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Metal-Based Complexes as Pharmaceuticals for Molecular Imaging of the Liver. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12030137. [PMID: 31527492 PMCID: PMC6789861 DOI: 10.3390/ph12030137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the use of metal complexes as contrast agents (CA) and radiopharmaceuticals for the anatomical and functional imaging of the liver. The main focus was on two established imaging modalities: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nuclear medicine, the latter including scintigraphy and positron emission tomography (PET). The review provides an overview on approved pharmaceuticals like Gd-based CA and 99mTc-based radiometal complexes, and also on novel agents such as 68Ga-based PET tracers. Metal complexes are presented by their imaging modality, with subsections focusing on their structure and mode of action. Uptake mechanisms, metabolism, and specificity are presented, in context with advantages and limitations of the diagnostic application and taking into account the respective imaging technique.
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Piché D, Tavernaro I, Fleddermann J, Lozano JG, Varambhia A, Maguire ML, Koch M, Ukai T, Hernández Rodríguez AJ, Jones L, Dillon F, Reyes Molina I, Mitzutani M, González Dalmau ER, Maekawa T, Nellist PD, Kraegeloh A, Grobert N. Targeted T 1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Enhancement with Extraordinarily Small CoFe 2O 4 Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:6724-6740. [PMID: 30688055 PMCID: PMC6385080 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b17162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Extraordinarily small (2.4 nm) cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (ESCIoNs) were synthesized by a one-pot thermal decomposition approach to study their potential as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. Fine size control was achieved using oleylamine alone, and annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy revealed highly crystalline cubic spinel particles with atomic resolution. Ligand exchange with dimercaptosuccinic acid rendered the particles stable in physiological conditions with a hydrodynamic diameter of 12 nm. The particles displayed superparamagnetic properties and a low r2/ r1 ratio suitable for a T1 contrast agent. The particles were functionalized with bile acid, which improved biocompatibility by significant reduction of reactive oxygen species generation and is a first step toward liver-targeted T1 MRI. Our study demonstrates the potential of ESCIoNs as T1 MRI contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Piché
- Materials
Department, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, England
| | - Isabella Tavernaro
- INM
- Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jana Fleddermann
- INM
- Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Juan G. Lozano
- Materials
Department, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, England
| | - Aakash Varambhia
- Materials
Department, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, England
| | - Mahon L. Maguire
- British
Heart Foundation Experimental Magnetic Resonance Unit, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, England
| | - Marcus Koch
- INM
- Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tomofumi Ukai
- Bio-Nano
Electronics Research Centre, Toyo University, 2100, Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
| | - Armando J. Hernández Rodríguez
- Departamento
de Imágenes por Resonancia Magnética, Cuban Neurosciences Center, Street 190 e/25 and 27, Cubanacan
Playa, Havana CP 11600, Cuba
| | - Lewys Jones
- Advanced
Microscopy Laboratory, Centre for Research
on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Dublin 2, Ireland
- School of
Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Frank Dillon
- Materials
Department, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, England
| | - Israel Reyes Molina
- Departamento
de Imágenes por Resonancia Magnética, Cuban Neurosciences Center, Street 190 e/25 and 27, Cubanacan
Playa, Havana CP 11600, Cuba
| | - Mai Mitzutani
- Materials
Department, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, England
- Department
of Material Science and Engineering, Tokyo
Institute of Technology, S8-25, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Evelio R. González Dalmau
- Departamento
de Imágenes por Resonancia Magnética, Cuban Neurosciences Center, Street 190 e/25 and 27, Cubanacan
Playa, Havana CP 11600, Cuba
| | - Toru Maekawa
- Bio-Nano
Electronics Research Centre, Toyo University, 2100, Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
| | - Peter D. Nellist
- Materials
Department, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, England
| | - Annette Kraegeloh
- INM
- Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Nicole Grobert
- Materials
Department, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, England
- Williams Advanced Engineering, Grove, Oxfordshire, OX12
0DQ, England
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Synthesis and evaluation of 18F-labeled bile acid compound: A potential PET imaging agent for FXR-related diseases. Nucl Med Biol 2014; 41:495-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Marin JJG. Plasma membrane transporters in modern liver pharmacology. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:428139. [PMID: 24278693 PMCID: PMC3820525 DOI: 10.6064/2012/428139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The liver plays a crucial role in the detoxification of drugs used in the treatment of many diseases. The liver itself is the target for drugs aimed to modify its function or to treat infections and tumours affecting this organ. Both detoxification and pharmacological processes occurring in the liver require the uptake of the drug by hepatic cells and, in some cases, the elimination into bile. These steps have been classified as detoxification phase 0 and phase III, respectively. Since most drugs cannot cross the plasma membrane by simple diffusion, the involvement of transporters is mandatory. Several members of the superfamilies of solute carriers (SLC) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins, with a minor participation of other families of transporters, account for the uptake and efflux, respectively, of endobiotic and xenobiotic compounds across the basolateral and apical membranes of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. These transporters are also involved in the sensitivity and refractoriness to the pharmacological treatment of liver tumours. An additional interesting aspect of the role of plasma membrane transporters in liver pharmacology regards the promiscuity of many of these carriers, which accounts for a variety of drug-drug, endogenous substances-drug and food components-drug interactions with clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose J. G. Marin
