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Lysosomes as a Target of Anticancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032176. [PMID: 36768500 PMCID: PMC9916765 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are organelles containing acidic hydrolases that are responsible for lysosomal degradation and the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. They play an important role in autophagy, as well as in various cell death pathways, such as lysosomal and apoptotic death. Various agents, including drugs, can induce lysosomal membrane permeability, resulting in the translocation of acidic hydrolases into the cytoplasm, which promotes lysosomal-mediated death. This type of death may be of great importance in anti-cancer therapy, as both cancer cells with disturbed pathways leading to apoptosis and drug-resistant cells can undergo it. Important compounds that damage the lysosomal membrane include lysosomotropic compounds, antihistamines, immunosuppressants, DNA-damaging drugs, chemotherapeutics, photosensitizers and various plant compounds. An interesting approach in the treatment of cancer and the search for ways to overcome the chemoresistance of cancer cells may also be combining lysosomotropic compounds with targeted modulators of autophagy to induce cell death. These compounds may be an alternative in oncological treatment, and lysosomes may become a promising therapeutic target for many diseases, including cancer. Understanding the functional relationships between autophagy and apoptosis and the possibilities of their regulation, both in relation to normal and cancer cells, can be used to develop new and more effective anticancer therapies.
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Chuang ST, Cruz S, Narayanaswami V. Reconfiguring Nature's Cholesterol Accepting Lipoproteins as Nanoparticle Platforms for Transport and Delivery of Therapeutic and Imaging Agents. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E906. [PMID: 32397159 PMCID: PMC7279153 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoproteins are critical structural and functional components of lipoproteins, which are large supramolecular assemblies composed predominantly of lipids and proteins, and other biomolecules such as nucleic acids. A signature feature of apolipoproteins is the preponderance of amphipathic α-helical motifs that dictate their ability to make extensive non-covalent inter- or intra-molecular helix-helix interactions in lipid-free states or helix-lipid interactions with hydrophobic biomolecules in lipid-associated states. This review focuses on the latter ability of apolipoproteins, which has been capitalized on to reconstitute synthetic nanoscale binary/ternary lipoprotein complexes composed of apolipoproteins/peptides and lipids that mimic native high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) with the goal to transport drugs. It traces the historical development of our understanding of these nanostructures and how the cholesterol accepting property of HDL has been reconfigured to develop them as drug-loading platforms. The review provides the structural perspective of these platforms with different types of apolipoproteins and an overview of their synthesis. It also examines the cargo that have been loaded into the core for therapeutic and imaging purposes. Finally, it lays out the merits and challenges associated with apolipoprotein-based nanostructures with a future perspective calling for a need to develop "zip-code"-based delivery for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vasanthy Narayanaswami
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA; (S.T.C.); (S.C.)
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Favero GM, Paz JL, Otake AH, Maria DA, Caldini EG, de Medeiros RSS, Deus DF, Chammas R, Maranhão RC, Bydlowski SP. Cell internalization of 7-ketocholesterol-containing nanoemulsion through LDL receptor reduces melanoma growth in vitro and in vivo: a preliminary report. Oncotarget 2018; 9:14160-14174. [PMID: 29581835 PMCID: PMC5865661 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols are cholesterol oxygenated derivatives which possess several biological actions. Among oxysterols, 7-ketocholesterol (7KC) is known to induce cell death. Here, we hypothesized that 7KC cytotoxicity could be applied in cancer therapeutics. 7KC was incorporated into a lipid core nanoemulsion. As a cellular model the murine melanoma cell line B16F10 was used. The nanoparticle (7KCLDE) uptake into tumor cells was displaced by increasing amounts of low-density-lipoproteins (LDL) suggesting a LDL-receptor-mediated cell internalization. 7KCLDE was mainly cytostatic, which led to an accumulation of polyploid cells. Nevertheless, a single dose of 7KCLDE killed roughly 10% of melanoma cells. In addition, it was observed dissipation of the transmembrane potential, evidenced with flow cytometry; presence of autophagic vacuoles, visualized and quantified with flow cytometry and acridine orange; and presence of myelin figures, observed with ultrastructural microscopy. 7KCLDE impaired cytokenesis was accompanied by changes in cellular morphology into a fibroblastoid shape which is supported by cytoskeletal rearrangements, as shown by the increased actin polymerization. 7KCLDE was injected into B16 melanoma tumor-bearing mice. 7KCLDE accumulated in the liver and tumor. In melanoma tumor 7KCLDE promoted a >50% size reduction, enlarged the necrotic area, and reduced intratumoral vasculature. 7KCLDE increased the survival rates of animals, without hematologic or liver toxicity. Although more pre-clinical studies should be performed, our preliminary results suggested that 7KCLDE is a promising novel preparation for cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovani M Favero
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Hematology (LIM31), Department of Hematology, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Department of General Biology, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Jessica L Paz
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Hematology (LIM31), Department of Hematology, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andréia H Otake
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (LIM24), Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), SP, Brazil
| | - Durvanei A Maria
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Laboratories, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Elia G Caldini
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Raphael S S de Medeiros
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (LIM24), Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), SP, Brazil
| | - Debora F Deus
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Lipids, Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roger Chammas
