited triplet states from a single absorbed photon, is currently an area of significant interest to photovoltaic researchers. In this Letter, we outline how a polychlorinated boron subphthalocyanine, previously hypothesized to be an effective harvester of singlet fission derived triplets from pentacene, is relatively efficient at facilitating the process. As expected, we found a major increase in photocurrent generation at the expense of device voltage. For a direct point of comparison, we also have paired the same polychlorinated boron subphthalocyanine with α-sexithiophene to probe the alternative technique of complementary absorption engineering. The sum of these efforts have let us present new guidelines for the molecular design of boron subphthalocyanine for organic photovoltaic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Castrucci
- ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | | | - Emmanuel Thibau
- ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Zheng-Hong Lu
- ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Timothy P Bender
- ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
- §Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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24
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Cnops K, Zango G, Genoe J, Heremans P, Martinez-Diaz MV, Torres T, Cheyns D. Energy Level Tuning of Non-Fullerene Acceptors in Organic Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:8991-7. [PMID: 26104833 PMCID: PMC5538756 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b02808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The use of non-fullerene
acceptors in organic photovoltaic (OPV)
devices could lead to enhanced efficiencies due to increased open-circuit
voltage (VOC) and improved absorption
of solar light. Here we systematically investigate planar heterojunction
devices comprising peripherally substituted subphthalocyanines as
acceptors and correlate the device performance with the heterojunction
energetics. As a result of a balance between VOC and the photocurrent, tuning of the interface energy gap
is necessary to optimize the power conversion efficiency in these
devices. In addition, we explore the role of the charge transport
layers in the device architecture. It is found that non-fullerene
acceptors require adjusted buffer layers with aligned electron transport
levels to enable efficient charge extraction, while the insertion
of an exciton-blocking layer at the anode interface further boosts
photocurrent generation. These adjustments result in a planar-heterojunction
OPV device with an efficiency of 6.9% and a VOC above 1 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Cnops
- †ESAT, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.,‡Imec, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - German Zango
- §Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jan Genoe
- †ESAT, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.,‡Imec, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Heremans
- †ESAT, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.,‡Imec, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Victoria Martinez-Diaz
- §Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomas Torres
- §Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,∥IMDEA-Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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25
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Lessard BH, Sampson KL, Plint T, Bender TP. Boron subphthalocyanine polymers: Avoiding the small molecule side product and exploring their use in organic light-emitting diodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benoît H. Lessard
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; 200 College Street Toronto Ontario Canada M5S 3E5
| | - Kathleen L. Sampson
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; 200 College Street Toronto Ontario Canada M5S 3E5
| | - Trevor Plint
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; 200 College Street Toronto Ontario Canada M5S 3E5
| | - Timothy P. Bender
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; 200 College Street Toronto Ontario Canada M5S 3E5
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George St. Toronto Ontario Canada M5S 3H6
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Toronto; 184 College St. Toronto Ontario Canada M5S 3E4
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26
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Josey DS, Castrucci JS, Dang JD, Lessard BH, Bender TP. Evaluating Thiophene Electron-Donor Layers for the Rapid Assessment of Boron Subphthalocyanines as Electron Acceptors in Organic Photovoltaics: Solution or Vacuum Deposition? Chemphyschem 2015; 16:1245-50. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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27
