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Chen X, Li X, He W, Wang M, Gao A, Tong L, Guo S, Wang H, Pan G. Rational multivalency construction enables bactericidal effect amplification and dynamic biomaterial design. Innovation (N Y) 2023; 4:100483. [PMID: 37560332 PMCID: PMC10407542 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The multivalency of bioligands in living systems brings inspiration for not only the discovery of biological mechanisms but also the design of extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking biomaterials. However, designing controllable multivalency construction strategies is still challenging. Herein, we synthesized a series of well-defined multivalent antimicrobial peptide polymers (mAMPs) by clicking ligand molecules onto polymers prepared by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. The multiple cationic ligands in the mAMPs could enhance the local disturbance of the anionic phospholipid layer of the bacterial membrane through multivalent binding, leading to amplification of the bactericidal effect. In addition to multivalency-enhanced antibacterial activity, mAMPs also enable multivalency-assisted hydrogel fabrication with an ECM-like dynamic structure. The resultant hydrogel with self-healing and injectable properties could be successfully employed as an antibacterial biomaterial scaffold to treat infected skin wounds. The multivalency construction strategy presented in this work provides new ideas for the biomimetic design of highly active and dynamic biomaterials for tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xinrui Li
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Wenbo He
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Ang Gao
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liping Tong
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shun Guo
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Huaiyu Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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2
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Tomisch J, Busse V, Rosato F, Makshakova ON, Salavei P, Kittel AS, Gillon E, Lataster L, Imberty A, Meléndez AV, Römer W. A Shiga Toxin B-Subunit-Based Lectibody Boosts T Cell Cytotoxicity towards Gb3-Positive Cancer Cells. Cells 2023; 12:1896. [PMID: 37508560 PMCID: PMC10378424 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation plays a crucial role in tumour progression and invasiveness. Tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) represent a valuable set of targets for immunotherapeutic approaches. The poor immunogenicity of glycan structures, however, requires a more effective and well-directed way of targeting TACAs on the surface of cancer cells than antibodies. The glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) is a well-established TACA present in a multitude of cancer types. Its overexpression has been linked to metastasis, invasiveness, and multidrug resistance. In the present study, we propose to use a dimeric fragment of the Shiga toxin B-subunit (StxB) to selectively target Gb3-positive cancer cells in a StxB-scFv UCHT1 lectibody. The lectibody, comprised of a lectin and the UCHT1 antibody fragment, was produced in E. coli and purified via Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Specificity of the lectibody towards Gb3-positive cancer cell lines and specificity towards the CD3 receptor on T cells, was assessed using flow cytometry. We evaluated the efficacy of the lectibody in redirecting T cell cytotoxicity towards Gb3-overexpressing cancer cells in luciferase-based cytotoxicity in vitro assays. The StxB-scFv UCHT1 lectibody has proven specific for Gb3 and could induce the killing of up to 80% of Gb3-overexpressing cancer cells in haemorrhagic and solid tumours. The lectibody developed in this study, therefore, highlights the potential that lectibodies and lectins in general have for usage in immunotherapeutic approaches to boost the efficacy of established cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Tomisch
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vincent Busse
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Francesca Rosato
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olga N Makshakova
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Kazan Institute for Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Pavel Salavei
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Core Facility Signalling Factory & Robotics, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Sophia Kittel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Emilie Gillon
- CNRS, CERMAV, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Levin Lataster
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Imberty
- CNRS, CERMAV, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ana Valeria Meléndez
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Winfried Römer
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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3
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Siukstaite L, Imberty A, Römer W. Structural Diversities of Lectins Binding to the Glycosphingolipid Gb3. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:704685. [PMID: 34381814 PMCID: PMC8350385 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.704685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolipids are present on the surfaces of all living cells and thereby represent targets for many protein receptors, such as lectins. Understanding the interactions between lectins and glycolipids is essential for investigating the functions of lectins and the dynamics of glycolipids in living membranes. This review focuses on lectins binding to the glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), an attractive host cell receptor, particularly for pathogens and pathogenic products. Shiga toxin (Stx), from Shigella dysenteriae or Escherichia coli, which is one of the most virulent bacterial toxins, binds and clusters Gb3, leading to local negative membrane curvature and the formation of tubular plasma membrane invaginations as the initial step for clathrin-independent endocytosis. After internalization, it is embracing the retrograde transport pathway. In comparison, the homotetrameric lectin LecA from Pseudomonas aeruginosa can also bind to Gb3, triggering the so-called lipid zipper mechanism, which results in membrane engulfment of the bacterium as an important step for its cellular uptake. Notably, both lectins bind to Gb3 but induce distinct plasma membrane domains and exploit mainly different transport pathways. Not only, several other Gb3-binding lectins have been described from bacterial origins, such as the adhesins SadP (from Streptococcus suis) and PapG (from E. coli), but also from animal, fungal, or plant origins. The variety of amino acid sequences and folds demonstrates the structural versatilities of Gb3-binding lectins and asks the question of the evolution of specificity and carbohydrate recognition in different kingdoms of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Siukstaite
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Imberty
- CNRS, CERMAV, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Winfried Römer
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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4
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Haksar D, Asadpoor M, Heise T, Shi J, Braber S, Folkerts G, Ballell L, Rodrigues J, Pieters RJ. Fighting Shigella by Blocking Its Disease-Causing Toxin. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6059-6069. [PMID: 33909975 PMCID: PMC8154557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Shiga toxin is an
AB5 toxin produced by Shigella species, while related toxins are produced
by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Infection by Shigella can lead to bloody diarrhea followed
by the often fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). In the present
paper, we aimed for a simple and effective toxin inhibitor by comparing
three classes of carbohydrate-based inhibitors: glycodendrimers, glycopolymers,
and oligosaccharides. We observed a clear enhancement in potency for
multivalent inhibitors, with the divalent and tetravalent compounds
inhibiting in the millimolar and micromolar range, respectively. However,
the polymeric inhibitor based on galabiose was the most potent in
the series exhibiting nanomolar inhibition. Alginate and chitosan
oligosaccharides also inhibit Shiga toxin and may be used as a prophylactic
drug during shigella outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Haksar
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mostafa Asadpoor
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Torben Heise
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jie Shi
- Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Saskia Braber
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lluis Ballell
- Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Janneth Rodrigues
- Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roland J Pieters
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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5
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Schubert T, Sych T, Madl J, Xu M, Omidvar R, Patalag LJ, Ries A, Kettelhoit K, Brandel A, Mely Y, Steinem C, Werz DB, Thuenauer R, Römer W. Differential recognition of lipid domains by two Gb3-binding lectins. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9752. [PMID: 32546842 PMCID: PMC7297801 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66522-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The two lectins LecA from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the B-subunit of Shiga toxin from Shigella dysenteriae (StxB) share the glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) as receptor. Counterintuitively, we found that LecA and StxB segregated into different domains after recognizing Gb3 at the plasma membrane of cells. We hypothesized that the orientation of the carbohydrate head group of Gb3 embedded in the lipid bilayer differentially influences LecA and StxB binding. To test this hypothesis, we reconstituted lectin-Gb3 interaction using giant unilamellar vesicles and were indeed able to rebuild LecA and StxB segregation. Both, the Gb3 fatty acyl chain structure and the local membrane environment, modulated Gb3 recognition by LecA and StxB. Specifically, StxB preferred more ordered membranes compared to LecA. Based on our findings, we propose comparing staining patterns of LecA and StxB as an alternative method to assess membrane order in cells. To verify this approach, we re-established that the apical plasma membrane of epithelial cells is more ordered than the basolateral plasma membrane. Additionally, we found that StxB recognized Gb3 at the primary cilium and the periciliary membrane, whereas LecA only bound periciliary Gb3. This suggests that the ciliary membrane is of higher order than the surrounding periciliary membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schubert
