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Lin GH, Yu TA, Chang CF, Hsu CH. Proline Isomerization and Molten Globular Property of TgPDCD5 Secreted from Toxoplasma gondii Confers Its Regulation of Heparin Sulfate Binding. JACS AU 2024; 4:1763-1774. [PMID: 38818051 PMCID: PMC11134355 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis, caused by Toxoplasma gondii, poses risks to vulnerable populations. TgPDCD5, a secreted protein of T. gondii, induces apoptosis through heparan sulfate-mediated endocytosis. The entry mechanism of TgPDCD5 has remained elusive. Here, we present the solution structure of TgPDCD5 as a helical bundle with an extended N-terminal helix, exhibiting molten globule characteristics. NMR perturbation studies reveal heparin/heparan sulfate binding involving the heparan sulfate/heparin proteoglycans-binding motif and the core region, influenced by proline isomerization of P107 residue. The heterogeneous proline recruits a cyclophilin TgCyp18, accelerating interconversion between conformers and regulating heparan/heparin binding. These atomic-level insights elucidate the binary switch's functionality, expose novel heparan sulfate-binding surfaces, and illuminate the unconventional cellular entry of pathogenic TgPDCD5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria
Meng-Hsuan Lin
- Department
of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan
University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Genome
and Systems Biology Degree Program, National
Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tsun-Ai Yu
- Genomic
Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Fon Chang
- Genomic
Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hua Hsu
- Department
of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan
University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Genome
and Systems Biology Degree Program, National
Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Institute
of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan
University, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
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2
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Chen Q, Wang Q, Bu C, An Z, Jin L, Chi L. Inhibition of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) by heparin oligosaccharides with specific structures. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 332:121909. [PMID: 38431413 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
COMT inhibitors are commonly used to improve the effectiveness of levodopa in treating Parkinson's disease by inhibiting its conversion to 3-O-methyldopa. Because of the serious side effect of nitrocatechol COMT inhibitors, it is necessary to develop non-nitrocatechol COMT inhibitors with a higher safety profile. Heparin has been observed to bind to COMT. However, the exact functional significance of this interaction is not fully understood. In this study, the contribution of different substitution of heparin to its binding with COMT was investigated. In vitro and in vivo, heparin oligosaccharides can bind to COMT and inhibit its activity. Furthermore, we enriched the functional heparin oligosaccharides that bind to COMT and identified the sequence UA2S-GlcN(S/Ac)6(S/H)-UA2S-GlcNS6(S/H)-UA2(S/H)-GlcNS6S as the characteristic structural domain of these functional oligosaccharides. This study has elucidated the relationship between the structure of heparin oligosaccharides and their activity against COMT, providing valuable insights for the development of non-nitrocatechol COMT inhibitors with improved safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Chen
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao 266200, China
| | - Qingchi Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao 266200, China; Xianghu Laboratory, 168 Gongwen Rd, Hangzhou 311231, China
| | - Changkai Bu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao 266200, China
| | - Zizhe An
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao 266200, China
| | - Lan Jin
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao 266200, China.
| | - Lianli Chi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao 266200, China.
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de Lima Pizzico F, Beatriz Máximo R, Hirata MH, Monteiro Ferreira G. Mapping the APOE structurally on missense variants in elderly Brazilians. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38520131 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2328743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) pose a significant global health threat, with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) being a key genetic contributor. The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene plays a vital role in lipid metabolism, and its variants are associated with CVD risk. This study explores prevalent APOE variants (p.R163C, p.R176C, p.R246C and p.V254E) using genetic and structural analyses. The research, initiated by identifying high-frequency APOE variants through the ABraOM database, utilizes homology modeling and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to understand the structural consequences. The major lipid-binding region, a critical domain for lipid metabolism, was a focal point. Structural dynamics, including principal component analyses and domain movement analyses, highlighted distinct patterns in APOE variants compared to the wild type (WT). Results revealed significant differences in the structural behavior of variants, particularly in the Major lipid-binding region. The identification of an 'elbow' structure with two states (Elbow I and Elbow II) provided insights into conformational changes. Notably, variants exhibited unique patterns in hydrogen bonding (hb) and hydrophobic interactions, indicating potential functional consequences. The study further associated APOE variants with clinical outcomes, including cognitive impairment and cholesterol levels. Specific variants demonstrated correlations with cognitive decline and variations in lipid profiles, emphasizing their relevance to cardiovascular and neurobiological health. In conclusion, this integrated approach enhances our understanding of APOE variants, shedding light on their role in lipid metabolism and cardiovascular health. The identified structural 'elbows' and their association with clinical outcomes offer a nuanced perspective, guiding future research toward targeted interventions for diseases linked to lipid metabolism and neurobiology.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe de Lima Pizzico
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Beatriz Máximo
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario Hiroyuki Hirata
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Glaucio Monteiro Ferreira
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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4
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Nemergut M, Marques SM, Uhrik L, Vanova T, Nezvedova M, Gadara DC, Jha D, Tulis J, Novakova V, Planas-Iglesias J, Kunka A, Legrand A, Hribkova H, Pospisilova V, Sedmik J, Raska J, Prokop Z, Damborsky J, Bohaciakova D, Spacil Z, Hernychova L, Bednar D, Marek M. Domino-like effect of C112R mutation on ApoE4 aggregation and its reduction by Alzheimer's Disease drug candidate. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:38. [PMID: 37280636 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00620-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ε4 genotype is the most prevalent risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Although ApoE4 differs from its non-pathological ApoE3 isoform only by the C112R mutation, the molecular mechanism of its proteinopathy is unknown. METHODS Here, we reveal the molecular mechanism of ApoE4 aggregation using a combination of experimental and computational techniques, including X-ray crystallography, site-directed mutagenesis, hydrogen-deuterium mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), static light scattering and molecular dynamics simulations. Treatment of ApoE ε3/ε3 and ε4/ε4 cerebral organoids with tramiprosate was used to compare the effect of tramiprosate on ApoE4 aggregation at the cellular level. RESULTS We found that C112R substitution in ApoE4 induces long-distance (> 15 Å) conformational changes leading to the formation of a V-shaped dimeric unit that is geometrically different and more aggregation-prone than the ApoE3 structure. AD drug candidate tramiprosate and its metabolite 3-sulfopropanoic acid induce ApoE3-like conformational behavior in ApoE4 and reduce its aggregation propensity. Analysis of ApoE ε4/ε4 cerebral organoids treated with tramiprosate revealed its effect on cholesteryl esters, the storage products of excess cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS Our results connect the ApoE4 structure with its aggregation propensity, providing a new druggable target for neurodegeneration and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Nemergut
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Trieda SNP 1, Kosice, 04011, Slovakia
| | - Sérgio M Marques
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Uhrik
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, Brno, 656 53, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Vanova
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Nezvedova
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | | | - Durga Jha
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Tulis
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Novakova
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Joan Planas-Iglesias
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Antonin Kunka
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Anthony Legrand
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hribkova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Pospisilova
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Sedmik
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Raska
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Prokop
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Dasa Bohaciakova
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic.
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdenek Spacil
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Hernychova
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, Brno, 656 53, Czech Republic.
| | - David Bednar
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Marek
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic.
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5
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Next-Generation Sequencing of a Large Gene Panel for Outcome Prediction of Bariatric Surgery in Patients with Severe Obesity. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11247531. [PMID: 36556146 PMCID: PMC9783894 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11247531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic disease in which abnormal deposition of fat threatens health, leading to diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and other chronic illnesses. According to the WHO, 19.8% of the adult population in Italy is obese, and the prevalence is higher among men. It is important to know the predisposition of an individual to become obese and to respond to bariatric surgery, the most up-to-date treatment for severe obesity. To this purpose, we developed an NGS gene panel, comprising 72 diagnostic genes and 244 candidate genes, and we sequenced 247 adult obese Italian patients. Eleven deleterious variants in 9 diagnostic genes and 17 deleterious variants in 11 candidate genes were identified. Interestingly, mutations were found in several genes correlated to the Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Then, 25 patients were clinically followed to evaluate their response to bariatric surgery. After a 12-month follow-up, the patients that carried deleterious variants in diagnostic or candidate genes had a reduced weight loss, as compared to the other patients. The NGS-based panel, including diagnostic and candidate genes used in this study, could play a role in evaluating, diagnosing, and managing obese individuals, and may help in predicting the outcome of bariatric surgery.
