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Datta P, Rattan D, Sharma D, Sharma N, Kalra N, Duseja A, Angrup A, Sehgal R. Novel diagnostic approach for amoebic liver abscess using cell free (cf) DNA: a prospective study. Infect Dis (Lond) 2024; 56:259-267. [PMID: 38112684 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2023.2294119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amoebic liver abscess (ALA) is commonly seen in tropical countries and diagnosis of ALA relies mainly on non-specific serological and imaging techniques as well as PCR from pus. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the potential of using cell free DNA (cfDNA) from serum and urine for diagnosing ALA. METHODS We prospectively evaluated quantitative PCR (qPCR) for detection of cf DNA in serum and urine sample in all liver abscess patients. The samples were collected from patients reporting to emergency ward of Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India with symptoms suggestive of liver abscess. Real time PCR was done to detect cf DNA in serum and urine by targeting 99-bp unit of small subunit rRNA of Entamoeba histolytica and conventional PCR for pus. RESULTS A total 113 samples (serum and urine) and 100 pus samples were analysed. A total of 62 ALA patients were confirmed; with maximum 57 patients detected by qPCR for cfDNA in the serum, 55 patients by PCR on pus aspirate and 50 ALA patients by qPCR for cfDNA in urine sample. Therefore, the sensitivity of qPCR for detection of cf DNA in serum was 91.94% and for urine was 80.65%. CONCLUSION A total of 11.2% of ALA patients were diagnosed only through detection of E. histolytica cf DNA in their serum and urine. Detection of cfDNA from serum, urine of ALA has a potential role in future especially for developing countries as it is a rapid, sensitive and patient friendly diagnostic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Datta
- Department of Medical Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Divya Rattan
- Department of Medical Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Devyani Sharma
- Department of Medical Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Navneet Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Naveen Kalra
- Department of Radiodiagnosis & Imaging, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ajay Duseja
- Department of Hepatology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Archana Angrup
- Department of Medical Microbiology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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Khunger S, Mewara A, Kaur U, Duseja A, Ray P, Kalra N, Sharma N, Sehgal R. Real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification (real-time LAMP) assay for rapid diagnosis of amoebic liver abscess. Trop Med Int Health 2024; 29:104-112. [PMID: 38093589 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Among the parasitic diseases, amoebic liver abscess (ALA) ranks second to malaria in terms of mortality. Due to the poor sensitivity of conventional diagnostic methods, there is a need for the development of effective and rapid diagnostic methods for ALA. Thus, the purpose of this work was to develop a real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay specific to Entamoeba histolytica. Further, we compared the performance of real-time LAMP with conventional and real-time PCR (RT-PCR) targeting 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S SSU rRNA) gene of E. histolytica in patients with ALA. A total of 126 liver samples were obtained for the study. Of these, 96 aspirated pus samples were obtained from patients suffering from an ALA (serology confirmed, anti-amoebic immunoglobulin IgG positive), 19 aspirated pus samples from patients with pyogenic liver abscess (PLA, 16S RNA gene positive) and 11 autopsy liver tissues. The results showed that the DNA of E. histolytica was detected in 81 samples by conventional PCR, 93 by RT-PCR and 95 by RT-LAMP. The analytical sensitivity of the RT-LAMP assay was much higher than the other two techniques. RT-LAMP assay was able to amplify up to one copy of the targeted gene of E. histolytica while conventional PCR and RT-PCR could amplify up to 103 and 102 copies of the targeted gene of E. histolytica, respectively. In conclusion, RT-LAMP proved to be a sensitive, specific and rapid test which can be utilised as an effective tool for the diagnosis of ALA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Khunger
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Microbiology(FAHS), Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentanary University, Gurugram, India
| | - Abhishek Mewara
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Upninder Kaur
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ajay Duseja
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pallab Ray
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Naveen Kalra
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Navneet Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Aarupadai Veedu Medical College and Hospital, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation-DU, Pondicherry, India
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Kaura T, Sarkar S, Sharma V, Mewara A, Devi S, Singh N, Kaur K, Sehgal R, Ratho RK, Grover GS. Molecular detection of dengue and chikungunya viruses in surveillance of wild-caught Aedes mosquitoes in Punjab, North India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2024; 118:95-101. [PMID: 37593844 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trad054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses are transmitted mainly by Aedes mosquitoes and are responsible for a significant global healthcare burden. The current study aimed to detect arboviruses in the Aedes mosquitoes in close proximity of patients during the transmission season. METHODS Both immature and adult mosquitoes were collected from in and around the patients' houses. Mosquito pools were homogenized and extracted RNA was subjected to reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for arboviral detection. Transovarian transmission (TOT) was assessed by screening F0 adults. Mosquito positivity was correlated with the aetiological agents identified in patients. RESULTS Of 46 pools, 19 consisted of wild Aedes, with arboviral positivity in 53% (10/19) of pools. Among wild A. aegypti pools, positivity of DENV mono-infection, CHIKV mono-infection and DENV+CHIKV co-infection was noted in four, two and three pools, respectively. One wild pool of Aedes albopictus was positive for DENV-1. Similarly, A. aegypti F0 (adult Aedes developed from immatures) pools showed 59.2% (16/27) positivity for arboviruses. F0 Aedes showed positivity in three, six and seven pools for DENV-2, CHIKV and DENV+CHIKV, respectively, suggestive of TOT. DENV serotypes and CHIKV from 24 patients' serum samples were matched with strains isolated from Aedes and correlation was observed in four instances. CONCLUSIONS The study detected DENV and CHIKV from wild-caught Aedes and found evidence of DENV and CHIKV TOT in F0 adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taruna Kaura
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Subhabrata Sarkar
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Vikrant Sharma
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Abhishek Mewara
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Seema Devi
- Department of Health and Family Welfare, Punjab, India
| | | | - Kanwalpreet Kaur
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - R K Ratho
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India
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Singh G, Gupta S, Priyanka, Puspa, Rani B, Kaur H, Vikas, Yadav R, Sehgal R. Designing of bis-organosilanes as dual chemosensor for Sn(II) and Al(III) ions: Antibacterial activity and in silico molecular docking study. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2024; 305:123435. [PMID: 37788514 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Here, in this article, we present the design and synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole allied Schiff base functionalized organosilanes 6(a-e) utilising single step approach. These compounds were further characterised using NMR (1H, 13C) and mass spectrometry. Furthermore, UV-Visible and fluorescence spectroscopy showed that compound 6a had a high selectivityto Sn(II) and Al(III) metal ions compared to other relevant metal ions with lowlimit of detection (LOD) values. Suppression of -C=N isomerization, constrained intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), and complexation with Sn(II)/Al(III) ions (Chelation Enhanced Fluorescence (CHEF)) results in probe 6a's enhanced turn on fluorescence toward the detection of Sn(II) and Al(III) ions. Probe 6a was a strong candidate for the detection of Sn(II) and Al(III) ions due to its selectivity, reversibility, and competitiveness. Since the detecting phenomenon can be reversed, the sensor 6a perfectly mimics the INHIBIT molecular logic gate. Also, computational study utilising DFT technique was used to shed light on the complexation mode of 6a with Sn(II) and Al(III) metal ions. The compound 6a's antibacterial activity has also been successfully tested against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. Additionally, the compound 6a was docked to the E. coli and S. aureus proteins, which exhibited excellent results with binding energies of -7.18 Kcal mol-1 and -7.05 Kcal mol-1, respectively. As both in-vitro and docking studies demonstrated anti-bacterial activity of the probe 6a, it may be anticipated that the probe has potential to serve as anti-bacterial drug in nearly future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurjaspreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| | - Sofia Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| | - Priyanka
- Department of Humanities and Applied Sciences, Echelon Institute of Technology Faridabad, 121101 Haryana, India
| | - Puspa
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Bhavana Rani
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Harshbir Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Vikas
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Richa Yadav
- Department of Medicinal Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medicinal Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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Datta P, Garg P, Rattan D, Bagga R, Rohilla M, Khurana S, Sehgal R. Comparison of B1 and RE 529 gene targets by real time PCR and LAMP assay for diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in pregnant females. Indian J Med Microbiol 2024; 47:100481. [PMID: 37924678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2023.100481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to accurately diagnose the presence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women. In this study we evaluated two gene targets B1 and RE-529 using two different molecular methods i.e., real-time PCR and LAMP. PROCEDURE A total of 150 blood samples were collected from pregnant women attending the PGIMER outpatient clinic. The serum and Buffy layer were extracted and various serological (ELISA) and molecular tests (qPCR and LAMP) targeting B1 and RE-529 were carried out. FINDING Out of 150 patients, 32 were seropositive. Amongst which for the RE-529 gene, 18 were LAMP positive and 16 were qPCR positive, while for the B1 gene, 14 were LAMP positive and 13 were qPCR positive. CONCLUSIONS Molecular methods were more sensitive than serological tests to diagnose congenital toxoplasmosis in antenatal females. Few seronegative patients were reported positive using molecular methods. In addition, LAMP targeting the RE-529 gene is more sensitive than qPCR, and LAMP targets the B1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Datta
- Department of Medical Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Puja Garg
- Department of Medical Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Divya Rattan
- Department of Medical Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Rashmi Bagga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Minakshi Rohilla
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Sumeeta Khurana
- Department of Medical Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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Sharma H, Sehgal R, Shekhar N, Shoeran G, Kaur U, Medhi B. Antiparasitic effect of Farnesol against Leishmania major: A rationale from in vitro and in silico investigations. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293290. [PMID: 37930969 PMCID: PMC10627473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne parasitic infection caused by the infective bite of female Phlebotomine sandflies. Treatment of leishmaniasis by conventional synthetic compounds is met by challenges pertaining to adverse effects which call for the discovery of newer anti-leishmanial molecules. This study was performed to evaluate the effect and modes of action of a sesquiterpene alcoholic molecule Farnesol on Leishmania major, the causative agent of Zoonotic CL. The cytotoxic effect of Farnesol against L.major promastigotes, amastigotes and macrophages was assessed by MTT test and counting. The IC50 on promastigotes by Farnesol on L.major was also evaluated by flow cytometry. In the findings, promastigotes were reduced at 167μM. The mean numbers of L.major amastigotes in macrophages were significantly decreased on exposure to Farnesol at 172μM. In addition, Farnesol induced significant apoptosis dose-dependent on L.major promastigotes. In silico protein-ligand_binding analyses indicated the effect of Farnesol in perturbation of the ergosterol synthesis pathway of Leishmania with attributes suggesting inhibition of Lanosterol-α-demethylase, the terminal enzyme of ergosterol synthesis machinery. Findings from flow cytometry reveal the role of Farnesol in apoptosis-induced killing in promastigotes. Farnesol was effective at very lower concentrations when compared to Paromomycin. Further studies are crucial to evaluate the therapeutic potential of Farnesol alone or in combination with other conventional drugs in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshita Sharma