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (LIM24), Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), SP, Brazil
| | - Raul C Maranhão
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Lipids, Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio P Bydlowski
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Hematology (LIM31), Department of Hematology, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Sun P, Zhang N, Hua H, Liang Q, Zhang X, Sun Q, Zhao Y. Low density lipoprotein peptide conjugated submicron emulsions for combating prostate cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 86:612-619. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Zhang N, Li S, Hua H, Liu D, Song L, Sun P, Huang W, Tang Y, Zhao Y. Low density lipoprotein receptor targeted doxorubicin/DNA-Gold Nanorods as a chemo- and thermo-dual therapy for prostate cancer. Int J Pharm 2016; 513:376-386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Shrivastava M, Jain A, Gulbake A, Hurkat P, Jain N, Vijayraghwan R, Jain SK. Low Density Lipid Nanoparticles for Solid Tumor Targeting. Sci Pharm 2014; 82:873-88. [PMID: 26279976 PMCID: PMC4500588 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.1401-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most significant characteristics of cancer cells is their rapid dividing ability and overexpression of LDL receptors, which offers an opportunity for the selective targeting of these cells. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)-encapsulated low density lipid nanoparticles (LDLN) were prepared by the emulsion congealing method which mimics the plasma-derived LDL by acquiring the apolipoprotein B-100 from the blood. The average particle size, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and drug content of the prepared LDLN dispersion were found to be 161±3.5 nm, with spherical shape, and 0.370±0.05 mg/mL, respectively. In vitro release studies revealed a sustained profile which decreased with a lapse of time. In vivo studies of 5-FU serum concentration and biodistribution revealed a 5-FU serum concentration of 8.5% in tumor cells and about 2.1% in the liver at the end of 24 hr from LDLN. Tumor growth suppression studies showed 185.42% average tumor growth and 89.76% tumor height as compared to the control exhibiting tumor growth at 1166.47% and tumor height at 176.07%. On the basis of these collective data, it is suggested that a higher accumulation of LDLN, when given as an IV, in solid tumors is attributed to the active uptake of LDLN via LDL receptors via apolipoprotein B-100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Shrivastava
- Pharmaceutics Research Project Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour University, Sagar (M. P.), India
| | - Aviral Jain
- Pharmaceutics Research Project Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour University, Sagar (M. P.), India
| | - Arvind Gulbake
- Pharmaceutics Research Project Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour University, Sagar (M. P.), India
| | - Pooja Hurkat
- Pharmaceutics Research Project Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour University, Sagar (M. P.), India
| | - Neeti Jain
- Defense Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior (M. P), India
| | - R. Vijayraghwan
- Defense Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior (M. P), India
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Hayavi S, Baillie G, Owens MD, Halbert GW. Receptor dependent cellular uptake of synthetic low density lipoprotein by mammalian cells in serum-free tissue culture. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 58:1337-42. [PMID: 17034656 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.58.10.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) is a normal plasma component, which is of interest in a number of research areas such as hypercholesterolaemia, drug targeting in cancer chemotherapy and as a lipid supplement in tissue culture systems. Currently, however, it can only be obtained by extraction from fresh plasma samples, which yields only small quantities. Synthetic LDL (sLDL) has been prepared using readily available lipid components coupled with a synthetic amphiphatic peptide molecule containing the apoprotein B receptor sequence. sLDL was capable of supporting the growth of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) and fibroblast cells in serum-free culture media in a cholesterol-dependent manner that was related to the presence of the receptor peptide molecule. sLDL could be fluorescently labelled with 3,3′-dioctadecyloxalocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiO), and once labelled was assimilated by CHO and fibroblast cells in a time- and temperature-dependent manner that was dependent upon the presence of the receptor peptide. In addition, assimilation was reduced by an excess of unlabelled native LDL. The results indicated that the interaction of sLDL with CHO and fibroblast cells occurred via a receptor dependent system, most likely the LDL cellular receptor. sLDL is therefore a useful, easily obtained substitute for native LDL with potential applications in the areas of drug targeting to cells and serum-free tissue culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Hayavi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Strathclyde Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NR, UK
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Nikanjam M, Gibbs AR, Hunt CA, Budinger TF, Forte TM. Synthetic nano-LDL with paclitaxel oleate as a targeted drug delivery vehicle for glioblastoma multiforme. J Control Release 2007; 124:163-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 09/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jiang J, Nilsson-Ehle P, Xu N. Influence of liver cancer on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Lipids Health Dis 2006; 5:4. [PMID: 16515689 PMCID: PMC1420303 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-5-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 03/03/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver plays a key role in the metabolism of plasma apolipoproteins, endogenous lipids and lipoproteins. