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Francia V, Montizaan D, Salvati A. Interactions at the cell membrane and pathways of internalization of nano-sized materials for nanomedicine. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 11:338-353. [PMID: 32117671 PMCID: PMC7034226 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nano-sized materials have great potential as drug carriers for nanomedicine applications. Thanks to their size, they can exploit the cellular machinery to enter cells and be trafficked intracellularly, thus they can be used to overcome some of the cellular barriers to drug delivery. Nano-sized drug carriers of very different properties can be prepared, and their surface can be modified by the addition of targeting moieties to recognize specific cells. However, it is still difficult to understand how the material properties affect the subsequent interactions and outcomes at cellular level. As a consequence of this, designing targeted drugs remains a major challenge in drug delivery. Within this context, we discuss the current understanding of the initial steps in the interactions of nano-sized materials with cells in relation to nanomedicine applications. In particular, we focus on the difficult interplay between the initial adhesion of nano-sized materials to the cell surface, the potential recognition by cell receptors, and the subsequent mechanisms cells use to internalize them. The factors affecting these initial events are discussed. Then, we briefly describe the different pathways of endocytosis in cells and illustrate with some examples the challenges in understanding how nanomaterial properties, such as size, charge, and shape, affect the mechanisms cells use for their internalization. Technical difficulties in characterizing these mechanisms are presented. A better understanding of the first interactions of nano-sized materials with cells will help to design nanomedicines with improved targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Francia
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Daphne Montizaan
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Anna Salvati
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, Netherlands
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Absence of the Epithelial Glycocalyx As Potential Tumor Marker for the Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168801. [PMID: 28033349 PMCID: PMC5198998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of cancer at an early stage is pivotal for successful treatment and long term survival, yet early diagnosis requires sensitive and specific markers that can be easily detected by screening procedures. Differences in the surface structure of tumor and healthy cells, if sufficiently pronounced and discernible, may serve that purpose. We analyzed the luminal surface of healthy and neoplastic human colorectal tissues for the presence and architecture of the glycocalyx—a dense network of highly glycosylated proteins—using transmission electron microscopy. The ultrastructural analyses showed that 93% of healthy mucosae were covered by an intact glycocalyx. Contrarily, on over 90% of the surface of neoplastic cells the glycocalyx was absent. The sensitivity and specificity of our marker “absence of a glycocalyx” are excellent, being 91% (83–96%) and 96% (89–99%) for adenocarcinomas and 94% (73–100%) and 92% (85–97%) for precancerous polyps (means and 95% confidence intervals). Using a cell culture model we could demonstrate that a particulate probe targeting a cell surface receptor usually concealed beneath the glycocalyx can bind selectively to glycocalyx-free areas of a tumor cell layer. We propose that the absence of a glycocalyx may serve as novel type of tumor marker. If the absence of the glycocalyx can be detected e.g. via binding of imaging probes to non-shielded surface receptors of anomalously differentiated cells, this tumor marker could be used to enable early diagnosis of colorectal cancer.