- Department of Medical Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Aarupadai Veedu Medical College & Hospital, Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation-DU, Puducherry, India
| | - Nishant Shekhar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gaurav Shoeran
- Department of Medical Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Upninder Kaur
- Department of Medical Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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Campbell SJ, Shanmugasundaram D, Ganguly S, Sehgal R, Karmakar S, Sanga P, Stephen HN, Kaur H, Kihara J, Minnery M, Nath S, Sen S, Bundy DA, Mishra N, Batra G, Shah H, Balasubramaniam S, Dutta S, Khera A, Murhekar M. Low Prevalence of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections among Children in the States of Chhattisgarh and Himachal Pradesh, India, 2018. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 109:820-829. [PMID: 37604473 PMCID: PMC10551095 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale impact assessments of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) programs are essential for determining the frequency of mass drug administration (MDA). In baseline surveys, the prevalence of STHs in the Indian States of Chhattisgarh and Himachal Pradesh was 80.2% in 2015 and 29.0% in 2016, respectively. In 2018, we estimated the prevalence and intensity of STHs after six rounds of biannual MDA in Chhattisgarh and annual MDA in Himachal Pradesh. We conducted multistage cluster sampling surveys in preschool-age children (PSAC), school-age children (SAC), and adolescent cohorts. Stool samples from 3,033 respondents (PSAC, n = 625; SAC, n = 1,363; adolescents, n = 1,045) in Chhattisgarh and 942 respondents (PSAC, n = 192; SAC, n = 388; adolescents, n = 362) in Himachal Pradesh were examined for presence of STH infection using the Kato-Katz method. The overall cluster-adjusted prevalence in Chhattisgarh was 11.6% among all age groups (95% CI, 5.6-22.4)-an 85.5% reduction in the prevalence since 2015. Prevalence was not significantly different across cohorts (PSAC, 11.0% [95% CI, 5.0-22.6]; SAC, 10.9% [95% CI, 5.2-21.6]; adolescents, 12.8% [95% CI, 6.2-24.5]). Ascaris lumbricoides was the most common helminth, with most infections of light intensity. In Himachal Pradesh, only three STH infections were detected in 2018, resulting in a cluster-adjusted prevalence of 0.3% (95% CI, 0.1-1.7)-a 99.0% reduction in prevalence since 2016. All infections were of light intensity. Both states showed substantial improvements in socioeconomic and water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) indicators since the baseline surveys. Extensive reductions in prevalence and intensity are linked to sustained, high deworming coverage, as well as socioeconomic WASH indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzy J. Campbell
- Deworm the World Initiative, Evidence Action, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Sandipan Ganguly
- Indian Council of Medical Research–National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sumallya Karmakar
- Indian Council of Medical Research–National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Prerna Sanga
- Model Resource Services Private Limited, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Hargobinder Kaur
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jimmy Kihara
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya, South Africa
| | - Mark Minnery
- Deworm the World Initiative, Evidence Action, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Srabani Nath
- Deworm the World Initiative, Evidence Action, New Delhi, India
| | - Shrabanti Sen
- Deworm the World Initiative, Evidence Action, New Delhi, India
| | - Donald A. Bundy
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neeraj Mishra
- Deworm the World Initiative, Evidence Action, New Delhi, India
| | - Gunjan Batra
- Deworm the World Initiative, Evidence Action, New Delhi, India
| | - Hemang Shah
- Children’s Investment Fund Foundation, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Shanta Dutta
- Indian Council of Medical Research–National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Ajay Khera
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Manoj Murhekar
- Indian Council of Medical Research–National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
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Mewara A, Khunger S, Sharma C, Krishnamoorthi S, Singh S, Yadav R, Khurana S, Sehgal R. A rapid multiplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification (mLAMP) assay for detection of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia duodenalis. Lett Appl Microbiol 2023; 76:ovad114. [PMID: 37740570 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovad114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
We developed a rapid multiplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification (mLAMP) assay for two common intestinal parasites-Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia duodenalis, where early detection may be helpful. The mLAMP assay was optimized for the detection of DNA of E. histolytica (18S rRNA gene) and G. duodenalis (Elongation factor 1 alpha gene) from standard strains by using six specific primers FIP (forward inner primer), BIP (backward inner primer), F3 (forward outer primer), B3 (backward outer primer), loopF (forward loop primer), and loopB (backward loop primer) for each gene target. The amplification time was 16-26 min for E. histolytica and 10-15 min for G. duodenalis, and the parasites could be distinguished based on melting-curve analysis for specific annealing temperatures (Tm) of 84°C-86°C and 88°C-90°C for E. histolytica and G. duodenalis, respectively. The analytical sensitivity was one fg, and no cross-reactivity with other intestinal pathogens was observed. Thus, the mLAMP assay could detect and clearly distinguish E. histolytica and G. duodenalis with a rapid turnaround time and excellent analytical sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Mewara
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Sandhya Khunger
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India
- Department of Microbiology (FAHS), Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Budhera, Gurgaon 122505, India
| | - Chayan Sharma
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India
| | | | - Shreya Singh
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Rakesh Yadav
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Sumeeta Khurana
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India
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Kaura T, Mewara A, Zaman K, Sehgal R. Comparative efficacy of natural aquatic predators for biological control of mosquito larvae: A neglected tool for vector control. J Vector Borne Dis 2023; 60:435-438. [PMID: 38174523 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.374240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are a dominant fraction of dipteran fauna, occupying a variety of niches. The most common method deployed for their control is the use of insecticides. Throughout their life cycle they are exposed to a wide range of predators in different habitats, thus biological control of mosquitoes by using aquatic predators has been suggested. Therefore, the present study was carried out to explore the type of natural predators coexisting with the mosquito larvae in still water bodies and to determine their efficacy as predators for mosquito larvae. A coexistence of different predators with mosquito larvae was observed in 27 standing water bodies of Chandigarh, India. The predation efficiency of tadpoles of frog was comparable to Gambusia fish, as 97% of the mosquito larvae of all instars of the medically important mosquito genera Anopheles, Aedes, Culex and Armigeres were preyed. The toad tadpoles were found to be least effective and their predation rate was found to be negligible. Further studies on larval source management by frog tadpoles in combination with insecticides or stand-alone would be worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taruna Kaura
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Abhishek Mewara
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Kamran Zaman
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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Manhas PL, Sharma M, Mewara A, Sachdeva MU, Sehgal R, Malhotra P. Dynamics of Plasmodium berghei NK-65 parasitaemia and CD3 +CD4 +CD25 +Fox-p3 + T-regulatory cells in experimentally induced malaria during early, mid, and late-pregnancy in BALB/c mice. Indian J Microbiol 2023; 63:380-385. [PMID: 37781008 PMCID: PMC10533755 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-023-01089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Malaria in pregnancy causes a dual brunt on the mother as well as the foetus. Upregulation of T-regulatory cells (Tregs) during pregnancy allows tolerance towards the growing foetus, their suppression predisposes the mother to infections. This study analyzed the levels of CD3+CD4+CD25+Fox-p3+ Tregs, parasitaemia, maternal and foetal outcomes in BALB/c mice infected with P. berghei NK65 during early-, mid-, and late-pregnancy. Methodology Total of 114 mice, non-pregnant non-infected (n = 6), non-pregnant infected (n = 12), pregnant non-infected (n = 48) and pregnant infected (n = 48) were included in the study. Infected groups were inoculated intra-peritoneally with 1 × 106 P. berghei infected RBCs during early-, mid-, and late- pregnancy (D6, D10, and D14 respectively). Six mice from each stage were sacrificed on the 5th and 7th day post-infection (DPI) to evaluate parasitaemia (staining) and Tregs from splenocytes (by flow cytometry). Results The parasitaemia was significantly higher among early pregnancy infected mice (≥ 70%) than mid-pregnancy infected (40-70%), late pregnancy infected (50-65%), and non-pregnant infected mice (≤ 50%) (p < 0.05). The level of Tregs was significantly higher among non-pregnant infected mice as compared to non-pregnant non-infected mice (%Tregs 0.86 vs. 0.44). Among pregnant mice, the levels of Tregs in infected mice were lower than in non-infected mice during all stages of pregnancy. None of the mice infected during early- and mid-pregnancy survived at 6DPI and 7DPI, respectively, and those infected during late-pregnancy delivered premature pups. Conclusion In contrast to non-pregnant mice, the levels of Tregs among pregnant mice decrease when malaria infection is acquired thereby leading to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-023-01089-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Lata Manhas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Megha Sharma
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh India
| | - Abhishek Mewara
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Man Updesh Sachdeva
- Department of Hematology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Pankaj Malhotra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Clinical Hematology and Medical Oncology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
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11
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Sharma H, Sehgal R, Jhacak S, Deshmukh K, Nada R. Evaluation of farnesol orally and topically against experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis: In -vivo analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290297. [PMID: 37639393 PMCID: PMC10461828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease transmitted by an obligate intra-macrophage protozoan of the genus Leishmania through the infective bite of a vector sandfly. This study investigated the therapeutic efficacy of farnesol, a sesquiterpene compound, for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) using in vivo BALB/c mouse model. In this study, farnesol's efficacy was compared with the standard drug, paromomycin. It was observed that farnesol significantly reduced lesion sizes and footpad thickness compared to the control group (paromomycin). Lymph node size was also significantly reduced in farnesol-treated mice, indicating its ability to control infection spread. Combination therapy with farnesol and Paromomycin did not demonstrate synergistic effects. These results highlight the potential of farnesol as an alternative therapeutic agent for CL. Further investigations are required to elucidate its mechanism of action and assess potential off-target effects. Optimization of oral delivery methods should be explored to enhance bioavailability. Overall, our findings support farnesol's efficacy in CL treatment, offering promising prospects for improved disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshita Sharma
- Department of Medical Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjay Jhacak
- Department of Natural Products, NIPER, Mohali, India
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12
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Dhannoon A, Atukoralalage U, Dhannoon A, Sehgal R, Collins CG. Challenges associated with Global Bariatric Medical Tourism. Ir Med J 2023; 116:809. [PMID: 37606236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
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13