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common fatal malignant tumors in China and in other Southeast Asian countries. This has been attributed to the high incidence of hepatitis B infection. Hepatitis B proteins, such as the hepatitis B X protein (HBx) that is large hepatitis B surface protein could regulate transcription of many candidate genes for liver carcinogenesis. It has known that patients who suffered from acute hepatitis B could have lipid disorders such as decreased plasma level of high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Furthermore, aberrations of lipid metabolism are often seen in the chronic hepatitis B infection. Plasma lipid profiles could be changed under HCC. In majority of the reports in HCC, plasma levels of triglycerides (TG), cholesterol, free fatty acids (FFA), HDL, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)), apolipoprotein AI (apoAI) and apoB were slight to significantly decreased, however, in some cases plasma levels of TG and Lp(a) might be increased. It has been suggested that analysis of plasma levels of lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in the patients suffered from HCC reflects on the hepatic cellular impairment status. Studies revealed that alterations seen in the plasma levels of lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins reflecting patients' pathologic conditions. Decreased serum levels of cholesterol and apoAI may indicate a poor prognosis. Human leukaemic cells and certain tumor tissues have a higher receptor-mediated uptake of HDL and LDL than the corresponding normal cells or tissues. LDL and HDL have therefore been proposed as a carrier for the water-insoluble anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingting Jiang
- Section of Clinical Chemistry & Pharmacology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine. Lund University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Su Zhou University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Peter Nilsson-Ehle
- Section of Clinical Chemistry & Pharmacology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine. Lund University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ning Xu
- Section of Clinical Chemistry & Pharmacology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine. Lund University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden
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Dubowchik GM, Walker MA. Receptor-mediated and enzyme-dependent targeting of cytotoxic anticancer drugs. Pharmacol Ther 1999; 83:67-123. [PMID: 10511457 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(99)00018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This review is a survey of various approaches to targeting cytotoxic anticancer drugs to tumors primarily through biomolecules expressed by cancer cells or associated vasculature and stroma. These include monoclonal antibody immunoconjugates; enzyme prodrug therapies, such as antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy, gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy, and bacterial-directed enzyme prodrug therapy; and metabolism-based therapies that seek to exploit increased tumor expression of, e.g., proteases, low-density lipoprotein receptors, hormones, and adhesion molecules. Following a discussion of factors that positively and negatively affect drug delivery to solid tumors, we concentrate on a mechanistic understanding of selective drug release or generation at the tumor site.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Dubowchik
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA.
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Sliedregt LA, Rensen PC, Rump ET, van Santbrink PJ, Bijsterbosch MK, Valentijn AR, van der Marel GA, van Boom JH, van Berkel TJ, Biessen EA. Design and synthesis of novel amphiphilic dendritic galactosides for selective targeting of liposomes to the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor. J Med Chem 1999; 42:609-18. [PMID: 10052968 DOI: 10.1021/jm981078h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of glycolipids have been prepared which contain a cluster galactoside moiety with high affinity for the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor and a bile acid ester moiety which mediates stable incorporation into liposomes. Loading of liposomes with these glycolipids at a ratio of 5% (w/w) resulted in efficient recognition and uptake of the liposomes by the liver. Preinjection with asialofetuin almost completely inhibited the uptake, establishing that the liposomes were selectively recognized and processed by the asialoglycoprotein receptor on liver parenchymal cells. In contrast, a glycolipid content of 50% (w/w) led to a liver uptake that could not be inhibited by preinjection with asialofetuin, indicating that the liposomes were now processed by the Gal/Fuc-recognizing receptor on liver macrophages. The results presented in this study are important for future targeting of water-soluble and amphiphilic drugs, enveloped in these glycolipid-laden liposomes, to parenchymal liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Sliedregt
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratories, P.O. Box 9503, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Hanson
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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Stranzl A, Schmidt H, Winkler R, Kostner GM. Low-density lipoprotein receptor mRNA in human breast cancer cells: influence by PKC modulators. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1997; 42:195-205. [PMID: 9065603 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005754026205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
It was reported previously that low-density lipoproteins (LDL) differentially stimulate cell growth of hormone-responsive (ER+) and hormone-unresponsive (ER-) mammary tumor cell lines. Here we examined the mRNA levels of the LDL-receptor (LDL-R) gene with RNAse protection analysis in ER- (MDA-MB-231 and HBL-100) and ER+ (MCF-7 and ZR75-1) cells, and compared them with the estrogen receptor (ER) status. Measurable amounts of ER mRNA were only found in ER+ cells as expected. LDL-R mRNA abundance was 3-5 fold higher in ER- cells as compared to ER+ cells. Incubation with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate led to a significant increase (p < 0.005) of LDL-R mRNA in ER+ cells, whereas in ER- cells LDL-R mRNA levels remained merely unchanged. Incubation of cells with dioctanoylglycerol, a synthetic homolog of diacylglycerol, increased LDL-R mRNA in ER+ but not in ER-. Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) by H7 resulted in a highly significant reduction of LDL-R mRNA both in ER+ and ER- cells. PKC seems to be an important regulator of LDL-R mRNA abundance in mammary tumor cells. It is hypothesized that in human-breast cancer the process of conversion from hormone-responsive to hormone-unresponsive status is accompanied by a change in PKC activity and PKC might exert cell specific differences on the regulation of LDL-R mRNA levels, which in turn influences the delivery of exogenous cholesterol to cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stranzl
- Medical Biochemistry, University of Graz, Austria
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