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Li XM, Qian ZM, He YH, Guan Z. Visible-light-mediated radical addition/cyclization tandem reaction for the synthesis of 3-bromomethyl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarins. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Selvaraj J, John JBA, Joghee NM, Antony J, Wadhwani A, Natarajan J. Coumarin-Fatty Acid Conjugates as Potential ERα/AKT-1 Antagonists for ER Positive Breast Cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 20:437-449. [PMID: 31746305 DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666191028104339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current drugs used for the treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancer function as anti-estrogens in the breast, in addition to Estrogen Receptor (ER) agonists in the uterus, thus elevate a woman's risk of developing uterine cancer. This is due to the lack of selective binding and partial agonistic effect of these drugs towards estrogen receptors. In recent years, therefore, researchers have turned their attention towards antiestrogens devoid of these agonist properties and thus have a mechanism of action different from the existing drugs. OBJECTIVE In this context, we report here the design, development and in vitro evaluation of some novel pharmacophores containing coumarin and fatty acid scaffolds for their anti-breast cancer activity. METHODS A library of coumarin-fatty acid conjugates was designed using structure-based drug design approach. The conjugates which have shown good in silico results were then synthesized, characterized and evaluated for their anti-breast cancer activity by MTT assay, Apoptotic assay, Cell proliferation assay, Estrogen binding assay and Gene expression study. RESULTS Out of the fifteen compounds screened, two compounds, SAC-2 and LNAC-2, showed good activity with IC50 values 22µg/ml, 25μg/ml, respectively. These compounds suppressed the proliferation of ER overexpressed MCF-7 cells, increased ERα degradation and hence inactivate the ERα pathway. ER binding assay and gene expression RT-PCR study reveal that SAC-2 downregulated the expression of ERα receptor and AKT-1 gene. CONCLUSION Compound SAC-2 is a good antagonist to ER and hence has a potential for treating breast cancer and other cancers where AKT plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jubie Selvaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, India
| | - Jameera B A John
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, India
| | - Nanjan M Joghee
- Director, Research (Retd), JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, India
| | - Justin Antony
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, India
| | - Ashish Wadhwani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, India
| | - Jawahar Natarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, India
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Essig S, Menche D. Stereoselective Synthesis of Isochromanones by an Asymmetric Ortho-Lithiation Strategy: Synthetic Access to the Isochromanone Core of the Ajudazols. J Org Chem 2016; 81:1943-66. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Essig
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Menche
- Kekulé-Institut
für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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Essig S, Schmalzbauer B, Bretzke S, Scherer O, Koeberle A, Werz O, Müller R, Menche D. Predictive Bioinformatic Assignment of Methyl-Bearing Stereocenters, Total Synthesis, and an Additional Molecular Target of Ajudazol B. J Org Chem 2016; 81:1333-57. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Essig
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Björn Schmalzbauer
- Kekulé-Institut
für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bretzke
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olga Scherer
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Philosophenweg
14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Philosophenweg
14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Philosophenweg
14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz
Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) and Institut
for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Universität des Saarlandes, C 2.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Dirk Menche
- Kekulé-Institut
für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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Sanabria-Ríos DJ, Rivera-Torres Y, Rosario J, Gutierrez R, Torres-García Y, Montano N, Ortíz-Soto G, Ríos-Olivares E, Rodríguez JW, Carballeira NM. Chemical conjugation of 2-hexadecynoic acid to C5-curcumin enhances its antibacterial activity against multi-drug resistant bacteria. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:5067-71. [PMID: 26483137 PMCID: PMC4663078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The first total synthesis of a C5-curcumin-2-hexadecynoic acid (C5-Curc-2-HDA, 6) conjugate was successfully performed. Through a three-step synthetic route, conjugate 6 was obtained in 13% overall yield and tested for antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. Our results revealed that 6 was active against eight MRSA strains at MICs that range between 31.3 and 62.5 μg/mL. It was found that the presence of 2-hexadecynoic acid (2-HDA, 4) in conjugate 6 increased 4-8-fold its antibacterial activity against MRSA strains supporting our hypothesis that the chemical connection of 4 to C5-curcumin (2) increases the antibacterial activity of 2 against Gram-positive bacteria. Combinational index (CIn) values that range between 1.6 and 2.3 were obtained when eight MRSA strains were treated with an equimolar mixture of 2 and 4. These results demonstrated that an antagonistic effect is taking place. Finally, it was investigated whether conjugate 6 can affect the replication process of S. aureus, since this compound inhibited the supercoiling activity of the S. aureus DNA gyrase at minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 250 μg/mL (IC50=100.2±13.9 μg/mL). Moreover, it was observed that the presence of 4 in conjugate 6 improves the anti-topoisomerase activity of 2 towards S. aureus DNA gyrase, which is in agreement with results obtained from antibacterial susceptibility tests involving MRSA strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Sanabria-Ríos
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan 00919, Puerto Rico.
