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Das BJ, Singha KM, Wangkheimayum J, Dhar Chanda D, Bhattacharjee A. Incidence of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli ST2437 of clinical origin harbouring blaOXA-144 gene: a report from India. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae087. [PMID: 38553965 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli has been categorized as a pathogen of critical priority by the World Health Organization as it is highly infectious with high mortality and morbidity rates and widespread transmission potential. Carbapenem resistance is primarily mediated by carbapenemase-encoding genes and, additionally, through intrinsic factors. In India, over the years, carbapenemase-encoding genes have been reported from diverse clinically significant pathogens. The present study identifies E. coli of clinical origin that harbours blaOXA-144. METHODS AND RESULTS The study isolate was obtained from a tertiary referral hospital in northeast India. Carbapenemase production was investigated through culture on chromogenic agar and Rapidec Carba NP test as per manufacturer's instructions. Susceptibility of the isolate was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and agar dilution method following CLSI guidelines. PCR targeting carbapenemase-encoding genes was performed, followed by transformation and conjugation experiments. Whole-genome sequencing of the isolate was done through the Illumina sequencing platform and the data were analysed using the Centre for Genomic Epidemiology database. BJD_EC180 is 6 919 180 bp in length and consists of six rRNA operons, 111 tRNA, and 6849 predicted protein-coding sequences. BJD_EC180 belonged to ST2437 and harboured the carbapenemase-encoding gene blaOXA-144 with ISAba1 upstream, along with multiple antibiotic resistance genes conferring clinical resistance towards beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, amphenicols, sulphonamides, tetracyclines, trimethoprim, and rifampin. CONCLUSIONS Carbapenem-resistant E. coli harbouring blaOXA-144 associated with insertion sequence pose a serious health threat as their mobilization into carbapenem non-susceptible strains that will contribute to the resistance burden and therefore, needs urgent monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Jyoti Das
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Cachar, Assam 788011, India
| | - K Melson Singha
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Cachar, Assam 788014, India
| | | | - Debadatta Dhar Chanda
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Cachar, Assam 788014, India
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Hazarika M, Wangkheimayum J, Nath K, Singha KM, Chanda DD, Bhattacharjee A. Concentration dependent exposure of vancomycin and teicoplanin induces vanG regulon in Staphylococcus aureus. Indian J Med Microbiol 2024; 48:100563. [PMID: 38518847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2024.100563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Monalisha Hazarika
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University Silchar, Silchar, Assam, India.
| | | | - Kathakali Nath
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University Silchar, Silchar, Assam, India.
| | - K Melson Singha
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College, and Hospital, Silchar, Assam, India.
| | - Debadatta Dhar Chanda
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College, and Hospital, Silchar, Assam, India.
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Das BJ, Singha KM, Wangkheimayum J, Dhar Chanda D, Bhattacharjee A. Evaluation of a novel chromogenic screening method for detection of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli. J Med Microbiol 2023; 72. [PMID: 38112536 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Early detection of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (CREco), categorized as a critical priority pathogen by the World Health Organization (WHO), is crucial in optimizing therapeutic options and to thwart outbreaks in clinical settings.Gap statement. The need of the hour is a diagnostic method that can detect carbapenem resistance conferred by intrinsic or acquired carbapenem resistance mechanisms or both.Aim. The study investigates the performance of a novel screening chromogenic method for detection of CREco.Methodology. Carbapenem-susceptible (n=23) and non-susceptible (n=90) E. coli were used to investigate the efficiency of the blue chromogenic test. All of the isolates were received from a tertiary referral hospital in Silchar, India and subjected to the blue chromogenic test and observed for colour change. A colour change from colourless to blue is interpreted as a positive result. The test results were further compared with available methods for detection of carbapenem resistance conferred by carbapenemase production or other carbapenem resistance mechanisms.Results. The blue chromogenic test generated 100 % (CI: 95.98-100 %) sensitive and 100 % (CI: 85.75-100 %) specific results for the detection of CREco with no false-positive or false-negative results. Within 3 h after incubation, the test detects all CREco with carbapenemase activity. Additionally, the blue chromogenic test also positively detected E. coli harbouring carbapenemase variants and with efflux and porin activity, compared to other phenotypic-based approaches.Conclusion. The study highlights a novel method that is highly sensitive and specific, inexpensive, rapid and user-friendly for the detection of CREco. With the surge and expansion of CREco, this sensitive, specific, user-friendly and inexpensive method can be used in laboratories with limited facilities for early detection of CREco, thereby improving infection control along with averting future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Jyoti Das
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Dist : Cachar, Assam, 788011, India
| | - K Melson Singha
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Dist: Cachar, Assam, 788014, India
| | | | - Debadatta Dhar Chanda
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Dist: Cachar, Assam, 788014, India
| | - Amitabha Bhattacharjee
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Dist : Cachar, Assam, 788011, India
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Das BJ, Singha KM, Wangkheimayum J, Chanda DD, Bhattacharjee A. Emergence of carbapenem-resistant enterobacterales co-harboring bla OXA-78 and bla OXA-58 from India. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2023; 22:79. [PMID: 37679795 PMCID: PMC10486080 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-023-00635-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) has been categorized as pathogens of critical priority by World Health organization (WHO) as they pose significant threat to global public health. Carbapenemase production considered as the principal resistance mechanism against carbapenems and with the recent surge and expansion of carbapenemases and its variants among clinically significant bacteria in India, the present study reports expansion blaOXA-78 and blaOXA-58 of in CRE of clinical origin. METHODS Bacterial isolates were collected from a tertiary referral hospital and identified through VITEK® 2 Compact automated System (Biomerieux, France). Rapidec® Carba NP (Biomerieux, France) was used to investigate carbapenemase production followed by antibiotic susceptibility testing through Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion method and agar dilution method. Class D carbapenemase genes were targeted through PCR assay followed by investigation of horizontal transmission of blaOXA-58 and blaOXA-78. Whole genome sequencing was carried out using Illumina platform to investigate the genetic context of blaOXA-58 and blaOXA-78 genes and further characterization of the CRE isolates. RESULTS The carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (BJD_EC456) and Serratia marcescens (BJD_SM81) received during the study from the tertiary referral hospital were isolated from sputum and blood samples respectively. PCR assay followed by whole genome sequencing revealed that the isolates co-harbor blaOXA-58 and blaOXA-78, a variant of blaOXA-51. Horizontal transfer of blaOXA-58 and blaOXA-78 genes were unsuccessful as these genes were located on the chromosome of the study isolates. Transposon Tn6080 was linked to blaOXA-78 in the upstream region while the insertion sequences ISAba26 and ISCfr1 were identified in the upstream and downstream region of blaOXA-58 gene respectively. In addition, both the isolates were co-harboring multiple antibiotic resistance genes conferring clinical resistance towards beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluroquinolones, sulphonamides, tetracyclines. BJD_EC180 belonged to ST2437 while BJD_SM81 was of an unknown sequence type. The nucleotide sequences of blaOXA-78 (OQ533021) and blaOXA-58 (OQ533022) have been deposited in GenBank. CONCLUSIONS The study provides a local epidemiological information regarding carbapenem resistance aided by transposon and insertion sequences associated blaOXA-78 and blaOXA-58 genes associated and warrants continuous monitoring to prevent their further dissemination into carbapenem non-susceptible strains thereby contributing to carbapenem resistance burden which is currently a global concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Jyoti Das