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Synthetic Biology of Signalling Processes, Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Toolbox, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Taras Sych
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Synthetic Biology of Signalling Processes, Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Josef Madl
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Synthetic Biology of Signalling Processes, Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maokai Xu
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Synthetic Biology of Signalling Processes, Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ramin Omidvar
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Synthetic Biology of Signalling Processes, Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lukas J Patalag
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Organische Chemie, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Annika Ries
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Kettelhoit
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Organische Chemie, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Annette Brandel
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Synthetic Biology of Signalling Processes, Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yves Mely
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Claudia Steinem
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel B Werz
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Organische Chemie, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Roland Thuenauer
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Synthetic Biology of Signalling Processes, Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Advanced Light and Fluorescence Microscopy Facility, Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB) and University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Winfried Römer
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Synthetic Biology of Signalling Processes, Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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6
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Molecular Biology of Escherichia Coli Shiga Toxins' Effects on Mammalian Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050345. [PMID: 32456125 PMCID: PMC7290813 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs), syn. Vero(cyto)toxins, are potent bacterial exotoxins and the principal virulence factor of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), a subset of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). EHEC strains, e.g., strains of serovars O157:H7 and O104:H4, may cause individual cases as well as large outbreaks of life-threatening diseases in humans. Stxs primarily exert a ribotoxic activity in the eukaryotic target cells of the mammalian host resulting in rapid protein synthesis inhibition and cell death. Damage of endothelial cells in the kidneys and the central nervous system by Stxs is central in the pathogenesis of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in humans and edema disease in pigs. Probably even more important, the toxins also are capable of modulating a plethora of essential cellular functions, which eventually disturb intercellular communication. The review aims at providing a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of the time course and the consecutive steps of Stx/cell interactions at the molecular level. Intervention measures deduced from an in-depth understanding of this molecular interplay may foster our basic understanding of cellular biology and microbial pathogenesis and pave the way to the creation of host-directed active compounds to mitigate the pathological conditions of STEC infections in the mammalian body.
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7
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Seto H, Harada M, Nagaura H, Taniguchi H, Murakami T, Kimura I, Hirohashi Y, Shinto H. Formation of glyco-functionalized interfaces for protein binding using polyphenolic glycoside. Carbohydr Res 2020; 492:108002. [PMID: 32278120 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a polyphenolic glycoside (α-glucosyl rutin) was used to form glyco-functionalized interfaces for protein binding. α-Glucosyl rutin was coated onto precious metals, metal oxides, and synthetic polymers, including polyethylene and polytetrafluoroethylene with poor surface modifiability. The glyco-functionalized interfaces bound strongly and specifically to concanavalin A and Bauhinia purpurea lectin, which have different carbohydrate specificities. Competitive adsorption tests demonstrated that the binding sites for the abovementioned lectins were glucosyl and rhamnosyl residues, respectively. The glyco-functionalized interfaces maintained the protein binding ability after being stored in aqueous solution for 1 day and in air for 160 days. Once the glyco-functionalized interfaces were formed on gold, silicon dioxide, polystyrene, and polytetrafluoroethylene using α-glucosyl rutin, all the glyco-functionalized interfaces bound to concanavalin A rather than peanut agglutinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Seto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Mao Harada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Hidenori Nagaura
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Honoka Taniguchi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Murakami
- Center for Nano Materials and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kimura
- Center for Nano Materials and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan
| | - Yumiko Hirohashi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shinto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
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8
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Lingwood C. Verotoxin Receptor-Based Pathology and Therapies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:123. [PMID: 32296648 PMCID: PMC7136409 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Verotoxin, VT (aka Shiga toxin,Stx) is produced by enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and is the key pathogenic factor in EHEC-induced hemolytic uremic syndrome (eHUS-hemolytic anemia/thrombocytopenia/glomerular infarct) which can follow gastrointestinal EHEC infection, particularly in children. This AB5 subunit toxin family bind target cell globotriaosyl ceramide (Gb3), a glycosphingolipid (GSL) (aka CD77, pk blood group antigen) of the globoseries of neutral GSLs, initiating lipid raft-dependent plasma membrane Gb3 clustering, membrane curvature, invagination, scission, endosomal trafficking, and retrograde traffic via the TGN to the Golgi, and ER. In the ER, A/B subunits separate and the A subunit hijacks the ER reverse translocon (dislocon-used to eliminate misfolded proteins-ER associated degradation-ERAD) for cytosolic access. This property has been used to devise toxoid-based therapy to temporarily block ERAD and rescue the mutant phenotype of several genetic protein misfolding diseases. The A subunit avoids cytosolic proteosomal degradation, to block protein synthesis via its RNA glycanase activity. In humans, Gb3 is primarily expressed in the kidney, particularly in the glomerular endothelial cells. Here, Gb3 is in lipid rafts (more ordered membrane domains which accumulate GSLs/cholesterol) whereas renal tubular Gb3 is in the non-raft membrane fraction, explaining the basic pathology of eHUS (glomerular endothelial infarct). Females are more susceptible and this correlates with higher renal Gb3 expression. HUS can be associated with encephalopathy, more commonly following verotoxin 2 exposure. Gb3 is expressed in the microvasculature of the brain. All members of the VT family bind Gb3, but with varying affinity. VT2e (pig edema toxin) binds Gb4 preferentially. Verotoxin-specific therapeutics based on chemical analogs of Gb3, though effective in vitro, have failed in vivo. While some analogs are effective in animal models, there are no good rodent models of eHUS since Gb3 is not expressed in rodent glomeruli. However, the mouse mimics the neurological symptoms more closely and provides an excellent tool to assess therapeutics. In addition to direct cytotoxicity, other factors including VT–induced cytokine release and aberrant complement cascade, are now appreciated as important in eHUS. Based on atypical HUS therapy, treatment of eHUS patients with anticomplement antibodies has proven effective in some cases. A recent switch using stem cells to try to reverse, rather than prevent VT induced pathology may prove a more effective methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Lingwood
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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9
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Kim JH, Grzincic EM, Yun L, Spencer RK, Kline MA, Zuckermann RN. Lipid-anchor display on peptoid nanosheets via co-assembly for multivalent pathogen recognition. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:907-913. [PMID: 31854427 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01908a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biological systems have evolved sophisticated molecular assemblies capable of exquisite molecular recognition across length scales ranging from angstroms to microns. For instance, the self-organization of glycolipids and glycoproteins on cell membranes allows for molecular recognition of a diversity of ligands ranging from small molecules and proteins to viruses and whole cells. A distinguishing feature of these 2D surfaces is they achieve exceptional binding selectivity and avidity by exploiting multivalent binding interactions. Here we develop a 2D ligand display platform based on peptoid nanosheets that mimics the structure and function of the cell membrane. A variety of small-molecule lipid-conjugates were co-assembled with the peptoid chains to create a diversity of functionalized nanosheet bilayers with varying display densities. The functional heads of the lipids were shown to be surface-exposed, and the carbon tails immobilized into the hydrophobic interior. We demonstrate that saccharide-functionalized nanosheets (e.g., made from globotriaosylsphingosine or 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho((ethyl-1',2',3'-triazole)triethyleneglycolmannose)) can have very diverse binding properties, exhibiting specific binding to multivalent proteins as well as to intact bacterial cells. Analysis of sugar display densities revealed that Shiga toxin 1 subunit B (a pentameric protein) and FimH-expressing Escherichia coli (E. coli) bind through the cooperative binding behavior of multiple carbohydrates. The ability to readily incorporate and display a wide variety of lipidated cargo on the surface of peptoid nanosheets makes this a convenient route to soluble, cell-surface mimetic materials. These materials hold great promise for drug screening, biosensing, bioremediation, and as a means to combat pathogens by direct physical binding through a well-defined, multivalent 2D material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hong Kim
