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Wang TF, Lo HF, Chi MC, Lai KL, Lin MG, Lin LL. Affinity Immobilization of a Bacterial Prolidase onto Metal-Ion-Chelated Magnetic Nanoparticles for the Hydrolysis of Organophosphorus Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3625. [PMID: 31344929 PMCID: PMC6696040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles (SiMNPs) with isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane as a metal-chelating ligand were prepared for the immobilization of His6-tagged Escherichia coli prolidase (His6-EcPepQ). Under one-hour coupling, the enzyme-loading capacity for the Ni2+-functionalized SiMNPs (NiNTASiMNPs) was 1.5 mg/mg support, corresponding to about 58.6% recovery of the initial activity. Native and enzyme-bound NiNTASiMNPs were subsequently characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), superparamagnetic analysis, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. As compared to free enzyme, His6-EcPepQ@NiNTASiMNPs had significantly higher activity at 70 °C and pH ranges of 5.5 to 10, and exhibited a greater stability during a storage period of 60 days and could be recycled 20 times with approximately 80% retention of the initial activity. The immobilized enzyme was further applied in the hydrolysis of two different organophosphorus compounds, dimethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate (methyl paraoxon) and diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate (ethyl paraoxon). The experimental results showed that methyl paraoxon was a preferred substrate for His6-EcPepQ and the kinetic behavior of free and immobilized enzymes towards this substance was obviously different. Taken together, the immobilization strategy surely provides an efficient means to deposit active enzymes onto NiNTASiMNPs for His6-EcPepQ-mediated biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Fan Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi City 60004, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Fen Lo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hungkuang University, 1018 Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Chun Chi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi City 60004, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ling Lai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi City 60004, Taiwan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hungkuang University, 1018 Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan
| | - Min-Guan Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nangang District, Taipei City 11529, Taiwan
| | - Long-Liu Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi City 60004, Taiwan.
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Truffi M, Colombo M, Sorrentino L, Pandolfi L, Mazzucchelli S, Pappalardo F, Pacini C, Allevi R, Bonizzi A, Corsi F, Prosperi D. Multivalent exposure of trastuzumab on iron oxide nanoparticles improves antitumor potential and reduces resistance in HER2-positive breast cancer cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6563. [PMID: 29700387 PMCID: PMC5920071 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24968-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapies have profoundly changed the clinical prospect in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer. In particular, the anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody trastuzumab represents the gold standard for the treatment of HER2+ breast cancer patients. Its contribution in dampening cancer progression is mainly attributed to the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) rather than HER2 blockade. Here, multiple half chains of trastuzumab were conjugated onto magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNP-HC) to develop target-specific and biologically active nanosystems to enhance anti-HER2 therapeutic potential. HER2 targeting was assessed in different human breast cancer cell lines, where nanoparticles triggered site-specific phosphorylation in the catalytic domain of the receptor and cellular uptake by endocytosis. MNP-HC induced remarkable antiproliferative effect in HER2+ breast cancer cells, exhibiting enhanced activity compared to free drug. Accordingly, nanoparticles induced p27kip1 expression and cell cycle arrest in G1 phase, without loosing capability to prime ADCC. Finally, MNP-HC affected viability of trastuzumab-resistant cells, suggesting interference with the resistance machinery. Our findings indicate that multiple arrangement of trastuzumab half chain on the nanoparticle surface enhances anticancer efficacy in HER2+ breast cancer cells. Powerful inhibition of HER2 signaling could promote responsiveness of resistant cells, thus suggesting ways for drug sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Truffi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milano, via G. B. Grassi 74, 20157, Milano, Italy
| | - Miriam Colombo
- NanoBioLab, Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Sorrentino
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milano, via G. B. Grassi 74, 20157, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Pandolfi
- NanoBioLab, Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Serena Mazzucchelli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milano, via G. B. Grassi 74, 20157, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Pappalardo
- NanoBioLab, Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Pacini