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Dist : Cachar, 788011 Assam India
| | - K. Melson Singha
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Dist : Cachar, Assam, PIN : 788014 India
| | | | - Debadatta Dhar Chanda
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Dist : Cachar, Assam, PIN : 788014 India
| | - Amitabha Bhattacharjee
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Dist : Cachar, 788011 Assam India
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Deshamukhya C, Das BJ, Paul D, Dhar Chanda D, Bhattacharjee A. Imipenem and meropenem influence the Las/Rhl quorum-sensing systems in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Lett Appl Microbiol 2023; 76:ovad084. [PMID: 37496211 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovad084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to study the influence of imipenem and meropenem at subinhibitory concentration on the transcriptional response of Las/Rhl quorum-sensing systems in isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In the present study, six representative carbapenem nonsusceptible clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were obtained. The agar dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration against imipenem and meropenem. The bacterial isolates were then cultured up to the early log phase in fresh Luria Bertani (LB) broths at 37°C with and without 2 µg mL-1 imipenem and meropenem, respectively. mRNA was then isolated from the bacterial isolates and was immediately reverse-transcribed to cDNA. The relative quantity of the expression of the lasI, lasR, rhlI, and rhlR genes was assessed by quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using the ΔΔCt method. The transcriptional response of the lasI and lasR genes was upregulated at subinhibitory concentration of meropenem. In contrast, the transcriptional response of the lasI, lasR, and rhlR genes was downregulated at subinhibitory concentration of imipenem as compared to the expression in untreated isolates. The data obtained in the current study showcased the ability of imipenem and meropenem to influence the response of the quorum-sensing genes at subinhibitory concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bhaskar J Das
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar 788011, India
| | - Deepjyoti Paul
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar 788011, India
| | - Debadatta Dhar Chanda
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar 788014, India
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Hazarika M, Wangkheimayum J, Nath K, Bhowmik D, Singha KM, Chanda DD, Bhattacharjee A. Transcriptional Response of vanB Operon in Staphylococcus aureus Against Vancomycin and Teicoplanin Stress. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:275. [PMID: 37422582 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03389-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a global pathogen and is responsible for causing severe life-threatening infections. The current study was designed to investigate transcriptional expression of different core, regulatory, and accessory genes within vanB operon under differential exposure of vancomycin and teicoplanin. Four isolates selected for the study, were confirmed to harbour vanB gene in which three isolates showed MIC breakpoint above 16 µg/ml and one isolate above 8 µg/ml against vancomycin while teicoplanin showed higher MIC breakpoint as compared to vancomycin. Antibiotic susceptibility results showed that these isolates were susceptible towards imipenem and linezolid. Transcriptional expressional analysis of the core gene of vanB operon showed that expression of vanB is increased under vancomycin stress but is inversely proportional to increase in the concentration of the vancomycin while under teicoplanin stress the expression of vanB showed no significant pattern. Similar expressional pattern was found for vanH gene for both the glycopeptides. In case of vanX, expression was significantly increased at 1 µg/ml exposure of vancomycin, however, no pattern could be observed in case of teicoplanin stress. In case of regulatory gene, vanR, significant increase in expression was observed under vancomycin and teicoplanin stress of 1 µg/ml, however vanS, showed significant increase in the expression under 1 µg/ml of vancomycin. The accessory gene, vanY showed marginal increase in expression under both the antibiotic, while in case of vanW, the expressional pattern was found to be inversely proportional to the increasing antibiotic concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisha Hazarika
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University Silchar, Cachar, 788011, Assam, India
| | | | - Kathakali Nath
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University Silchar, Cachar, 788011, Assam, India
| | - Deepshikha Bhowmik
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University Silchar, Cachar, 788011, Assam, India
| | - K Melson Singha
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, 788014, Assam, India
| | - Debadatta Dhar Chanda
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, 788014, Assam, India
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Das BJ, Singha KM, Chanda DD, Bhattacharjee A. Elimination of diverse Inc type plasmids carrying carbapenemase genes within Escherichia coli of clinical origin: A single-center study from North-east India. Gene Reports 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2023.101770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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Wangkheimayum J, Phonglo P, Singha KM, Chanda DD, Bhattacharjee A. Escherichia coli harbouring strAB with reduced susceptibility towards gentamicin and amikacin: a single centre study from India. Access Microbiol 2022; 4:acmi000446. [PMID: 36415738 PMCID: PMC9675172 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we report the presence of streptomycin resistance gene strAB within clinical isolates of Escherichia coli where streptomycin is not used to treat Gram-negative infections. In total, 135 E. coli isolates were obtained for the study. PCR based detection of strAB was performed in the study isolates followed by assessment of horizontal transferability. Cloning of strAB was done in laboratory strain E. coli DH5α. Pre-cloning and post-cloning susceptibility of the strain was done for assessment of acquired resistance. Among tested isolates, 89 were found to harbour strAB and it was encoded within a IncI1 type plasmid. Cloning experiments revealed the strAB gene showed unusual non-susceptibility towards amikacin and gentamicin. The study highlighted that strAB, which has a role in streptomycin resistance, may also have a role in reduced susceptibility towards gentamicin and amikacin within a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prynali Phonglo
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - K. Melson Singha
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, India
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Wangkheimayum J, Chanda DD, Bhattacharjee A. Expression of itaT toxin gene is enhanced under aminoglycoside stress in Escherichia coli harbouring aac(6′)Ib. Gene Reports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wangkheimayum J, Paul D, Chanda DD, Melson Singha K, Bhattacharjee A. Elevated expression of rsmI can act as a reporter of aminoglycoside resistance in Escherichia coli using kanamycin as signal molecule. Infect Genet Evol 2022; 98:105229. [PMID: 35104679 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to design and analyse expressional response of endogenous and exogenous 16S rRNA methyl transferase genes under sub inhibitory concentration stress of different clinically relevant aminoglycoside antibiotics in Escherichia coli to identify an endogenous marker. One hundred twenty nine aminoglycoside resistant E. coli of clinical origin were collected for detection of 16S rRNA methyl transferase genes by PCR assay and each gene type was cloned within E. coli JM107. Parent isolates were subjected to plasmid elimination by SDS treatment. Expression analysis of both acquired and endogenous 16S rRNA methyl transferase genes were performed by quantitative real-time PCR in clones and parent isolates under aminoglycoside stress (4 mg/L). Majority of the isolates were harbouring rmtC (35/129), followed by rmtB (32/129), rmtA (21/129), rmtE (13/129), armA (11/129) rmtF (9/129) and rmtH (8/129). Plasmid was successfully eliminated for all the isolates with 6% of SDS. Expression analysis indicates that kanamycin, tobramycin and netilmicin stress could increase the expression of 16S rRNA methyltransferese genes. In the presence of kanamycin stress the expression of rsmI was consistently elevated for all the wild type isolates and clones tested. Except for isolates harbouring rmtB and rmtC expression of rsmE and rsmF was increased in the presence of all aminoglycosides. For all the cured mutants it was apparently observed that expression of endogenous methyl transferases were marginally increased. Elevated expression of constitutive rsmI can be used as a potential biomarker for detection of acquired 16S rRNA methyl transferase mediated aminoglycoside resistance by using sub inhibitory concentration of kanamycin as signal molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepjyoti Paul