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
| | - Elissa M Grzincic
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
| | - Lisa Yun
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
| | - Ryan K Spencer
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Mark A Kline
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
| | - Ronald N Zuckermann
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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10
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Murray DJ, Kim JH, Grzincic EM, Kim SC, Abate AR, Zuckermann RN. Uniform, Large-Area, Highly Ordered Peptoid Monolayer and Bilayer Films for Sensing Applications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:13671-13680. [PMID: 31603340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The production of atomically defined, uniform, large-area 2D materials remains as a challenge in materials chemistry. Many methods to produce 2D nanomaterials suffer from limited lateral film dimensions, lack of film uniformity, or limited chemical diversity. These issues have hindered the application of these materials to sensing applications, which require large-area uniform films to achieve reliable and consistent signals. Furthermore, the development of a 2D material system that is biocompatible and readily chemically tunable has been a fundamental challenge. Here, we report a simple, robust method for the production of large-area, uniform, and highly tunable monolayer and bilayer films, from sequence-defined peptoid polymers, and their application as highly selective molecular recognition elements in sensor production. Monolayers and bilayer films were produced on the centimeter scale using Langmuir-Blodgett methods and exhibited a high degree of uniformity and ordering as evidenced by atomic force microscopy, electron diffraction, and grazing incidence X-ray scattering. We further demonstrated the utility of these films in sensing applications by employing the biolayer interferometry technique to detect the specific binding of the pathogen derived proteins, shiga toxin and anthrax protective antigen, to peptoid-coated sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Murray
- The Molecular Foundry , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Jae Hong Kim
- The Molecular Foundry , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Elissa M Grzincic
- The Molecular Foundry , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Samuel C Kim
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences , University of California , San Francisco , California 94158 , United States
| | - Adam R Abate
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences , University of California , San Francisco , California 94158 , United States
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub , San Francisco , California 94158 , United States
| | - Ronald N Zuckermann
- The Molecular Foundry , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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11
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Kanemaru K, Goto T, Badr HA, Yokoigawa K. Determination of binding affinity of poly-γ-glutamate to Shiga toxin. J Food Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Kanemaru
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences; Tokushima University, 1-1 Minamijosanjima-cho; Tokushima 770-8502 Japan
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry; Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho; Tokushima , 770-8513 Japan
| | - Tsukie Goto
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences; Tokushima University, 1-1 Minamijosanjima-cho; Tokushima 770-8502 Japan
- Department of Science for Human Health; Junior College, Shikoku University, 123-1 Ebisuno, Furukawa, Ojin-cho; Tokushima 771-1192 Japan
| | - Hoida Ali Badr
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences; Tokushima University, 1-1 Minamijosanjima-cho; Tokushima 770-8502 Japan
| | - Kumio Yokoigawa
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences; Tokushima University, 1-1 Minamijosanjima-cho; Tokushima 770-8502 Japan
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry; Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho; Tokushima , 770-8513 Japan
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12
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Abstract
Cholera is a diarrheal disease caused by a protein toxin released by Vibrio cholera in the host's intestine. The toxin enters intestinal epithelial cells after binding to specific carbohydrates on the cell surface. Over recent years, considerable effort has been invested in developing inhibitors of toxin adhesion that mimic the carbohydrate ligand, with particular emphasis on exploiting the multivalency of the toxin to enhance activity. In this review we introduce the structural features of the toxin that have guided the design of diverse inhibitors and summarise recent developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vajinder Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Akal University, Talwandi Sabo, Punjab, India
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - W Bruce Turnbull
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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13
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14
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Zhang P, Paszkiewicz E, Wang Q, Sadowska JM, Kitov PI, Bundle DR, Ling CC. Clustering of PK-trisaccharides on amphiphilic cyclodextrin reveals unprecedented affinity for the Shiga-like toxin Stx2. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:10528-10531. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc06299k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic cyclodextrin-based PK-glycoarrays show remarkable binding avidity and selectivity for Stx2 in solid phase assay formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Alberta Glycomics Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calgary
- Calgary
- T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Eugenia Paszkiewicz
- Alberta Glycomics Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Qifang Wang
- Alberta Glycomics Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calgary
- Calgary
- T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Joanna M. Sadowska
- Alberta Glycomics Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Pavel I. Kitov
- Alberta Glycomics Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - David R. Bundle
- Alberta Glycomics Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Chang-Chun Ling
- Alberta Glycomics Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calgary
- Calgary
- T2N 1N4 Canada
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15
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Prasanna X, Jafurulla M, Sengupta D, Chattopadhyay A. The ganglioside GM1 interacts with the serotonin 1A receptor via the sphingolipid binding domain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:2818-2826. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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16
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Goto T, Tsuji M, Kanemaru K, Yokoigawa K. Adsorption of Shiga Toxin to Poly-γ-Glutamate Precipitated. J Food Sci 2016; 81:M2977-M2981. [PMID: 27792838 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We screened foods containing indigestible ingredients in the ability to adsorb Shiga toxin (Stx). When 5 mg of foods and dietary fibers such as dry vegetables and inulin were mixed and incubated with 0.5 mL of Stx solution (100 ng/mL) containing 0.5% bovine serum albumin, both Stx1 and Stx2 seemed to be adsorbed by only a fermented food, natto (a traditional Japanese food prepared from steamed soybeans by the biological action of Bacillus subtilis). We purified the Stx-adsorbing substance from natto by extraction with H2 O, acid treatment, Proteinase K treatment, and an ion exchange chromatography. The purified substance showed an average molecular mass of about 600 kDa. We identified it as poly-γ-glutamate (PGA) by amino acid analysis of its hydrolysate and peptide analysis after its treatment with Proteinase K. Purified PGA (MW: molecular weight = about 600 kDa) was considered to adsorb both Stx1 and Stx2 when we separated adsorbed and unadsorbed Stxs (MW = about 72 kDa) by an ultrafiltration method with a centrifugal filter unit (MWCO: molecular weight cut-off = 100 K). However, PGA with the ability to adsorb Stx was an insoluble form precipitated in the filter unit during centrifugation. PGA precipitated beyond the saturated density was also confirmed to well adsorb both Stx1 and Stx2 by an equilibrated dialysis method. To the best of our knowledge, this is the 1st report on food-adsorbing Stx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukie Goto
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima Univ, 1-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima, 770-8502, Japan.,Dept. of Science for Human Health, Junior College, Shikoku Univ, 123-1 Ebisuno, Furukawa, Ojin-cho, Tokushima, 771-1192, Japan
| | - Makiko Tsuji
- Kobe Women's Junior College, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0046, Japan
| | - Kaori Kanemaru
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima Univ, 1-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima, 770-8502, Japan
| | - Kumio Yokoigawa
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima Univ, 1-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima, 770-8502, Japan
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17
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Shiga Toxins as Multi-Functional Proteins: Induction of Host Cellular Stress Responses, Role in Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Applications. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8030077. [PMID: 26999205 PMCID: PMC4810222 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8030077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs) produced by Shiga toxin-producing bacteria Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and select serotypes of Escherichia coli are primary virulence factors in the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic colitis progressing to potentially fatal systemic complications, such as hemolytic uremic syndrome and central nervous system abnormalities. Current therapeutic options to treat patients infected with toxin-producing bacteria are limited. The structures of Stxs, toxin-receptor binding, intracellular transport and the mode of action of the toxins have been well defined. However, in the last decade, numerous studies have demonstrated that in addition to being potent protein synthesis inhibitors, Stxs are also multifunctional proteins capable of activating multiple cell stress signaling pathways, which may result in apoptosis, autophagy or activation of the innate immune response. Here, we briefly present the current understanding of Stx-activated signaling pathways and provide a concise review of therapeutic applications to target tumors by engineering the toxins.