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6
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Aguilar-Pineda JA, Paco-Coralla SG, Febres-Molina C, Gamero-Begazo PL, Shrivastava P, Vera-López KJ, Davila-Del-Carpio G, López-C P, Gómez B, Lino Cardenas CL. In Silico Analysis of the Antagonist Effect of Enoxaparin on the ApoE4–Amyloid-Beta (Aβ) Complex at Different pH Conditions. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040499. [PMID: 35454088 PMCID: PMC9027285 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) is thought to increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Several studies have shown that ApoE4-Amyloid β (Aβ) interactions can increment amyloid depositions in the brain and that this can be augmented at low pH values. On the other hand, experimental studies in transgenic mouse models have shown that treatment with enoxaparin significantly reduces cortical Aβ levels, as well as decreases the number of activated astrocytes around Aβ plaques. However, the interactions between enoxaparin and the ApoE4-Aβ proteins have been poorly explored. In this work, we combine molecular dynamics simulations, molecular docking, and binding free energy calculations to elucidate the molecular properties of the ApoE4-Aβ interactions and the competitive binding affinity of the enoxaparin on the ApoE4 binding sites. In addition, we investigated the effect of the environmental pH levels on those interactions. Our results showed that under different pH conditions, the closed form of the ApoE4 protein, in which the C-terminal domain folds into the protein, remains stabilized by a network of hydrogen bonds. This closed conformation allowed the generation of six different ApoE4-Aβ interaction sites, which were energetically favorable. Systems at pH5 and 6 showed the highest energetic affinity. The enoxaparin molecule was found to have a strong energetic affinity for ApoE4-interacting sites and thus can neutralize or disrupt ApoE4-Aβ complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Alberto Aguilar-Pineda
- Laboratory of Genomics and Neurovascular Diseases, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José s/n—Umacollo, Arequipa 04000, Peru; (S.G.P.-C.); (P.S.); (K.J.V.-L.); (G.D.-D.-C.)
- Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería Molecular—CIIM, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José s/n—Umacollo, Arequipa 04000, Peru; (P.L.G.-B.); (B.G.)
- Correspondence: (J.A.A.-P.); (C.L.L.C.)
| | - Silvana G. Paco-Coralla
- Laboratory of Genomics and Neurovascular Diseases, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José s/n—Umacollo, Arequipa 04000, Peru; (S.G.P.-C.); (P.S.); (K.J.V.-L.); (G.D.-D.-C.)
| | - Camilo Febres-Molina
- Doctorado en Fisicoquímica Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370134, Chile;
| | - Pamela L. Gamero-Begazo
- Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería Molecular—CIIM, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José s/n—Umacollo, Arequipa 04000, Peru; (P.L.G.-B.); (B.G.)
| | - Pallavi Shrivastava
- Laboratory of Genomics and Neurovascular Diseases, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José s/n—Umacollo, Arequipa 04000, Peru; (S.G.P.-C.); (P.S.); (K.J.V.-L.); (G.D.-D.-C.)
| | - Karin J. Vera-López
- Laboratory of Genomics and Neurovascular Diseases, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José s/n—Umacollo, Arequipa 04000, Peru; (S.G.P.-C.); (P.S.); (K.J.V.-L.); (G.D.-D.-C.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Bioquímicas y Biotecnológicas, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José s/n—Umacollo, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - Gonzalo Davila-Del-Carpio
- Laboratory of Genomics and Neurovascular Diseases, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José s/n—Umacollo, Arequipa 04000, Peru; (S.G.P.-C.); (P.S.); (K.J.V.-L.); (G.D.-D.-C.)
- Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José s/n—Umacollo, Arequipa 04000, Peru;
| | - Patricia López-C
- Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José s/n—Umacollo, Arequipa 04000, Peru;
| | - Badhin Gómez
- Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería Molecular—CIIM, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José s/n—Umacollo, Arequipa 04000, Peru; (P.L.G.-B.); (B.G.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Bioquímicas y Biotecnológicas, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José s/n—Umacollo, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - Christian L. Lino Cardenas
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Correspondence: (J.A.A.-P.); (C.L.L.C.)
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7
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Liang A, Desai U. Advances in Studying Glycosaminoglycan-Protein Interactions Using Capillary Electrophoresis. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2303:365-387. [PMID: 34626394 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1398-6_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Methods for studying interactions between glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteins have assumed considerable significance as their biological importance increases. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a powerful method to study these interactions due to its speed, high efficiency, and low sample/reagent consumption. In addition, CE works effectively under a wide range of physiologically relevant conditions. This chapter presents the state of the art on CE methods for studying GAG-protein interactions including affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE), capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), frontal analysis (FA)/frontal analysis continuous capillary electrophoresis (FACCE), and capillary electrokinetic chromatography (CEC) with detailed experimental protocols for ACE and CZE methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiye Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Charleston Southern University, North Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Umesh Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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8
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Sebastian S, Sylvestre S, Sundaraganesan N, Karthikeyan B, Silvan S. Conformational analysis, molecular structure, spectroscopic, NBO, reactivity descriptors, wavefunction and molecular docking investigations of 5,6-dimethoxy-1-indanone: A potential anti Alzheimer's agent. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08821. [PMID: 35128106 PMCID: PMC8808071 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study is focused to elucidate the structure of potential anti-Alzheimer's compound 5,6-Dimethoxy-1-indanone (5,6-DMI) and study its binding interaction towards the active site by molecular docking studies. The structural and various spectroscopic tools are used to understand the various interaction behaviors of the title compound. The theoretical calculation of 5,6-DMI molecule is computed by Gaussian 09W software with Density functional B3LYP and CAM-B3LYP method utilizing 6-311G(d,p) as basis set. The Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis has been performed to find all possible transition was correlate with electronic transition. The Non covalent interaction of 5,6-DMI molecule was examined by adopt Reduced Density Gradient (RDG) analysis and colour filled ELF diagram. Molecular docking results suggest that 5,6-DMI may exhibit inhibitory activity against apoE protein and may act as potential against Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Sebastian
- P.G & Research Department of Physics, St.Joseph's College of Arts & Science (Autonomous), Cuddalore, 607001, Tamilnadu, India
| | - S. Sylvestre
- Department of Chemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Mukuba University, Kitwe, 20382, Zambia
| | - N. Sundaraganesan
- Department of Physics (Engg.), Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608 002, India
| | - B. Karthikeyan
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608 002, India
| | - S. Silvan
- P.G & Research Department of Biochemistry, St.Joseph's College of Arts & Science (Autonomous), Cuddalore, 607001, Tamilnadu, India
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9
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Kim M, Bezprozvanny I. Differences in Recycling of Apolipoprotein E3 and E4-LDL Receptor Complexes-A Mechanistic Hypothesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5030. [PMID: 34068576 PMCID: PMC8126166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a protein that plays an important role in the transport of fatty acids and cholesterol and in cellular signaling. On the surface of the cells, ApoE lipoparticles bind to low density lipoprotein receptors (LDLR) that mediate the uptake of the lipids and downstream signaling events. There are three alleles of the human ApoE gene. Presence of ApoE4 allele is a major risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other disorders late in life, but the mechanisms responsible for biological differences between different ApoE isoforms are not well understood. We here propose that the differences between ApoE isoforms can be explained by differences in the pH-dependence of the association between ApoE3 and ApoE4 isoforms and LDL-A repeats of LDLR. As a result, the following endocytosis ApoE3-associated LDLRs are recycled back to the plasma membrane but ApoE4-containing LDLR complexes are trapped in late endosomes and targeted for degradation. The proposed mechanism is predicted to lead to a reduction in steady-state surface levels of LDLRs and impaired cellular signaling in ApoE4-expressing cells. We hope that this proposal will stimulate experimental research in this direction that allows the testing of our hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meewhi Kim
- Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ilya Bezprozvanny
- Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
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10
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Jin W, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ. Glycosaminoglycans in Neurodegenerative Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1325:189-204. [PMID: 34495536 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-70115-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear polysaccharides that consist of alternating disaccharides sequences of uronic acids and/or galactose hexamino sugars most of which are sulfated. GAGs are ubiquitously expressed on the cell surface, in the intracellular milieu and in the extracellular matrix of all animal cells. Thus, GAGs exhibit many essential roles in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. The targets of GAGs are GAG-binding proteins and related proteins that are of significant interest to both the academic community and in the pharmaceutical industry. In this review, the structures of GAGs, their binding proteins, and analogs are presented that further the development of GAGs and their analogs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA. .,Department of Biological Science, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
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11