| | - Yaritza Rivera-Torres
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan 00919, Puerto Rico
| | - Joshua Rosario
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan 00919, Puerto Rico
| | - Ricardo Gutierrez
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan 00919, Puerto Rico
| | - Yeireliz Torres-García
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan 00919, Puerto Rico
| | - Nashbly Montano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, PO Box 23346, San Juan 00931-3346, Puerto Rico
| | - Gabriela Ortíz-Soto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, PO Box 60327, Bayamón 00960, Puerto Rico
| | - Eddy Ríos-Olivares
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, PO Box 60327, Bayamón 00960, Puerto Rico
| | - José W Rodríguez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, PO Box 60327, Bayamón 00960, Puerto Rico
| | - Néstor M Carballeira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, PO Box 23346, San Juan 00931-3346, Puerto Rico
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Sanabria-Ríos DJ, Rivera-Torres Y, Rosario J, Ríos C, Gutierrez R, Carballeira NM, Vélez C, Zayas B, Álvarez-Colón F, Ortiz-Soto G, Serrano V, Altieri-Rivera J, Ríos-Olivares E, Rodríguez JW. Synthesis of novel C5-curcuminoid-fatty acid conjugates and mechanistic investigation of their anticancer activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2174-80. [PMID: 25881826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The first synthesis of C5-curcumin-fatty acid (C5-Curc-FA) conjugates was successfully performed. Through a two-step synthetic route, 10 analogs were synthesized for a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study. It was found that C5-Curc-FA conjugates containing either decanoic acid or palmitic acid moieties were cytotoxic against colorectal adenocarcinoma cell (CCL-229) at IC50s ranging from 22.5 to 56.1μg/mL, being 5c the most active C5-Curc-FA conjugate. Our results strongly suggests that a decanoic acid moiety at the meta position in C5-Curc-FA conjugates is important for their anticancer activity effect. Possible mechanisms for the anticancer activity of C5-Curc-FA conjugates were also investigated including apoptosis induction, mitochondrial damage and caspases activation. It was shown that 5c inhibited the luminescence activity of NFκB, a key signaling molecule involved in cell apoptosis and cell proliferation, at IC50=18.2μg/mL. In addition, it was demonstrated that 5c displayed significant apoptotic effect at GI50=46.0μg/mL in colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (ATCC CCL-222), which can be explained by the significant mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and caspases 3 and 7 activation effect of 5c. Finally, it was investigated that C5-Curc-FA conjugates can affect the replication process of cancer cells, since compounds 5c, 5e, and 6c inhibited the relaxing activity of the human DNA topoisomerase I at minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) that range from 50 to 250μg/mL. Our results strongly support the hypothesis that the inhibition of both NFκB and DNA topoisomerase I by C5-Curc-FA conjugates is associated with their anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Sanabria-Ríos
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan, PR 00919, United States.