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca and CIBERehd, Spain
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Campus Miguel de Unamuno E.D. S09, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Shiraishi T, Nielsen PE. Nanomolar cellular antisense activity of peptide nucleic acid (PNA) cholic acid ("umbrella") and cholesterol conjugates delivered by cationic lipids. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:196-202. [PMID: 22243634 DOI: 10.1021/bc200460t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Limited cellular uptake and low bioavailability of peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) have restricted widespread use of PNAs as antisense/antigene agents for cells in culture and not least for in vivo applications. We now report the synthesis and cellular antisense activity in cultured HeLa pLuc705 cells of cholesterol and cholic acid ("umbrella") derivatives of splice correction antisense PNA oligomers. While the conjugates alone were practically inactive up to 1 μM, their activity was dramatically improved when delivered by a cationic lipid transfection agent (LipofectAMINE2000). In particular, PNAs, conjugated to cholesterol through an ester hemisuccinate linker or to cholic acid, exhibited low nanomolar activity (EC(50) ∼ 25 nM). Excellent sequence specificity was retained, as mismatch PNA conjugates did not show any significant antisense activity. Furthermore, we show that increasing the transfection volume improved transfection efficiency, suggesting that accumulation (condensation) of the PNA/lipid complex on the cellular surface is part of the uptake mechanism. These results provide a novel, simple method for very efficient cellular delivery of PNA oligomers, especially using PNA-cholic acid conjugates which, in contrast to PNA-cholesterol conjugates, exhibit sufficient water solubility. The results also question the generality of using cholic acid "umbrella" derivatives as a delivery modality for antisense oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Shiraishi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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Kramer W. Transporters, Trojan horses and therapeutics: suitability of bile acid and peptide transporters for drug delivery. Biol Chem 2011; 392:77-94. [PMID: 21194371 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2011.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Membrane transporters are major determinants for the pharmacokinetic, safety and efficacy behavior of drugs. Available technologies to study function and structure of transport proteins has strongly stimulated research in transporter biology and uncovered their importance for the drug discovery and development process, especially for drug absorption and disposition. Physiological transport systems are investigated as potential ferries to improve drug absorption and membrane permeation and to achieve organ-specific drug action. In particular, the bile acid transport systems in the liver and the small intestine and the oligopeptide transporters are of significant importance for molecular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Kramer
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Gebäude G 879, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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Synthesis and characterization of organometallic rhenium(І) and technetium(І) bile acid complexes. J Organomet Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2009.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Anelli PL, Lattuada L, Lorusso V, Lux G, Morisetti A, Morosini P, Serleti M, Uggeri F. Conjugates of Gadolinium Complexes to Bile Acids as Hepatocyte-Directed Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J Med Chem 2004; 47:3629-41. [PMID: 15214790 DOI: 10.1021/jm0310683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of structurally different Gd(III) conjugates incorporating a bile acid moiety have been prepared. Polyaminopolycarboxylic ligands such as diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetracetic acid (DOTA) have been selected as chelating subunit for the Gd(III) ion. Cholic acid, cholylglycine, and cholyltaurine have been incorporated as the bile acid moieties. In first generation conjugates the Gd(III) complex is linked to the carboxyl group of cholic acid. Second generation conjugates feature the attachment of the Gd(III) complex to the 3 position of the steroidic backbone of the bile acid. Finally, in third generation conjugates the Gd(III) complex is attached to the epsilon nitrogen atom of cholyllysine. The conjugates are eliminated through the biliary route to a various extent (7.5 to 77% in rats) according to their structural features. Among the most promising terms, a second generation conjugate in which the Gd(III) complex is linked to cholic acid through the 3alpha hydroxy group seems to enter hepatocytes using the Na(+)/taurocholate transporter. Noticeably, some of the second generation conjugates are characterized by very high tolerabilities (LD(50) up to 9.5 mmol/kg) after intravenous administration in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Lucio Anelli
- Bracco Imaging spa, Milano Research Centre, via E. Folli 50, 20134 Milan, Italy.