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Chen Y, Strickland MR, Soranno A, Holtzman DM. Apolipoprotein E: Structural Insights and Links to Alzheimer Disease Pathogenesis. Neuron 2020; 109:205-221. [PMID: 33176118 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is of great interest due to its role as a cholesterol/lipid transporter in the central nervous system (CNS) and as the most influential genetic risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD). Work over the last four decades has given us important insights into the structure of ApoE and how this might impact the neuropathology and pathogenesis of AD. In this review, we highlight the history and progress in the structural and molecular understanding of ApoE and discuss how these studies on ApoE have illuminated the physiology of ApoE, receptor binding, and interaction with amyloid-β (Aβ). We also identify future areas of study needed to advance our understanding of how ApoE influences neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; The Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael R Strickland
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; The Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrea Soranno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center for Science & Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center for Science & Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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12
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Darwish M, Shatz W, Leonard B, Loyet K, Barrett K, Wong JL, Li H, Abraham R, Lin M, Franke Y, Tam C, Mortara K, Zilberleyb I, Blanchette C. Nanolipoprotein Particles as a Delivery Platform for Fab Based Therapeutics. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1995-2007. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martine Darwish
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94088, United States
| | - Whitney Shatz
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94088, United States
| | - Brandon Leonard
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94088, United States
| | - Kelly Loyet
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94088, United States
| | - Kathy Barrett
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94088, United States
| | - Janice L. Wong
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94088, United States
| | - Hong Li
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94088, United States
| | - Ryan Abraham
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94088, United States
| | - May Lin
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94088, United States
| | - Yvonne Franke
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94088, United States
| | - Christine Tam
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94088, United States
| | - Kyle Mortara
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94088, United States
| | - Inna Zilberleyb
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94088, United States
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13
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Pattipeiluhu R, Crielaard S, Klein-Schiphorst I, Florea BI, Kros A, Campbell F. Unbiased Identification of the Liposome Protein Corona using Photoaffinity-based Chemoproteomics. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:535-545. [PMID: 32342003 PMCID: PMC7181318 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b01222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein adsorption to the surface of a nanoparticle can fundamentally alter the character, behavior, and fate of a nanoparticle in vivo. Current methods to capture the protein corona rely on physical separation techniques and are unable to resolve key, individual protein-nanoparticle interactions. As a result, the precise link between the "synthetic" and the "biological" identity of a nanoparticle remains unclear. Herein, we report an unbiased photoaffinity-based approach to capture, characterize, and quantify the protein corona of liposomes in their native state. Compared to conventional methods, our photoaffinity approach reveals markedly different interacting proteins as well as reduced total protein binding to liposome surfaces. Identified proteins do not follow protein abundancy patterns of human serum, as has been generally reported, but are instead dominated by soluble apolipoproteins-endogenous serum proteins that have evolved to recognize the lipidic surface of circulating lipoproteins. We believe our findings are the most accurate characterization of a liposome's biological identity but, more fundamentally, reveal liposome-protein binding is, in many cases, significantly less complex than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Pattipeiluhu
- Supramolecular
and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333
CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Crielaard
- Supramolecular
and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333
CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Klein-Schiphorst
- Supramolecular
and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333
CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bogdan I. Florea
- Bio-organic
Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Kros
- Supramolecular
and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333
CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- (A.K.)
| | - Frederick Campbell
- Supramolecular
and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333
CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- (F.C.)
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14
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Anower-E-Khuda F, Singh G, Deng Y, Gordts PLSM, Esko JD. Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein binding and uptake by heparan sulfate proteoglycan receptors in a CRISPR/Cas9 library of Hep3B mutants. Glycobiology 2020; 29:582-592. [PMID: 31094413 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding and uptake of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) in mice depend on heparan sulfate and the hepatic proteoglycan, syndecan-1 (SDC1). Alteration of glucosamine N-sulfation by deletion of glucosamine N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase 1 (Ndst1) and 2-O-sulfation of uronic acids by deletion of uronyl 2-O-sulfotransferase (Hs2st) led to diminished lipoprotein metabolism, whereas inactivation of glucosaminyl 6-O-sulfotransferase 1 (Hs6st1), which encodes one of the three 6-O-sulfotransferases, had little effect on lipoprotein binding. However, other studies have suggested that 6-O-sulfation may be important for TRL binding and uptake. In order to explain these discrepant findings, we used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to create a library of mutants in the human hepatoma cell line, Hep3B. Inactivation of EXT1 encoding the heparan sulfate copolymerase, NDST1 and HS2ST dramatically reduced binding of TRLs. Inactivation of HS6ST1 had no effect, but deletion of HS6ST2 reduced TRL binding. Compounding mutations in HS6ST1 and HS6ST2 did not exacerbate this effect indicating that HS6ST2 is the dominant 6-O-sulfotransferase and that binding of TRLs indeed depends on 6-O-sulfation of glucosamine residues. Uptake studies showed that TRL internalization was also affected in 6-O-sulfation deficient cells. Interestingly, genetic deletion of SDC1 only marginally impacted binding of TRLs but reduced TRL uptake to the same extent as treating the cells with heparin lyases. These findings confirm that SDC1 is the dominant endocytic proteoglycan receptor for TRLs in human Hep3B cells and that binding and uptake of TRLs depend on SDC1 and N- and 2-O-sulfation as well as 6-O-sulfation of heparan sulfate chains catalyzed by HS6ST2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yiping Deng
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.,Juventas Cell Therapy Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Philip L S M Gordts
- Department of Medicine.,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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15
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Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: pathobiology and targeting strategies. Nat Rev Neurol 2019; 15:501-518. [PMID: 31367008 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-019-0228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 635] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphism in the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is a major genetic risk determinant of late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD), with the APOE*ε4 allele conferring an increased risk and the APOE*ε2 allele conferring a decreased risk relative to the common APOE*ε3 allele. Strong evidence from clinical and basic research suggests that a major pathway by which APOE4 increases the risk of AD is by driving earlier and more abundant amyloid pathology in the brains of APOE*ε4 carriers. The number of amyloid-β (Aβ)-dependent and Aβ-independent pathways that are known to be differentially modulated by APOE isoforms is increasing. For example, evidence is accumulating that APOE influences tau pathology, tau-mediated neurodegeneration and microglial responses to AD-related pathologies. In addition, APOE4 is either pathogenic or shows reduced efficiency in multiple brain homeostatic pathways, including lipid transport, synaptic integrity and plasticity, glucose metabolism and cerebrovascular function. Here, we review the recent progress in clinical and basic research into the role of APOE in AD pathogenesis. We also discuss how APOE can be targeted for AD therapy using a precision medicine approach.
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16
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Raulin AC, Kraft L, Al-Hilaly YK, Xue WF, McGeehan JE, Atack JR, Serpell L. The Molecular Basis for Apolipoprotein E4 as the Major Risk Factor for Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:2248-2265. [PMID: 31051176 PMCID: PMC6556554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) is one of three (E2, E3 and E4) human isoforms of an α-helical, 299-amino-acid protein. Homozygosity for the ε4 allele is the major genetic risk factor for developing late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). ApoE2, ApoE3 and ApoE4 differ at amino acid positions 112 and 158, and these sequence variations may confer conformational differences that underlie their participation in the risk of developing AD. Here, we compared the shape, oligomerization state, conformation and stability of ApoE isoforms using a range of complementary biophysical methods including small-angle x-ray scattering, analytical ultracentrifugation, circular dichroism, x-ray fiber diffraction and transmission electron microscopy We provide an in-depth and definitive study demonstrating that all three proteins are similar in stability and conformation. However, we show that ApoE4 has a propensity to polymerize to form wavy filaments, which do not share the characteristics of cross-β amyloid fibrils. Moreover, we provide evidence for the inhibition of ApoE4 fibril formation by ApoE3. This study shows that recombinant ApoE isoforms show no significant differences at the structural or conformational level. However, self-assembly of the ApoE4 isoform may play a role in pathogenesis, and these results open opportunities for uncovering new triggers for AD onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Caroline Raulin
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex BN1 6NN, UK
| | - Lucas Kraft
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex , BN1 6NN, UK
| | - Youssra K Al-Hilaly
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex BN1 6NN, UK; Chemistry Department, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Wei-Feng Xue
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, England CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - John E McGeehan
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire PO1 2DY, UK
| | - John R Atack
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex , BN1 6NN, UK
| | - Louise Serpell
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex BN1 6NN, UK.