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Miura
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate
School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yu Hoshino
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate
School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Seto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate
School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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19
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Abstract
The Shiga toxins (Stxs), also known as Vero toxins and previously called Shiga-like toxins, are a family of potent protein synthesis inhibitors made by Shigella dysenteriae type 1 and some serogroups of Escherichia coli that cause bloody diarrhea in humans. Stxs act as virulence factors for both S. dysenteriae and E. coli and contribute to the disease process initiated by those organisms both directly and indirectly. A handful of methods exist for toxin purification, and the toxins can now even be purchased commercially. However, the Stxs are now classified as select agents, and specific rules govern the distribution of both the toxin and clones of the toxin. Toxin delivery into the host in S. dysenteriae type 1 is most likely aided by the invasiveness of that organism. Although the Stxs are made and produced by bacteria, they do not appear to act against either their host organism or other bacteria under normal circumstances, most likely because the A subunit is secreted from the cytoplasm as soon as it is synthesized and because the holotoxin cannot enter intact bacterial cells. The effectiveness of antibiotic therapy in patients infected with Stx-producing E. coli (STEC) such as O157:H7 as well as the potential risks of such treatment are areas of controversy. Several studies indicate that the course of the diarrhea stage of the disease is unaltered by antibiotic treatment. Several groups anticipate that a therapy that targets the Stxs is an important component of trying to alleviate disease caused by Stx-producing bacteria.
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20
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Zhan C, Li C, Wei X, Lu W, Lu W. Toxins and derivatives in molecular pharmaceutics: Drug delivery and targeted therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 90:101-18. [PMID: 25959429 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein and peptide toxins offer an invaluable source for the development of actively targeted drug delivery systems. They avidly bind to a variety of cognate receptors, some of which are expressed or even up-regulated in diseased tissues and biological barriers. Protein and peptide toxins or their derivatives can act as ligands to facilitate tissue- or organ-specific accumulation of therapeutics. Some toxins have evolved from a relatively small number of structural frameworks that are particularly suitable for addressing the crucial issues of potency and stability, making them an instrumental source of leads and templates for targeted therapy. The focus of this review is on protein and peptide toxins for the development of targeted drug delivery systems and molecular therapies. We summarize disease- and biological barrier-related toxin receptors, as well as targeted drug delivery strategies inspired by those receptors. The design of new therapeutics based on protein and peptide toxins is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyou Zhan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Chong Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University & Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Weiyue Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
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21
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Schubert T, Römer W. How synthetic membrane systems contribute to the understanding of lipid-driven endocytosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015. [PMID: 26211452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic membrane systems, such as giant unilamellar vesicles and solid supported lipid bilayers, have widened our understanding of biological processes occurring at or through membranes. Artificial systems are particularly suited to study the inherent properties of membranes with regard to their components and characteristics. This review critically reflects the emerging molecular mechanism of lipid-driven endocytosis and the impact of model membrane systems in elucidating the complex interplay of biomolecules within this process. Lipid receptor clustering induced by binding of several toxins, viruses and bacteria to the plasma membrane leads to local membrane bending and formation of tubular membrane invaginations. Here, lipid shape, and protein structure and valency are the essential parameters in membrane deformation. Combining observations of complex cellular processes and their reconstitution on minimal systems seems to be a promising future approach to resolve basic underlying mechanisms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schubert
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraβe 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Winfried Römer
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraβe 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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22
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El-Hawiet A, Kitova EN, Klassen JS. Recognition of human milk oligosaccharides by bacterial exotoxins. Glycobiology 2015; 25:845-54. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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23
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Cecioni S, Imberty A, Vidal S. Glycomimetics versus Multivalent Glycoconjugates for the Design of High Affinity Lectin Ligands. Chem Rev 2014; 115:525-61. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500303t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samy Cecioni
- CERMAV, Université Grenoble Alpes and CNRS, BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Institut
de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires,
Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2 - Glycochimie, UMR 5246, Université Lyon 1 and CNRS, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne Imberty
- CERMAV, Université Grenoble Alpes and CNRS, BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Sébastien Vidal
- Institut
de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires,
Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2 - Glycochimie, UMR 5246, Université Lyon 1 and CNRS, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
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Thanassoulas A, Barthélémy P, Navailles L, Sigaud G. From nucleobases to nucleolipids: an ITC approach on the thermodynamics of their interactions in aqueous solutions. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:6570-85. [PMID: 24911942 DOI: 10.1021/jp411459w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid constructions based on nucleosides and lipophilic components, known as nucleolipids, have become an extremely interesting class of molecules, especially for their potential biomedical applications. In this matter, it seemed important to define the nature and estimate the strength of their interaction with polynucleotides by different ways. We report in this work a systematic investigation through isothermal titration calorimetry of the thermodynamics of the association and dissociation of adenine and thymine derivatives, not previously performed. Then we use the results obtained on these simple systems as a basis for comparison with the binding of phospholipids functionalized with adenosine and thymidine to polyadenylic or polyuridylic acids applying the same experimental technique.