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Chu C, Xu P, Zhao H, Chen Q, Chen D, Hu H, Zhao X, Qiao M. Effect of surface ligand density on cytotoxicity and pharmacokinetic profile of docetaxel loaded liposomes. Asian J Pharm Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Singh D, Kapahi H, Rashid M, Prakash A, Majeed ABA, Mishra N. Recent prospective of surface engineered Nanoparticles in the management of Neurodegenerative disorders. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 44:780-91. [PMID: 26107112 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2015.1029622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Clinically, the therapeutic outcomes in neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) by drug treatment are very limited, and the most insurmountable obstacle in the treatment of NDs is the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which provides the highest level of protection from xenobiotics. A great deal of attention still needs to be paid to overcome these barriers, and surface-engineered polymeric nanoparticles are emerging as innovative tools that are able to interact with the biological system at a molecular level for the desired response. The present review covers the potential importance of surface-structure-engineered nanoparticles to overcome the BBB for good bioavailability, and the evaluation of drug therapy in NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Singh
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , I.S.F. College of Pharmacy , Moga, Punjab , India
| | - Himani Kapahi
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , I.S.F. College of Pharmacy , Moga, Punjab , India
| | - Muzamil Rashid
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , I.S.F. College of Pharmacy , Moga, Punjab , India
| | - Atish Prakash
- b Department of Pharmacology , I.S.F. College of Pharmacy , Moga, Punjab , India.,c Brain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology , Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) , 42300, Puncak Alam, Malaysia
| | - Abu Bakar Abdul Majeed
- c Brain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology , Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) , 42300, Puncak Alam, Malaysia
| | - Neeraj Mishra
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , I.S.F. College of Pharmacy , Moga, Punjab , India
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Abstract
While there are currently many well-established topical hemostatic agents for field administration, there are still limited tools to staunch bleeding at less accessible injury sites. Current clinical methods to restore hemostasis after large volume blood loss include platelet and clotting factor transfusion, which have respective drawbacks of short shelf life and risk of viral transmission. Therefore, synthetic hemostatic agents that can be delivered intravenously and encourage stable clot formation after localizing to sites of vascular injury are particularly appealing. In the past three decades, platelet substitutes have been prepared using drug delivery vehicles such as liposomes and PLGA nanoparticles that have been modified to mimic platelet properties. Additionally, structural considerations such as particle size, shape, and flexibility have been addressed in a number of reports. Since platelets are the first responders after vascular injury, platelet substitutes represent an important class of intravenous hemostats under development. More recently, materials affecting fibrin formation have been introduced to induce faster or more stable blood clot formation through fibrin cross-linking. Fibrin represents a major structural component in the final blood clot, and a fibrin-based hemostatic mechanism acting downstream of initial platelet plug formation may be a safer alternative to platelets to avoid undesired thrombotic activity. This Review explores intravenous hemostats under development and strategies to optimize their clotting activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie W Chan
- †Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Box 355061, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Nathan J White
- ‡Department of Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Suzie H Pun
- †Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Box 355061, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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Abstract
![]()
The massive amount of human genetic
information already available
has accelerated the identification of target genes, making gene and
nucleic acid therapy the next generation of medicine. Nanoparticle
(NP)-based anticancer gene therapy treatment has received significant
interest in this evolving field. Recent advances in vector technology
have improved gene transfection efficiencies of nonviral vectors to
a level similar to viruses. This review serves as an introduction
to surface modifications of NPs based on polymeric structural improvements
and target moieties. A discussion regarding the future perspective
of multifunctional NPs in cancer therapy is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guimei Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University , Jinan 250012, China
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7
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Particle size influences fibronectin internalization and degradation by fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res 2014; 328:172-185. [PMID: 24995996 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The application of nanotechnology for drug targeting underlines the importance of controlling the kinetics and cellular sites of delivery for optimal therapeutic outcomes. Here we examined the effect of particle size on internalization and degradation of surface-bound fibronectin by fibroblasts using polystyrene nanoparticles (NPs; 51 nm) and microparticles (MPs; 1 μm). Fibronectin was strongly bound by NPs and MPs as assessed by immuno-dot blot analysis (5.1 ± 0.4 × 10(- 5)pg fibronectin per μm(2) of NP surface; 4.2 ± ± 0.3 × 10(-5)pg fibronectin per μm(2) of MP surface; p>0.2). We estimated that ~193 fibronectin molecules bound to a MP compared with 0.6 fibronectin molecules per NP, indicating that ~40% of nanoparticles were not bound by fibronectin. One hour after incubation, fibronectin-coated NPs and MPs were rapidly internalized by Rat-2 fibroblasts. MPs and NPs were engulfed partly by receptor-mediated endocytosis as indicated by decreased uptake when incubated at 4°C, or by depletion of ATP with sodium azide. Pulse-chase experiments showed minimal exocytosis of NPs and MPs. Internalization of NPs and MPs was inhibited by jasplakinolide, whereas internalization of MPs but not NPs was inhibited by latrunculin B and by integrin-blocking antibodies. Extraction of plasma membrane cholesterol with methyl β-cyclodextrin inhibited internalization of fibronectin-coated NPs but not MPs. Biotinylated fibronectin internalized by cells was extensively degraded on MPs but not NPs. Particle size affects actin and clathrin-dependent internalization mechanisms leading to fibronectin degradation on MPs but not NPs. Thus either prolonged, controlled release or an immediate delivery of drugs can be achieved by adjusting the particle size along with matrix proteins such as FN.