| | - Yaritza Rivera-Torres
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan, PR 00919, United States
| | - Joshua Rosario
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan, PR 00919, United States
| | - Camille Ríos
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan, PR 00919, United States
| | - Ricardo Gutierrez
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, PO Box 191293, San Juan, PR 00919, United States
| | - Néstor M Carballeira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, PO Box 23346, San Juan, PR 00931-3346, United States
| | - Christian Vélez
- School of Environmental Affairs, Universidad Metropolitana, PO Box 21150, San Juan, PR 00928, United States
| | - Beatriz Zayas
- School of Environmental Affairs, Universidad Metropolitana, PO Box 21150, San Juan, PR 00928, United States
| | - Félix Álvarez-Colón
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, PO Box 60327, Bayamón, PR 00960, United States
| | - Gabriela Ortiz-Soto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, PO Box 60327, Bayamón, PR 00960, United States
| | - Victor Serrano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, PO Box 60327, Bayamón, PR 00960, United States
| | - Joanne Altieri-Rivera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, PO Box 60327, Bayamón, PR 00960, United States
| | - Eddy Ríos-Olivares
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, PO Box 60327, Bayamón, PR 00960, United States
| | - José W Rodríguez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, PO Box 60327, Bayamón, PR 00960, United States
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Wang Z, Tang S, Jin Y, Zhang Y, Hattori M, Zhang H, Zhang N. Two main metabolites of gentiopicroside detected in rat plasma by LC–TOF-MS following 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatization. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 107:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Wu X, Tang S, Jin Y, Zhang Y, Hattori M, Wang X, Zhang H, Wang Z. New analytical method for the study of metabolism of swertiamarin in rats after oral administration by UPLC-TOF-MS following DNPH derivatization. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 29:1184-9. [PMID: 25612327 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of swertiamarin in vivo was studied by LC-MS following 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatization. The ionization efficiency of the main metabolite erythrocentaurin was greatly enhanced by the new analytical method developed, and erythrocentaurin was successfully detected for the first time in rat plasma after oral administration of swertiamarin. Methyl 4-formylbenzoate was used as the internal standard to quantify erythrocentaurin in rat plasma in negative mode by UPLC-TOF-MS, and it was found that erythrocentaurin reached the maximum mean plasma concentration of 425.8 ± 127.6 ng/mL at about 2 h after oral administration of swertiamarin at a dose of 200 mg/kg. A metabolic pathway of swertiamarin to erythrocentaurin was proposed. Swertiamarin is first hydrolyzed by bacterial β-glucusidase to give the aglycone, which is readily converted to erythrocentaurin. The monoterpene compound swertiamarin was found to be metabolized to dihydroisocoumarin and alkaloid compounds in vivo, which may be responsible for the pharmacological effect of swertiamarin. The results may shed light on the clinical efficacy of swertiamarin and the new analytical method may assist in studies for the metabolism of other natural iridoids and secoiridoids in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhong Wu
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Shuhan Tang
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,Harbin Children Hospital, Youyi road 57, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Harbin Children Hospital, Youyi road 57, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Harbin Children Hospital, Youyi road 57, Harbin, China
| | - Masao Hattori
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Xijun Wang
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin, 150040, China.,Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
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Wang Z, Wang S, Sun Y, Wang H, Chen G, Wang X, Hattori M, Zhang H. New analytical method for the study of the metabolism of gentiopicroside in rats after oral administration by LC-TOF-MS following picolinoyl derivatization. J Sep Sci 2013; 37:237-43. [PMID: 24376019 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of gentiopicroside (GPS) in vivo was studied for the first time by LC-MS following picolinoyl derivatization. Incubation of erythrocentaurin, one of the main in vitro metabolites of GPS by intestinal bacteria, with liver microsome indicated that GPS might be metabolized to a final metabolite 3,4-dihydro-5-(hydroxymethyl)isochroman-1-one (HMIO) in vivo. After hydrolysis with sulfatase, HMIO was successfully detected in rat plasma after oral administration of GPS by LC-MS following picolinoyl derivatization. 4-Methoxyphenyl methanol was used as an internal standard to quantify HMIO in rat plasma. A metabolic pathway of GPS in rats is proposed. The monoterpene compound GPS was found to be metabolized to dihydroisocoumarin, which may be responsible for the pharmacological effect of GPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Wang