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Singh G, Sharma S, Devi A, Devi S, Yadav R, Sehgal R, Mohan B. Click derived organosilane assembled with nano platform for the detection of Cu 2+ ions: Biological evaluation and molecular docking approach. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2023; 295:122618. [PMID: 36934599 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Metal ions have active roles in biochemical, industrial, and environmental processes. The design and development of new rapid sensing materials with advanced reasonable, compelling, and convenient, techniques are urgent. Here in this work, we design and develop sensor with the facile amalgamation of the pyrene-based organosilane (5) through a click silylation approach silicon composite for selective detection of Cu2+ ions. Physicochemical and keen methods are employed to perceive the resultant hybrid nanoparticles (H-NPs), and these nanocomposites similarly displayed a strong affection for Cu2+ ions. In addition, the identification restrictions while utilizing 5 and H-NP's towards Cu2+ found in this study are far lower than the WHO rules for drinking water. Further, organosilane (5) shows good antibacterial and antioxidant activity. The antibacterial effects of triazole-based organosilane (5), are evaluated with a molecular docking study with Escherichia coli (IJZQ) was conducted. The selected ligand was revealed to have a reasonable docking score with a binding energy of -8.40 kcal mol-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurjaspreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Anita Devi
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Swati Devi
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Richa Yadav
- Department of Medical Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| | - Brij Mohan
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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14
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Sinha S, Medhi B, Radotra BD, Batovska D, Markova N, Sehgal R. Evaluation of chalcone derivatives for their role as antiparasitic and neuroprotectant in experimentally induced cerebral malaria mouse model. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:260. [PMID: 37405268 PMCID: PMC10314887 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03676-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is a severe complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection with a complex pathophysiology. The current course of treatment is ineffective in lowering mortality or post-treatment side effects such as neurological and cognitive abnormalities. Chalcones are enormously distributed in spices, fruits, vegetables, tea, and soy-based foodstuffs that are well known for their antimalarial activity, and in recent years they have been widely explored for brain diseases like Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, considering the previous background of chalcones serving as both antimalarial and neuroprotective, the present study aimed to study the effect of these chalcone derivatives on an experimental model of cerebral malaria (CM). CM-induced mice were tested behaviorally (elevated plus maze, rota rod test, and hanging wire test), biochemically (nitric oxide estimation, cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, TNF, IFN-y), histopathologically and immunohistochemically, and finally ultrastructural changes were examined using a transmission electron microscope. All three chalcones treated groups showed a significant (p < 0.001) decrease in percentage parasitemia at the 10th day post-infection. Mild anxiolytic activity of chalcones as compared to standard treatment with quinine has been observed during behavior tests. No pigment deposition was observed in the QNN-T group and other chalcone derivative treated groups. Rosette formation was seen in the derivative 1 treated group. The present derivatives may be pioneered by various research and science groups to design such a scaffold that will be a future antimalarial with therapeutic potential or, because of its immunomodulatory properties, it could be used as an adjunct therapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03676-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Sinha
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - B. D. Radotra
- Department of Histopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Daniela Batovska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nadezhda Markova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
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15
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Singh G, Devi A, Sharma S, Devi S, Mohan B, Yadav R, Sehgal R. Development of piperazine conjoined 1,2,3-triazolyl-γ-propyltriethoxysilanes: Fluorometric detection of Cr 3+ ions and computational study. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2023; 291:122358. [PMID: 36702083 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chromium is essential for some biochemical processes, and excess is a big concern that shows adverse effects on human health and the environment. Therefore, it is urgent to design new sensors to detect chromium ions rapidly. The present study discusses the synthesis of piperazine conjoined 1,2,3-triazolyl-γ-propyltriethoxysilanes (4a-4b) and development of 4a as fluorescence turn-on sensor for the detection of Cr3+ ions. The mechanistic insights reveal to the restricted CN rotation and inhibited intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) process. In addition, Job's plot and Benesi-Hildebrand plot justify the 1:1 binding affinity with a binding constant of 9.96 × 105 M-1 for [ligand 4a + Cr3+] complex and the limit of detection for Cr3+ ions is observed as 6.06 × 10-8 M. The fluorescence spectral changes, 1H NMR spectra and DFT studies provide evidences for ligand 4a and Cr3+ ions interactions. Further, the reversibility of the ligand 4a from [ligand 4a + Cr3+] complex on the addition of EDTA can be used in the construction of molecular logic gate where Cr3+ and EDTA are considered as inputs and the fluorescence intensity at 398 nm as output. Further, compounds 4a-4b were then evaluated for their antibacterial activity against bacterial strains (Escherichia coliand Staphylococcus aureus), revealing a modest activity. The binding mode of ligand 4a to Staphylococcus aureus (PDB ID - 3U2K) and Escherichia coli (PDB ID - 5Z4O) was investigated using an in-silico molecular docking technique, which revealed that the triazole ring and silanyl group are involved in hydrogen bonding with proteins and may be the cause of the ligand's antibacterial activity. The ligand 4a demonstrated a high affinity for binding within the active sites of proteins with binding energies of -7.97 kcal/mol (3U2K) and -8.68 kcal/mol (5Z4O).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurjaspreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| | - Anita Devi
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Swati Devi
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Brij Mohan
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, 185 Yinjiang Road, Jimei District, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Richa Yadav
- Department of Medical Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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16
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Adejuyigbe EA, Agyeman I, Anand P, Anyabolu HC, Arya S, Assenga EN, Badhal S, Brobby NW, Chellani HK, Chopra N, Debata PK, Dube Q, Dua T, Gadama L, Gera R, Hammond CK, Jain S, Kantumbiza F, Kawaza K, Kija EN, Lal P, Mallewa M, Manu MK, Mehta A, Mhango T, Naburi HE, Newton S, Nyanor I, Nyako PA, Oke OJ, Patel A, Phlange-Rhule G, Sehgal R, Singhal R, Wadhwa N, Yiadom AB. Evaluation of the impact of continuous Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) initiated immediately after birth compared to KMC initiated after stabilization in newborns with birth weight 1.0 to < 1.8 kg on neurodevelopmental outcomes: Protocol for a follow-up study. Trials 2023; 24:265. [PMID: 37038239 PMCID: PMC10088121 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm birth or low birth weight is the single largest cause of death in newborns, however this mortality can be reduced through newborn care interventions, including Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC). Previously, a multi-country randomized controlled trial, coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO), reported a significant survival advantage with initiation of continuous KMC immediately after birth compared with initiation of continuous KMC a few days after birth when the baby is considered clinically stable. Whether the survival advantage would lead to higher rates of neurodevelopmental morbidities, or the immediate KMC will also have a beneficial effect on cognitive development also, has not been investigated. We therefore propose to test the hypothesis that low-birth-weight infants exposed to immediate KMC will have lower rates of neurodevelopmental impairment in comparison to traditional KMC-treated infants, by prospectively following up infants already enrolled in the immediate KMC trial for the first 2 years of life, and assessing their growth and neurodevelopment. METHODS This prospective cohort study will enroll surviving neonates from the main WHO immediate KMC trial. The main trial as well as this follow-up study are being conducted in five low- and middle-income countries in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The estimated sample size for comparison of the risk of neurodevelopmental impairment is a total of 2200 children. The primary outcome will include rates of cerebral palsy, hearing impairment, vision impairment, mental and motor development, and epilepsy and will be assessed by the age of 3 years. The analysis will be by intention to treat. DISCUSSION Immediate KMC can potentially reduce low-birth-weight-associated complications such as respiratory disease, hypothermia, hypoglycemia, and infection that can result in impaired neurocognitive development. Neuroprotection may also be mediated by improved physiological stabilization that may lead to better maturation of neural pathways, reduced risk of hypoxia, positive parental impact, improved sleep cycles, and improved stress responses. The present study will help in evaluating the overall impact of KMC by investigating the long-term effect on neurodevelopmental impairment in the survivors. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials Registry-India CTRI/2019/11/021899. Registered on 06 November 2019. Trials registration of parent trial: ACTRN12618001880235; Clinical Trials Registry-India: CTRI/2018/08/015369.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Adejuyigbe
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 220005, Nigeria
| | - I Agyeman
- Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, P.O. Box 1934, Adum, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - P Anand
- Department of Pediatrics, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - H C Anyabolu
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 220005, Nigeria
| | - S Arya
- Department of Pediatrics, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - E N Assenga
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, 255, Tanzania
| | - S Badhal
- Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - N W Brobby
- Department of Child Health, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - H K Chellani
- Department of Pediatrics, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - N Chopra
- Department of Pediatrics, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - P K Debata
- Department of Pediatrics, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Q Dube
- Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - T Dua
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - L Gadama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - R Gera
- Department of Pediatrics, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - C K Hammond
- Department of Child Health, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - S Jain
- Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - F Kantumbiza
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - K Kawaza
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - E N Kija
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, 255, Tanzania
| | - P Lal
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences &, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - M Mallewa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - M K Manu
- Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, P.O. Box 1934, Adum, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - A Mehta
- Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - T Mhango
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - H E Naburi
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, 255, Tanzania
| | - S Newton
- School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - I Nyanor
- Research and Development, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, P.O. Box 1934, Adum, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - P A Nyako
- Department of Psychiatry, Child And Adolescent Mental Health, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, P.O. Box 1934, Adum, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - O J Oke
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 220005, Nigeria
| | - A Patel
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Epilepsy & Clinical Neurophysiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - G Phlange-Rhule
- Clinical Development Services Agency (CDSA), Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, PO Box #04, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - R Sehgal
- Department of Pediatrics, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - R Singhal
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, PO Box #04, 121001, Faridabad, India
| | - N Wadhwa
- Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3Rd MilestonePost Box #04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India.