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17
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Petros AM, Korepanova A, Jakob CG, Qiu W, Panchal SC, Wang J, Dietrich JD, Brewer JT, Pohlki F, Kling A, Wilcox K, Lakics V, Bahnassawy L, Reinhardt P, Partha SK, Bodelle PM, Lake M, Charych EI, Stoll VS, Sun C, Mohler EG. Fragment-Based Discovery of an Apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4) Stabilizer. J Med Chem 2019; 62:4120-4130. [PMID: 30933499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E is a 299-residue lipid carrier protein produced in both the liver and the brain. The protein has three major isoforms denoted apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4 which differ at positions 112 and 158 and which occur at different frequencies in the human population. Genome-wide association studies indicate that the possession of two apoE4 alleles is a strong genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). In an attempt to identify a small molecule stabilizer of apoE4 function that may have utility as a therapy for Alzheimer's disease, we carried out an NMR-based fragment screen on the N-terminal domain of apoE4 and identified a benzyl amidine based fragment binder. In addition to NMR, binding was characterized using various other biophysical techniques, and a crystal structure of the bound core was obtained. Core elaboration ultimately yielded a compound that showed activity in an IL-6 and IL-8 cytokine release assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Petros
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Alla Korepanova
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Clarissa G Jakob
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Wei Qiu
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Sanjay C Panchal
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Jie Wang
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Justin D Dietrich
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Jason T Brewer
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Frauke Pohlki
- Neuroscience Research , AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG , Knollstrasse , 67061 Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Andreas Kling
- Neuroscience Research , AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG , Knollstrasse , 67061 Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Kyle Wilcox
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Viktor Lakics
- Neuroscience Research , AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG , Knollstrasse , 67061 Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Lamiaa Bahnassawy
- Neuroscience Research , AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG , Knollstrasse , 67061 Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Peter Reinhardt
- Neuroscience Research , AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG , Knollstrasse , 67061 Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Sarathy Karunan Partha
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Pierre M Bodelle
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Marc Lake
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Erik I Charych
- AbbVie Neuroscience Research , 200 Sydney Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Vincent S Stoll
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Chaohong Sun
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Eric G Mohler
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
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18
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Bolten SN, Rinas U, Scheper T. Heparin: role in protein purification and substitution with animal-component free material. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:8647-8660. [PMID: 30094590 PMCID: PMC6153649 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Heparin is a highly sulfated polysaccharide which belongs to the family of glycosaminoglycans. It is involved in various important biological activities. The major biological purpose is the inhibition of the coagulation cascade to maintain the blood flow in the vasculature. These properties are employed in several therapeutic drugs. Heparin’s activities are associated with its interaction to various proteins. To date, the structural heparin-protein interactions are not completely understood. This review gives a general overview of specific patterns and functional groups which are involved in the heparin-protein binding. An understanding of the heparin-protein interactions at the molecular level is not only advantageous in the therapeutic application but also in biotechnological application of heparin for downstreaming. This review focuses on the heparin affinity chromatography. Diverse recombinant proteins can be successfully purified by this method. While effective, it is disadvantageous that heparin is an animal-derived material. Animal-based components carry the risk of contamination. Therefore, they are liable to strict quality controls and the validation of effective good manufacturing practice (GMP) implementation. Hence, adequate alternatives to animal-derived components are needed. This review examines strategies to avoid these disadvantages. Thereby, alternatives for the provision of heparin such as chemical synthesized heparin, chemoenzymatic heparin, and bioengineered heparin are discussed. Moreover, the usage of other chromatographic systems mimetic the heparin effect is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Nicolin Bolten
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ursula Rinas
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany.
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19
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Identification of a conformational heparin-recognition motif on the peptide hormone secretin: key role for cell surface binding. Biochem J 2017; 474:2249-2260. [PMID: 28536157 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Secretin is a peptide hormone that exerts pleiotropic physiological functions by specifically binding to its cognate membrane-bound receptor. The membrane catalysis model of peptide-receptor interactions states that soluble peptidic ligands initially interact with the plasma membrane. This interaction increases the local concentration and structures the peptide, enhancing the rate of receptor binding. However, this model does not consider the dense network of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) at the surface of eukaryotic cells. These sulfated polysaccharide chains are known to sequester numerous proteic signaling molecules. In the present study, we evaluated the interaction between the peptide hormone secretin and sulfated GAGs and its contribution to cell surface binding. Using GAG-deficient cells and competition experiments with soluble GAGs, we observed by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry that GAGs mediate the sequestration of secretin at the cell surface. Isothermal titration calorimetry and surface plasmon resonance revealed that secretin binds to heparin with dissociation constants ranging between 0.9 and 4 μM. By designing secretin derivatives with a restricted conformational ensemble, we observed that this interaction is mediated by the presence of a specific conformational GAG-recognition motif that decorates the surface of the peptide upon helical folding. The present study identifies secretin as a novel GAG-binding polypeptide and opens new research direction on the functional role of GAGs in the biology of secretin.
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20
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Jendresen C, Årskog V, Daws MR, Nilsson LNG. The Alzheimer's disease risk factors apolipoprotein E and TREM2 are linked in a receptor signaling pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:59. [PMID: 28320424 PMCID: PMC5360024 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0835-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) are genetically linked to Alzheimer’s disease. Here, we investigated whether human ApoE mediates signal transduction through human and murine TREM2 and sought to identify a TREM2-binding domain in human ApoE. Methods To investigate cell signaling through TREM2, a cell line was used which expressed an NFAT-inducible β-galactosidase reporter and human or murine TREM2, fused to CD8 transmembrane and CD3ζ intracellular signaling domains. ELISA-based binding assays were used to determine binding affinities of human ApoE isoforms to human TREM2 and to identify a TREM2-binding domain in ApoE. Results ApoE was found to be an agonist to human TREM2 with EC50 in the low nM range, and to murine TREM2 with reduced potency. In the reporter cells, TREM2 expression was lower than in nontransgenic mouse brain. Human ApoE isoforms ε2, ε3, and ε4 bound to human TREM2 with Kd in the low nM range. The binding was displaced by an ApoE-mimetic peptide (amino acids 130–149). Conclusions An ApoE-mediated dose-dependent signal transduction through TREM2 in reporter cells was demonstrated, and a TREM2-binding region in ApoE was identified. The relevance of an ApoE-TREM2 receptor signaling pathway to Alzheimer’s disease is discussed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0835-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Jendresen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Postboks 1057 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vibeke Årskog
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Postboks 1057 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael R Daws
- Division of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars N G Nilsson
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Postboks 1057 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
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21
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Zhao J, Ma B, Nussinov R. Compilation and Analysis of Enzymes, Engineered Antibodies, and Nanoparticles Designed to Interfere with Amyloid-β Aggregation. Isr J Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201600093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- Cancer and Inflammation Program; National Cancer Institute; Frederick Maryland 21702 USA
| | - Buyong Ma
- Basic Science Program; Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc.; Cancer and Inflammation Program; National Cancer Institute; Frederick Maryland 21702 USA
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Basic Science Program; Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc.; Cancer and Inflammation Program; National Cancer Institute; Frederick Maryland 21702 USA
- Sackler Institute of Molecular Medicine; Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine; Sackler School of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
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22
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Absence of apolipoprotein E protects mice from cerebral malaria. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33615. [PMID: 27647324 PMCID: PMC5028887 DOI: 10.1038/srep33615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria claims the life of millions of people each year, particularly those of children, and is a major global public health problem. Thus, the identification of novel malaria biomarkers that could be utilized as diagnostic or therapeutic targets is becoming increasingly important. Using a proteomic approach, we previously identified unique biomarkers in the sera of malaria-infected individuals, including apolipoprotein E (ApoE). ApoE is the dominant apolipoprotein in the brain and has been implicated in several neurological disorders; therefore, we were interested in the potential role of ApoE in cerebral malaria. Here we report the first demonstration that cerebral malaria is markedly attenuated in ApoE−/− mice. The protection provided by the absence of ApoE was associated with decreased sequestration of parasites and T cells within the brain, and was determined to be independent from the involvement of ApoE receptors and from the altered lipid metabolism associated with the knock-out mice. Importantly, we demonstrated that treatment of mice with the ApoE antagonist heparin octasaccharide significantly decreased the incidence of cerebral malaria. Overall, our study indicates that the reduction of ApoE could be utilized in the development of therapeutic treatments aimed at mitigating the neuropathology of cerebral malaria.