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25
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Jacobson JM, Yin J, Kitov PI, Mulvey G, Griener TP, James MNG, Armstrong G, Bundle DR. The crystal structure of shiga toxin type 2 with bound disaccharide guides the design of a heterobifunctional toxin inhibitor. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:885-94. [PMID: 24225957 PMCID: PMC3887212 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.518886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin type 2 (Stx2a) is clinically most closely associated with enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7-mediated hemorrhagic colitis that sometimes progresses to hemolytic-uremic syndrome. The ability to express the toxin has been acquired by other Escherichia coli strains, and outbreaks of food poisoning have caused significant mortality rates as, for example, in the 2011 outbreak in northern Germany. Stx2a, an AB5 toxin, gains entry into human cells via the glycosphingolipid receptor Gb3. We have determined the first crystal structure of a disaccharide analog of Gb3 bound to the B5 pentamer of Stx2a holotoxin. In this Gb3 analog,-GalNAc replaces the terminal-Gal residue. This co-crystal structure confirms previous inferences that two of the primary binding sites identified in theB5 pentamer of Stx1 are also functional in Stx2a. This knowledge provides a rationale for the synthesis and evaluation of heterobifunctional antagonists for E. coli toxins that target Stx2a. Incorporation of GalNAc Gb3 trisaccharide in a heterobifunctional ligand with an attached pyruvate acetal, a ligand for human amyloid P component, and conjugation to poly[acrylamide-co-(3-azidopropylmethacrylamide)] produced a polymer that neutralized Stx2a in a mouse model of Shigatoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared M. Jacobson
- From the Department of Chemistry, Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Jiang Yin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada, and
| | - Pavel I. Kitov
- From the Department of Chemistry, Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - George Mulvey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Tom P. Griener
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Michael N. G. James
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada, and
| | - Glen Armstrong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - David R. Bundle
- From the Department of Chemistry, Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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26
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Binding of Pk-trisaccharide analogs of globotriaosylceramide to Shiga toxin variants. Infect Immun 2013; 81:2753-60. [PMID: 23690406 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00274-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The two major forms of Shiga toxin, Stx1 and Stx2, use the glycolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) as their cellular receptor. Stx1 primarily recognizes the Pk-trisaccharide portion and has three Pk binding sites per B monomer. The Stx2a subtype requires glycolipid residues in addition to Pk. We synthesized analogs of Pk to examine the binding preferences of Stx1 and Stx2 subtypes a to d. Furthermore, to determine how many binding sites must be engaged, the Pk analogues were conjugated to biotinylated mono- and biantennary platforms, allowing for the display of two to four Pk analogues per streptavidin molecule. Stx binding to Pk analogues immobilized on streptavidin-coated plates was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Stx1, but not the Stx2 subtypes, bound to native Pk. Stx2a and Stx2c bound to the Pk analog with a terminal GalNAc (NAc-Pk), while Stx1, Stx2b, and Stx2d did not bind to this analog. Interestingly, the purified Stx2d B subunit bound to NAc-Pk, suggesting that the A subunit of Stx2d interferes with binding. Disaccharide analogs (Galα1-4Gal, GalNAcα1-4Gal, and Galα1-4GalNAc) did not support the binding of any of the Stx forms, indicating that the trisaccharide is necessary for binding. Studies with monoantennary and biantennary analogs and mixtures suggest that Stx1, Stx2a, and Stx2c need to engage at least three Pk analogues for effective binding. To our knowledge, this is the first study examining the minimum number of Pk analogs required for effective binding and the first report documenting the role of the A subunit in influencing Stx2 binding.
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27
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Branson TR, Turnbull WB. Bacterial toxininhibitors based on multivalent scaffolds. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:4613-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35430f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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28
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Okochi A, Tanimoto S, Takahashi D, Toshima K. Target-selective photo-degradation of verotoxin-1 and reduction of its cytotoxicity to Vero cells using porphyrin–globotriose hybrids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:6027-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc42957a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Rao DH, Vishweshwaraiah YL, Gowda LR. The enzymatic lectin of field bean (Dolichos lablab): salt assisted lectin-sugar interaction. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 83:7-14. [PMID: 22959225 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Field bean seed contains a Gal/GalNAc lectin (DLL-II) that exhibits associated polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and does not bind to its sugar specific affinity matrix. The molecular basis for this lack of binding is not known. The DLL-II gene was therefore cloned and its sequence analyzed. A conserved aromatic residue in the sugar binding site required for a stacking interaction with the apolar backbone of Gal is replaced by His in DLL-II, which explains the lack of binding. However, specific sugar binding is achieved by including (NH₄)₂SO₄ in the buffer. Interestingly two other salts of the Hofmeister series, K₂HPO₄ and Na₂SO₄ also assist binding to immobilized galactose. In the presence of (NH₄)₂SO₄ the surface hydrophobicity of DLL-II and dissociation constant for 8-anilino 1-naphthalene sulfonic acid were enhanced three fold. This increased surface hydrophobicity in the presence of salt is probably the cause for assisted sugar binding in legume lectins that lack aromatic stacking interactions. Accordingly, two other lectins which lack the conserved aromatic residue show similar salt assisted binding. The salt concentrations required for Gal/GalNAc binding are not physiologically relevant in vivo, suggesting that the role of DLL-II per se in the seed is primarily that of a PPO purportedly for plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devavratha H Rao
- Department of Protein Chemistry and Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India
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30
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Mandal PK, Branson TR, Hayes ED, Ross JF, Gavín JA, Daranas AH, Turnbull WB. Towards a Structural Basis for the Relationship Between Blood Group and the Severity of El Tor Cholera. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201109068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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El-Hawiet A, Kitova EN, Klassen JS. Quantifying Carbohydrate–Protein Interactions by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Biochemistry 2012; 51:4244-53. [DOI: 10.1021/bi300436x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amr El-Hawiet
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G
2G2
| | - Elena N. Kitova
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G
2G2
| | - John S. Klassen
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G
2G2
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Mandal PK, Branson TR, Hayes ED, Ross JF, Gavín JA, Daranas AH, Turnbull WB. Towards a structural basis for the relationship between blood group and the severity of El Tor cholera. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:5143-6. [PMID: 22488789 PMCID: PMC3505909 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201109068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pintu K Mandal
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
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Saito M, Mylvaganum M, Tam P, Novak A, Binnington B, Lingwood C. Structure-dependent pseudoreceptor intracellular traffic of adamantyl globotriaosyl ceramide mimics. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:16073-87. [PMID: 22418442 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.318196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The verotoxin (VT) (Shiga toxin) receptor globotriaosyl ceramide (Gb(3)), mediates VT1/VT2 retrograde transport to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for cytosolic A subunit access to inhibit protein synthesis. Adamantyl Gb(3) is an amphipathic competitive inhibitor of VT1/VT2 Gb(3) binding. However, Gb(3)-negative VT-resistant CHO/Jurkat cells incorporate adaGb(3) to become VT1/VT2-sensitive. CarboxyadaGb(3), urea-adaGb(3), and hydroxyethyl adaGb(3), preferentially bound by VT2, also mediate VT1/VT2 cytotoxicity. VT1/VT2 internalize to early endosomes but not to Golgi/ER. AdabisGb(3) (two deacyl Gb(3)s linked to adamantane) protects against VT1/VT2 more effectively than adaGb(3) without incorporating into Gb(3)-negative cells. AdaGb(3) (but not hydroxyethyl adaGb(3)) incorporation into Gb(3)-positive Vero cells rendered punctate cell surface VT1/VT2 binding uniform and subverted subsequent Gb(3)-dependent retrograde transport to Golgi/ER to render cytotoxicity (reduced for VT1 but not VT2) brefeldin A-resistant. VT2-induced vacuolation was maintained in adaGb(3)-treated Vero cells, but vacuolar membrane VT2 was lost. AdaGb(3) destabilized membrane cholesterol and reduced Gb(3) cholesterol stabilization in phospholipid liposomes. Cholera toxin GM1-mediated Golgi/ER targeting was unaffected by adaGb(3). We demonstrate the novel, lipid-dependent, pseudoreceptor function of Gb(3) mimics and their structure-dependent modulation of endogenous intracellular Gb(3) vesicular traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsumasa Saito