| | - A B Yiadom
- Department of Child Health, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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Khanna P, Kaur M, Varma N, Sharma S, Sehgal R, Singh T, Srivastava R, Kushwaha S, Jain R. Impact of Community Based Nutrition Intervention in the Prevention and Control of Anaemia Among Reproductive Aged Women of India. Matern Child Health J 2023:10.1007/s10995-023-03656-x. [PMID: 36988792 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-023-03656-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maternal and child under-nutrition is particularly widespread in low and middle-income nations, increasing the overall disease burden due to poor nutritional status. The aim of this study was to develop nutrition intervention for the prevention and control of anaemia among women of reproductive age. METHODS Community-based intervention study was conducted among 443 women of reproductive age group (15-49 years) to determine the effectiveness of a 6-month nutrition intervention package. The nutrition intervention was developed by using Precede-Proceed model and the trans-theoretical model of behavior change. Multi-channel communication approach was adopted and nutrition intervention package was provided. Assessment of haemoglobin, red blood cells, platelet, ferritin, folate, vitamin B12, haematocrit test, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, red cell distribution width and total leucocyte count was compared at the baseline and endline after the intervention among the participants. The chi-square test of independence and t-test were performed. RESULTS The only mean ferritin level shows significant improvement (p < 0.001). A significant decrease (~ 15%, p = 0.027) in anaemia was observed after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS Improvement in anaemic status of women was observed. National schemes and programs require a more robust strategical implementation like food fortification/bio fortification and behaviour change communication at village level to enhance the availability and accessibility of fortified food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Khanna
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Manmeet Kaur
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Neelam Varma
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Sadhna Sharma
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Tarundeep Singh
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Rachana Srivastava
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Savitesh Kushwaha
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Rachita Jain
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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Goyal G, Kaur U, Sharma M, Sehgal R. Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Parasitic Infections-A Review. Neurol India 2023; 71:228-232. [PMID: 37148042 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.375424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders, ranging from mild cognitive impairment to frank psychosis, have been associated with certain parasitic infections. The parasite may cause damage to the central nervous system in several ways: as a space-occupying lesion (neuro-cysticercosis), alteration of neurotransmitters (toxoplasmosis), generation of the inflammatory response (trypanosomiasis, schistosomiasis), hypovolemic neuronal injury (cerebral malaria), or a combination of these. Certain drugs like quinacrine (mepacrine), mefloquine, quinolone, and interferon alpha which are used to treat these parasitic infections can further cause neuropsychiatric adverse effects. This review summarizes the major parasitic infections that are associated with neuropsychiatric disorders and the pathogenesis involved in their processes. A high index of suspicion for parasitic diseases, especially in endemic areas, should be kept in patients presenting with neuropsychiatric symptoms. A multidimensional approach to identification of the offending parasite using serological, radiological, and molecular tests is required not only to ensure proper and prompt treatment of the primary parasitic infection but also to improve the prognosis of patients by complete resolution of neuropsychiatric symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Goyal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Upninder Kaur
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Megha Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Khurana S, Yadav B, Husain U, Datta P, Mewara A, Sehgal R. Seroprevalence of human cystic echinococcosis: A study from a tertiary care center of North India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2023; 41:10-12. [PMID: 36870741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Present study retrospectively analysed the serological data of patients suspected of cystic echinococcosis (CE) attending the outpatient clinics or admitted in our hospital. An enzyme-linked immunoassay was used to analyse anti-CE antibodies in serum samples of 3680 patients. Microscopy of aspirated cystic fluid was performed on 170 cases only. CE seropositive cases were 595 (16.2%), of which 293 (49.2%) were males and 302 (50.8%) were females. A higher percentage of seropositivity was found in adults within age range of 21-40 years of age. There has been a decrease in seropositivity in the study years (2016-2021) in comparison to previous years (1999-2015).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeeta Khurana
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Bhavana Yadav
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Uneza Husain
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Priya Datta
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Abhishek Mewara
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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20
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Sinha S, Sehgal A, Ray S, Sehgal R. Benefits of Manuka Honey in the Management of Infectious Diseases: Recent Advances and Prospects. Mini Rev Med Chem 2023; 23:1928-1941. [PMID: 37282661 DOI: 10.2174/1389557523666230605120717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The benefits of honey have been recognized since ancient times for treating numerous diseases. However, in today's modern era, the use of traditional remedies has been rapidly diminishing due to the complexities of modern lifestyles. While antibiotics are commonly used and effective in treating pathogenic infections, their inappropriate use can lead to the development of resistance among microorganisms, resulting in their widespread prevalence. Therefore, new approaches are constantly required to combat drug-resistant microorganisms, and one practical and useful approach is the use of drug combination treatments. Manuka honey, derived from the manuka tree (Leptospermum scoparium) found exclusively in New Zealand, has garnered significant attention for its biological potential, particularly due to its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Moreover, when combined with antibiotics, it has demonstrated the ability to enhance their effectiveness. In this review, we delve into the chemical markers of manuka honey that are currently known, as well as detail the impact of manuka honey on the management of infectious diseases up to the present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Sinha
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Alka Sehgal
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, GMCH, Chandigarh, 160030, India
| | - Sudip Ray
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- New Zealand Institute for Minerals to Materials Research, Greymouth, 7805, New Zealand
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
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21
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Sinha S, Medhi B, Radotra BD, Batovska DI, Markova N, Bhalla A, Sehgal R. Antimalarial and immunomodulatory potential of chalcone derivatives in experimental model of malaria. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:330. [PMID: 36510199 PMCID: PMC9743746 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03777-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a complex issue due to the availability of few therapies and chemical families against Plasmodium and mosquitoes. There is increasing resistance to various drugs and insecticides in Plasmodium and in the vector. Additionally, human behaviors are responsible for promoting resistance as well as increasing the risk of exposure to infections. Chalcones and their derivatives have been widely explored for their antimalarial effects. In this context, new derivatives of chalcones have been evaluated for their antimalarial efficacy. METHODS BALB/c mice were infected with P. berghei NK-65. The efficacy of the three most potent chalcone derivations (1, 2, and 3) identified after an in vitro compound screening test was tested. The selected doses of 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg were studied by evaluating parasitemia, changes in temperature, body weights, organ weights, histopathological features, nitric oxide, cytokines, and ICAM-1 expression. Also, localization of parasites inside the two vital tissues involved during malaria infections was done through a transmission electron microscope. RESULTS All three chalcone derivative treated groups showed significant (p < 0.001) reductions in parasitemia levels on the fifth and eighth days of post-infection compared to the infected control. These derivatives were found to modulate the immune response in a P. berghei infected malaria mouse model with a significant reduction in IL-12 levels. CONCLUSIONS The present study indicates the potential inhibitory and immunomodulatory actions of chalcones against the rodent malarial parasite P. berghei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Sinha
- grid.415131.30000 0004 1767 2903Department of Medical Parasitology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- grid.415131.30000 0004 1767 2903Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - B. D. Radotra
- grid.415131.30000 0004 1767 2903Department of Histopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Daniela I. Batovska
- grid.410344.60000 0001 2097 3094Institute of Organic Chemistry With Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nadezhda Markova
- grid.410344.60000 0001 2097 3094Institute of Organic Chemistry With Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ashish Bhalla
- grid.415131.30000 0004 1767 2903Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- grid.415131.30000 0004 1767 2903Department of Medical Parasitology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
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22
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Megha K, Sharma M, Sharma C, Gupta A, Sehgal R, Khurana S. Evaluation of in vitro activity of five antimicrobial agents on Acanthamoeba isolates and their toxicity on human corneal epithelium. Eye (Lond) 2022; 36:1911-1917. [PMID: 34548636 PMCID: PMC9500015 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-021-01768-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is an important cause of ocular morbidity in both contact lens wearers and non wearers. Medical management comprises prolonged empiric treatment with multiple drugs, leading to adverse effects and suboptimal cure. The present study evaluated the efficiency and safety of common antimicrobial agents used in treatment of AK. METHODS Six Acanthamoeba isolates (four AK, two water samples) were axenized and subjected to in vitro susceptibility testing against chlorhexidine, pentamidine isethionate, polymyxin B, miltefosine, and fluconazole to check for trophocidal and cysticidal activity. The safety profile was analysed by observing the cytotoxicity of the highest cidal concentration toward human corneal epithelial cell (HCEC) line. RESULTS Chlorhexidine had the lowest cidal concentration against both cysts and trophozoites (range 4.16-25 μg/ml) followed by pentamidine isethionate (range 25-166.7 μg/ml). Both agents were nontoxic to HCEC. Polymyxin B (range 25-200 μg/ml) and fluconazole (range 64-512 μg/ml) had relatively higher minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC); fluconazole was nontoxic even at 1024 μg/ml, but cytotoxicity was observed at 400 μg/ml with polymyxin B. Miltefosine was not effective against cysts at tested concentrations. A. castellanii were more susceptible to all agents (except pentamidine isethionate) than A. lenticulata. Clinical isolates were less susceptible to polymyxin B and fluconazole than environmental isolates, reverse was true for miltefosine. CONCLUSION Chlorhexidine and pentamidine isethionate were the most effective and safe agents against both trophozoites and cysts forms of our Acanthamoeba isolates. Fluconazole had higher MIC but was nontoxic. Polymyxin B was effective at high MIC but therapeutic dose was found toxic. Miltefosine, at tested concentrations, could not inhibit cysts of Acanthamoeba. Clinical isolates had higher MICs for polymyxin B and fluconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Megha
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Megha Sharma
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Chayan Sharma
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sumeeta Khurana
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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23
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Kaur D, Sinha S, Sehgal R. Global scenario of Plasmodium vivax occurrence and resistance pattern. J Basic Microbiol 2022; 62:1417-1428. [PMID: 36125207 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202200316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax is comparatively less virulent than Plasmodium falciparum, which can also lead to severe disease and death. It shows a wide geographical distribution. Chloroquine serves as a drug of choice, with primaquine as a radical cure. However, with the appearance of resistance to chloroquine and treatment has been shifted to artemisinin combination therapy followed by primaquine as a radical cure. Sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine, mefloquine, and atovaquone-proguanil are other drugs of choice in chloroquine-resistant areas, and later resistance was soon reported for these drugs also. The emergence of drug resistance serves as a major hurdle to controlling and eliminating malaria. The discovery of robust molecular markers and regular surveillance for the presence of mutations in malaria-endemic areas would serve as a helpful tool to combat drug resistance. Here, in this review, we will discuss the endemicity of P. vivax, a historical overview of antimalarial drugs, the appearance of drug resistance and molecular markers with their global distribution along with different measures taken to reduce malaria burden due to P. vivax infection and their resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davinder Kaur