- NanoBioLab, Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Raffaele Allevi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milano, via G. B. Grassi 74, 20157, Milano, Italy
| | - Arianna Bonizzi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milano, via G. B. Grassi 74, 20157, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Corsi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milano, via G. B. Grassi 74, 20157, Milano, Italy. .,Surgery Department, Breast Unit, ICS Maugeri S.p.A. SB, via S. Maugeri 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy. .,Nanomedicine laboratory, ICS Maugeri S.p.A. SB, via S. Maugeri 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Davide Prosperi
- NanoBioLab, Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milano, Italy. .,Nanomedicine laboratory, ICS Maugeri S.p.A. SB, via S. Maugeri 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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Abou-Elkacem L, Wang H, Chowdhury SM, Kimura RH, Bachawal SV, Gambhir SS, Tian L, Willmann JK. Thy1-Targeted Microbubbles for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:1574-1585. [PMID: 29301827 PMCID: PMC5884723 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-2057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To engineer a dual human and murine Thy1-binding single-chain-antibody ligand (Thy1-scFv) for contrast microbubble-enhanced ultrasound molecular imaging of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).Experimental Design: Thy1-scFv were engineered using yeast-surface-display techniques. Binding to soluble human and murine Thy1 and to Thy1-expressing cells was assessed by flow cytometry. Thy1-scFv was then attached to gas-filled microbubbles to create MBThy1-scFv Thy1 binding of MBThy1-scFv to Thy1-expressing cells was evaluated under flow shear stress conditions in flow-chamber experiments. MBscFv-scrambled and MBNon-targeted were used as negative controls. All microbubble types were tested in both orthotopic human PDAC xenografts and transgenic PDAC mice in vivoResults: Thy1-scFv had a KD of 3.4 ± 0.36 nmol/L for human and 9.2 ± 1.7 nmol/L for murine Thy1 and showed binding to both soluble and cellularly expressed Thy1. MBThy1-scFv was attached to Thy1 with high affinity compared with negative control microbubbles (P < 0.01) as assessed by flow cytometry. Similarly, flow-chamber studies showed significantly (P < 0.01) higher binding of MBThy1-scFv (3.0 ± 0.81 MB/cell) to Thy1-expressing cells than MBscFv-scrambled (0.57 ± 0.53) and MBNon-targeted (0.43 ± 0.53). In vivo ultrasound molecular imaging using MBThy1-scFv demonstrated significantly higher signal (P < 0.01) in both orthotopic (5.32 ± 1.59 a.u.) and transgenic PDAC (5.68 ± 2.5 a.u.) mice compared with chronic pancreatitis (0.84 ± 0.6 a.u.) and normal pancreas (0.67 ± 0.71 a.u.). Ex vivo immunofluorescence confirmed significantly (P < 0.01) increased Thy1 expression in PDAC compared with chronic pancreatitis and normal pancreas tissue.Conclusions: A dual human and murine Thy1-binding scFv was designed to generate contrast microbubbles to allow PDAC detection with ultrasound. Clin Cancer Res; 24(7); 1574-85. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotfi Abou-Elkacem
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California.
| | - Huaijun Wang
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California
| | - Sayan M Chowdhury
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California
| | - Richard H Kimura
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California
| | - Sunitha V Bachawal
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California
| | - Lu Tian
- Department of Health, Research and Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jürgen K Willmann
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California
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Kanwar JR, Roy K, Patel Y, Zhou SF, Singh MR, Singh D, Nasir M, Sehgal R, Sehgal A, Singh RS, Garg S, Kanwar RK. Multifunctional iron bound lactoferrin and nanomedicinal approaches to enhance its bioactive functions. Molecules 2015; 20:9703-31. [PMID: 26016555 PMCID: PMC6272382 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20069703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf), an iron-binding protein from the transferrin family has been reported to have numerous functions. Even though Lf was first isolated from milk, it is also found in most exocrine secretions and in the secondary granules of neutrophils. Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity reports on lactoferrin identified its significance in host defense against infection and extreme inflammation. Anticarcinogenic reports on lactoferrin make this protein even more valuable. This review is focused on the structural configuration of iron-containing and iron-free forms of lactoferrin obtained from different sources such as goat, camel and bovine. Apart for emphasizing on the specific beneficial properties of lactoferrin from each of these sources, the general antimicrobial, immunomodulatory and anticancer activities of lactoferrin are discussed here. Implementation of nanomedicinial strategies that enhance the bioactive function of lactoferrin are also discussed, along with information on lactoferrin in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagat R Kanwar
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Molecular and Medical Research (MMR) Strategic Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia.