- Research Institute, Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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Li X, Wu P, Cheng S, Lv X. Synthesis and assessment of globotriose-chitosan conjugate, a novel inhibitor of shiga toxins produced by Escherichia coli. J Med Chem 2012; 55:2702-10. [PMID: 22372889 DOI: 10.1021/jm201570s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) causes diarrhea and colitis in humans that can develop into a life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Developing efficient means of controlling STEC diseases, for which no drugs or vaccines are currently available, remains a high priority. We report here the construction and development of chitosan conjugates bearing the Stx ligand trisaccharide globotriose to demonstrate their potential as STEC disease treatment agents. The synthesis was accomplished by grafting a globotriose derivative containing an aldehyde-functionalized aglycone to chitosan amino groups. The obtained globotriose-chitosan conjugate bound with high affinity to Stx and efficiently neutralized its toxicity on Vero cells. Moreover, Stx levels in the gut of infected mice receiving oral doses of the conjugate were greatly diminished, enabling the mice to resist a fatal STEC challenge. The conjugate appears to function as a Stx adsorbent in the gut, preventing toxin entry into the bloodstream and consequent development of HUS. As such, the conjugate could act as a novel agent against STEC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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35
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Gallegos KM, Conrady DG, Karve SS, Gunasekera TS, Herr AB, Weiss AA. Shiga toxin binding to glycolipids and glycans. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30368. [PMID: 22348006 PMCID: PMC3278406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunologically distinct forms of Shiga toxin (Stx1 and Stx2) display different potencies and disease outcomes, likely due to differences in host cell binding. The glycolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) has been reported to be the receptor for both toxins. While there is considerable data to suggest that Gb3 can bind Stx1, binding of Stx2 to Gb3 is variable. METHODOLOGY We used isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to examine binding of Stx1 and Stx2 to various glycans, glycosphingolipids, and glycosphingolipid mixtures in the presence or absence of membrane components, phosphatidylcholine, and cholesterol. We have also assessed the ability of glycolipids mixtures to neutralize Stx-mediated inhibition of protein synthesis in Vero kidney cells. RESULTS By ITC, Stx1 bound both Pk (the trisaccharide on Gb3) and P (the tetrasaccharide on globotetraosylceramide, Gb4), while Stx2 did not bind to either glycan. Binding to neutral glycolipids individually and in combination was assessed by ELISA. Stx1 bound to glycolipids Gb3 and Gb4, and Gb3 mixed with other neural glycolipids, while Stx2 only bound to Gb3 mixtures. In the presence of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol, both Stx1 and Stx2 bound well to Gb3 or Gb4 alone or mixed with other neutral glycolipids. Pre-incubation with Gb3 in the presence of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol neutralized Stx1, but not Stx2 toxicity to Vero cells. CONCLUSIONS Stx1 binds primarily to the glycan, but Stx2 binding is influenced by residues in the ceramide portion of Gb3 and the lipid environment. Nanomolar affinities were obtained for both toxins to immobilized glycolipids mixtures, while the effective dose for 50% inhibition (ED(50)) of protein synthesis was about 10(-11) M. The failure of preincubation with Gb3 to protect cells from Stx2 suggests that in addition to glycolipid expression, other cellular components contribute to toxin potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M. Gallegos
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Deborah G. Conrady
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sayali S. Karve
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Thusitha S. Gunasekera
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Andrew B. Herr
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Alison A. Weiss
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Couture O, Dransart E, Dehay S, Nemati F, Decaudin D, Johannes L, Tanter M. Tumor Delivery of Ultrasound Contrast Agents Using Shiga Toxin B Subunit. Mol Imaging 2011. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2010.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Couture
- From the Institut Langevin Ondes et Images, (CNRS UMR 7587), INSERM U979 Paris, France; Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Traffic, Signaling and Delivery Laboratory, Paris, France; CNRS UMR144, Paris, France; Institut Curie, Département du Transfert, Paris, France; Institut Curie, Department of Clinical Hematology, Paris, France; Fondation Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Paris, France
| | - Estelle Dransart
- From the Institut Langevin Ondes et Images, (CNRS UMR 7587), INSERM U979 Paris, France; Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Traffic, Signaling and Delivery Laboratory, Paris, France; CNRS UMR144, Paris, France; Institut Curie, Département du Transfert, Paris, France; Institut Curie, Department of Clinical Hematology, Paris, France; Fondation Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Paris, France
| | - Sabrina Dehay
- From the Institut Langevin Ondes et Images, (CNRS UMR 7587), INSERM U979 Paris, France; Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Traffic, Signaling and Delivery Laboratory, Paris, France; CNRS UMR144, Paris, France; Institut Curie, Département du Transfert, Paris, France; Institut Curie, Department of Clinical Hematology, Paris, France; Fondation Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Paris, France
| | - Fariba Nemati
- From the Institut Langevin Ondes et Images, (CNRS UMR 7587), INSERM U979 Paris, France; Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Traffic, Signaling and Delivery Laboratory, Paris, France; CNRS UMR144, Paris, France; Institut Curie, Département du Transfert, Paris, France; Institut Curie, Department of Clinical Hematology, Paris, France; Fondation Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Paris, France
| | - Didier Decaudin
- From the Institut Langevin Ondes et Images, (CNRS UMR 7587), INSERM U979 Paris, France; Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Traffic, Signaling and Delivery Laboratory, Paris, France; CNRS UMR144, Paris, France; Institut Curie, Département du Transfert, Paris, France; Institut Curie, Department of Clinical Hematology, Paris, France; Fondation Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Paris, France
| | - Ludger Johannes
- From the Institut Langevin Ondes et Images, (CNRS UMR 7587), INSERM U979 Paris, France; Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Traffic, Signaling and Delivery Laboratory, Paris, France; CNRS UMR144, Paris, France; Institut Curie, Département du Transfert, Paris, France; Institut Curie, Department of Clinical Hematology, Paris, France; Fondation Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Paris, France
| | - Mickael Tanter
- From the Institut Langevin Ondes et Images, (CNRS UMR 7587), INSERM U979 Paris, France; Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Traffic, Signaling and Delivery Laboratory, Paris, France; CNRS UMR144, Paris, France; Institut Curie, Département du Transfert, Paris, France; Institut Curie, Department of Clinical Hematology, Paris, France; Fondation Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Paris, France
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Mori T, Ohtsuka T, Okahata Y. Kinetic analyses of bindings of Shiga-like toxin to clustered and dispersed Gb3 glyco-arrays on a quartz-crystal microbalance. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:14118-14125. [PMID: 20666463 DOI: 10.1021/la102260k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
One-, two-, four-, and eight-branched globotriaosyl saccharides (Gb(3): Gal-alpha1,4-Gal-beta1,4-Glc), whose reducing ends were biotinylated, were prepared (1Gb(3)-bio, 2Gb(3)-bio, 4Gb(3)-bio, and 8Gb(3)-bio, respectively). They are dispersively immobilized as a glyco-array in the matrix of biotinylated maltotriose (Glc(3)-bio) on a streptavidin-covered 27 MHz quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM). The binding kinetics of the verotoxin B subunit (VTB) to various branched Gb(3)-bio ligands in the Glc(3)-bio matrix could be obtained from frequency decreases (mass increases) of the QCM. VTB can recognize the Gb(3) unit but not the Glc(3) unit, where VTB is a pentamer having five binding sites for one Gb(3) unit per each B subunit (having a total of 15 binding sites for Gb(3)). By changing the Gb(3) multivalency, the Gb(3) packing density, and the Gb(3) cluster size in the Glc(3) matrix, association constants (K(a)), maximum amounts bound (Delta m(max)), and binding and dissociation rate constants (k(on) and k(off)) were obtained. When 15 sites of VTB were recognized by 16 Gb(3) units, K(a) was 100 times larger than that when 15 sites of VTB were recognized by only 2 Gb(3) units, with a 6-fold-larger k(on) and a 25-fold-smaller k(off). When the Gb(3) multivalency was changed by covering with two 1Gb(3)-bio, 2Gb(3)-bio, 4Gb(3)-bio, or 8Gb(3)-bio ligands on two pockets of one streptavidin, the K(a) values increased with increasing branch number from one to eight. When the Gb(3) cluster size was changed from eight 1Gb(3)-bio units to one 8Gb(3)-bio unit in the matrix, the K(a) values increased but the Delta m(max) values decreased with increasing cluster size from eight 1Gb(3)-bio units to one 8Gb(3)-bio unit. This is the first example of systematically obtaining all kinetic parameters of sugar-binding proteins to sugars on a glyco-array by changing the sugar multivalency, the sugar packing density, and the sugar cluster size in the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Mori
- Japan Science and Technology Agency-Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan.