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Monte MJ, Dominguez S, Palomero MF, Macias RI, Marin JJ. Further evidence of the usefulness of bile acids as molecules for shuttling cytostatic drugs toward liver tumors. J Hepatol 1999; 31:521-8. [PMID: 10488713 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(99)80046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To use bile acids as shuttles for directing cytostatic drugs toward liver tumors, the ability of the tumor to take up these compounds must be maintained. Thus, we investigated whether glycocholate (GC) derivatives such as the fluorescent FITC-GC and the cytostatic Bamet-R2 are taken up by neoplastic tissue at different stages of chemically-induced rat liver carcinogenesis. METHODS Placental glutathione-S-transferase (GST-P) was immunohistochemically detected. Uptake studies were carried out on pure GST-P-positive cell cultures, obtained by treatment with ethacrinic acid. FITC-GC, Bamet-R2 or cisplatin was administered (i.v.) to anaesthetized rats. Platinum in culture cells, liver and kidney was measured by flameless atomic absorption. RESULTS Co-localization after FITC-GC i.v. administration revealed that only 15% (20 weeks) and 30% (32 weeks) of GST-P-positive tissue was not able to take up FITC-GC. GC uptake was lower in GST-P-positive cells than in normal hepatocytes. Bamet-R2, uptake was lower than that for GC, but similar in both cell types. The amount of Bamet-R2 or cisplatin retained by GST-P-positive tissue after in vivo administration was progressively increased during carcinogenesis. Moreover, this amount was higher for Bamet-R2 than for cisplatin. By contrast, in the kidney, it was higher for cisplatin than for Bamet-R2. CONCLUSION These results indicate that at the different stages of rat hepatocarcinogenesis most GST-P-positive tissue is able to take up bile acid derivatives, such as Bamet-R2.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Monte
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Spain
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Marin JJ, Macias RI, Criado JJ, Bueno A, Monte MJ, Serrano MA. DNA interaction and cytostatic activity of the new liver organotropic complex of cisplatin with glycocholic acid: Bamet-R2. Int J Cancer 1998; 78:346-52. [PMID: 9766570 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19981029)78:3<346::aid-ijc15>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of the new liver organotropic complex of cisplatin with glycocholate (GC), Bamet-R2, to interact with DNA, inhibit its replication and hence reduce tumor-cell proliferation. Changes in the electrophoretic mobility of the open and covalently closed circular forms of the pUC18 plasmid DNA from Escherichia coli, a shift in the denaturation temperature of double-stranded DNA, and ethidium-bromide displacement from DNA binding, were induced by Bamet-R2 and cisplatin, but not by GC. Neutral-red retention was used to measure the number of living cells in culture after long-term (72-hr) exposure to these compounds and to evaluate the effect on cell viability after short-term (6-hr) exposure. Bamet-R2 and cisplatin, but not GC, induced significant inhibition of cell growth. This effect ranged from mild to strong, depending upon the sensitivity of the different cell types as follows: cisplatin, rat hepatocytes in primary culture < rat hepatoma McA-RH7777 cells (rH) < human colon carcinoma LS 174T cells (hCC) < mouse hepatoma Hepa 1-6 cells (mH); Bamet-R2, rat hepatocytes < mH approximately equal to hCC < rH. DNA synthesis was measured by radiolabeled-thymidine incorporation into DNA. Bamet-R2 and cisplatin, but not GC, significantly inhibited the rate of DNA synthesis by these cells. After short-term exposure to Bamet-R2 or GC, no acute cell toxicity was observed, except on hCC cells. By contrast, acute toxicity was induced by cisplatin for all cell types studied. The in vivo anti-tumoral effect was investigated in 3 different strains of mice following s.c. implantation of tumor cells (mouse sarcoma S-18011 cells in Swiss and B6 mice and hCC cells in nude mice). In all 3 models, tumor growth was inhibited by Bamet-R2 and cisplatin to a similar degree. However, signs of toxicity (increases in blood urea concentrations and decreases in packed blood cell volume and in liver, kidney and body weight) and a reduction in survival rate were observed only during cisplatin administration. In sum, these results indicate that this bile-acid derivative can be considered as a cytostatic drug whose potential usefulness deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Marin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Spain.