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University Silchar, India
| | | | - K Melson Singha
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, India
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Paul D, Anto N, Bhardwaj M, Prendiville A, Elangovan R, Bachmann TT, Chanda DD, Bhattacharjee A. Antimicrobial resistance in patients with suspected urinary tract infections in primary care in Assam, India. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2021; 3:dlab164. [PMID: 34917941 PMCID: PMC8669238 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlab164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives We investigated the prevalence and diversity of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from urine samples of community-onset urinary tract infection (UTI) patients in southern Assam, India. Methods Freshly voided midstream urine samples were collected from patients attending primary healthcare centres, with the patients’ epidemiological data also recorded. Species identification was confirmed using a VITEK 2 compact automated system. Phenotypic confirmation of ESBLs was performed using the combined disc diffusion method (CLSI 2017) and carbapenemase production was phenotypically characterized using a modified Hodge test. Common ESBLs and carbapenem-resistance mechanisms were determined in Escherichia coli isolates using PCR assays. Incompatibility typing of the conjugable plasmids was determined by PCR-based replicon typing; the phylotypes and MLSTs were also analysed. Results A total of 301 (59.7%) samples showed significant bacteriuria along with symptoms of UTI and among them 103 isolates were identified as E. coli of multiple STs (ST3268, ST3430, ST4671 and others). Among them, 26.2% (27/103) were phenotypically ESBL producers whereas 12.6% (13/103) were carbapenemase producers. This study describes the occurrence of diverse ESBL genes—blaCTX-M-15, blaSHV-148, blaPER-1 and blaTEM—and two E. coli isolates carrying the blaNDM-1 carbapenemase gene. ESBL genes were located within transconjugable plasmids of IncP and IncF type whereas blaNDM-1 was carried in an IncFrepB type plasmid. Conclusions This study illustrates the high rate of MDR in E. coli causing UTI in primary care in rural Assam. UTIs caused by ESBL- or MBL-producing bacteria are very difficult to treat and can often lead to treatment failure. Thus, future research should focus on rapid diagnostics to enable targeted treatment options and reduce the treatment failure likely to occur with commonly prescribed antibiotics, which will help to combat antimicrobial resistance and the burden of UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepjyoti Paul
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Nimmy Anto
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology (DBEB), Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - Mohit Bhardwaj
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology (DBEB), Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | | | - Ravikrishnan Elangovan
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology (DBEB), Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - Till T Bachmann
- Infection Medicine, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Choudhury K, Dhar Chanda D, Bhattacharjee A. Molecular characterization of extended spectrum beta lactamases in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp from a tertiary care hospital of South Eastern Assam. Indian J Med Microbiol 2021; 40:135-137. [PMID: 34852951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular characterization of ESBLs in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp from a tertiary care hospital of South Eastern Assam was done by detection of blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, blaOXA-2, blaOXA-10, blaPER, blaVEB and blaGES by Multiplex PCR. One hundred isolates yielded 44 bands of ESBL genes. CTX-M was most frequently isolated gene (36/44). Two isolates carried a combination of 2 genes CTX-M and OXA-2. Apart from CTX-M, the study isolates were also found to harbour TEM(n = 3), OXA-2 (n = 6) OXA-10 (n = 1),GES(n = 2) genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabita Choudhury
- Demonstrator, Department of Microbiology, NRS Medical College, Kolkata, 700014, India; Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College, Silchar, 788014, Assam, India.
| | - Debadatta Dhar Chanda
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College& Hospital, Silchar, 788014, Assam, India.
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Bhowmik D, Das BJ, Hazarika M, Chanda DD, Bhattacharjee A. Transcriptional analysis of prsA and vraTS regulatory system in methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus against oxacillin stress. Indian J Med Microbiol 2021; 40:57-60. [PMID: 34774342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The prsA and vraTSR regulatory systems play a unique role in methicillin resistance by modifying the peptidoglycan cell wall PBP2 and involving cell wall stress response in Staphylococcus aureus. This study was designed to observe the transcriptional response of prsA and vraTSR system under oxacillin stress in S.aureus. METHODS In this study, three clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and a laboratory strain were examined. All the isolates were tested for mecA gene by PCR assay and were also tested for prsA, vraT, vraS and vraR gene. The transcriptional responses of the prsA gene along with the vraTSR regulatory system in these isolates was observed under normal conditions and exposed to 2 μg/ml and 4 μg/ml of oxacillin stress by quantitative real-time PCR assay. RESULTS The result of transcriptional analysis confirmed that under oxacillin stress, the expressions of vraS and vraT are increased with the increase in the concentration of oxacillin. However, prsA has shown no significant expression under oxacillin stress. CONCLUSION Although prsA did not show any specific expressional pattern, the study highlights the role of vraS and vraT regulatory system in conferring a methicillin-resistant phenotype when exposed to subinhibitory concentrations of oxacillin, which could act as a potential target for the next-generation antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Debadatta Dhar Chanda
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Assam, India
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Elizabeth R, Wangkheimayum J, Singha KM, Bhattacharjee A, Chanda DD. Presence of mcr-1 in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli ST5162 with colistin and carbapenem resistant phenotype. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2021.106422.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Parija SC, Sehgal R, Ghoshal U, Khurana S, Khanna V, Chanda DD, Ghoshal T, Bhosale NK. Pondicherry declaration on the identification and detection of Entamoeba histolytica. Trop Parasitol 2021; 10:71-73. [PMID: 33747871 PMCID: PMC7951082 DOI: 10.4103/tp.tp_111_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stake holders meet on “Identification and Detection of Entamoeba histolytica” was conducted on July 21, 2019 at Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth Deemed-to-be-University, Pondicherry. This programme was of national importance, since the amoebiasis is being increasingly reported from different parts of India because of poor socioeconomic conditions and sanitation levels. Experts in amoebiasis research across India attended this meeting. This meeting was conducted with an objective to frame the guidelines on the identification and detection of E. histolytica with reference to conventional diagnostic methods and molecular diagnosis targeting appropriate genes of E. histolytica. The recommendations of the panel were released as declaration on the diagnosis of amoebiasis and were circulated to various administrative and scientific bodies in India as reference policy document on the diagnosis of amoebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ujjala Ghoshal
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sumeeta Khurana
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vinay Khanna
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Tapashi Ghoshal
- Department of Microbiology, Bankura Sammilani Medical College, Bankura, West Bengal, India
| | - Namrata K Bhosale
- Department of Microbiology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India
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Bhowmik D, Chetri S, Das BJ, Dhar Chanda D, Bhattacharjee A. Distribution of virulence genes and SCCmec types among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of clinical and environmental origin: a study from community of Assam, India. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:58. [PMID: 33568186 PMCID: PMC7876809 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05473-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was designed to discover the dissemination of virulence genes in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from clinical, community and environmental settings. Results This study includes 1165 isolates collected from hospital, community and environmental settings. Among them sixty three were confirmed as MRSA with varied SCCmec types viz; type I, type II, type III, type IV, type V, type VI, type VII, type VIII and type XII. The virulence gene such as sea (n = 54), seb (n = 21), eta (n = 27), etb (n = 2), cna (n = 24), ica (n = 2) and tst (n = 30) was also revealed from this study. The study underscores coexistence of resistance cassette and virulence genes among clinical and environment isolates which is first of its kind from this part of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shiela Chetri