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Shoffstall AJ, Everhart LM, Varley ME, Soehnlen ES, Shick AM, Ustin JS, Lavik EB. Tuning ligand density on intravenous hemostatic nanoparticles dramatically increases survival following blunt trauma. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:2790-7. [PMID: 23841817 DOI: 10.1021/bm400619v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Targeted nanoparticles are being pursued for a range of medical applications. Here we utilized targeted nanoparticles (synthetic platelets) to halt bleeding in acute trauma. One of the major questions that arises in the field is the role of surface ligand density in targeted nanoparticles' performance. We developed intravenous hemostatic nanoparticles (GRGDS-NP1) and previously demonstrated their ability to reduce bleeding following femoral artery injury and increase survival after lethal liver trauma in the rat. These nanoparticles are made from block copolymers, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-b-poly L-lysine-b-poly(ethylene glycol). Surface-conjugated targeting ligand density can be tightly controlled with this system, and here we investigated the effect of varying density on hemostasis and biodistribution. We increased the targeting peptide (GRGDS) concentration 100-fold (GRGDS-NP100) and undertook an in vitro dose-response study using rotational thromboelastometry, finding that GRGDS-NP100 hemostatic nanoparticles were efficacious at doses at least 10 times lower than the GRGDS-NP1. These results were recapitulated in vivo, demonstrating efficacy at eight-fold lower concentration after lethal liver trauma. 1 h survival increased to 92% compared with a scrambled peptide control, 45% (OR = 14.4, 95% CI = [1.36, 143]), a saline control, 47% (OR = 13.5, 95% CI = [1.42, 125]), and GRGDS-NP1, 80% (OR = 1.30, n.s.). This work demonstrates the impact of changing synthetic platelet ligand density on hemostasis and lays the foundation for methods to determine optimal ligand concentration parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Shoffstall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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9
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Engineered breast tumor targeting peptide ligand modified liposomal doxorubicin and the effect of peptide density on anticancer activity. Biomaterials 2013; 34:4089-4097. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Mahon E, Salvati A, Baldelli Bombelli F, Lynch I, Dawson KA. Designing the nanoparticle-biomolecule interface for "targeting and therapeutic delivery". J Control Release 2012; 161:164-74. [PMID: 22516097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous transport mechanisms which occur in living organisms have evolved to allow selective transport and processing operate on a scale of tens of nanometers. This presents the possibility of unprecedented access for engineered nanoscale materials to organs and sub-cellular locations, materials which may in principle be targeted to precise locations for diagnostic or therapeutic gain. For this reason, nano-architectures could represent a truly radical departure as delivery agents for drugs, genes and therapies to treat a host of diseases. Thus, for active targeting, unlike the case of small molecular drugs where molecular structure has evolved to promote higher physiochemical affinity to specific sites, one aims to exploit these energy dependant endogenous processes. Many active targeting strategies have been developed, but despite this truly remarkable potential, in applications they have met with mixed success to date. This situation may have more to do with our current understanding and integration of knowledge across disciplines, than any intrinsic limitation on the vision itself. In this review article we suggest that much more fundamental and detailed control of the nanoparticle-biomolecule interface is required for sustained and general success in this field. In the simplest manifestation, pristine nanoparticles in biological fluids act as a scaffold for biomolecules, which adsorb rapidly to the nanoparticles' surface, conferring a new biological identity to the nanoparticles. It is this nanoparticle-biomolecule interface that is 'read' and acted upon by the cellular machinery. Moreover, where targeting moieties are grafted onto nanoparticles, they may not retain their function as a result of poor orientation, and structural or conformational disruption. Further surface adsorption of biomolecules from the surrounding environment i.e. the formation of a biomolecule corona may also obscure specific surface recognition. To transfer the remarkable possibilities of nanoscale interactions in biology into therapeutics one may need a more focused and dedicated approach to the understanding of the in situ (in vivo) interface between engineered nanomaedicines and their targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Mahon
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry & Chemical Biology and Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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11