- National TCM Key Lab of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China; Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Wang S, Tang S, Sun Y, Wang H, Wang X, Zhang H, Wang Z. Highly sensitive determination of new metabolite in rat plasma after oral administration of swertiamarin by liquid chromatography/time of flight mass spectrometry following picolinoyl derivatization. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 28:939-46. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine; Heping Road 24 Harbin 150040 China
| | - Shuhan Tang
- Institute of Natural Medicine; University of Toyama; 2630 Sugitani Toyama 930-0194 Japan
- Harbin Children Hospital; Youyi road 57 Harbin China
| | - Yujia Sun
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine; Heping Road 24 Harbin 150040 China
| | - Huiyu Wang
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine; Heping Road 24 Harbin 150040 China
| | - Xijun Wang
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine; Heping Road 24 Harbin 150040 China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine; Heping Road 24 Harbin 150040 China
- Institute of Natural Medicine; University of Toyama; 2630 Sugitani Toyama 930-0194 Japan
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Mangas-Sánchez J, Busto E, Gotor-Fernández V, Gotor V. Enantiopure 3-methyl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarins and 3-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines via chemoenzymatic asymmetric transformations. Catal Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cy20152f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhou T, Zeng H, Qiu D, Yang X, Wang B, Chen M, Guo L, Wang S. Global transcriptional responses of Bacillus subtilis to xenocoumacin 1. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 111:652-62. [PMID: 21699632 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the global transcriptional response of Bacillus subtilis to an antimicrobial agent, xenocoumacin 1 (Xcn1). METHODS AND RESULTS Subinhibitory concentration of Xcn1 applied to B. subtilis was measured according to Hutter's method for determining optimal concentrations. cDNA microarray technology was used to study the global transcriptional response of B. subtilis to Xcn1. Real-time RT-PCR was employed to verify alterations in the transcript levels of six genes. The subinhibitory concentration was determined to be 1 μg ml(-1). The microarray data demonstrated that Xcn1 treatment of B. subtilis led to more than a 2.0-fold up-regulation of 480 genes and more than a 2.0-fold down-regulation of 479 genes (q ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The transcriptional responses of B. subtilis to Xcn1 were determined, and several processes were affected by Xcn1. Additionally, cluster analysis of gene expression profiles after treatment with Xcn1 or 37 previously studied antibiotics indicated that Xcn1 has similar mechanisms of action to protein synthesis inhibitors. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These microarray data showed alterations of gene expression in B. subtilis after exposure to Xcn1. From the results, we identified various processes affected by Xcn1. This study provides a whole-genome perspective to elucidate the action of Xcn1 as a potential antimicrobial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biological Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Bogdanov MG, Svinyarov IV, Ivanova BB, Spiteller M. Synthesis, spectroscopic and structural study of trans- and cis-(±)-3-phenyl-4-(pyrrolidine-1-carbonyl)-isochroman-1-ones. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2010; 77:902-907. [PMID: 20696613 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2010.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis, spectroscopic and structural study of trans- and cis-(±)-3-phenyl-4-(pyrrolidine-1-carbonyl)-isochroman-1-ones is performed in order to obtain the correlation between the crystal structure and spectroscopic properties of both isomers in solid-state. The methods such as single crystal X-ray diffraction, conventional and linear-polarized IR-spectroscopy, UV-spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, ¹H and ¹³C NMR are employed. Quantum chemical ab initio and DFT calculations are performed, to support the experimental data for the electronic structure and optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Bogdanov
- University of Sofia, St. Kl. Ohridsky, Department of Organic Chemistry, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria.
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