| | - Kislay Roy
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Molecular and Medical Research (MMR) Strategic Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia.
| | - Yogesh Patel
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Molecular and Medical Research (MMR) Strategic Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia.
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Manju Rawat Singh
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492 010, India.
| | - Deependra Singh
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492 010, India.
| | - Muhammad Nasir
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Faculty of Bio-Sciences, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India.
| | - Alka Sehgal
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Government Medical College & Hospital, Sector 32, Chandigarh 160031, India.
| | - Ram Sarup Singh
- Carbohydrate and Protein Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India.
| | - Sanjay Garg
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation and Development (CPID), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Rupinder K Kanwar
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Molecular and Medical Research (MMR) Strategic Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia.
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Sommaruga S, Galbiati E, Peñaranda-Avila J, Brambilla C, Tortora P, Colombo M, Prosperi D. Immobilization of carboxypeptidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus on magnetic nanoparticles improves enzyme stability and functionality in organic media. BMC Biotechnol 2014; 14:82. [PMID: 25193105 PMCID: PMC4177664 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-14-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNP) offer several advantages for applications in biomedical and biotechnological research. In particular, MNP-based immobilization of enzymes allows high surface-to-volume ratio, good dispersibility, easy separation of enzymes from the reaction mixture, and reuse by applying an external magnetic field. In a biotechnological perspective, extremophilic enzymes hold great promise as they often can be used under non-conventional harsh conditions, which may result in substrate transformations that are not achievable with normal enzymes. This prompted us to investigate the effect of MNP bioconjugation on the catalytic properties of a thermostable carboxypeptidase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus (CPSso), which exhibits catalytic properties that are useful in synthetic processes. Results CPSso was immobilized onto silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles via NiNTA-His tag site-directed conjugation. Following the immobilization, CPSso acquired distinctly higher long-term stability at room temperature compared to the free native enzyme, which, in contrast, underwent extensive inactivation after 72 h incubation, thus suggesting a potential utilization of this enzyme under low energy consumption. Moreover, CPSso conjugation also resulted in a significantly higher stability in organic solvents at 40°C, which made it possible to synthesize N-blocked amino acids in remarkably higher yields compared to those of free enzyme. Conclusions The nanobioconjugate of CPSso immobilized on silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles exhibited enhanced stability in aqueous media at room temperature as well as in different organic solvents. The improved stability in ethanol paves the way to possible applications of immobilized CPSso, in particular as a biocatalyst for the synthesis of N-blocked amino acids. Another potential application might be amino acid racemate resolution, a critical and expensive step in chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paolo Tortora
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milano 20126, Italy.