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Koch S, de Wit JG, Vos I, Birkner JP, Gordiichuk P, Herrmann A, van Oijen AM, Driessen AJM. Lipids Activate SecA for High Affinity Binding to the SecYEG Complex. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:22534-22543. [PMID: 27613865 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.743831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein translocation across the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane is an essential process catalyzed predominantly by the Sec translocase. This system consists of the membrane-embedded protein-conducting channel SecYEG, the motor ATPase SecA, and the heterotrimeric SecDFyajC membrane protein complex. Previous studies suggest that anionic lipids are essential for SecA activity and that the N terminus of SecA is capable of penetrating the lipid bilayer. The role of lipid binding, however, has remained elusive. By employing differently sized nanodiscs reconstituted with single SecYEG complexes and comprising varying amounts of lipids, we establish that SecA gains access to the SecYEG complex via a lipid-bound intermediate state, whereas acidic phospholipids allosterically activate SecA for ATP-dependent protein translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Koch
- From the Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials and
| | - Janny G de Wit
- From the Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials and
| | - Iuliia Vos
- From the Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials and
| | - Jan Peter Birkner
- the Single-molecule Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pavlo Gordiichuk
- the Polymer Chemistry and Bioengineering, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands, and
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- the Polymer Chemistry and Bioengineering, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands, and
| | - Antoine M van Oijen
- the Single-molecule Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,the School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Arnold J M Driessen
- From the Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials and
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24
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Mondal T, Wang H, DeKoster GT, Baban B, Gross ML, Frieden C. ApoE: In Vitro Studies of a Small Molecule Effector. Biochemistry 2016; 55:2613-21. [PMID: 27065061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4), one of three isoforms of apoE, is the major risk factor for developing late onset Alzheimer's disease. The only differences among these isoforms (apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4) are single amino acid changes. Yet these proteins are functionally very different. One approach to ameliorating the effect of apoE4 with respect to Alzheimer's disease would be to find small molecular weight compounds that affect the behavior of apoE4. Few studies of this approach have been carried out in part because there was no complete structure of any full-length apoE isoform until 2011. Here, we focus on one small molecular weight compound, EZ-482, and explore the effects of its binding to apoE. Using hydrogen-deuterium exchange, we determined that EZ-482 binds to the C-terminal domains of both apoE3 and apoE4. The binding to apoE4, however, is accompanied by a unique N-terminal allosteric effect. Using fluorescence methods, we determined an apparent dissociation constant of approximately 8 μM. Although EZ-482 binds to the C-terminal domain, it blocks heparin binding to the N-terminal domain. The residues of apoE that bind heparin are the same as those involved in apoE binding to LDL and LRP-1 receptors. The methods and the data presented here may serve as a template for future studies using small molecular weight compounds to modulate the behavior of apoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tridib Mondal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine , 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Hanliu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Gregory T DeKoster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine , 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Berevan Baban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine , 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Michael L Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Carl Frieden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine , 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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25
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Mechanistic and therapeutic overview of glycosaminoglycans: the unsung heroes of biomolecular signaling. Glycoconj J 2015; 33:1-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-015-9642-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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26
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Witos J, Samuelsson J, Cilpa-Karhu G, Metso J, Jauhiainen M, Riekkola ML. Partial filling affinity capillary electrophoresis including adsorption energy distribution calculations--towards reliable and feasible biomolecular interaction studies. Analyst 2015; 140:3175-82. [PMID: 25751597 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00210a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a method to study and analyze the interaction data in free solution by exploiting partial filling affinity capillary electrophoresis (PF-ACE) followed by adsorption energy distribution calculations (AED) prior model fit to adsorption isotherms will be demonstrated. PF-ACE-AED approach allowed the possibility to distinguish weak and strong interactions of the binding processes between the most common apolipoprotein E protein isoforms (apoE2, apoE3, apoE4) of high density lipoprotein (HDL) and apoE-containing HDL2 with major glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain of proteoglycans (PGs), chondroitin-6-sulfate (C6S). The AED analysis clearly revealed the heterogeneity of the binding processes. The major difference was that they were heterogeneous with two different adsorption sites for apoE2 and apoE4 isoforms, whereas interestingly for apoE3 and apoE-containing HDL2, the binding was homogeneous (one site) adsorption process. Moreover, our results allowed the evaluation of differences in the binding process strengths giving the following order with C6S: apoE-containing HDL2 > apoE2 > apoE4 > apoE3. In addition, the affinity constant values determined could be compared with those obtained in our previous studies for the interactions between apoE isoforms and another important GAG chain of PGs - dermatan sulfate (DS). The success of the combination of AED calculations prior to non-linear adsorption isotherm model fit with PF-ACE when the concentration range was extended, confirmed the power of the system in the clarification of the heterogeneity of biological processes studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Witos
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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27
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Frieden C. ApoE: the role of conserved residues in defining function. Protein Sci 2014; 24:138-44. [PMID: 25377861 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The amino acid sequences of apolipoprotein E (apoE) from 63 different mammalian species have been downloaded from the protein database. The sequences were compared to human apoE4 to determine conserved and non-conserved sequences of amino acids. ApoE4 is the major risk factor for the development of late onset Alzheimer's disease while apoE3, which differs from apoE4 by a single amino acid change at position 112, poses little or no risk for the development of this disease. Thus, the two proteins appear to be structurally and functionally different. Seven highly conserved regions, representing approximately 47 amino acids (of 299) have been found. These regions are distributed throughout the protein and reflect ligand binding sites as well as regions proposed to be involved in the propagation of the cysteine-arginine change at position 112 to distant regions of the protein in the N- and C-terminal domains. Highly non-conserved regions are at the N- and C-terminal ends of the apoE protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Frieden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110
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28
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Studying glycosaminoglycan-protein interactions using capillary electrophoresis. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1229:355-75. [PMID: 25325965 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1714-3_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Methods for studying interactions between glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteins have assumed considerable significance as their biological importance increases. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a powerful method to study these interactions due to its speed, high efficiency, and low sample/reagent consumption. In addition, CE works effectively under a wide range of physiologically relevant conditions. This chapter presents state-of-the-art on CE methods for studying GAG-protein interactions including affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE), capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), frontal analysis (FA)/frontal analysis continuous capillary electrophoresis (FACCE), and capillary electrokinetic chromatography (CEC) with detailed experimental protocols for ACE and CZE methods.
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29
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Yu F, Roy S, Arevalo E, Schaeck J, Wang J, Holte K, Duffner J, Gunay NS, Capila I, Kaundinya GV. Characterization of heparin–protein interaction by saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:3079-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7729-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Frieden C, Garai K. Concerning the structure of apoE. Protein Sci 2013; 22:1820-5. [PMID: 24115173 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE), first described in 1973, is a truly fascinating protein. While studies initially focused on its role in cholesterol and lipid metabolism, one apoE isoform (apoE4) is a major risk factor for development of late onset Alzheimer's disease. Yet the difference between apoE3, the common form, and apoE4 is a single amino acid of the 299 in this 34 kDa protein. Structure determination of the two domain full length apoE3 protein was only accomplished in 2011 and supports the notion that mutations in the N-terminal domain can be propagated through the structure to the C-terminal domain. Understanding the structural differences between apoE3 and apoE4 is critical for finding ways to modulate the deleterious effect of apoE4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Frieden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110
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31
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Alvarenga PH, Xu X, Oliveira F, Chagas AC, Nascimento CR, Francischetti IMB, Juliano MA, Juliano L, Scharfstein J, Valenzuela JG, Ribeiro JMC, Andersen JF. Novel family of insect salivary inhibitors blocks contact pathway activation by binding to polyphosphate, heparin, and dextran sulfate. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2759-70. [PMID: 24092749 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polyphosphate and heparin are anionic polymers released by activated mast cells and platelets that are known to stimulate the contact pathway of coagulation. These polymers promote both the autoactivation of factor XII and the assembly of complexes containing factor XI, prekallikrein, and high-molecular-weight kininogen. We are searching for salivary proteins from blood-feeding insects that counteract the effect of procoagulant and proinflammatory factors in the host, including elements of the contact pathway. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we evaluate the ability of the sand fly salivary proteins, PdSP15a and PdSP15b, to inhibit the contact pathway by disrupting binding of its components to anionic polymers. We attempt to demonstrate binding of the proteins to polyphosphate, heparin, and dextran sulfate. We also evaluate the effect of this binding on contact pathway reactions. We also set out to determine the x-ray crystal structure of PdSP15b and examine the determinants of relevant molecular interactions. Both proteins bind polyphosphate, heparin, and dextran sulfate with high affinity. Through this mechanism they inhibit the autoactivation of factor XII and factor XI, the reciprocal activation of factor XII and prekallikrein, the activation of factor XI by thrombin and factor XIIa, the cleavage of high-molecular-weight kininogen in plasma, and plasma extravasation induced by polyphosphate. The crystal structure of PdSP15b contains an amphipathic helix studded with basic side chains that forms the likely interaction surface. CONCLUSIONS The results of these studies indicate that the binding of anionic polymers by salivary proteins is used by blood feeders as an antihemostatic/anti-inflammatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia H Alvarenga
- From the Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD (P.H.A., X.X., F.O., A.C.C., I.M.B.F., J.G.V., J.M.C.R., J.F.A.); Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (P.H.A.); Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (P.H.A.); Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (C.R.N., J.S.); and Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (M.A.J., L.J.)