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shweta Sinha
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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24
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Singh G, Diksha, xx M, Suman, Shilpy, Devi A, Gupta S, Yadav R, Sehgal R. Benzothiazole tethered triazole based potential antibacterial agent as a selective fluorometric probe for the detection of Al3+ ions and phenylalanine. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Singh S, Samanta J, Suri V, Bhalla A, Puri GD, Sehgal R, Kochhar R. Presence of diarrhea associated with better outcomes in patients with COVID-19 - A prospective evaluation. Indian J Med Microbiol 2022; 40:404-408. [PMID: 35483999 PMCID: PMC9271117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations have been well documented in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but its clinical impact on the course of the disease is debatable. Majority of the available data is retrospective, and hence this prospective study was planned to study the impact of GI symptoms on COVID-19 outcome. Methods All COVID-19 patients admitted in a tertiary care centre from August–October 2020 were screened and patients without pre-existing GI diseases were included. A detailed history of the various symptoms including duration was documented. Various baseline laboratory investigations and inflammatory markers were conducted as per the protocol. Patients with and without diarrhea were compared for the various disease outcome parameters. Results Of the 244 patients screened, 203 patients (128 males; 63.1%) were included. Respiratory symptoms alone were present in 49 (24.1%), GI symptoms alone in 20 (9.9%) and 117 (57.6%) had both. Overall GI symptoms was noted in 137 (67.5%) cases with the commonest being diarrhea (61; 30.0%). Patients with both respiratory and any GI symptoms showed a lower trend towards need for mechanical ventilation (12.2% vs 7.7%; p = 0.35) and mortality (10.2% vs 4.3%; p = 0.14) compared to respiratory symptoms alone, although not statistically significant. Patients with diarrhea (n = 61) had no mortality (0% vs 7.7%; p = 0.036) or need for mechanical ventilation and shorter hospital stay compared to those who did not have diarrhea. Conclusion GI symptoms are frequent in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and the commonest is diarrhea. Diarrhea is a harbinger of better outcome with lower mortality among COVID-19 positive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seerat Singh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jayanta Samanta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Vikas Suri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashish Bhalla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Goverdhan Dutt Puri
- Department of Anesthesia, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Virology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Kochhar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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26
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Nirmolia T, Ahmed MA, Sathishkumar V, Sarma NP, Bhattacharyya DR, Mohapatra PK, Bansal D, Bharti PK, Sehgal R, Mahanta J, Sultan AA, Narain K, Patgiri SJ. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum AMA-1 antigen from the Northeast Indian state of Tripura and comparison with global sequences: implications for vaccine development. Malar J 2022; 21:62. [PMID: 35193607 PMCID: PMC8861999 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria continues to be a major public health problem in the Northeastern part of India despite the implementation of vector control measures and changes in drug policies. To develop successful vaccines against malaria, it is important to assess the diversity of vaccine candidate antigens in field isolates. This study was done to assess the diversity of Plasmodium falciparum AMA-1 vaccine candidate antigen in a malaria-endemic region of Tripura in Northeast India and compare it with previously reported global isolates with a view to assess the feasibility of developing a universal vaccine based on this antigen. Methods Patients with fever and malaria-like illness were screened for malaria and P. falciparum positive cases were recruited for the current study. The diversity of PfAMA-1 vaccine candidate antigen was evaluated by nested PCR and RFLP. A selected number of samples were sequenced using the Sanger technique. Results Among 56 P. falciparum positive isolates, Pfama-1 was successfully amplified in 75% (n = 42) isolates. Allele frequencies of PfAMA-1 antigen were 16.6% (n = 7) for 3D7 allele and 33.3% (n = 14) in both K1 and HB3 alleles. DNA sequencing revealed 13 haplotypes in the Pfama-1 gene including three unique haplotypes not reported earlier. No unique amino-acid substitutions were found. Global analysis with 2761 sequences revealed 435 haplotypes with a very complex network composition and few clusters. Nucleotide diversity for Tripura (0.02582 ± 0.00160) showed concordance with South-East Asian isolates while recombination parameter (Rm = 8) was lower than previous reports from India. Population genetic structure showed moderate differentiation. Conclusions Besides documenting all previously reported allelic forms of the vaccine candidate PfAMA-1 antigen of P. falciparum, new haplotypes not reported earlier, were found in Tripura. Neutrality tests indicate that the Pfama-1 population in Tripura is under balancing selection. This is consistent with global patterns. However, the high haplotype diversity observed in the global Pfama-1 network analysis indicates that designing a universal vaccine based on this antigen may be difficult. This information adds to the existing database of genetic diversity of field isolates of P. falciparum and may be helpful in the development of more effective vaccines against the parasite. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-022-04081-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulika Nirmolia
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India
| | - Md Atique Ahmed
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India
| | - Vinayagam Sathishkumar
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India
| | - Nilanju P Sarma
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India.,SRL Reference Laboratory, Mumbai, 400060, India
| | - Dibya R Bhattacharyya
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India
| | - Pradyumna K Mohapatra
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India
| | - Devendra Bansal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Cornell University, Doha, Qatar.,Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar
| | - Praveen K Bharti
- ICMR - National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, 482003, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Punjab, 160012, India
| | - Jagadish Mahanta
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India
| | - Ali A Sultan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Cornell University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kanwar Narain
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India
| | - Saurav J Patgiri
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India.
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Datta P, Sharma B, Peters NJ, Khurana S, Sehgal R. Bilateral Pulmonary Hydatid Cyst in a Young Child: A Rare Case Report from North India. J Lab Physicians 2022; 14:348-350. [PMID: 36119419 PMCID: PMC9473927 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1742420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcosis or hydatid disease is caused by the larval stage of the dog tapeworm, that is,
Echinococcus granulosus
,
E. multilocularis
,
E. vogeli
, or
E. oligarthrus
.
Echinococcus granulosus
causes cystic echinococcosis, which has a worldwide distribution. Liver is the most common site, affecting approximately two-third of the patients, whereas lung involvement is seen in approximately 25% of cases. This case is a very rare scenario of bilateral pulmonary hydatid cysts in a young child having exposure to a pet dog with negative hydatid serology and normal eosinophil count.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Datta
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bhawna Sharma
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nitin James Peters
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sumeeta Khurana
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Farooq U, Khan N, Bin-Mwena M, Alruways M, Allehyani NM, Alanzi M, Shahzad, Khan A, Sehgal R, Tripathi PK. In silico study to predict promiscuous T cell and B cell-epitopes derived from the vaccine candidate antigens of Plasmodium vivax binding to MHC class-II alleles. J Vector Borne Dis 2022; 59:154-162. [DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.335726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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29
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Wong S, Sehgal R, Birks T, Allen D, Goyal A, Kucheria R, Ajayi L, Ellis G. 1191 The Use of CT Urography to Diagnose Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinomas (UTUC); Managing Surgical Resources During The COVID-19 Pandemic. Br J Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab259.1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Upper tract urothelial carcinomas (UTUC) account for 5-10% of urothelial malignancies. Rapid diagnosis is essential as 60% are invasive at diagnosis and confer poor prognoses. European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines recommend CT urography (CTU) for initial diagnosis and staging of UTUCs. Diagnostic ureteroscopy (URS) is used second line where diagnosis is unclear. The COVID-19 pandemic has limited theatre access and may delay diagnosis of suspected UTUC. Our aim was to evaluate specific CTU findings in predicting UTUC to aid prompt diagnosis and risk stratification in a tertiary centre.
Method
A retrospective analysis was performed on 122 patients who underwent CTU with diagnostic URS over two years from 2018-2019 for possible UTUC. Data including demographics, imaging and histology were collected from our electronic database.
Results
57 patients had confirmed UTUC, all had CT changes. CTU had an overall positive predictive value (PPV) of 45%. CT findings were divided into: hydronephrosis; filling defect/lesion; urothelial thickening; normal; or other. The PPV was highest for filling defects/lesions at 60%, hydronephrosis was 38%, urothelial thickening was 30%, and other was 33%. Of those with high-grade histology, 61% had evidence of filling defects/lesions and 24% had hydronephrosis.
Conclusions
A specific CTU finding of filling defect/lesion in combination with cytology can aid diagnosis and risk stratification of UTUC. This may enable us to reduce use of diagnostic URS, as well as associated risks of intravesical seeding, necessary in the COVID-19 pandemic. With other CTU findings of hydronephrosis or urothelial thickening, a diagnostic URS may be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wong
- Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - R Sehgal
- Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - T Birks
- Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - D Allen
- Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Goyal
- Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - R Kucheria
- Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - L Ajayi
- Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - G Ellis
- Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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30
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Wong S, Sehgal R, Goyal A, Allen D. 1054 A Simple Intervention to Minimise the Incidence of The Forgotten Ureteric Stent: Updating the Surgical Discharge Summary. Br J Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab259.764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Ureteric stents are routinely used in ureteric obstruction, however, have considerable morbidity with major complications, such as encrustation, obstruction, urosepsis, and renal failure if left in situ for longer than six months. Despite an electronic stent register, there are still multiple emergency admissions of complications from forgotten stents, as well as those presenting with significant stent symptoms. Often stents are inserted as an emergency procedure with minimal information given on their discharge summary. A discharge template was therefore introduced that could also serve as a patient information leaflet to help minimise the incidence of forgotten stents.
Method
A discharge template was designed based off the trust-endorsed and British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) patient leaflet and distributed amongst the juniors. A total of 28 patients were interviewed via telephone questionnaires – 21 randomly selected pre-intervention and 7 post-intervention from a one-month scale either side of the intervention. The template included: information on stents, common stent symptoms, indications to seek healthcare advice, and contact details to use in the event they are lost to follow-up.
Results
Patients aware that stents should be changed within six months went from 52% to 100%. Awareness of stent symptoms and red-flag symptoms went from 52% to 91%, and 57% to 100% respectively. Those who felt they had sufficient information on the discharge letter to understand their stent increased from 52 to 89%.