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Verderio P, Avvakumova S, Alessio G, Bellini M, Colombo M, Galbiati E, Mazzucchelli S, Avila JP, Santini B, Prosperi D. Delivering colloidal nanoparticles to mammalian cells: a nano-bio interface perspective. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:957-76. [PMID: 24443410 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the behavior of multifunctional colloidal nanoparticles capable of biomolecular targeting remains a fascinating challenge in materials science with dramatic implications in view of a possible clinical translation. In several circumstances, assumptions on structure-activity relationships have failed in determining the expected responses of these complex systems in a biological environment. The present Review depicts the most recent advances about colloidal nanoparticles designed for use as tools for cellular nanobiotechnology, in particular, for the preferential transport through different target compartments, including cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, and nucleus. Besides the conventional entry mechanisms based on crossing the cellular membrane, an insight into modern physical approaches to quantitatively deliver nanomaterials inside cells, such as microinjection and electro-poration, is provided. Recent hypotheses on how the nanoparticle structure and functionalization may affect the interactions at the nano-bio interface, which in turn mediate the nanoparticle internalization routes, are highlighted. In addition, some hurdles when this small interface faces the physiological environment and how this phenomenon can turn into different unexpected responses, are discussed. Finally, possible future developments oriented to synergistically tailor biological and chemical properties of nanoconjugates to improve the control over nanoparticle transport, which could open new scenarios in the field of nanomedicine, are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Verderio
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze; Università di Milano-Bicocca; piazza della Scienza 2 20126 Milano Italy
| | - Svetlana Avvakumova
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze; Università di Milano-Bicocca; piazza della Scienza 2 20126 Milano Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche “Luigi Sacco”; Università di Milano; Ospedale L. Sacco, via G. B. Grassi 74 20157 Milano Italy
| | - Giulia Alessio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche “Luigi Sacco”; Università di Milano; Ospedale L. Sacco, via G. B. Grassi 74 20157 Milano Italy
| | - Michela Bellini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze; Università di Milano-Bicocca; piazza della Scienza 2 20126 Milano Italy
| | - Miriam Colombo
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze; Università di Milano-Bicocca; piazza della Scienza 2 20126 Milano Italy
| | - Elisabetta Galbiati
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze; Università di Milano-Bicocca; piazza della Scienza 2 20126 Milano Italy
| | - Serena Mazzucchelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche “Luigi Sacco”; Università di Milano; Ospedale L. Sacco, via G. B. Grassi 74 20157 Milano Italy
| | - Jesus Peñaranda Avila
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze; Università di Milano-Bicocca; piazza della Scienza 2 20126 Milano Italy
| | - Benedetta Santini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze; Università di Milano-Bicocca; piazza della Scienza 2 20126 Milano Italy
| | - Davide Prosperi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze; Università di Milano-Bicocca; piazza della Scienza 2 20126 Milano Italy
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Clinical Biophotonics, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS; Via Capecelatro 66 20148 Milan Italy
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Mazzucchelli S, Sommaruga S, O'Donnell M, Galeffi P, Tortora P, Prosperi D, Colombo M. Dependence of nanoparticle-cell recognition efficiency on the surface orientation of scFv targeting ligands. Biomater Sci 2013; 1:728-735. [DOI: 10.1039/c3bm60068h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Colombo M, Mazzucchelli S, Montenegro JM, Galbiati E, Corsi F, Parak WJ, Prosperi D. Protein oriented ligation on nanoparticles exploiting O6-alkylguanine-DNA transferase (SNAP) genetically encoded fusion. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:1492-7. [PMID: 22431243 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201102284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A bimodular genetic fusion comprising a delivery module (scFv) and a capture module (SNAP) is proposed as a novel strategy for the site-specific covalent conjugation of targeting peptides to nanoparticles. An scFv mutant selective for HER2 tumor antigen is chosen as the targeting ligand. SNAP-scFv is immobilized on magnetofluorescent nanoparticles and its targeting efficiency against HER2-positive cells is assessed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Colombo
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milan, Italy
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Colombo M, Sommaruga S, Mazzucchelli S, Polito L, Verderio P, Galeffi P, Corsi F, Tortora P, Prosperi D. Site-Specific Conjugation of ScFvs Antibodies to Nanoparticles by Bioorthogonal Strain-Promoted Alkyne-Nitrone Cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 51:496-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201106775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Site-Specific Conjugation of ScFvs Antibodies to Nanoparticles by Bioorthogonal Strain-Promoted Alkyne-Nitrone Cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201106775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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