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32
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Structural differences between apoE3 and apoE4 may be useful in developing therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:8913-8. [PMID: 22615372 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1207022109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoproteins E3 and E4, proteins with a molecular mass of 34.15 kDa, differ by a single amino acid change. ApoE4 contains an arginine residue at position 112, whereas apoE3 has a cysteine at this position. ApoE4 is the major risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease, whereas apoE3, the common isoform, is neutral with respect to this disease. Here, using literature data from both hydrogen-deuterium exchange and site-directed mutations, we suggest structural differences between these two isoforms that are distant from the site of the arginine-to-cysteine change. These structural differences involve sequences from both the N- and C-terminal domains, sequentially far apart but structurally close. In addition, these regions are close to regions that bind lipid and to a region involved in association of apoE monomers to higher molecular weight forms. We discuss the possibility that these regions could be targeted preferentially to affect the function of apoE4 relative to apoE3.
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33
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Huang RYC, Garai K, Frieden C, Gross ML. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange and electron-transfer dissociation mass spectrometry determine the interface and dynamics of apolipoprotein E oligomerization. Biochemistry 2011; 50:9273-82. [PMID: 21899263 DOI: 10.1021/bi2010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E, a 34 kDa protein, plays a key role in triglyceride and cholesterol metabolism. Of the three common isoforms (ApoE2, -3, and -4), only ApoE4 is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. All three isoforms of wild-type ApoE self-associate to form oligomers, a process that may have functional consequences. Although the C-terminal domain, residues 216-299, of ApoE is believed to mediate self-association, the specific residues involved in this process are not known. Here we report the use of hydrogen/deuterium exchange (H/DX) coupled with enzymatic digestion to identify those regions in the sequence of full-length apoE involved in oligomerization. For this determination, we compared the results of H/DX of the wild-type proteins and those of monomeric forms obtained by modifying four residues in the C-terminal domain. The three wild-type and mutant isoforms show similar structures based on their similar H/DX kinetics and extents of exchange. Regions of the C-terminus (residues 230-270) of the ApoE isoforms show significant differences of deuterium uptake between oligomeric and monomeric forms, confirming that oligomerization occurs at these regions. To achieve single amino acid resolution, we examined the extents of H/DX by using electron transfer dissociation (ETD) fragmentation of peptides representing selected regions of both the monomeric and the oligomeric forms of ApoE4. From these experiments, we could identify the specific residues involved in ApoE oligomerization. In addition, our results verify that ApoE4 is composed of a compact structure at its N-terminal domain. Regions of C-terminal domain, however, appear to lack defined structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Y-C Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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34
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Chuang KI, Leung B, Hsu N, Harris HW. Heparin protects against septic mortality via apoE-antagonism. Am J Surg 2011; 202:325-35. [PMID: 21741028 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2010.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E (apoE), a component of plasma lipoproteins, increases septic mortality in a rodent model of sepsis, presumably by enhancing lipid antigen presentation to antigen-presenting cells via the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). Downstream, this culminates in natural killer T (NKT) cell activation and cytokine secretion. To determine whether apoE antagonism would protect against septic mortality in mice, apoE-LDLR binding was antagonized using heparin, which can inhibit apoE's LDLR-binding site. METHODS C57BL/6 mice underwent cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and heparin infusion. Serum partial thromboplastin time and alanine aminotransferase were measured at 24 hours, and survival was monitored for 7 days after CLP. LDLR+/+ and LDLR-/- fibroblasts were incubated with apoE and heparin to measure apoE internalization. Hepatic NKT cells and cytokine levels were quantified via fluorescence-activated cell sorting. RESULTS Heparin decreased CLP-induced mortality by 50% versus saline-treated controls, independent of anticoagulation. LDLR+/+ fibroblasts displayed decreased uptake of apoE when treated concurrently with heparin for 12 hours. In septic mice, hepatic alanine aminotransferase levels, hepatic NKT cells, and plasma cytokine levels decreased after heparin treatment. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that heparin protects against septic mortality independent of its anticoagulant effect. This protective effect is associated with the inhibition of apoE-LDLR binding, diminished NKT proliferation and cytokine production, and hepatic dysfunction. These findings indicate a potential clinical role for apoE antagonism in the treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley I Chuang
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco-East Bay, Oakland, CA, USA
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35
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Gin P, Beigneux AP, Voss C, Davies BSJ, Beckstead JA, Ryan RO, Bensadoun A, Fong LG, Young SG. Binding preferences for GPIHBP1, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein of capillary endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 31:176-82. [PMID: 20966398 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.214718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define the ability of GPIHBP1 to bind other lipase family members and other apolipoproteins (apos) and lipoproteins. METHODS AND RESULTS GPIHBP1, a GPI-anchored lymphocyte antigen (Ly)6 protein of capillary endothelial cells, binds lipoprotein lipase (LPL) avidly, but its ability to bind related lipase family members has never been evaluated. As judged by cell-based and cell-free binding assays, LPL binds to GPIHBP1, but other members of the lipase family do not. We also examined the binding of apoAV-phospholipid disks to GPIHBP1. ApoAV binds avidly to GPIHBP1-transfected cells; this binding requires GPIHBP1's amino-terminal acidic domain and is independent of its cysteine-rich Ly6 domain (the latter domain is essential for LPL binding). GPIHBP1-transfected cells did not bind high-density lipoprotein. Chylomicrons bind avidly to GPIHBP1-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells, but this binding is dependent on GPIHBP1's ability to bind LPL within the cell culture medium. CONCLUSIONS GPIHBP1 binds LPL but does not bind other lipase family members. GPIHBP1 binds apoAV but does not bind apoAI or high-density lipoprotein. The ability of GPIHBP1-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells to bind chylomicrons is mediated by LPL; chylomicron binding does not occur unless GPIHBP1 first captures LPL from the cell culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gin
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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36
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Leung B, Harris HW. NKT cells: the culprits of sepsis? J Surg Res 2010; 167:87-95. [PMID: 21035139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is currently a leading cause of death in hospital intensive care units. Previous studies suggest that the pathophysiology of sepsis involves the hyperactivation of complex pro-inflammatory cascades that include the activation of various immune cells and the exuberant secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by these cells. Natural killer T-cells (NKT) are a sub-lineage of T cells that share characteristics of conventional T cells and NK cells, and bridge innate and adaptive immunity. More recently, NKT cells have been implicated in microbial immunity, including the onset of sepsis. Moreover, apolipoprotein E (apoE), a component of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, has been shown to be protective in endotoxemia and gram-negative infections in addition to its well-known role in lipid metabolism. Here, we will review the role of NKT cells in sepsis and septic shock, the immunoregulatory role of apoE in the host immune response to infection, and propose a mechanism for this immunoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana Leung
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0104, USA
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37
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Abstract
Sepsis is currently a leading cause of death in hospital intensive care units. Previous studies suggest that the pathophysiology of sepsis involves the hyperactivation of complex proinflammatory cascades that include the activation of various immune cells and the exuberant secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by these cells. Natural killer T-cells (NKTs) are a sublineage of T cells that share characteristics of conventional T cells and NK cells and bridge innate and adaptive immunity. More recently, NKT cells have been implicated in microbial immunity, including the onset of sepsis. Moreover, apolipoprotein E (apoE), a component of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, has been shown to be protective in endotoxemia and gram-negative infections in addition to its well-known role in lipid metabolism. Here, we will review the role of NKT cells in sepsis and septic shock, the immunoregulatory role of apoE in the host immune response to infection, and propose a mechanism for this immunoregulation.