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van Rooy I, Hennink WE, Storm G, Schiffelers RM, Mastrobattista E. Attaching the phage display-selected GLA peptide to liposomes: Factors influencing target binding. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 45:330-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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12
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Wu H, Li J, Zhang Q, Yan X, Guo L, Gao X, Qiu M, Jiang X, Lai R, Chen H. A novel small Odorranalectin-bearing cubosomes: Preparation, brain delivery and pharmacodynamic study on amyloid-β25–35-treated rats following intranasal administration. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 80:368-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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13
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Yu MK, Park J, Jon S. Targeting strategies for multifunctional nanoparticles in cancer imaging and therapy. Theranostics 2012; 2:3-44. [PMID: 22272217 PMCID: PMC3263514 DOI: 10.7150/thno.3463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 526] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials offer new opportunities for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Multifunctional nanoparticles harboring various functions including targeting, imaging, therapy, and etc have been intensively studied aiming to overcome limitations associated with conventional cancer diagnosis and therapy. Of various nanoparticles, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with superparamagnetic property have shown potential as multifunctional nanoparticles for clinical translation because they have been used asmagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) constrast agents in clinic and their features could be easily tailored by including targeting moieties, fluorescence dyes, or therapeutic agents. This review summarizes targeting strategies for construction of multifunctional nanoparticles including magnetic nanoparticles-based theranostic systems, and the various surface engineering strategies of nanoparticles for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sangyong Jon
- Cell Dynamics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 261 Chemdangwagi-ro, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
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14
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Shen Y, Chen J, Liu Q, Feng C, Gao X, Wang L, Zhang Q, Jiang X. Effect of wheat germ agglutinin density on cellular uptake and toxicity of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated PEG–PLA nanoparticles in Calu-3 cells. Int J Pharm 2011; 413:184-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Fakhari A, Baoum A, Siahaan TJ, Le KB, Berkland C. Controlling ligand surface density optimizes nanoparticle binding to ICAM-1. J Pharm Sci 2010; 100:1045-56. [PMID: 20922813 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
During infection, pathogens utilize surface receptors to gain entry into intracellular compartments. Multiple receptor-ligand interactions that lead to pathogen internalization have been identified and the importance of multivalent ligand binding as a means to facilitate internalization has emerged. The effect of ligand density, however, is less well known. In this study, ligand density was examined using poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA NPs). A cyclic peptide, cLABL, was used as a targeting moiety, as it is a known ligand for intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). To modulate the number of reactive sites on the surface of PLGA NPs, modified Pluronic with carboxyl groups and Pluronic with hydroxyl groups were combined in different ratios and the particle properties were examined. Utilizing a surfactant mixture directly affected the particle charge and the number of reactive sites for cLABL conjugation. The surface density of cLABL peptide increased as the relative amount of reactive Pluronic was increased. Studies using carcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549) showed that cLABL density might be optimized to improve cellular uptake. These results complement other studies, suggesting that surface density of the targeting moiety on the NP surface should be considered to enhance the effect of ligands used for cell targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Fakhari
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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16