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Palomero MF, Herrera MC, Macias RI, El-Mir MY, Villanueva GR, Marin JJ. Transient enterohepatic circulation and enhanced biliary versus urinary excretion of the cytostatic drug bischolylglycinate-chloroplatinum(II) (Bamet-H2)1Part of this work has appeared in abstract form in Hepatology (1996) 24:372A:982.1. Int J Pharm 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(98)00178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Macias RI, Monte MJ, El-Mir MY, Villanueva GR, Marin JJ. Transport and biotransformation of the new cytostatic complex cis-diammineplatinum(II)-chlorocholylglycinate (Bamet-R2) by the rat liver. J Lipid Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Marin JJ, Herrera MC, Palomero MF, Macias RI, Monte MJ, El-Mir MY, Villanueva GR. Rat liver transport and biotransformation of a cytostatic complex of bis-cholylglycinate and platinum (II). J Hepatol 1998; 28:417-25. [PMID: 9551679 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(98)80315-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Bile acids have previously been used as shuttles for directing organic drugs to the liver. The aim of this study was to investigate liver transport and biotransformation of a new cytostatic bioinorganic complex (Bamet-H2), that was obtained by binding platinum(II) to two cholylglycinate moieties. METHODS Using rat hepatocytes in primary culture, the kinetics of cholylglycinate, cisplatin and Bamet-H2 uptake were studied. Sodium-dependency of Bamet-H2 uptake was investigated by replacement of 116 mM NaCl by 116 mM choline chloride. Liver biotransformation was investigated by HPLC analysis of bile samples collected from anesthetized rats following intravenous Bamet-H2 administration. Using isolated rat liver preparations, which were perfused with erythrocyte- and albumin-free Krebs-Henseleit solutions for 40 min, measurement of cholylglycinate, cisplatin and Bamet-H2 uptake and bile output was carried out. Interaction between Bamet-H2 and cholylglycinate for liver transport was studied by co-administration of 1 microM Bamet-H2 plus 500 microM cholylglycinate and 1 microM [14C]-cholylglycinate plus 500 microM Bamet-H2. RESULTS Both cholylglycinate and Bamet-H2 uptake by rat hepatocytes followed saturation kinetics. Comparison between the two compounds indicated that the Vmax (22.2 versus 8.5 nmol.5 min(-1).mg protein(-1)), and Kt (365 versus 171 microM) were higher for Bamet-H2 uptake. The efficiency of Bamet-H2 uptake (Vmax/Kt) was significantly reduced (-35%) in the absence of sodium. Cisplatin uptake by rat hepatocytes was approximately 10-fold lower than that for Bamet-H2 at any dose used. Moreover, this was not saturable up to 400 microM cisplatin. Bamet-H2 was not biotransformed during its intrahepatic residence in anesthetized rats. Bamet-H2 uptake and secretion into bile by isolated rat livers exceeded cisplatin but were less than cholylglycinate. Differences between Bamet-H2 and cholylglycinate were more marked for bile output than for liver uptake. Thus, higher drug liver content was found after perfusion with Bamet-H2 than with cholylglycinate or cisplatin. Co-administration of Bamet-H2 and cholylglycinate revealed the existence of partial cross-inhibition in both liver uptake and bile output. Bamet-H2 induced a more profound alteration on cholylglycinate uptake and bile secretion than cholylglycinate on both process for Bamet-H2. CONCLUSION These results suggest that in the transfer of Bamet-H2 from the sinusoids to the canaliculi both bile acid and non-bile acid transport systems are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Marin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kramer
- Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Bollinger JE, Mague JT, O′Connor CJ, Banks WA, Roundhill DM. Lipophilic hexadentate gallium, indium and iron complexes of new phenolate-derivatized cyclohexanetriamines as potential in vivo metal-transfer reagents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1039/dt9950001677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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