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38
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Leroy A, Landrieu I, Huvent I, Legrand D, Codeville B, Wieruszeski JM, Lippens G. Spectroscopic studies of GSK3{beta} phosphorylation of the neuronal tau protein and its interaction with the N-terminal domain of apolipoprotein E. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:33435-33444. [PMID: 20679343 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.149419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease neurons are characterized by extraneuronal plaques formed by aggregated amyloid-β peptide and by intraneuronal tangles composed of fibrillar aggregates of the microtubule-associated Tau protein. Tau is mostly found in a hyperphosphorylated form in these tangles. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) is a proline-directed kinase generally considered as one of the major players that (hyper)phosphorylates Tau. The kinase phosphorylates mainly (Ser/Thr)-Pro motifs and is believed to require a priming activity by another kinase. Here, we use an in vitro phosphorylation assay and NMR spectroscopy to characterize in a qualitative and quantitative manner the phosphorylation of Tau by GSK3β. We find that three residues can be phosphorylated (Ser-396, Ser-400, and Ser-404) by GSK3β alone, without priming. Ser-404 is essential in this process, as its mutation to Ala prevents all activity of GSK3β. However, priming enhances the catalytic efficacy of the kinase, as initial phosphorylation of Ser-214 by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) leads to the rapid modification by GSK3β of four regularly spaced additional sites. Because the regular incorporation of negative charges by GSK3β leads to a potential parallel between phospho-Tau and heparin, we investigated its interaction with the heparin/low density lipoprotein receptor binding domain of human apolipoprotein E. We indeed observed an interaction between the GSK3β-promoted regular phospho-pattern on Tau and the apolipoprotein E fragment but none in the absence of phosphorylation or the presence of an irregular phosphorylation pattern by the prolonged activity of PKA. Apolipoprotein E is therefore able to discriminate and interact with specific phosphorylation patterns of Tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Leroy
- From the Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR8576 CNRS-University of Sciences and Technologies of Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq; Laboratoire de Biochimie Appliquée, Faculté de Pharmacie à Châtenay-Malabry, University of Paris XI, 5 Rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France.
| | - Isabelle Landrieu
- From the Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR8576 CNRS-University of Sciences and Technologies of Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq
| | - Isabelle Huvent
- From the Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR8576 CNRS-University of Sciences and Technologies of Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq
| | - Dominique Legrand
- From the Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR8576 CNRS-University of Sciences and Technologies of Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq
| | - Bernadette Codeville
- From the Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR8576 CNRS-University of Sciences and Technologies of Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq
| | - Jean-Michel Wieruszeski
- From the Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR8576 CNRS-University of Sciences and Technologies of Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq
| | - Guy Lippens
- From the Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR8576 CNRS-University of Sciences and Technologies of Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq.
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39
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Yamauchi Y, Deguchi N, Takagi C, Tanaka M, Dhanasekaran P, Nakano M, Handa T, Phillips MC, Lund-Katz S, Saito H. Role of the N- and C-terminal domains in binding of apolipoprotein E isoforms to heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate: a surface plasmon resonance study. Biochemistry 2010; 47:6702-10. [PMID: 18507396 DOI: 10.1021/bi8003999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability of apolipoprotein E (apoE) to bind to cell-surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is important for lipoprotein remnant catabolism. Using surface plasmon resonance, we previously showed that the binding of apoE to heparin is a two-step process; the initial binding involves fast electrostatic interaction, followed by a slower hydrophobic interaction. Here we examined the contributions of the N- and C-terminal domains to each step of the binding of apoE isoforms to heparan sulfate (HS) and dermatan sulfate (DS). ApoE3 bound to less sulfated HS and DS with a decreased favorable free energy of binding in the first step compared to heparin, indicating that the degree of sulfation has a major effect on the electrostatic interaction of GAGs with apoE. Mutation of a key Lys residue in the N-terminal heparin binding site of apoE significantly affected this electrostatic interaction. Progressive truncation of the C-terminal alpha-helical regions which favors the monomeric form of apoE3 greatly weakened the ability of apoE3 to bind to HS, with a much reduced favorable free energy of binding of the first step, suggesting that the C-terminal domain contributes to the GAG binding of apoE by the oligomerization effect. In agreement with this, dimerization of the apoE3 N-terminal fragment via disulfide linkage restored the electrostatic interaction of apoE with HS. Significantly, apoE4 exhibited much stronger binding to HS and DS than apoE2 or apoE3 in both lipid-free and lipidated states, perhaps resulting from enhanced electrostatic interaction through the N-terminal domain. This isoform difference in GAG binding of apoE may be physiologically significant such as in the retention of apoE-containing lipoproteins in the arterial wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Yamauchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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40
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Foley EM, Esko JD. Hepatic heparan sulfate proteoglycans and endocytic clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 93:213-33. [PMID: 20807647 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(10)93010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypertriglyceridemia, characterized by the accumulation of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in the blood, affects 10-20% of the population in western countries and increases the risk of atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and pancreatitis. The etiology of hypertriglyceridemia is complex, and much interest exists in identifying and characterizing the biological and environmental factors that affect the synthesis and turnover of plasma triglycerides. Genetic studies in mice have recently identified that heparan sulfate proteoglycans are a class of receptors that mediate the clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in the liver. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are expressed by endothelial cells that line the hepatic sinusoids and the underlying hepatocytes, and are present in the perisinusoidal space (space of Disse). This chapter discusses the dependence of lipoprotein binding on heparan sulfate structure and the identification of hepatocyte syndecan-1 as the primary proteoglycan that mediates triglyceride-rich lipoprotein clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Foley
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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41
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Stanford KI, Wang L, Castagnola J, Song D, Bishop JR, Brown JR, Lawrence R, Bai X, Habuchi H, Tanaka M, Cardoso WV, Kimata K, Esko JD. Heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase is required for triglyceride-rich lipoprotein clearance. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:286-94. [PMID: 19889634 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.063701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins depends on heparan sulfate and low density lipoprotein receptors expressed on the basal membrane of hepatocytes. Binding and uptake of the lipoproteins by way of heparan sulfate depends on the degree of sulfation of the chains based on accumulation of plasma triglycerides and delayed clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in mice bearing a hepatocyte-specific alteration of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase 1 (Ndst1) (MacArthur, J. M., Bishop, J. R., Stanford, K. I., Wang, L., Bensadoun, A., Witztum, J. L., and Esko, J. D. (2007) J. Clin. Invest. 117, 153-164). Inactivation of Ndst1 led to decreased overall sulfation of heparan sulfate due to coupling of uronyl 2-O-sulfation and glucosaminyl 6-O-sulfation to initial N-deacetylation and N-sulfation of GlcNAc residues. To determine whether lipoprotein clearance depends on 2-O-and 6-O-sulfation, we evaluated plasma triglyceride levels in mice containing loxP-flanked conditional alleles of uronyl 2-O-sulfotransferase (Hs2st(f/f)) and glucosaminyl 6-O-sulfotransferase-1 (Hs6st1(f/f)) and the bacterial Cre recombinase expressed in hepatocytes from the rat albumin (Alb) promoter. We show that Hs2st(f/f)AlbCre(+) mice accumulated plasma triglycerides and exhibited delayed clearance of intestinally derived chylomicrons and injected human very low density lipoproteins to the same extent as observed in Ndst1(f/f)AlbCre(+) mice. In contrast, Hs6st1(f/f)AlbCre(+) mice did not exhibit any changes in plasma triglycerides. Chemically modified heparins lacking N-sulfate and 2-O-sulfate groups did not block very low density lipoprotein binding and uptake in isolated hepatocytes, whereas heparin lacking 6-O-sulfate groups was as active as unaltered heparin. Our findings show that plasma lipoprotein clearance depends on specific subclasses of sulfate groups and not on overall charge of the chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin I Stanford
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and the Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0687, USA
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42
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Stanford KI, Bishop JR, Foley EM, Gonzales JC, Niesman IR, Witztum JL, Esko JD. Syndecan-1 is the primary heparan sulfate proteoglycan mediating hepatic clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in mice. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:3236-45. [PMID: 19805913 DOI: 10.1172/jci38251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma triglyceride levels represent a risk factor for premature atherosclerosis. In mice, accumulation of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins can occur if sulfation of heparan sulfate in hepatocytes is diminished, as this alters hepatic lipoprotein clearance via heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). However, the relevant HSPG has not been determined. In this study, we found by RT-PCR analysis that mouse hepatocytes expressed the membrane proteoglycans syndecan-1, -2, and -4 and glypican-1 and -4. Analysis of available proteoglycan-deficient mice showed that only syndecan-1 mutants (Sdc1-/- mice) accumulated plasma triglycerides. Sdc1-/- mice also exhibited prolonged circulation of injected human VLDL and intestinally derived chylomicrons. We found that mice lacking both syndecan-1 and hepatocyte heparan sulfate did not display accentuated triglyceride accumulation compared with single mutants, suggesting that syndecan-1 is the primary HSPG mediating hepatic triglyceride clearance. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that syndecan-1 was expressed specifically on the microvilli of hepatocyte basal membranes, facing the space of Disse, where lipoprotein uptake occurs. Abundant syndecan-1 on wild-type murine hepatocytes exhibited saturable binding of VLDL and inhibition by heparin and facilitated degradation of VLDL. Furthermore, adenovirus-encoded syndecan-1 restored binding, uptake, and degradation of VLDL in isolated Sdc1-/- hepatocytes and the lipoprotein clearance defect in Sdc1-/- mice. These findings provide the first in vivo genetic evidence that syndecan-1 is the primary hepatocyte HSPG receptor mediating the clearance of both hepatic and intestinally derived triglyceride-rich lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin I Stanford