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Pavan GM, Mintzer MA, Simanek EE, Merkel OM, Kissel T, Danani A. Computational insights into the interactions between DNA and siRNA with "rigid" and "flexible" triazine dendrimers. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:721-30. [PMID: 20131771 PMCID: PMC3841066 DOI: 10.1021/bm901298t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, simulation challenges intuitive models of "flexible" and "rigid" generation two triazine dendrimers as it pertains to solution conformation and conformation on binding DNA or siRNA sequences. These results derive from structural and energetic analyses of the binding events. Simulations of the rigid structure reinforce the role of the constrained piperazine linker in positioning the peripheral groups at significant distance from each other and the core of the dendrimer. In contrast, the flexible dendrimer, characterized by triethyleneglycol-like linkers, collapses in solution. On binding DNA and siRNA, these conformations are largely retained. The rigid dendrimer undergoes reorganization of peripheral groups to generate a large number of contacts to the nucleic acid. In contrast, the flexible dendrimer, originally conceived to create multivalent interactions with nucleic acids, generates only a few contacts and collapses further. This paper provides unique insight in the role played by molecular flexibility in the binding phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni M Pavan
- University for Applied Sciences of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI) - Institute of Computer Integrated Manufacturing for Sustainable Innovation, Centro Galleria 2, Manno, CH-6928, Switzerland.
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17
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Bade S, Röckendorf N, Franek M, Gorris HH, Lindner B, Olivier V, Schaper KJ, Frey A. Biolabeling with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid derivatives: the 2,4-D tag. Anal Chem 2010; 81:9695-702. [PMID: 19873999 DOI: 10.1021/ac901900n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Many bioanalytic and diagnostic procedures rely on labels with which the molecule of interest can be tracked in or discriminated from accompanying like substances. Herein, we describe a new labeling and detection system based on derivatives of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and anti-2,4-D antibodies. The 2,4-D system is highly sensitive with a K(D) of 7 x 10(-11) M for the hapten-antibody pair, can be used on a large variety of biomolecules such as proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids, is not hampered by endogenous backgrounds because 2,4-D is a xenobiotic, and is robust because 2,4-D is a very stable compound that withstands the conditions of most reactions usually performed on biomolecules. With this unique blend of properties, the 2,4-D system compares favorably with its rivals digoxigenin (DIG)/anti-DIG and biotin/(strept)avidin and provides an interesting and powerful tool in biomolecular labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Bade
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany
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18
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Reuter F, Bade S, Hirst TR, Frey A. Bystander protein protects potential vaccine-targeting ligands against intestinal proteolysis. J Control Release 2009; 137:98-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Shewmake TA, Solis FJ, Gillies RJ, Caplan MR. Effects of Linker Length and Flexibility on Multivalent Targeting. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:3057-64. [DOI: 10.1021/bm800529b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Shewmake
- Harrington Department of Bioengineering and Center for Interventional Biomaterials, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, Department of Integrated Natural Sciences, Arizona State University West, Phoenix, Arizona 85032, and Department of Radiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Francisco J. Solis
- Harrington Department of Bioengineering and Center for Interventional Biomaterials, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, Department of Integrated Natural Sciences, Arizona State University West, Phoenix, Arizona 85032, and Department of Radiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Robert J. Gillies
- Harrington Department of Bioengineering and Center for Interventional Biomaterials, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, Department of Integrated Natural Sciences, Arizona State University West, Phoenix, Arizona 85032, and Department of Radiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Michael R. Caplan
- Harrington Department of Bioengineering and Center for Interventional Biomaterials, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, Department of Integrated Natural Sciences, Arizona State University West, Phoenix, Arizona 85032, and Department of Radiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
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Heidel J, Mishra S, Davis ME. Molecular conjugates. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2006; 99:7-39. [PMID: 16568887 DOI: 10.1007/10_002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular conjugates are nanometer-sized entities consisting of synthetic materials (lipids, polycations, targeting agents, and so on) and nucleic acids. These composites are delivery vehicles that function to provide the transport of nucleic acids to sites of action. Recently, great progress has been made in the construction of these nonviral delivery vehicles and the understanding of how they function in cells and animals. Here, we review some of the important issues in assembling molecular conjugates and understanding their behavior in biological fluids, cells, and animals. One of the largest challenges in the field of molecular conjugates is how to integrate the components into a workable system that exploits the combined attributes of the components without suffering losses due to the assembly of the system. We discuss some of the difficulties involved in the assembly of a functioning delivery system for in vivo use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Heidel
