1
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Wujieti B, Feng X, Liu E, Li D, Hao M, Zhou L, Cui W. A theoretical study on the activity and selectivity of IDO/TDO inhibitors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:16747-16764. [PMID: 38818624 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06036e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO) is a tryptophan (Trp) metabolic enzyme along the kynurenine (NFK) pathway. Under pathological conditions, IDO overexpressed by tumor cells causes depletion of tryptophan and the accumulation of metabolic products, which inhibit the local immune response and form immune escape. Therefore, the suppression of IDO activity is one of the strategies for tumor immunotherapy, and drug design for this target has been the focus of research for more than two decades. Apart from IDO, tryptophan dioxygenase (TDO) of the same family can also catalyze the same biochemical reaction in the human body, but it has different tissue distribution and substrate selectivity from IDO. Based on the principle of drug design with high potency and low cross-reactivity to specific targets, in this subject, the activity and selectivity of IDO and TDO toward small molecular inhibitors were studied from the perspective of thermodynamics and kinetics. The aim was to elucidate the structural requirements for achieving favorable biological activity and selectivity of IDO and TDO inhibitors. Specifically, the interactions of inhibitors from eight families with IDO and TDO were initially investigated through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, and the thermodynamic data for binding of inhibitors were predicted by the molecular mechanics/generalized Born surface area (MM/GBSA) method. Secondly, we explored the free energy landscape of JKloops, the kinetic control element of IDO/TDO, using temperature replica exchange molecular dynamics (T-REMD) simulations and elucidated the connection between the rules of IDO/TDO conformational changes and the inhibitor selectivity mechanism. Furthermore, the binding and dissociation processes of the C1 inhibitor (NLG919) were simulated by the adaptive steering molecular dynamics (ASMD) method, which not only addressed the possible stable, metastable, and transition states for C1 inhibitor-IDO/TDO interactions, but also accurately predicted kinetic data for C1 inhibitor binding and dissociation. In conclusion, we have constructed a complete process from enzyme (IDO/TDO) conformational activation to inhibitor binding/dissociation and used the thermodynamic and kinetic data of each link as clues to verify the control mechanism of IDO/TDO on inhibitor selectivity. This is of great significance for us to understand the design principles of tumor immunotherapy drugs and to avoid drug resistance of immunotherapy drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baerlike Wujieti
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, YuQuan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xinping Feng
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, YuQuan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Erxia Liu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, YuQuan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Deqing Li
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, YuQuan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Mingtian Hao
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, YuQuan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Luqi Zhou
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, YuQuan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wei Cui
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, YuQuan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
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2
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Röhrig UF, Majjigapu SR, Vogel P, Reynaud A, Pojer F, Dilek N, Reichenbach P, Ascenção K, Irving M, Coukos G, Michielin O, Zoete V. Structure-based optimization of type III indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:1773-1811. [PMID: 35758198 PMCID: PMC9246256 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2089665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The haem enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) catalyses the rate-limiting step in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism and plays an essential role in immunity, neuronal function, and ageing. Expression of IDO1 in cancer cells results in the suppression of an immune response, and therefore IDO1 inhibitors have been developed for use in anti-cancer immunotherapy. Here, we report an extension of our previously described highly efficient haem-binding 1,2,3-triazole and 1,2,4-triazole inhibitor series, the best compound having both enzymatic and cellular IC50 values of 34 nM. We provide enzymatic inhibition data for almost 100 new compounds and X-ray diffraction data for one compound in complex with IDO1. Structural and computational studies explain the dramatic drop in activity upon extension to pocket B, which has been observed in diverse haem-binding inhibitor scaffolds. Our data provides important insights for future IDO1 inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute F Röhrig
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Somi Reddy Majjigapu
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Vogel
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aline Reynaud
- Protein Production and Structure Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florence Pojer
- Protein Production and Structure Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nahzli Dilek
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Reichenbach
- Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, Ludwig Lausanne Branch, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Kelly Ascenção
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melita Irving
- Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, Ludwig Lausanne Branch, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, Ludwig Lausanne Branch, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Michielin
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Ludwig Cancer Research-Lausanne Branch, Lausanne, CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Zoete
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, Ludwig Lausanne Branch, Epalinges, Switzerland
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3
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Yan D, Xu J, Wang X, Zhang J, Zhao G, Lin Y, Tan X. Spiro-Oxindole Skeleton Compounds Are Efficient Inhibitors for Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1: An Attractive Target for Tumor Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4668. [PMID: 35563059 PMCID: PMC9104902 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is an attractive heme enzyme for its significant function in cancer immunotherapy. Potent IDO1 inhibitors have been discovered for decades, whereas no clinical drugs are used for cancer treatment up to now. With the goal of developing medically valuable IDO inhibitors, we performed a systematic study of SAR405838 analogs with a spiro-oxindole skeleton in this study. Based on the expression and purification of human IDO1, the inhibitory activity of spiro-oxindole skeleton compounds to IDO1 was evaluated by IC50 and Ki values. The results demonstrated that inhibitor 3 exhibited the highest IDO1 inhibitory activity with IC50 at 7.9 μM among all inhibitors, which is ~six-fold of the positive control (4-PI). Moreover, inhibitor 3 was found to have the most effective inhibition of IDO1 in MCF-7 cancer cells without toxic effects. Molecular docking analysis revealed that the hydrophobic interaction stabilized the binding of inhibitor 3 to the IDO1 active site and made an explanation for the uncompetitive mode of inhibitors. Therefore, this study provides valuable insights into the screen of more potent IDO1 inhibitors for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daojing Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200433, China; (D.Y.); (X.W.)
| | - Jiakun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Byproducts of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China;
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200433, China; (D.Y.); (X.W.)
| | - Jiaxing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.Z.); (G.Z.)
| | - Gang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.Z.); (G.Z.)
| | - Yingwu Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Xiangshi Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200433, China; (D.Y.); (X.W.)