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | | | - Debadatta Dhar Chanda
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Assam, India
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Bhowmik D, Chetri S, Pandey P, Das BJ, Wangkheimayum J, Choudhury NA, Singha KM, Chanda DD, Bhattacharjee A. Expressional Pattern of psm-mec System in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Under Oxacillin Stress. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:528-533. [PMID: 33388933 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02336-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The psm-mec element and other regulatory factors such as sarA, agrA, and RNAIII are responsible for maintaining the genetic framework for enhanced virulence of MRSA. psm-mec is found predominantly in the staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCCmec). sarA, agrA, and RNAIII control gene expression to facilitate adaptation in certain environment. Genome-wide approaches have shown that expression of virulence factors is frequently regulated at transcriptional, translational level, and mRNA degradation level. In this study, transcriptional responses of psm-mec gene in accordance with other regulatory factors sarA, agrA, and RNAIII were observed under normal conditions as well as when exposed to 2 μg/ml and 6 μg/ml of oxacillin stress. One-way t-test was carried out for analysing RQ values obtained through real-time PCR. This study showed downregulation of psm-mec gene and upregulation of other regulatory genes at lower concentration of oxacillin. However, this was reverse when exposed against higher concentration of oxacillin. It was observed from the study that the expression of virulence factors were dependent on each other under different concentration of oxacillin. Thus, this study highlights that psm-mec, sarA, agrA, and RNAIII gene are under direct control of antibiotic pressure in a concentration-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shiela Chetri
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Piyush Pandey
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | | | | | | | - K Melson Singha
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Debadatta Dhar Chanda
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Assam, India
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Wangkheimayum J, Bhattacharjee M, Das BJ, Singha KM, Chanda DD, Bhattacharjee A. Correction to: Expansion of acquired 16S rRNA methytransferases along with CTX-M-15, NDM and OXA-48 within three sequence types of Escherichia coli from northeast India. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:620. [PMID: 32831046 PMCID: PMC7446160 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05326-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.
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Wangkheimayum J, Bhattacharjee M, Das BJ, Singha KM, Chanda DD, Bhattacharjee A. Expansion of acquired 16S rRNA methytransferases along with CTX-M-15, NDM and OXA-48 within three sequence types of Escherichia coli from northeast India. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:544. [PMID: 32711470 PMCID: PMC7382822 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05264-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to identify ten different 16S rRNA methyltransferase genes (rmtA, rmtB, rmtC, rmtD, armA, rmtF, npmA, rmtH, rmtE and rmtG) and their coexisting ESBL and carbapenemase with the emergence of three E.coli clones within a single study centre. Methods A total of 329 non-duplicate E.coli isolates were studied to detect the presence of 16S rRNA methyltransferases along with β-lactamases (TEM, SHV, OXA, VEB, GES, PER,CTX-M types, NDM, OXA-48,VIM, IMP and KPC) using PCR assay. Horizontal transferability were validated by transformation and conjugation analysis. Plasmid incompatibility typing and MLST analysis was also performed. Results A total of 117 isolates were found to be resistant to at least one of the aminoglycoside antibiotics. It was observed that 77 (65.8%) were positive for 16S rRNA methyltransferases. Among them thirty nine isolates were found to harbour only blaCTX-M-15, whereas combination of genes were observed in three isolates (blaVEB+ blaCTX-M-15 in 2 isolates and blaPER + blaCTX-M-15 in 1 isolate). blaNDM and blaOXA-48 like genes were found in 23 and 9 isolates, respectively. All the resistance genes were conjugatively transferable, and incompatibility typing showed multiple 16S rRNA methyltransferase genes were originated from a single Inc. I1 group. MLST analysis detected 3 clones of E.coliST4410, ST1341 and ST3906. Conclusion The present study identified emergence of three clones of E.coli, resistant to aminoglycoside -cephalosporin- carbapenem. This warrants immediate measures to trace their transmission dynamics in order to slow down their spread in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bhaskar Jyoti Das
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University Silchar, Silchar, India
| | - K Melson Singha
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, India
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Deshamukhya C, Das BJ, Chetri S, Paul D, Chanda DD, Banerjee T, Bhattacharjee A. Use of fluorescence foldscope as an effective tool for detection of biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Indian J Med Microbiol 2020; 38:397-400. [PMID: 33154253 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_20_118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen with biofilm-forming ability, by the virtue of which they can evade the immune response and antimicrobial chemotherapy. Several methods have been designed for the detection of biofilms but require sophisticated instrumentation and expertise. The present study, therefore, used an improvised device, 'fluorescence foldscope' which is an origami-based fluorescence microscope as an easy and effective tool to detect biofilm formation. Methodology Three representatives of P. aeruginosa of clinical origin were taken for the study along with two reference strains PA01 and ATCC27853. The strains were cultured in Luria Bertani (LB) broth with and without carbapenem (imipenem and meropenem) and cephalosporin (ceftazidime, cefotaxime and ceftriaxone) pressure, respectively. The cultures were diluted to 1:100 in LB; seeded with sterile glass slides at 90° angle and incubated for 5 consecutive days. The slides were observed with fluorescence foldscope. Results Fluorescence emission was observed in two test isolates CD1 and CD2 at 48 and 72 h, respectively, whereas no fluorescence was observed in CD3. The fluorescence observed in the isolates was not affected by 2 μg/ml carbapenem pressure, while with 2 μg/ml ceftazidime stress, a change in fluorescence was observed in CD2 in comparison to the fluorescence observed under normal growth condition. Conclusion Fluorescence foldscopy is an effective and reliable tool for the detection of biofilm formation in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa under different laboratory conditions. Biofilm-forming P. aeruginosa worsens the medical condition and is difficult to eradicate. The present study came up with an effective and reliable tool for the detection of biofilm formation in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shiela Chetri
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silcahr, Assam, India
| | - Deepjyoti Paul
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silcahr, Assam, India
| | - Debadatta Dhar Chanda
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silcahr, Assam, India
| | - Tuhina Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Benaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Chetri S, Das BJ, Bhowmik D, Chanda DD, Chakravarty A, Bhattacharjee A. Transcriptional response of mar, sox and rob regulon against concentration gradient carbapenem stress within Escherichia coli isolated from hospital acquired infection. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:168. [PMID: 32192538 PMCID: PMC7083032 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-04999-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study was carried out to investigate the transcriptional response of marA (Multiple antibiotic resistance A gene), soxS (Superoxide S gene) and rob (Right-origin-binding gene) under carbapenem stress. Results 12 isolates were found over-expressing AcrAB-TolC efflux pump system and showed reduced expression of OmpF (Outer membrane porin) gene were selected for further study. Among them, over expression of marA and rob was observed in 7 isolates. Increasing pattern of expression of marA and rob against meropenem was observed. The clones of marA and rob showed reduced susceptibility towards carbapenems.