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0687,USA
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43
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Elimova E, Kisilevsky R, Ancsin JB. Heparan sulfate promotes the aggregation of HDL‐associated serum amyloid A: evidence for a proamyloidogenic histidine molecular switch. FASEB J 2009; 23:3436-48. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-134981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Elimova
- Department of Biochemistry Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada
- Department of Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa ON K1H 8L6 Canada
| | - Robert Kisilevsky
- Department of Biochemistry Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada
- The Syl and Molly Apps Research Centre Kingston General Hospital Kingston Ontario Canada
| | - John B. Ancsin
- Department of Biochemistry Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada
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44
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A surface plasmon resonance-based solution affinity assay for heparan sulfate-binding proteins. Glycoconj J 2008; 26:577-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-008-9210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 10/05/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein remnants by the liver is a key step in preventing hypertriglyceridemia, an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We review recent genetic evidence that heparan sulfate proteoglycans work in concert with the LDL receptor in the liver to facilitate binding and clearance of both triglyceride and cholesterol-rich lipoproteins from the circulation. RECENT FINDINGS Partial reduction of sulfation of liver heparan sulfate using the Cre-loxP system caused accumulation of hepatic and dietary triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles due to delayed clearance. Compounding the mutation with LDL receptor deficiency caused enhanced accumulation of both cholesterol and triglyceride-rich particles compared with mice lacking only LDL receptors. These findings provide the first genetic evidence that hepatic heparan sulfate proteoglycans play a central role in the clearance of lipoproteins by the liver and work independently of LDL receptors. SUMMARY A role for hepatocyte heparan sulfate in lipoprotein metabolism has now been genetically established in mice. Given this finding, mild, but clinically relevant, hyperlipidemias in human patients may be a result of alterations in heparan sulfate structure or possible genetic polymorphisms in the relevant biosynthetic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Bishop
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0687, USA
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46
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Liang A, Liu X, Du Y, Wang K, Lin B. Further characterization of the binding of heparin to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor: Importance of sulfate groups. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:1286-90. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Sinnis P, Coppi A, Toida T, Toyoda H, Kinoshita-Toyoda A, Xie J, Kemp MM, Linhardt RJ. Mosquito heparan sulfate and its potential role in malaria infection and transmission. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:25376-84. [PMID: 17597060 PMCID: PMC2121605 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704698200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate has been isolated for the first time from the mosquito Anopheles stephensi, a known vector for Plasmodium parasites, the causative agents of malaria. Chondroitin sulfate, but not dermatan sulfate or hyaluronan, was also present in the mosquito. The glycosaminoglycans were isolated, from salivary glands and midguts of the mosquito in quantities sufficient for disaccharide microanalysis. Both of these organs are invaded at different stages of the Plasmodium life cycle. Mosquito heparan sulfate was found to contain the critical trisulfated disaccharide sequence, -->4)beta-D-GlcNS6S(1-->4)-alpha-L-IdoA2S(1-->, that is commonly found in human liver heparan sulfate, which serves as the receptor for apolipoprotein E and is also believed to be responsible for binding to the circumsporozoite protein found on the surface of the Plasmodium sporozoite. The heparan sulfate isolated from the whole mosquito binds to circumsporozoite protein, suggesting a role within the mosquito for infection and transmission of the Plasmodium parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Photini Sinnis
- Department of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010
| | - Alida Coppi
- Department of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010
| | - Toshihiko Toida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Hidenao Toyoda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Akiko Kinoshita-Toyoda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Jin Xie
- Center for Biocatalysis and Interdisciplinary Studies and Departments of Chemistry, Biology, and Chemical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 12180
| | - Melissa M. Kemp
- Center for Biocatalysis and Interdisciplinary Studies and Departments of Chemistry, Biology, and Chemical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 12180
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Center for Biocatalysis and Interdisciplinary Studies and Departments of Chemistry, Biology, and Chemical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 12180
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48
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Leistner CM, Gruen-Bernhard S, Glebe D. Role of glycosaminoglycans for binding and infection of hepatitis B virus. Cell Microbiol 2007; 10:122-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.01023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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49
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MacArthur JM, Bishop JR, Stanford KI, Wang L, Bensadoun A, Witztum JL, Esko JD. Liver heparan sulfate proteoglycans mediate clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins independently of LDL receptor family members. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:153-64. [PMID: 17200715 PMCID: PMC1716206 DOI: 10.1172/jci29154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the role of hepatic heparan sulfate in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism by inactivating the biosynthetic gene GlcNAc N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase 1 (Ndst1) in hepatocytes using the Cre-loxP system, which resulted in an approximately 50% reduction in sulfation of liver heparan sulfate. Mice were viable and healthy, but they accumulated triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles containing apoB-100, apoB-48, apoE, and apoCI-IV. Compounding the mutation with LDL receptor deficiency caused enhanced accumulation of both cholesterol- and triglyceride-rich particles compared with mice lacking only LDL receptors, suggesting that heparan sulfate participates in the clearance of cholesterol-rich lipoproteins as well. Mutant mice synthesized VLDL normally but showed reduced plasma clearance of human VLDL and a corresponding reduction in hepatic VLDL uptake. Retinyl ester excursion studies revealed that clearance of intestinally derived lipoproteins also depended on hepatocyte heparan sulfate. These findings show that under normal physiological conditions, hepatic heparan sulfate proteoglycans play a crucial role in the clearance of both intestinally derived and hepatic lipoprotein particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. MacArthur
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program and
Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Joseph R. Bishop
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program and
Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kristin I. Stanford
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program and
Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lianchun Wang
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program and
Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - André Bensadoun
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program and
Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Joseph L. Witztum
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program and
Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Esko
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program and
Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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50
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Expression of human liver HSPGs on acute myeloid leukemia. Clin Immunol 2006; 122:194-206. [PMID: 17035092 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2006.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Revised: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 08/31/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) play important biological roles in cell-matrix adhesion processes and are essential regulators of growth actions. The expression of the different HSPGs in itself is tightly regulated providing strict controls on the activities of the bound ligands. Human liver is a target for a number of pathogens, and HSPGs have been demonstrated in several cases to play a pivotal role in infectivity. Despite HSPGs important biological functions, little is known about its cell-specific distribution patterns. Human liver HSPG was isolated, and a specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) 1E4-1C2 was produced. Distribution of HSPG reactive to this mAb was studied in normal blood cells, hematopoietic cell lines and blood cells isolated from patients with various hematologic disorders using indirect immunofluorescence. There was no expression of molecules recognized by this mAb on lymphoid (Daudi, Jurkat, SupT-1) and monocytoid (U937) cell lines. Peripheral blood cells, normal bone marrow, together with leukocytes isolated from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease or Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, were also negative. In contrast, 1E4-1C2 showed significant positive results on human myeloid cell lines HL-60 and K562. Moreover, it is interesting that this mAb also recognized epitopes on leukocytes isolated from acute myeloblastic leukemia. These results suggest that malignancies of cells in myeloid lineage may cause expression of HSPGs that are detected by this specific mAb, making it a potential co-marker for the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia.
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