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Kashiwamura M, Kurohane K, Tanikawa T, Deguchi A, Miyamoto D, Imai Y. Shiga toxin kills epithelial cells isolated from distal but not proximal part of mouse colon. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 32:1614-7. [PMID: 19721242 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.1614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs) are major virulence factors produced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 colonizing the human and cattle intestines. We previously demonstrated that recombinant binding subunits (Stx1B) bound to the mucosal epithelium of the distal but not that of the proximal part of the mouse colon. Here we developed a method for isolating colon epithelial cells from the proximal and distal parts separately. Enrichment of epithelial cells was confirmed by the expression of cytokeratin. There was no difference in the epithelial cell purity between the proximal and distal colon preparations. The isolated epithelial cells from the distal colon were found to display binding sites for recombinant Stx1B whereas those from the proximal colon were not. Taking advantage of this single cell isolation, we examined the effect of Stx1 holotoxin on the epithelial cells. Consistent with the expression of the binding sites, Stx1 induced apoptosis of the epithelial cells from the distal but not those from the proximal colon. The results provide direct evidence that mouse colon epithelial cells are susceptible to Stx1 toxicity corresponding to the expression of binding sites for toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kashiwamura
- University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yada, Suruga-ku, Japan
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Flagler MJ, Mahajan SS, Kulkarni AA, Iyer SS, Weiss AA. Comparison of binding platforms yields insights into receptor binding differences between shiga toxins 1 and 2. Biochemistry 2010; 49:1649-57. [PMID: 20092352 DOI: 10.1021/bi902084y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein-glycan interactions are typically very weak, and avid binding is achieved when proteins express multiple glycan binding sites. Shiga toxin (Stx) uses glycan receptors to enter cells. Stx has five identical binding subunits, each with three nonidentical glycan binding sites. Previous studies examined binding to biantennary glycans expressing Pk trisaccharide mimics immobilized on streptavidin, resulting in display of four trisaccharides per streptavidin face. Stx1 preferred the Pk trisaccharide of its native receptor, globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), while the more potent and clinically relevant variant, Stx2, preferred the Pk trisaccharide with the terminal galactose replaced with N-acetylgalactosamine (NHAc-Pk). In the present study, binding of Stxs to Pk analogues was examined using two experimental platforms, ELISA and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). ELISA was more sensitive than SPR. Sensitivity in the ELISA was due to high streptavidin density, suggesting that avid binding may require engagement of more than four trisaccharides. Selectivity for the Pk analogues was maintained in both experimental platforms. Glycan preference was mapped to binding site 2, since reciprocal mutation of a single amino acid (asparagine 32 of Stx1 B-subunit/serine 31 of Stx2 B-subunit) reversed binding preference. However, native Stx1 bound well to plates loaded with a 50:50 mixture of Pk-NHAc-Pk, while Stx2 bound less efficiently, suggesting that one of the Stx1 binding sites may only engage Pk, while another may tolerate either Pk or NHAc-Pk. Varying glycan structure and density across different in vitro binding platforms revealed important differences in receptor binding properties between Stx1 and Stx2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Flagler
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
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Lingwood CA, Manis A, Mahfoud R, Khan F, Binnington B, Mylvaganam M. New aspects of the regulation of glycosphingolipid receptor function. Chem Phys Lipids 2010; 163:27-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Johannes L, Römer W. Shiga toxins--from cell biology to biomedical applications. Nat Rev Microbiol 2009; 8:105-16. [PMID: 20023663 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli is an emergent pathogen that can induce haemolytic uraemic syndrome. The toxin has received considerable attention not only from microbiologists but also in the field of cell biology, where it has become a powerful tool to study intracellular trafficking. In this Review, we summarize the Shiga toxin family members and their structures, receptors, trafficking pathways and cellular targets. We discuss how Shiga toxin affects cells not only by inhibiting protein biosynthesis but also through the induction of signalling cascades that lead to apoptosis. Finally, we discuss how Shiga toxins might be exploited in cancer therapy and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Johannes
- Institut Curie - Centre de Recherche and CNRS UMR144, Traffic, Signalling and Delivery Laboratory, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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42
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Globotriaosyl ceramide receptor function - Where membrane structure and pathology intersect. FEBS Lett 2009; 584:1879-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hatch DM, Weiss AA, Kale RR, Iyer SS. Biotinylated Bi- and Tetra-antennary Glycoconjugates forEscherichia coliDetection. Chembiochem 2008; 9:2433-42. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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44
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Tam P, Mahfoud R, Nutikka A, Khine AA, Binnington B, Paroutis P, Lingwood C. Differential intracellular transport and binding of verotoxin 1 and verotoxin 2 to globotriaosylceramide-containing lipid assemblies. J Cell Physiol 2008; 216:750-63. [PMID: 18446787 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although verotoxin-1 (VT1) and verotoxin-2 (VT2) share a common receptor, globotriaosyl ceramide (Gb(3)), VT2 induces distinct animal pathology and is preferentially associated with human disease. Moreover VT2 cytotoxicity in vitro is less than VT1. We therefore investigated whether these toxins similarly traffic within cells via similar Gb(3) assemblies. At 4 degrees C, fluorescent-VT1 and VT2 bound both coincident and distinct punctate surface Gb(3) microdomains. After 10 min at 37 degrees C, similar distinct/coincident micropunctate intracellular localization was observed. Most internalized VT2, but not VT1, colocalized with transferrin. After 1 h, VT1 and VT2 coalesced during retrograde transport to the Golgi. During prolonged incubation (3-6 h), VT1, and VT2 (more slowly), exited the Golgi to reach the ER/nuclear envelope. At this time, VT2 induced a previously unreported, retrograde transport-dependent vacuolation. Cell surface and intracellular VT1 showed greater detergent resistance than VT2, suggesting differential 'raft' association. >90% (125)I-VT1 cell surface bound, or added to detergent-resistant cell membrane extracts (DRM), was in the Gb(3)-containing sucrose gradient 'insoluble' fraction, whereas only 30% (125)I-VT2 was similarly DRM-associated. VT1 bound more efficiently to Gb(3)/cholesterol DRMs generated in vitro. Only VT1 binding was inhibited by high cholesterol/Gb(3) ratios. VT2 competed less effectively for (125)I-VT1/Gb(3) DRM-binding but only VT2-Gb(3)/cholesterol DRM-binding was augmented by sphingomyelin. Differential VT1/VT2 Gb(3) raft-binding may mediate differential cell binding/intracellular trafficking and cytopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patty Tam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Kale R, McGannon C, Fuller-Schaefer C, Hatch D, Flagler M, Gamage S, Weiss A, Iyer S. Differentiation between Structurally Homologous Shiga 1 and Shiga 2 Toxins by Using Synthetic Glycoconjugates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200703680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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46