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Abstract
Introduction It was also known that the IncP-1 plasmids are ubiquitous in environmental bacteria and those reside in soil, sewage, marine sediments and in manure. The blaNDMis associated with resistance determinants along with various mobile elements such as plasmid, insertion sequences and transposons, which facilitates its horizontal dissemination. These plasmids, if tracked, can be a starting point for the control of infection due to multidrug-resistant pathogens. The aim of the study was to investigate that IncP-type plasmids carrying blaNDMis adapted in different hosts. Materials and Methods Thirteen of the isolates were harbouring IncP-type plasmid and they all were Escherichia coli isolated from hospitalised patients of Silchar Medical College and Hospital, India. The isolates were checked for susceptibility test, and the stability was assessed by a serial passage. These isolates were further subjected to transcriptional analysis of NDM gene as well as plasmid copy number alteration. Results The study isolates were highly stable, and the resistance gene (blaNDM) was retained within isolates till 55th subsequent serial passages. Plasmid copy number alteration was random in isolates when exposed to carbapenem antibiotics, whereas increasing trend in transcriptional expression was observed with the increase in imipenem concentration. Conclusion This study was able to underscore the presence of IncP plasmid that was harbouring blaNDMand was maintained within diverse host. The finding also highlights the adaptation of the broad-host-range plasmid that responds in terms of transcriptional expression under antibiotic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepjyoti Paul
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | | | - Debadatta Dhar Chanda
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Assam, India
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Paul D, Chanda DD, Chakravarty A, Bhattacharjee A. An insight into analysis and elimination of plasmids encoding metallo-β-lactamases in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 21:3-7. [PMID: 31518725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to characterise metallo-β-lactamase (MBL)-harbouring plasmids, their change in copy number in respect to different antibiotic pressure, and the efficiency of different curing agents in eliminating these resistance plasmids from nosocomial Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. METHODS Plasmids were extracted from four isolates harbouring blaNDM-1 or blaVIM-2 under four different concentrations of imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem, aztreonam and cefotaxime. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to analyse the change in plasmid copy number under these different conditions. The effect of different physical and chemical curing agents in elimination of plasmids carrying blaNDM-1 and blaVIM-2 was examined, with meropenem resistance used as a selectable marker. RESULTS Conjugatively transferable MBL genes (blaNDM-1 and blaVIM-2) carried on plasmids were found to be highly stable. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was the most effective agent in eliminating these resistance plasmids. The change in copy number of the blaNDM-1-encoding plasmid was found to be similar to the blaVIM-2-encoding plasmid, with a single exception under cefotaxime pressure. CONCLUSION The spread of multidrug resistance plasmids has been noted as a key factor associated with increasing carbapenem resistance. Successful curing of resistance plasmids can reverse the bacterial phenotype back to susceptible. This study revealed that different antibiotic pressure induces a change in copy number of MBL-encoding plasmids. SDS can be successfully used as an eliminating agent for these resistance determinants, although therapeutic application of this agent is not possible due to its high toxicity and mutagenic nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepjyoti Paul
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | | | - Atanu Chakravarty
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, India
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Chetri S, Bhowmik D, Paul D, Pandey P, Chanda DD, Chakravarty A, Bora D, Bhattacharjee A. AcrAB-TolC efflux pump system plays a role in carbapenem non-susceptibility in Escherichia coli. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:210. [PMID: 31488061 PMCID: PMC6727511 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1589-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Efflux pump mediated antibiotic resistance is an unnoticed and undetected mechanism in clinical microbiology laboratory. RND efflux systems are known for aminoglycoside and tetracycline resistance whereas their role in carbapenem non-susceptibility is not established. The study was undertaken to investigate the role of efflux pump in providing resistance against carbapenems and their response against concentration gradient carbapenem stress on the transcriptional level of the AcrAB gene in the clinical isolates of Escherichia coli from a tertiary referral hospital of Northeast India. Results Out of 298 non-susceptible Escherichia coli isolates 98 isolates were found to have efflux pump mediated carbapenem non-susceptibility. Among them thirty-five were non carbapenemase producers and their expressional levels were verified using qRT-PCR under concentration gradient carbapenem stress. In this study, a strong correlation between ertapenem resistance and AcrA overexpression was observed which has not been reported previously. Further, it was observed that imipenem stress increased AcrB expression in Escherichia coli which holds the novelty of this study. Additionally, the transcription of AcrR was insistently increased which is much higher than the transcriptional level of AcrA under concentration gradient carbapenem stress condition. Conclusion The study established that AcrAB pump is a relevant antibiotic resistance determinant in bacterial pathogen, has an important role in developing resistance against carbapenem group of antibiotics. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1589-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiela Chetri
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | | | - Deepjyoti Paul
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Piyush Pandey
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | | | - Atanu Chakravarty
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, India
| | - Debajyoti Bora
- Department of Statistics, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
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Chetri S, Singha K, Bhowmik D, Chanda DD, Chakravarty A, Bhattacharjee A. Sub-inhibitory concentration of ertapenem induces overexpression of regulator of antibiotic resistance A in Escherichia coli. Indian J Med Microbiol 2019; 36:569-571. [PMID: 30880708 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_18_436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AcrAB-TolC is a tripartite efflux pump system constitutively expressed which functions as an intrinsic-resistant mechanism found to be responsible for conferring resistance towards dyes, detergents and different compounds including various classes of antibiotics. One global regulator belonging to AraC-type regulator family, regulator of antibiotic resistance A (RarA) up-regulates the expression of AcrAB-TolC encoded in Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter sp. 638, Serratia proteamaculans 568 and Enterobacter cloacae resulting in multidrug-resistant phenotypes. The present work was initiated to find out the transcriptional response of RarA in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli against concentration gradient carbapenem stress. A total of 22 clinical isolates of E. coli and expression level of regulators were analysed via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction with and without carbapenem stress. As a result, a strong correlation between the expressional levels of RarA in AcrAB overexpressed isolates of E. coli and elevated expression was observed when exposed under concentration gradient ertapenem stress. The clones containing pRar showed reduction in the zone of inhibition towards carbapenem, indicating the active participation of RarA in AcrAB overexpressed isolates of E. coli conferring resistance towards carbapenems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiela Chetri
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Kabita Singha
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | | | - Debadatta Dhar Chanda
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Atanu Chakravarty
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Assam, India
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Wangkheimayum J, Bhattacharjee M, Das BJ, Singha KM, Chanda DD, Chanda DD, Bhowmik D, Bhattacharjee A. Diverse aminoglycoside phosphotransferase types conferring aminoglycoside resistance in Enterobacteriaceae: A single-centre study from Northeast India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2019; 37:418-422. [PMID: 32003343 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_19_262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates the molecular basis of aph-mediated aminoglycoside resistance and their transmission dynamics in a tertiary care hospital of Northeast India. Two hundred forty one isolates (230 Escherichia coli and 11 Klebsiella pneumoniae) were collected and screened for aminoglycoside resistance genes. Various aph types were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Plasmid incompatibilty, horizontal transferability and ERIC-PCR based typing were carried out for all the positive isolates. Among them, 67 isolates showed the presence of aph gene. Aph (3")-IIIa and aph (3')-Via were predominant and horizontally transferable. All the plasmids were of incompatibility I1 group. Twenty-eight different haplotypes of E. coli were found harbouring aph gene types. This study was able to identify diverse aph types in a single centre and their corresponding phenotypic trait.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - K Melson Singha
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | | | - Debadatta Dhar Chanda
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Assam, India
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Chetri S, Singha M, Bhowmik D, Nath K, Chanda DD, Chakravarty A, Bhattacharjee A. Transcriptional response of OmpC and OmpF in Escherichia coli against differential gradient of carbapenem stress. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:138. [PMID: 30871640 PMCID: PMC6419367 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4177-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was designed to investigate the transcriptional response of OmpF and OmpC along with an antisense RNA, MicF under concentration gradient carbapenem exposure. Result An elevation in the expression of OmpF gene under concentration gradient imipenem stress from a particular concentration was observed. For OmpC gene a significant decrease in the expression was noticed under concentration gradient imipenem and meropenem stress. The study showed reduction in the expression of OmpC gene against imipenem and meropenem possibly preventing the entry of carbapenem antibiotic inside the cell indicating a possible role in carbapenem resistance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-019-4177-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiela Chetri