Conclusions
Significant improvement in patient understanding of stents and therefore hopefully in appropriate health-seeking behaviour, patient rapport, safety, and improvement in stents removed within target.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wong
- Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - R Sehgal
- Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Goyal
- Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - D Allen
- Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Sinha S, Prakash A, Medhi B, Sehgal A, Batovska DI, Sehgal R. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of Chalcone derivatives with antimalarial activity in New Zealand White Rabbits. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:264. [PMID: 34238361 PMCID: PMC8268181 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05684-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Malaria is a major global health concern with the urgent need for new treatment alternatives due to the alarming increase of drug-resistant Plasmodium strains. Chalcones and its derivatives are important pharmacophores showing antimalarial activity. Determination of the pharmacokinetic variables at the preliminary step of drug development for any drug candidates is an essential component of in vivo antimalarial efficacy tests. Substandard pharmacokinetic variables are often responsible for insufficient therapeutic effect. Therefore, three chalcone derivatives, 1, 2, and 3, having antimalarial potency were studied further for potential therapeutic efficacy. Results In vivo pharmacokinetic studies of these three derivatives were performed on New Zealand White rabbits. The three derivatives were administered intra-peritoneally or orally at effective dose concentration and blood samples at different time points were collected. The determination of drug concentration was done through reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography. The peak plasma concentration of derivative 1, 2, and 3 were 1.96 ± 0.46 µg/mL (intraperitoneal route), 69.89 ± 5.49 µg/mL (oral route), and 3.74 ± 1.64 µg/mL (oral route). The results indicate a very low bioavailability of these derivatives. The present study gives a benchmark to advance the investigation of more derivatives in order to revamp the pharmacokinetic variables while maintaining both potency and metabolic constancy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-021-05684-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Sinha
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Ajay Prakash
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Alka Sehgal
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Government Medical College & Hospital Sector 32, Chandigarh, India
| | - Daniela I Batovska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry With Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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Goyal G, Kaur U, Lal V, Mahesh KV, Sehgal R. A study on neurcognitive disorders and demographic profile of neurocysticercosis patients. Trop Parasitol 2021; 11:108-112. [PMID: 34765532 PMCID: PMC8579763 DOI: 10.4103/tp.tp_88_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurocysticercosis is a common cerebral parasitic infestation, caused due to pork tapeworm infection the infestations risks parallels the socio-economic status, personal hygiene and education. The effect of NCC was assessed in neurocognition. OBJECTIVE To study demographic characteristics and neurocognitive domains of patients with Neurocysticercosis. METHODS Neurocysticercosis diagnosed patients by CT, MRI and LAMP tests. MMSE score was measured for assessment. RESULTS MMSE score were reduced in majority of the patients. In attention was the most common deficit found. Repeat MMSE assessment done in 6 patients showed an improvement of scores post therapy. CONCLUSION Cognitive involvement is common in NCC and is a major cause of morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Goyal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Upninder Kaur
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vivek Lal
- Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Karthik Vinay Mahesh
- Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Mahajan E, Sinha S, Bhatia A, Sehgal R, Medhi B. Evaluation of the effect of probiotic as add-on therapy with conventional therapy and alone in malaria induced mice. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:246. [PMID: 34193269 PMCID: PMC8244208 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05661-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chloroquine is used as a conventional drug therapy for the treatment of malaria. The existence of resistance to chloroquine shown among various species of Plasmodium leads to the search for more efficacious therapy to treat malaria. Probiotic (Lactobacillus casei) has been tried as an add-on therapy with chloroquine. Probiotics are ingested microorganisms associated with a beneficial effect on humans and other species. The study was done to check the efficacy of L. casei as an add-on therapy along with conventional drug therapy (chloroquine) to treat malaria. RESULTS Probiotic in combination with chloroquine showed complete suppression in parasitemia rate. Representation of parasitemia rate was done using mean ± SD. p < 0.05 is considered as statistically significant. The results showed a reduction in parasitemia with probiotic treatment, which was further confirmed through histological observation of two major organs, the liver and spleen. Interestingly, further suppression of parasitemia and hemosiderosis was observed when probiotic was given along with chloroquine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshani Mahajan
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Research Block B, 4th Floor, Room no 4043, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Shweta Sinha
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Alka Bhatia
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Research Block B, 4th Floor, Room no 4043, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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Sehgal R, Wong S, Abu-Ghanem Y, Birks T, Kucheria R, Allen D, Goyal A, Singh P, Ajayi L, Ellis G. What part does ureteroscopy play in the diagnostic pathway of upper tract urothelial carcinoma? A two-year review in a high volume institution. Eur Urol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s0302-2838(21)01175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Rakholiya J, Koster M, Langenfeld H, Crowson CS, Abril A, Bansal P, Mertz L, Rodriguez-Pla A, Sehgal R, Wang B, Warrington KJ. POS0805 TREATMENT OF GIANT CELL ARTERITIS WITH TOCILIZUMAB: A RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY OF 119 PATIENTS. Ann Rheum Dis 2021. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.1674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background:Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is an inflammatory condition of medium- and large-sized arteries. Prospective clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of tocilizumab (TCZ) for treatment of patients with GCA (1). However, there is a limited data on the use of TCZ in routine clinical practice.Objectives:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of TCZ in a retrospective cohort study of patients with GCA treated with TCZ.Methods:Patients with GCA treated with TCZ at 4 clinical centers of a single tertiary care institution (2000-2020) were identified. The diagnosis of GCA was confirmed by at least one of the following modalities: 1. Arterial biopsy 2. Large vessel imaging 3. Clinical diagnosis of GCA meeting ACR classification criteria and established by a rheumatologist. Patient demographics, clinical presentation, laboratory studies, treatment course and adverse events were abstracted from the medical record; only patients with at least 6 months of follow-up after TCZ initiation were included. Kaplan-Meier methods were used to estimate time to TCZ discontinuation and time to first relapse after TCZ discontinuation. Poisson regression models were used to compare relapse rates before and after TCZ initiation.Results:The study cohort included 119 patients [61% female; mean (SD) age at GCA diagnosis 70.3 (8.2) years]. The majority of patients (89%) had a biopsy-proven and/or imaging-based diagnosis of GCA, while 13 (11%) had a clinical diagnosis of GCA. In addition to glucocorticoids, 40 (34%) patients received other immunosuppressive agents prior to TCZ. The method of initial TCZ administration was subcutaneous (162mg/ml) weekly in 48 (41%), subcutaneous every other week in 20 (17%), monthly 4mg/kg infusions in 34 (29%), monthly 8mg/kg infusions in 14 (12%) and non-standard dosing in 3 remaining patients. The median (IQR) duration from GCA diagnosis to TCZ initiation was 4.8 (1.2-22.0) months and the median (IQR) duration of TCZ treatment was 18 (11-28) months. The mean (SD) dose of prednisone at TCZ initiation was 31 (19) mg/day and was reduced to a mean (SD) dose of 3.9 (6.7) mg/day at TCZ discontinuation/last follow-up visit. The relapse rate per year decreased 43% from 0.77 to 0.44 after the initiation of TCZ (RR=0.57; 95% CI: 0.44-0.75; p<0.001). The mean (SD) ESR and CRP decreased from 22 (20) mm/hour to 6 (9.2) mm/hour and from 19.1 (25) mg/L to 5.4 (16.6) mg/L, respectively from TCZ initiation to TCZ discontinuation/last follow-up visit. At 2 years of follow-up, 67% of patients had discontinued glucocorticoids. At last follow up, 46 patients had discontinued TCZ, only 14 of which were due to adverse events. The median time to TCZ discontinuation was 2.9 years. Only 17% (95%CI: 10-24%) had discontinued by 1 year after TCZ initiation and 38% (95% CI: 26-47%) had discontinued by 2 years. The most common adverse events were infections and cytopenias. While on TCZ, 1 patient developed new onset vision loss related to GCA and 1 patient, without history of diverticulitis, had bowel perforation. Among those discontinuing TCZ, 61% had relapsed at least once by 1 year after TCZ discontinuation.Conclusion:In this large single institution cohort of patients with GCA, TCZ use resulted in a significantly reduced relapse rate and reduction in glucocorticoid dosage. Overall, patients tolerated long-term use with only 12% discontinuing due to adverse events. However, over half of patients stopping TCZ had a subsequent flare; highlighting ongoing use may be required beyond two years in several patients with GCA to maintain remission.References:[1]Stone JH, et al. Trial of Tocilizumab in Giant-Cell Arteritis. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jul 27;377(4):317-328. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1613849. PMID: 28745999.[2]Calderón-Goercke M, et al. Tocilizumab in giant cell arteritis. Observational, open-label multicenter study of 134 patients in clinical practice. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2019 Aug;49(1):126-135. doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.01.003. Epub 2019 Jan 5. PMID: 30655091.Disclosure of Interests:Jigisha Rakholiya: None declared, Matthew Koster: None declared, Hannah Langenfeld: None declared, Cynthia S. Crowson: None declared, Andy Abril: None declared, Pankaj Bansal: None declared, Lester Mertz: None declared, Alicia Rodriguez-Pla: None declared, Rahul Sehgal: None declared, Benjamin Wang: None declared, Kenneth J Warrington Grant/research support from: Research support: Kiniksa, Eli Lilly
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Sinha S, Gautam CS, Sehgal R. L-cysteine whether a nutritional booster or a radical scavenger for Plasmodium. Trop Parasitol 2021; 11:19-24. [PMID: 34195056 PMCID: PMC8213117 DOI: 10.4103/tp.tp_20_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Plasmodium falciparum is the most noxious species among other Plasmodium species that cause malaria. Attention is required to understand more about the pathophysiology and parasite biology to obscure this disease. The fact is, very little is known about the nutritional requirement in sense of carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acid, and amino acid metabolism that regulate the growth of parasite and out of this, studies related to the metabolism of amino acid are exceptionally limited. Out of several amino acids, L-cysteine is essential for the continuous erythrocytic growth of Plasmodium. However, the exact role of L-cysteine in regulating the growth of Plasmodium is unknown. Here, we tried to investigate how does L-cysteine affects the growth of Plasmodium in in vitro culture, and also the study was aimed to find whether there is a synergism with chloroquine on the Plasmodium growth in vitro. Materials and Methods: Parasite inhibition assay based on schizont maturation inhibition following WHO protocol on P. falciparum chloroquine-sensitive strain (MRC-2) was employed to determine IC50 value and drug interaction pattern was shown through fractional inhibitory concentration index. Results: Inhibitory effect of L-cysteine hydrochloride on Plasmodium growth was depicted with IC50 1.152 ± 0.287 μg/mL and the most synergistic pattern of interaction was shown with chloroquine. Conclusions: The present study anticipates two important findings, firstly inconsistent results from previous findings and secondly, synergistic effect with chloroquine suggests its potency that may be used as an add-on therapy along with chloroquine. However, further study is needed to validate the above findings in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Sinha
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - C S Gautam
- Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Parija SC, Sehgal R, Ghoshal U, Khurana S, Khanna V, Chanda DD, Ghoshal T, Bhosale NK. Pondicherry declaration on the identification and detection of Entamoeba histolytica. Trop Parasitol 2021; 10:71-73. [PMID: 33747871 PMCID: PMC7951082 DOI: 10.4103/tp.tp_111_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stake holders meet on “Identification and Detection of Entamoeba histolytica” was conducted on July 21, 2019 at Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth Deemed-to-be-University, Pondicherry. This programme was of national importance, since the amoebiasis is being increasingly reported from different parts of India because of poor socioeconomic conditions and sanitation levels. Experts in amoebiasis research across India attended this meeting. This meeting was conducted with an objective to frame the guidelines on the identification and detection of E. histolytica with reference to conventional diagnostic methods and molecular diagnosis targeting appropriate genes of E. histolytica. The recommendations of the panel were released as declaration on the diagnosis of amoebiasis and were circulated to various administrative and scientific bodies in India as reference policy document on the diagnosis of amoebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ujjala Ghoshal
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sumeeta Khurana
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vinay Khanna
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Tapashi Ghoshal
- Department of Microbiology, Bankura Sammilani Medical College, Bankura, West Bengal, India
| | - Namrata K Bhosale
- Department of Microbiology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India
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Dutta U, Sachan A, Premkumar M, Gupta T, Sahoo S, Grover S, Sharma S, Lakshmi PVM, Talati S, Biswal M, Suri V, Singh MP, Ghai B, Chhabra R, Bharti B, Samanta J, Arora P, Mohindra R, Malhotra S, Singh G, Guru RR, Pandey N, Koushal V, Kumar A, Bhogal RS, Aggarwal AK, Goel K, Malhotra P, Yaddanapudi N, Mahajan P, Thakur JS, Sehgal R, Ghosh A, Sehgal IS, Agarwal R, Jayashree M, Bhalla A, Jain S, Kochhar R, Chakrabarti A, Puri GD, Ram J. Multidimensional dynamic healthcare personnel (HCP)-centric model from a low-income and middle-income country to support and protect COVID-19 warriors: a large prospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e043837. [PMID: 33619195 PMCID: PMC7902325 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Healthcare personnel (HCP) are at an increased risk of acquiring COVID-19 infection especially in resource-restricted healthcare settings, and return to homes unfit for self-isolation, making them apprehensive about COVID-19 duty and transmission risk to their families. We aimed at implementing a novel multidimensional HCP-centric evidence-based, dynamic policy with the objectives to reduce risk of HCP infection, ensure welfare and safety of the HCP and to improve willingness to accept and return to duty. SETTING Our tertiary care university hospital, with 12 600 HCP, was divided into high-risk, medium-risk and low-risk zones. In the high-risk and medium-risk zones, we organised training, logistic support, postduty HCP welfare and collected feedback, and sent them home after they tested negative for COVID-19. We supervised use of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and kept communication paperless. PARTICIPANTS We recruited willing low-risk HCP, aged <50 years, with no comorbidities to work in COVID-19 zones. Social distancing, hand hygiene and universal masking were advocated in the low-risk zone. RESULTS Between 31 March and 20 July 2020, we clinically screened 5553 outpatients, of whom 3012 (54.2%) were COVID-19 suspects managed in the medium-risk zone. Among them, 346 (11.4%) tested COVID-19 positive (57.2% male) and were managed in the high-risk zone with 19 (5.4%) deaths. One (0.08%) of the 1224 HCP in high-risk zone, 6 (0.62%) of 960 HCP in medium-risk zone and 23 (0.18%) of the 12 600 HCP in the low-risk zone tested positive at the end of shift. All the 30 COVID-19-positive HCP have since recovered. This HCP-centric policy resulted in low transmission rates (<1%), ensured satisfaction with training (92%), PPE (90.8%), medical and psychosocial support (79%) and improved acceptance of COVID-19 duty with 54.7% volunteering for re-deployment. CONCLUSION A multidimensional HCP-centric policy was effective in ensuring safety, satisfaction and welfare of HCP in a resource-poor setting and resulted in a willing workforce to fight the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Dutta
- Department of Gastroenterology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anurag Sachan
- Department of Gastroenterology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Madhumita Premkumar
- Department of Gastroenterology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Hepatology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Tulika Gupta
- Department of Anatomy, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | - Sugandhi Sharma
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - P V M Lakshmi
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shweta Talati
- Department of Hospital Administration, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Vikas Suri
- Department of Internal Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mini P Singh
- Department of Virology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Babita Ghai
- Department of Anesthesia, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | | | - Pankaj Arora
- Department of Hospital Administration, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Internal Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ritin Mohindra
- Department of Internal Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Gurmeet Singh
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Navin Pandey
- Department of Hospital Administration, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vipin Koushal
- Department of Hospital Administration, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Hospital Administration, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Arun K Aggarwal
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kapil Goel
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | - Pranay Mahajan
- Department of Hospital Administration, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - J S Thakur
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arnab Ghosh
- Department of Virology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | | | - Ashish Bhalla
- Department of Internal Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjay Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Kochhar
- Department of Gastroenterology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | - Jagat Ram
- Department of Ophthalmology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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Megha K, Sharma M, Gupta A, Sehgal R, Khurana S. Microbiological diagnosis of Acanthamoebic keratitis: experience from tertiary care center of North India. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 100:115339. [PMID: 33618203 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a painful vision-threatening infection caused by pathogenic free-living Acanthamoeba. Due to the non-specific clinical presentation, this condition tends to be misdiagnosed by clinicians. A timely diagnosis is crucial for favorable visual outcome. Three hundred patients with suspected microbial keratitis presenting to the Advanced Eye Center at our tertiary care center in North India during the period from 2014 to 2018 were included. Patient's corneal scrapings, contact lens, lens solution, lens case, and tears were processed for microscopic examination by Giemsa and Calcofluor staining, non-nutrient agar (NNA) culture and molecular diagnosis by conventional PCR (cPCR) and Real-time PCR (qPCR). 18S rDNA gene sequencing was done to assess phylogenetic relationship. AK was found in 3.6% (11/300) of non-bacterial non-fungal keratitis patients. Among microbiological techniques, microscopy for Acanthamoeba was positive in 7 cases, NNA culture was positive in 9 cases and 11 cases were detected both by cPCR and qPCR. The sensitivity of microscopy, culture, cPCR and qPCR was 63.64%, 81.82 %, 100%, and 100% respectively whereas specificity was 100% for all the tests. 18S rDNA sequencing revealed that A. castellanii was the predominant species and isolates were genetically distinct. AK should be considered in the differential diagnosis of infectious keratitis. Molecular tests are useful for rapid, sensitive and specific diagnosis and must be included in workup of keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Megha
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Megha Sharma
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sumeeta Khurana
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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Mahendiratta S, Bansal S, Sarma P, Kumar H, Choudhary G, Kumar S, Prakash A, Sehgal R, Medhi B. Stem cell therapy in COVID-19: Pooled evidence from SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and ARDS: A systematic review. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111300. [PMID: 33529945 PMCID: PMC7843034 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2, which majorly affects the lungs and respiratory tract is thought due to dysregulation of the immune system which causes an immense imbalance of the cytokines. However, till now no standard treatment has been developed in treating the disease. On the other hand, it becomes important to prevent the acute respiratory tract infection due to COVID-19 which is the most dangerous phase leading to increased mortality. Hence this systematic review has been framed by pooling the available data of the use of stem cells in SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and ARDS. METHODS 6 literature databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Google Scholar, Clinicaltrials.gov, and Clinical trial registry of India) were searched for relevant studies till 10th August 2020 using keywords stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, cell therapy, SARS CoV-2, SARS Coronavirus, Coronavirus 2, COVID-19, nCoV-19, Novel Coronavirus, MERS CoV, ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome. RESULTS The observations of this systematic review suggest capability of MSCs in reducing the systemic inflammation and protecting against SARS-CoV-2 as evidenced by the available clinical data. CONCLUSION MSCs can overcome the clinical challenges currently faced by SARS-CoV-2 infected patients, specifically who are seriously ill and not responding to conventional therapies. Though the available clinical data is motivating, still predicting the therapeutic potential of MSCs will be too early in COVID-19. Hence, further studies in a larger cohort of patients becomes a prerequisite to validate their potential efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saniya Mahendiratta
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Seema Bansal
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Phulen Sarma
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Harish Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Gajendra Choudhary
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | | | - Ajay Prakash
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Dept. of Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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Thakur S, Kaur U, Sehgal R. Genetic diversity of Giardia isolates from patients in Chandigarh region: India. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:26. [PMID: 33468229 PMCID: PMC7816347 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05419-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of study was to characterize Giardia isolates genetically among patients in Chandigarh region, India. For this, nested PCR targeting fragment of the glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD1 earlier named as GDH) gene was used. Phylogenetic analysis was done by constructing neighbor-joining tree made out of the nucleotide sequences of G. intestinalis isolates obtained in this study and with the known sequences published in GenBank. RESULTS Out of 40 samples, GLUD1 gene was amplified in 33 samples (82.5%). The product of GLUD1 gene was successfully sequenced only in 32 samples. In these samples, assemblage B was found in 27 (84.37%) samples whereas 5 (15.6%) samples had assemblage A. Among assemblage B most of them were of BIII. Therefore, genotyping of Giardia would be helpful in conducting epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Thakur
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Research and Education, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Upninder Kaur
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Research and Education, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Research and Education, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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Singh G, Singh A, Chowdhary K, Satija P, Sanchita, Kalra P, Sharma G, Sinha S, Sehgal R. Synthesis, Characterization, Hydrolytic Stability, Nickel( II) Chloride Complex and Anti-Parasitic Activity of Pyrene-Tethered Silatranes. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2019.1575247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gurjaspreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akshpreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kavita Chowdhary
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pinky Satija
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanchita
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pooja Kalra
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Geetika Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shweta Sinha