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Kale R, McGannon C, Fuller-Schaefer C, Hatch D, Flagler M, Gamage S, Weiss A, Iyer S. Differentiation between Structurally Homologous Shiga 1 and Shiga 2 Toxins by Using Synthetic Glycoconjugates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:1265-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200703680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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47
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Kitova EN, Kitov PI, Paszkiewicz E, Kim J, Mulvey GL, Armstrong GD, Bundle DR, Klassen JS. Affinities of Shiga toxins 1 and 2 for univalent and oligovalent Pk-trisaccharide analogs measured by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Glycobiology 2007; 17:1127-37. [PMID: 17686801 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwm081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding stoichiometry and affinities of the Shiga toxins, Stx1 and Stx2, for a series of uni- and oligovalent analogs of the Pk-trisaccharide were measured using the direct electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ES-MS) assay. Importantly, it is shown that, for a given ligand, Stx1 and Stx2 exhibit similar affinities. The binding data suggest a high degree of similarity in the spatial arrangement and structural characteristics of the Pk binding sites in Stx1 and Stx2. The results confirm that both toxins recognize the alpha-D-Galp(1-->4)-beta-D-Galp(1-->4)-beta-D-Glcp carbohydrate motif of the cell surface glycolipid Gb3. This, taken together with the results of the chemical mapping study, suggests that the nature of the Pk binding interactions with Stx1 and Stx2 are similar. The affinities of Stx1-B(5) and Stx2 for the multivalent ligands reveals that site 2 of Stx2, which shares the same spatial arrangement as site 2 in Stx1, is the primary Pk binding site and that site 1 of Stx1 and of Stx2 can also participate in Pk binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena N Kitova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2 G2, Canada
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Sun J, Kitova EN, Wang W, Klassen JS. Method for Distinguishing Specific from Nonspecific Protein−Ligand Complexes in Nanoelectrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2006; 78:3010-8. [PMID: 16642987 DOI: 10.1021/ac0522005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new methodology for distinguishing between specific and nonspecific protein-ligand complexes in nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry (nanoES-MS) is described. The method involves the addition of an appropriate reference protein (P(ref)), which does not bind specifically to any of the solution components, to the nanoES solution containing the protein(s) and ligand(s) of interest. The occurrence of nonspecific protein-ligand binding is monitored by the appearance of nonspecific (P(ref) + ligand) complexes in the nanoES mass spectrum. Furthermore, the fraction of P(ref) undergoing nonspecific ligand binding provides a quantitative measure of the contribution of nonspecific binding to the measured intensities of protein and specific protein-ligand complexes. As a result, errors introduced into protein-ligand association constants, K(assoc), as determined with nanoES-MS, by nonspecific ligand binding can be corrected. The principal assumptions on which this methodology is based, namely, that the fraction of proteins and protein complexes that engage in nonspecific ligand binding during the nanoES process is determined by the number of free ligand molecules in the offspring droplets leading to gaseous ions and is independent of the size and structure of the protein or protein complex, are shown to be generally valid. The application of the method for the determination of K(assoc) for two protein-carbohydrate complexes, under conditions where nonspecific ligand binding is prevalent, is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangxiao Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
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Tian F, Sane S, Rytting JH. Calorimetric investigation of protein/amino acid interactions in the solid state. Int J Pharm 2006; 310:175-86. [PMID: 16427224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2005] [Revised: 09/14/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Possible protein/amino acid interactions and the physical states of amino acids after freeze-drying have been studied using isoperibol calorimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Good linear correlations (R(2) = 0.99) between the enthalpies of solution and the percentage of antibody in all physical mixtures, as well as unchanging melting temperatures of amino acids for physical mixtures demonstrated that there is no interaction between the antibodies and amino acids studied upon physical mixing. On the other hand, positive deviations for antibody/histidine and antibody/arginine freeze-dried samples obtained from the isoperibol calorimetry results demonstrated that molecular level interactions, such as ion-dipole or electrostatic interactions or hydrogen bonding, occur between antibodies and histidine or arginine. The values of DeltaH(interaction) for antibody/histidine (1:1, w/w) and antibody/arginine (1:1, w/w) lyophilized samples were approximately 8 kJ/mol. These interactions were also confirmed by decreased and/or the disappearance of melting temperatures of the amino acids with DSC measurements. A negative deviation from linearity was detected for antibody/aspartic acid lyophilized samples which indicated partial amorphization of aspartic acid. No deviation from linearity as well as similar melting temperatures of antibody/glycine lyophilized samples indicated the absence of interactions between the antibodies and glycine upon freeze-drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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Carvalho de Souza A, Kamerling JP. Analysis of carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions using gold glyconanoparticles and oligosaccharide self-assembling monolayers. Methods Enzymol 2006; 417:221-43. [PMID: 17132508 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(06)17016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are the most extended structures exposed at the surface of most cells. These carbohydrate chains, when arranged in polyvalent clusters, offer a rich supply of low-affinity binding sites, making them a reliable and flexible system to regulate cell adhesion and recognition. The very first model system for cell-cell recognition by means of carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions in the animal kingdom came from a primitive invertebrate animal: the marine sponge. During the past 50 years, studies have shown that highly repetitive carbohydrate motives on extracellular proteoglycan supramolecular complexes of marine sponge cells are involved in the species-specific adhesion. In this chapter, some glyconanotechnology procedures are described for the detailed investigation of the role of a carbohydrate epitope in the marine sponge cell recognition. The various protocols are generally applicable in other areas of glycoscience.
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