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Melson Singha
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | | | - Kathakali Nath
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Debadatta Dhar Chanda
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Atanu Chakravarty
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Assam, India
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Chetri S, Dolley A, Bhowmik D, Chanda DD, Chakravarty A, Bhattacharjee A. Transcriptional Response of AcrEF-TolC against Fluoroquinolone and Carbapenem in Escherichia coli of Clinical Origin. Indian J Med Microbiol 2018; 36:537-540. [DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_18_308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Dasgupta N, Paul D, Chanda DD, Chetri S, Chakravarty A, Bhattacharjee A. Observation of a new pattern of mutations in gyrA and parC within Escherichia coli exhibiting fluroquinolone resistance. Indian J Med Microbiol 2018; 36:131-135. [PMID: 29735844 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_17_181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic options with quinolones are severely compromised in infections caused by members of Enterobacteriaceae family. Mutations in chromosomal region are one of the major reasons for bacterial resistance towards this group of antibiotic. The aim of the study is to detect the mutations in gyr A and par C responsible for quinolone resistance among clinical isolates of Escherichia coli. A total of 96 quinolone-resistant clinical isolates of E. coli were collected from a tertiary care hospital of North-east India during March 2015 to August 2015. All the quinolone-resistant E. coli strains were investigated for mutations in the topoisomerases genes gyrA and parC by amplifying and sequencing the quinolone resistance determining regions. Among the 96 E. coli isolates, 83.3% were resistant to nalidixic acid and 80.2%, 66.6%, 23.9% and 50% to ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, levofloxacin and ofloxacin, respectively. Several alterations were detected in gyrA and parC genes. Three new patterns of amino acid substitution are reported in E. coli isolates. The findings of this study warrant a review in quinolone-based therapy in this region of the world to stop or slow down the irrational use this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepjyoti Paul
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Debadatta Dhar Chanda
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Shiela Chetri
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Atanu Chakravarty
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Assam, India
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Elizabeth R, Chanda DD, Chakravarty A, Paul D, Chetri S, Bhowmik D, Wangkheimayum J, Bhattacharjee A. Association of Glycerol Kinase Gene with Class 3 Integrons: A Novel Cassette Array within Escherichia coli. Indian J Med Microbiol 2018; 36:104-107. [DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_17_188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Paul D, Maurya AP, Chanda DD, Sharma GD, Chakravarty A, Bhattacharjee A. Carriage of blaNDM-1 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa through multiple Inc type plasmids in a tertiary referral hospital of northeast India. Indian J Med Res 2017; 143:826-829. [PMID: 27748310 PMCID: PMC5094125 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.192079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Deepjyoti Paul
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | | | - Debadatta Dhar Chanda
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College & Hospital, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Gauri Dutt Sharma
- Department of Life Science & Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Atanu Chakravarty
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College & Hospital, Silchar, Assam, India
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Choudhury D, Talukdar AD, Choudhury MD, Maurya AP, Chanda DD, Chakravorty A, Bhattacharjee A. Carbapenem nonsusceptibility with modified OprD in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2017; 35:137-139. [PMID: 28303836 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_15_220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate OprD porin-mediated carbapenem nonsusceptibility in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from a tertiary referral hospital of Northeast India. A total of 267 nonduplicate, consecutive clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were obtained. Mutation and expression levels of OprD gene were determined in carbapenem-nonsusceptible carbapenemase-nonproducing isolates. Among 19 carbapenem-nonsusceptible carbapenemase-nonproducing isolates, 11 of them demonstrated variable band pattern while performing denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis with amplified products of OprD gene. Sequencing of variable band products revealed three mutation patterns in three isolates. Relevant decrease in expression of OprD gene could also be observed in them. All the three isolates exhibited a higher minimum inhibitory concentration for imipenem (64-128 μg/mL) compared to meropenem (16-64 μg/mL). Inactivating mutation and decreased expression of OprD contribute mainly to imipenem resistance as well as to meropenem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarati Choudhury
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Anupam Das Talukdar
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | | | | | - Debadatta Dhar Chanda
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Atanu Chakravorty
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Assam, India
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Ingti B, Paul D, Maurya AP, Bora D, Chanda DD, Chakravarty A, Bhattacharjee A. Occurrence of bla DHA-1 mediated cephalosporin resistance in Escherichia coli and their transcriptional response against cephalosporin stress: a report from India. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2017; 16:13. [PMID: 28320396 PMCID: PMC5359928 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-017-0189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment alternatives for DHA-1 harboring strains are challenging as it confers resistance to broad spectrum cephalosporins and may further limit treatment option when expressed at higher levels. Therefore, this study was designed to know the prevalence of DHA genes and analyse the transcription level of DHA-1 against different β-lactam stress. Methods Screening of AmpC β-lactamase phenotypically by modified three dimensional extract method followed by Antimicrobial Susceptibility and MIC determination. Genotyping screening of β-lactamase genes was performed by PCR assay followed by their sequencing. The blaDHA-1 transcriptional response was evaluated under different cephalosporin stress by RT PCR. Transferability of blaDHA gene was performed by transformation and conjugation and plasmid incompatibility typing, DNA fingerprinting by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequences PCR. Results 16 DHA-1 genes were screened positive from 176 Escherichia coli isolates and primer extension analysis showed a significant increase in DHA-1 mRNA transcription in response to cefotaxime at 8 µg/ml (6.99 × 102 fold), ceftriaxone at 2 µg/ml (2.63 × 103 fold), ceftazidime at 8 µg/ml (7.06 × 103 fold) and cefoxitin at 4 µg/ml (3.60 × 104 fold) when compared with untreated strain. These transcription data were found significant when analyzed statistically using one way ANOVA. Four different ESBL genes were detected in 10 isolates which include CTX-M (n = 6), SHV (n = 4), TEM (n = 3) and OXA-10 (n = 1), whereas, carbapenemase gene (NDM) was detected only in one isolate. Other plasmid mediated AmpC β-lactamases CIT (n = 9), EBC (n = 2) were detected in nine isolates. All DHA-1 genes detected were encoded in plasmid and incompatibility typing from the transformants indicated that the plasmid encoding blaDHA-1 was carried mostly by the FIA and L/M Inc group. Conclusion This study demonstrates the prevalence of DHA-1 gene in this region and highlights high transcription of DHA-1 when induced with different β-lactam antibiotics. Therefore, cephalosporin treatment must be restricted for the patients infected with pathogen expressing this resistance determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birson Ingti
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India
| | - Deepjyoti Paul
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India
| | | | - Debajyoti Bora
- Department of Statistics, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Debadatta Dhar Chanda
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, 788014, India
| | - Atanu Chakravarty
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, 788014, India
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Maurya AP, Das Talukdar A, Chanda DD, Chakravarty A, Bhattacharjee A. First description of SHV-148 mediated extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance among clinical isolates of Escherichia coli from India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2016; 34:33-7. [PMID: 26776116 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.174110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study was aimed to investigate the genetic context, association with IS26 and horizontal transmission of SHV-148 among Escherichia coli in Tertiary Referral Hospital of India. METHODOLOGY Phenotypic characterisation of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) was carried out as per CLSI criteria. Molecular characterisation of blaSHVand integron was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and confirmed by sequencing. Linkage of IS26 with blaSHV-148was achieved by PCR. Purified products were cloned on pGEM-T vector and sequenced. Strain typing was performed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis with Xba I digestion. Transferability experiment and antimicrobial susceptibility was performed. RESULTS A total of 33 isolates showed the presence of SHV-148 variant by sequencing and all were Class 1 integron borne. PCR and sequencing results suggested that all blaSHV-148 showed linkage with IS26 and were present in the upstream portion of the gene cassette and were also horizontally transferable through F type of Inc group. Susceptibility results suggest that tigecycline was most effective. CONCLUSION The present study reports for the first time of SHV-148 mediated extended spectrum cephalosporin resistance from India. Association of their resistance gene with IS26 and Class 1 integron and carriage within IncF plasmid signifies the potential mobilising unit for the horizontal transfer.