- Department of Medical Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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Suthar R, Sahu JK, Ahuja CK, Khandelwal N, Sehgal R, Singhi P. A prospective cohort study to assess the frequency and risk factors for calcification in single lesion parenchymal neurocysticercosis. Seizure 2020; 83:132-138. [PMID: 33126086 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcified neurocysticercosis (NCC) predisposes patients to an enduring state of epilepsy. The predictors for calcification in parenchymal neurocysticercosis are not well defined. METHOD In this prospective cohort study, consecutive children with single-lesion parenchymal NCC were enrolled and followed up for one year. All patients were investigated with brain 3 T-MRI and electroimmunotransfer blot (EITB). Clinical follow-ups were performed every 3 months. Radiology was repeated at the 6-month and one-year follow-ups. The proportion of calcified lesions at one year and the predictors of calcification were studied. RESULT During the study period from June 2013 to December 2015, 93 children with single lesion parenchymal NCC were enrolled. At presentation, 90 % of the lesions were in the colloidal stage, and 71 % of the lesions had moderate to severe perilesional oedema. All children had 6 months of follow-up, and 86 (92.5 %) had one year of follow-up. Seizure recurrence was present in 13 (14 %) children. Follow-up radiology at one year showed lesion resolution in 51 (59 %) lesions and calcification in 28 (32.5 %) lesions. Children with calcified lesions during follow-up had a higher odds of seizure recurrences {OR, 95 % CI 3.6(2.3-5.6)}. The presence at baseline of diffusion restriction {OR, 95% CI 2.9 (1.01-8.8)}, scolex or wall calcification in the T2 Star weighted angiography MRI images {OR, 95% CI 3.7 (1.7-8.2)} and >10 mm size of the lesion {OR, 95 % CI 2.4 (1.2-5.01)} predicted lesion calcification. CONCLUSION Children with calcification of the parenchymal NCC lesions have a higher risk for seizure recurrence during follow-up. The presence of diffusion restriction, calcified nidus in the colloidal nodular stage, and >10 mm size of the lesion at baseline predicted calcification of the lesion during follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Suthar
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatric Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Jitendra K Sahu
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatric Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Chirag K Ahuja
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Niranjan Khandelwal
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Parasitology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pratibha Singhi
- Director Pediatric Neurology and Neurodevelopment, Medanta, The Medicity, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
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Goyal G, Phukan AC, Hussain M, Lal V, Modi M, Goyal MK, Mahesh KV, Sehgal R. Identification of Taenia solium DNA by PCR in blood and urine samples from a tertiary care center in North India. J Neurol Sci 2020; 417:117057. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mahendiratta S, Batra G, Sarma P, Kumar H, Bansal S, Kumar S, Prakash A, Sehgal R, Medhi B. Molecular diagnosis of COVID-19 in different biologic matrix, their diagnostic validity and clinical relevance: A systematic review. Life Sci 2020; 258:118207. [PMID: 32777301 PMCID: PMC7411381 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Due to COVID 19 outbreak many studies are being conducted for therapeutic strategies and vaccines but detection methods play an important role in the containment of the disease. Hence, this systematic review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the molecular detection techniques in COVID-19. For framing the systematic review 6 literature databases (PubMed, EMBASE, OVID, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar) were searched for relevant studies and articles were screened for relevant content till 25th April 2020. Observations from this systematic review reveal the utility of RT-PCR with serological testing as one such method cannot correlate with accurate results. Availability of point of care devices do not conform to sensitivity and specificity in comparison to the conventional methods due to lack of clinical investigations. Pivotal aim of molecular and serological research is the development of detection methods that can support the clinical decision making of patients suspected with SARS-CoV-2. However, none of the methods were 100% sensitive and specific; hence additional studies are required to overcome the challenges addressed here. We hope that the present article with its observations and suggestions will assist the researchers to realize this vision in future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gitika Batra
- Department of Neurology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Phulen Sarma
- Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Harish Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Seema Bansal
- Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Subodh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ajay Prakash
- Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.
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Kaur H, Sehgal R, Kumar A, Bharti PK, Bansal D, Mohapatra PK, Mahanta J, Sultan AA. Distribution pattern of amino acid mutations in chloroquine and antifolate drug resistance associated genes in complicated and uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax isolates from Chandigarh, North India. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:671. [PMID: 32933490 PMCID: PMC7493319 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05397-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing antimalarial drug resistance is a significant hindrance to malaria control and elimination programs. For the last six decades, chloroquine (CQ) plus pyrimethamine remains the first-line treatment for P. vivax malaria. Regions where both P. falciparum and P. vivax co-exist, P. vivax is exposed to antifolate drugs due to either misdiagnosis or improper treatment that causes selective drug pressure to evolve. Therefore, the present study aims to estimate antimalarial drug resistance among the complicated and uncomplicated P. vivax patients. METHODS A total of 143 P. vivax malaria positive patients were enrolled in this study, and DNA was isolated from their blood samples. Pvcrt-o, Pvmdr-1, Pvdhps, and Pvdhfr genes were PCRs amplified, and drug resistance-associated gene mutations were analyzed. Statistical analysis of the drug resistance genes and population diversity was performed using MEGA vs. 7.0.21 and DnaSP v software. RESULTS Among the CQ resistance marker gene Pvcrt-o, the prevalence of K10 insertion was 17.5% (7/40) and 9.5% (7/73) of complicated and uncomplicated P vivax group isolates respectively. In Pvmdr-1, double mutant haplotype (M958/L1076) was found in 99% of the clinical isolates. Among the pyrimethamine resistance-associated gene Pvdhfr, the double mutant haplotype I13P33F57R58T61N117I173 was detected in 23% (11/48) in complicated and 20% (17/85) in uncomplicated group isolates. In the sulphadoxine resistance-associated Pvdhps gene, limited polymorphism was observed with the presence of a single mutant (D459A) among 16 and 5% of the clinical isolates in the complicated and uncomplicated group respectively. CONCLUSION The study presents the situations of polymorphism in the antimalarial drug resistance-associated genes and emphasizes the need for regular surveillance. It is imperative for the development of suitable antimalarial drug policy in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hargobinder Kaur
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Archit Kumar
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Praveen K Bharti
- National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Nagpur Road, Garha, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Bansal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar.,Present address: Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar
| | - Pradyumna K Mohapatra
- Regional Medical Research Centre, NE, Indian Council of Medical Research, Post Box no.105, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Jagadish Mahanta
- Regional Medical Research Centre, NE, Indian Council of Medical Research, Post Box no.105, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Ali A Sultan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
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Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is found to be associated with various comorbidities which include cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and diabetes. The impaired regulation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) has been seen in COVID-19 patients, but whether RAAS inhibitors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs), are responsible for worsening of clinical conditions remains unknown. Herein, we review the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression in disease progression, its association with comorbidities and COVID-19, and summarize the clinical evidence for several potential directions for future research work on ACEIs/ARBs in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Sinha
- Department of Medical Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Alka Sehgal
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Government Medical College & Hospital Sector 32, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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Jangra M, Dutta U, Shah J, Thapa BR, Nada R, Gupta N, Sehgal R, Sharma V, Khurana S. Role of Polymerase Chain Reaction in Stool and Duodenal Biopsy for Diagnosis of Giardiasis in Patients with Persistent/Chronic Diarrhea. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:2345-2353. [PMID: 31955285 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-06042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardia duodenalis is a common cause of chronic diarrhea especially in tropical countries. Diagnosis is based on microscopy (three stool samples) for trophozoites/cysts. Role of stool or duodenal biopsy PCR as a diagnostic method needs to be defined. We conducted a prospective study to determine the diagnostic characteristics of G. duodenalis stool and duodenal biopsy PCR in comparison to stool microscopy (reference standard). Later, we compared other techniques with stool PCR, considering it as new reference standard and characterized the type of Giardia assemblage. METHODS G. duodenalis stool nested PCR was first evaluated using 40 positive controls and 50 negative controls considering stool microscopy as reference standard. Patients with chronic diarrhea (n = 100) were evaluated by stool microscopy and nested PCR. In 30 patients in whom upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed, duodenal biopsy samples were obtained and evaluated by histopathology, imprint cytology, and nested PCR. The type of Giardia assemblage was detected by assemblage-specific PCR. RESULTS Stool nested PCR was found to have sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 94%, respectively, compared to stool microscopy. In patients with chronic diarrhea, 48% had evidence of Giardia infection. Stool microscopy detected 65%, stool PCR detected an additional 27%, and duodenal biopsy PCR detected an additional 8% of cases. The commonest assemblage found was assemblage B. Clinical and demographic characteristics were similar in patients harboring either assemblage A or B. CONCLUSION Stool PCR is more sensitive than stool microscopy. By utilizing stool microscopy, stool nested PCR, and duodenal biopsy PCR in sequential manner, diagnostic yield can be increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Jangra
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Sector-12, Chandigarh, India
| | - Usha Dutta
- Gastroenterology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Jimil Shah
- Gastroenterology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - B R Thapa
- Gastroenterology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Ritambhra Nada
- Histopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Nalini Gupta
- Cytological and Gynaecological Pathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Sector-12, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vishal Sharma
- Gastroenterology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Sumeeta Khurana
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Sector-12, Chandigarh, India.
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Chauhan S, Kumar R, Khan N, Verma S, Sehgal R, Tripathi PK, Farooq U. Designing peptide-based vaccine candidates for Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte binding antigen 175. Biologicals 2020; 67:42-48. [PMID: 32718776 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum leads to a virulent form of malaria. Progress has been achieved in understanding the mechanisms involved in the malarial infection, still there is no effective vaccine to prevent severe infection. An effective vaccine against malaria should be one which can induce immune responses against multiple epitopes in the context of predominantly occurring HLA alleles. In this study, an integrated approach was employed to identify promiscuous peptides of a well-defined sequence of erythrocyte binding antigen-175 and promiscuous peptides for HLA alleles were designed using bioinformatics tools. A peptide with 15 amino acids (ILAIAIYESRILKRK) was selected based on its high binding affinity score and synthesized. This promiscuous peptide was used as stimulating antigen in lymphoproliferative responses to evaluate the cellular immune response. It was observed this peptide evokes lymphoproliferative and cytokine responses in individuals naturally exposed to the malaria parasite. The intensity of PBMCs proliferation was observed to be higher in sera obtained from P. falciparum exposed as compared to unexposed healthy individuals, suggesting earlier recognition of peptide of this region by T cells. Furthermore, the binding mode of HLA-peptide complex and their interaction may lead to a rational and selective peptide-based vaccine candidate design approach which can be used as a malaria prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakti Chauhan
- Molecular and Immune-parasitology Laboratory, Shoolini University, Solan, India
| | - Rajender Kumar
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-90185, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nazam Khan
- Molecular and Immune-parasitology Laboratory, Shoolini University, Solan, India
| | - Swati Verma
- Department of Microbiology, Maharaja Ganga Singh University, Bikaner, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Umar Farooq
- Molecular and Immune-parasitology Laboratory, Shoolini University, Solan, India.
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