- Chemical Engineering, 210-41, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125, USA
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21
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Gao X, Tao W, Lu W, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Jiang X, Fu S. Lectin-conjugated PEG–PLA nanoparticles: Preparation and brain delivery after intranasal administration. Biomaterials 2006; 27:3482-90. [PMID: 16510178 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve the absorption of nanoparticles in the brain following nasal administration, a novel protocol to conjugate biorecognitive ligands-lectins to the surface of poly (ethylene glycol)-poly (lactic acid) (PEG-PLA) nanoparticles was established in the study. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), specifically binding to N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and sialic acid, both of which were abundantly observed in the nasal cavity, was selected as a model lectin. The WGA-conjugated nanoparticles were prepared by incorporating maleimide in the PLA-PEG molecular and taking advantage of its thiol group binding reactivity to conjugate with 2-iminothialane thiolated WGA. Coupling of WGA with the PEG-PLA nanoparticles was confirmed by the existence of gold-labeled WGA-NP under TEM. The retention of biorecognitive activity of WGA after the covalent coupling procedure was confirmed by haemagglutination test. The resulting nanoparticles presented negligible nasal ciliatoxicity and the brain uptake of a fluorescent marker-coumarin carried by WGA functionized nanoparticles was about 2 folds in different brain tissues compared with that of coumarin incorporated in the unmodified ones. Thus, the technique offered a novel effective noninvasive system for brain drug delivery, especially for brain protein and gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032,China
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Caplan MR, Rosca EV. Targeting Drugs to Combinations of Receptors: A Modeling Analysis of Potential Specificity. Ann Biomed Eng 2005; 33:1113-24. [PMID: 16133919 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-005-5779-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2004] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Targeting drugs to specific cells by conjugating the drug to an antibody or ligand for a cell surface receptor currently requires that the receptor be uniquely over-expressed by the target cell (the target cell over-expresses a particular receptor in comparison with untargeted cells, which do display this receptor type but a lesser number of them). Here we develop a mathematical model to predict the behavior of multivalent ligand-drug constructs containing two different ligands for two different receptors, which would allow targeting cells that do not uniquely over-express any receptor. In this model, target cells express both receptors at a high level; whereas, untargeted cells express one receptor type at the high level but the other at a lower level. The model predicts that these heterovalent conjugates (containing two different types of ligands) can achieve specificity even when the target cell does not uniquely over-express any one receptor type. Using the current approach, constructs in which only one ligand type is used will bind as much to untargeted cells as to the target cells. Therefore, this combination strategy can enormously expand the number of applications for which cell surface receptor targeting of drugs is an appropriate option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Caplan
- Harrington Department of Bioengineering, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 879709, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA.
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Pan D, Turner JL, Wooley KL. Shell Cross-Linked Nanoparticles Designed To Target Angiogenic Blood Vessels via αvβ3 Receptor−Ligand Interactions. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma048824e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipanjan Pan
- Washington University in Saint Louis, Center for Materials Innovation and Department of Chemistry, One Brookings Drive, CB 1134, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130-4899
| | - Jeffrey L. Turner
- Washington University in Saint Louis, Center for Materials Innovation and Department of Chemistry, One Brookings Drive, CB 1134, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130-4899
| | - Karen L. Wooley
- Washington University in Saint Louis, Center for Materials Innovation and Department of Chemistry, One Brookings Drive, CB 1134, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130-4899
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