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Choudhury D, Paul D, Ghosh AS, Das Talukdar A, Dutta Choudhury M, Maurya AP, Dhar Chanda D, Chakravarty A, Bhattacharjee A. Effect of single-dose carbapenem exposure on transcriptional expression of bla NDM-1 and mexA in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2016; 7:72-77. [PMID: 27668722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic option of a carbapenem antibiotic is compromised in Pseudomonas aeruginosa owing both to acquired and intrinsic resistance mechanisms. In recent years, New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase has been the focus as a predominant carbapenem resistance determinant. However, it is unclear which of the mechanisms might be adopted by a P. aeruginosa strain possessing both blaNDM-1 and an overexpressed MexAB-OprM system during carbapenem therapy. This study investigated the interplay of both mechanisms in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa when exposed to meropenem. Five strains were used: (i) strain overexpressing MexAB-OprM but with no blaNDM-1; (ii) strain harbouring blaNDM-1 but expressing MexAB-OprM at basal level; (iii) strain possessing blaNDM-1 and overexpressing MexAB-OprM; (iv) P. aeruginosa PAO1; and (v) P. aeruginosa K2733-PAO1 (ΔMexAB-OprMΔMexCD-OprJΔMexEF-OprNΔMexXY-OprM) into which blaNDM-1 was cloned. Strains were incubated in Luria-Bertani broth with and without 1μg/mL meropenem. Total RNA was isolated at 45-min intervals and was immediately reverse transcribed to cDNA. This was repeated for 6h. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed for both resistance mechanisms. Meropenem exposure did not significantly elevate transcription of either the blaNDM-1 or mexA gene. However, an interesting finding was that upon single-dose exposure to carbapenem, the efflux pump system played a major role in bacterial survival compared with NDM-1. This study gives an insight into the bacterial response to carbapenem antibiotic when two different resistance mechanisms coexist. This type of study would be helpful in designing future antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarati Choudhury
- Department of Life Science & Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Deepjyoti Paul
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Anindya Sundar Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Anupam Das Talukdar
- Department of Life Science & Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | | | | | - Debadatta Dhar Chanda
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Atanu Chakravarty
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Assam, India
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Singha P, Chanda DD, Maurya AP, Paul D, Chakravarty A, Bhattacharjee A. Distribution of Class II integrons and their contribution to antibiotic resistance within Enterobacteriaceae family in India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2016; 34:303-7. [DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.188319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Maurya AP, Chanda DD, Bora D, Das Talukdar A, Chakravarty A, Bhattacharjee A. Transcriptional Response of Multiple ESBL Genes Within Escherichia coli Under Oxyimino-Cephalosporin Stress. Microb Drug Resist 2016; 23:133-138. [PMID: 27214038 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2015.0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases directly interferes with the treatment options in a clinical setting. It is not clearly defined why bacteria acquire multiple beta-lactamases and how they are being expressed in antibiotic stress. With this key question, the study was designed to understand the transcriptional response in Escherichia coli harboring multiple blaESBLs against different oxyimino-cephalosporin stress. A total of 169 consecutive, nonduplicate oxyimino-cephalosporin-resistant isolates of E. coli were screened and were ESBL positive. Among them six isolates were found to harbor multiple beta-lactamase genes and we, as per our objective, selected them for this study. Molecular characterization was done by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Minimum inhibitory concentration, transcriptional expression, transferability, and plasmid incompatibility typing of multiple blaESBLs were carried out. Plasmid stability and antibiotic susceptibility of donor and transconjugants were performed. A total of six isolates were found to be harboring multiple ESBL genes and MIC above the breakpoint level against all the tested antibiotics. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that in basal level without antibiotic stress, SHV-148 expressed more, but with ceftriaxone stressed, expression of CTX-M-15 and SHV-148 was high. In case of PER-1, expression was high with ceftazidime stress. blaESBLs were horizontally transferable and originated through multiple inc types. Plasmids were stable till 115 serial passages. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis results showed that multiple ESBL genes were spread through six pulsotypes. Our study concludes that acquisition of multiple ESBL genes in E. coli was a specific adaptation for survival against multiple oxyimino-cephalosporin stress in this clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Debajyoti Bora
- 3 Department of Statistics and Mathematics, Chandra Kamal Bezbaruah Commerce College , Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Anupam Das Talukdar
- 4 Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University , Assam, India
| | - Atanu Chakravarty
- 3 Department of Statistics and Mathematics, Chandra Kamal Bezbaruah Commerce College , Jorhat, Assam, India
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Maurya AP, Choudhury D, Talukdar AD, Dhar Chanda D, Chakravarty A, Bhattacharjee A. Emergence of integron borne PER-1 mediated extended spectrum cephalosporin resistance among nosocomial isolates of Gram-negative bacilli. Indian J Med Res 2016. [PMID: 26205025 PMCID: PMC4525407 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.160718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Pseudomonas extended resistant (PER) enzymes are rare type of extended-spectrum beta lactamases (ESBLs) that confer third generation cephalosporin resistance. These are often integron borne and laterally transmitted. The aim of the present study was to investigate the emergence of integron borne cephalosporin resistant PER-1 gene in diverse incompatibility (Inc) group plasmids among Gram-negative bacteria. Methods: A total of 613 consecutive, non-duplicate, Gram-negative bacteria of Enterobacteriaceae family and non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from different clinical specimens during a period of 18 months. For amplification and detection of blaPER, multiplex PCR was done. For understanding the genetic environment of blaPER-1, integrase gene PCR and cassette PCR (59 be) was performed. Gene transferability experiment was carried out and PCR based replicon typing was performed for incompatibility group typing of plasmids using 18 pairs of primers. An inhibitor based method was used for phenotypic detection of intrinsic resistance. Results: Multiplex PCR and sequencing confirmed that 45 isolates were harbouring blaPER-1. Both class 1 and class 2 integrons were observed among them. Integrase and cassette PCR (59 be) PCR results confirmed that the resistant determinant was located within class 1 integron. Transformation and conjugation experiments revealed that PER-1 was laterally transferable and disseminated through diverse Inc plasmid type. Efflux pump mediated carbapenem resistance was observed in all isolates. All isolates belonged to heterogenous groups. Interpretation & conclusions: This study demonstrates the dissemination of cephalosporins resistant, integron borne blaPER-1 in hospital setting in this part of the country and emphasizes on the rational use of third generation cephalosporins to slow down the expansion of this rare type of ESBL gene.