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Lessard BH, White RT, Al-Amar M, Plint T, Castrucci JS, Josey DS, Lu ZH, Bender TP. Assessing the potential roles of silicon and germanium phthalocyanines in planar heterojunction organic photovoltaic devices and how pentafluoro phenoxylation can enhance π-π interactions and device performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:5076-5088. [PMID: 25665015 DOI: 10.1021/am508491v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have assessed the potential application of dichloro silicon phthalocyanine (Cl2-SiPc) and dichloro germanium phthalocyanine (Cl2-GePc) in modern planar heterojunction organic photovoltaic (PHJ OPV) devices. We have determined that Cl2-SiPc can act as an electron donating material when paired with C60 and that Cl2-SiPc or Cl2-GePc can also act as an electron acceptor material when paired with pentacene. These two materials enabled the harvesting of triplet energy resulting from the singlet fission process in pentacene. However, contributions to the generation of photocurrent were observed for Cl2-SiPc with no evidence of photocurrent contribution from Cl2-GePc. The result of our initial assessment established the potential for the application of SiPc and GePc in PHJ OPV devices. Thereafter, bis(pentafluoro phenoxy) silicon phthalocyanine (F10-SiPc) and bis(pentafluoro phenoxy) germanium phthalocyanine (F10-GePc) were synthesized and characterized. During thermal processing, it was discovered that F10-SiPc and F10-GePc underwent a reaction forming small amounts of difluoro SiPc (F2-SiPc) and difluoro GePc (F2-GePc). This undesirable reaction could be circumvented for F10-SiPc but not for F10-GePc. Using single crystal X-ray diffraction, it was determined that F10-SiPc has significantly enhanced π-π interactions compared with that of Cl2-SiPc, which had little to none. Unoptimized PHJ OPV devices based on F10-SiPc were fabricated and directly compared to those constructed from Cl2-SiPc, and in all cases, PHJ OPV devices based on F10-SiPc had significantly improved device characteristics compared to Cl2-SiPc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît H Lessard
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
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28
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Abstract
Non-fullerene organic molecules are alternative and competitive acceptor materials for high-efficiency organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanlang Zhan
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science
- CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Xinliang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science
- CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science
- CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
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Raboui H, AL-Amar M, Abdelrahman AI, Bender TP. Axially phenoxylated aluminum phthalocyanines and their application in organic photovoltaic cells. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04919a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenoxylation of chloro aluminum phthalocyanine (Cl-AlPc) can be easily achieved only when using “acidic phenols”. Once incorporated into unoptimized organic photovoltaics (OPVs) the result is an increase in the VOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Raboui
- University of Toronto
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Mohammad AL-Amar
- University of Toronto
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Ahmed I. Abdelrahman
- University of Toronto
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Timothy P. Bender
- University of Toronto
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry
- Toronto
- Canada
- University of Toronto
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Lessard BH, Dang JD, Grant TM, Gao D, Seferos DS, Bender TP. Bis(tri-n-hexylsilyl oxide) silicon phthalocyanine: a unique additive in ternary bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:15040-15051. [PMID: 25105425 DOI: 10.1021/am503038t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the use of bis(tri-n-hexylsilyl oxide) silicon phthalocyanine ((3HS)2-SiPc) as an additive in a P3HT:PC61BM cascade ternary bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic (BHJ OPV) device results in an increase in the short circuit current (J(SC)) and efficiency (η(eff)) of up to 25% and 20%, respectively. The previous studies have attributed the increase in performance to the presence of (3HS)2-SiPc at the BHJ interface. In this study, we explored the molecular characteristics of (3HS)2-SiPc which makes it so effective in increasing the OPV device J(SC) and η(eff. Initially, we synthesized phthalocyanine-based additives using different core elements such as germanium and boron instead of silicon, each having similar frontier orbital energies compared to (3HS)2-SiPc and tested their effect on BHJ OPV device performance. We observed that addition of bis(tri-n-hexylsilyl oxide) germanium phthalocyanine ((3HS)2-GePc) or tri-n-hexylsilyl oxide boron subphthalocyanine (3HS-BsubPc) resulted in a nonstatistically significant increase in JSC and η(eff). Secondly, we kept the silicon phthalocyanine core and substituted the tri-n-hexylsilyl solubilizing groups with pentadecyl phenoxy groups and tested the resulting dye in a BHJ OPV. While an increase in JSC and η(eff) was observed at low (PDP)2-SiPc loadings, the increase was not as significant as (3HS)2-SiPc; therefore, (3HS)2-SiPc is a unique additive. During our study, we observed that (3HS)2-SiPc had an extraordinary tendency to crystallize compared to the other compounds in this study and our general experience. On the basis of this observation, we have offered a hypothesis that when (3HS)2-SiPc migrates to the P3HT:PC61BM interface the reason for its unique performance is not solely due to its frontier orbital energies but also might be due to a high driving force for crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît H Lessard
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
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