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Paul D, Dhar Chanda D, Maurya AP, Mishra S, Chakravarty A, Sharma GD, Bhattacharjee A. Co-Carriage of blaKPC-2 and blaNDM-1 in Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Associated with Hospital Infections from India. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145823. [PMID: 26714034 PMCID: PMC4694648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Global spread of KPC poses to be a serious threat complicating treatment options in hospital settings. The present study investigates the genetic environment of blaKPC-2 among clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from a tertiary referral hospital of India. The study isolates were collected from different wards and clinics of Silchar Medical College and Hospital, India, from 2012–2013. The presence of blaKPC was confirmed by genotypic characterization followed by sequencing. Cloning of the blaKPC-2 gene was performed and the genetic environment of this gene was characterized as well. Transferability of the resistance gene was determined by transformation assay and Southern hybridization. Additionally, restriction mapping was also carried out. Two isolates of P. aeruginosa were found to harbor blaKPC-2, were resistant towards aminoglycosides, quinolone and β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitor combination. In both the isolates, the resistance determinant was associated with class 1 integron and horizontally transferable. Both the isolates were co-harboring blaNDM-1. The first detection of this integron mediated blaKPC-2 coexisting with blaNDM-1 in P. aeruginosa from India is worrisome, and further investigation is required to track the gene cassette mediated blaKPC-2 in terms of infection control and to prevent the spread of this gene in hospitals as well as in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepjyoti Paul
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | | | | | - Shweta Mishra
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Atanu Chakravarty
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, India
| | - Gauri Dutt Sharma
- Department of Life science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, India
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Maurya AP, Mishra S, Talukdar AD, Dhar Chanda D, Chakravarty A, Bhattacharjee A. Diverse Genetic Array of blaCTXM-15 in Escherichia coli: A Single-Center Study from India. Microb Drug Resist 2015; 22:7-14. [PMID: 26317445 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2014.0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CTX-M-15 is a chief contributor for expanded-spectrum cephalosporin and monobactam resistance in India, complicating treatment options. In this study, we have investigated genetic context of CTX-M-15 in Escherichia coli and their transmission dynamics in a tertiary referral hospital of India. A total of 198 isolates were collected, of which 66 were harboring blaCTXM-15. Among them, 14 isolates were carrying a single CTX-M-15 gene and 52 were harboring multiple extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes along with blaCTX-M-15. The resistance gene was flanked by tnpA, ISEcp1, IS26, and ORF477 in 10 different arrangements. The resistance determinant was horizontally transferable through F, W, I1, and P Inc types of plasmids. Restriction mapping of plasmids showed a variable band pattern even within the same Inc types. Minimum inhibitory concentration was found above the breakpoint level against expanded-spectrum cephalosporins and monobactam while susceptible against carbapenems. blaCTX-M-15 was highly stable and sustained in the cell after 115 serial passages. In pulse-field gel electrophoresis, eight pulsotypes of E. coli were found to be responsible for the spread of blaCTX-M-15 in the tertiary referral center. We conclude that the presence of CTX-M-15 in the heterogeneous group of E. coli is highly alarming in terms of infection control and it may require regular monitoring, so as to formulate appropriate antibiotic policy to stop the spread of this resistance determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shweta Mishra
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi, India
| | - Anupam Das Talukdar
- 3 Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University , Silchar, India
| | | | - Atanu Chakravarty
- 4 Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital , Silchar, India
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Choudhury D, Das Talukdar A, Dutta Choudhury M, Maurya AP, Paul D, Dhar Chanda D, Chakravorty A, Bhattacharjee A. Transcriptional Analysis of MexAB-OprM Efflux Pumps System of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Its Role in Carbapenem Resistance in a Tertiary Referral Hospital in India. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26221722 PMCID: PMC4519154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbapenem resistance presents severe threat to the treatment of multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. The study was undertaken to investigate the role of efflux pumps in conferring meropenem resistance and effect of single dose exposure of meropenem on transcription level of mexA gene in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa from a tertiary referral hospital of India. Further, in this investigation an effort was made to assess whether different components of MexAB-OprM operon expresses in the same manner and the extent of contributions of those components in meropenem resistance in its natural host (P. aeruginosa) and in a heterologous host (E. coli). Out of 83 meropenem nonsusceptible isolates, 22 isolates were found to possess efflux pump activity phenotypically. Modified hodge test and multiplex PCR confirmed the absence of carbapenemase genes in those isolates. All of them were of multidrug resistant phenotype and were resistant to all the carbepenem drug tested. MexAB-OprM efflux pump was found to be overexpressed in all the study isolates. It could be observed that single dose exposure meropenem could give rise to trivial increase in transcription of mexA gene. Different constructs of MexAB-OprM (mexR-mexA-mexB-OprM; mexA-mexB-OprM; mexA-mexB) could be expressed in both its natural (P. aeruginosa PAO1) and heterologous host (E. coli JM107) but transcription level of mexA gene varied in both the hosts before and after single dose exposure of meropenem. Different components of the operon failed to enhance meropenem resistance in E. coli JM107 and P. aeruginosa PAO1. This study could prove that MexAB-OprM efflux pump can significantly contribute to meropenem resistance in hospital isolates of P. aeruginosa where an acquired resistant mechanism is absent. Thus, equal importance should be given for diagnosis of intrinsic resistance mechanism so as to minimize treatment failure. As meropenem could not enhance mexA transcriptions significantly, there might be a possibility that the increase in expression of efflux pump genes does not mediated by single antibiotic but rather by a combination of antipseudomonal drugs which are used during treatments. Early detection of efflux genes will help in selection of proper therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarati Choudhury
- Department of Life Science & Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Anupam Das Talukdar
- Department of Life Science & Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | | | | | - Deepjyoti Paul
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Debadatta Dhar Chanda
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Atanu Chakravorty
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Assam, India
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Maurya AP, Talukdar AD, Dhar Chanda D, Chakravarty A, Bhattacharjee A. Genetic environment of OXA-2 beta-lactamase producing Gram-negative bacilli from a tertiary referral hospital. Indian J Med Res 2015; 141:368-9. [PMID: 25963501 PMCID: PMC4442339 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.156584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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