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4
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Kassab SE, Mowafy S. Structural Basis of Selective Human Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (hIDO1) Inhibition. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:3149-3164. [PMID: 34174026 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
hIDO1 is a heme-dioxygenase overexpressed in the tumor microenvironment and is implicated in the survival of cancer cells. Metabolism of tryptophan to N-formyl-kynurenine by hIDO1 leads to immune suppression to result in cancer cell immune escape. In this article, we discuss the discovery of selective hIDO1 inhibitors for therapeutic intervention that have been promoted to clinical trials and for which crystallographic structural information is available for the respective inhibitor-enzyme complex. The structural insights are based on the complex crystal structures and the relative biological data profiles. The structural basis of selective hIDO1 inhibition, as discussed herein, opens new avenues to the discovery of novel inhibitors with improved activity profiles, selectivity, and distinct structure frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaymaa Emam Kassab
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, El-Buhaira, 22516, Egypt
| | - Samar Mowafy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, 11431, Egypt.,Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, United States of America
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5
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On-line screening of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 inhibitors by partial filling capillary electrophoresis combined with rapid polarity switching. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462305. [PMID: 34147833 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) has been shown to play an important role in the immune escape process of tumors, and therefore is considered as a promising target for tumor immunotherapy. In this study, off-line and on-line capillary electrophoresis methods were developed for IDO1 inhibitors screening from natural product extracts. The optimized separation conditions of CE were achieved with 32 mM sodium tetraborate (pH 9.22) as background electrolyte, using a separation voltage of 21 kV. The off-line CE method was verified by the determination of enzymatic kinetic parameters and inhibitory mechanisms of two known inhibitors. A partial filling on-line CE method combined with rapid polarity switching was used for rapid screening of IDO1 inhibitors. The whole reaction and separation process was completed within 5 min. The on-line CE screening results showed that six of 18 natural products had inhibitory effect on IDO1, namely Carthamus tinctorius, Schisandra chinensis, Raisin, Coffee, Hawthorn and Radix angelicae sinensis. The results of on-line CE experiments were consistent with the off-line results, which proved the practicability and effectiveness of the method for inhibitors screening.
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6
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Zheng Y, Stafford PM, Stover KR, Mohan DC, Gupta M, Keske EC, Schiavini P, Villar L, Wu F, Kreft A, Thomas K, Raaphorst E, Pasangulapati JP, Alla SR, Sharma S, Mittapalli RR, Sagamanova I, Johnson SL, Reed MA, Weaver DF. A Series of 2-((1-Phenyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)-1H-indoles as Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2195-2205. [PMID: 33759400 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a promising therapeutic target in cancer immunotherapy and neurological disease. Thus, searching for highly active inhibitors for use in human cancers is now a focus of widespread research and development efforts. In this study, we report the structure-based design of 2-(5-imidazolyl)indole derivatives, a series of novel IDO1 inhibitors which have been designed and synthesized based on our previous study using N1-substituted 5-indoleimidazoles. Among these, we have identified one with a strong IDO1 inhibitory activity (IC50 =0.16 μM, EC50 =0.3 μM). Structural-activity relationship (SAR) and computational docking simulations suggest that a hydroxyl group favorably interacts with a proximal Ser167 residue in Pocket A, improving IDO1 inhibitory potency. The brain penetrance of potent compounds was estimated by calculation of the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) Score and Brain Exposure Efficiency (BEE) Score. Many compounds had favorable scores and the two most promising compounds were advanced to a pharmacokinetic study which demonstrated that both compounds were brain penetrant. We have thus discovered a flexible scaffold for brain penetrant IDO1 inhibitors, exemplified by several potent, brain penetrant, agents. With this promising scaffold, we provide herein a basis for further development of brain penetrant IDO1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zheng
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Paul M Stafford
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Kurt R Stover
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Darapaneni Chandra Mohan
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Mayuri Gupta
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Eric C Keske
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Paolo Schiavini
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Laura Villar
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Fan Wu
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Alexander Kreft
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Kiersten Thomas
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Elana Raaphorst
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Jagadeesh P Pasangulapati
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Siva R Alla
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Simmi Sharma
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Ramana R Mittapalli
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Irina Sagamanova
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Shea L Johnson
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Mark A Reed
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M55 3H6, Canada
| | - Donald F Weaver
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M55 3H6, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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7
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Röhrig UF, Majjigapu SR, Reynaud A, Pojer F, Dilek N, Reichenbach P, Ascencao K, Irving M, Coukos G, Vogel P, Michielin O, Zoete V. Azole-Based Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2021; 64:2205-2227. [PMID: 33557523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The heme enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) plays an essential role in immunity, neuronal function, and aging through catalysis of the rate-limiting step in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism. Many IDO1 inhibitors with different chemotypes have been developed, mainly targeted for use in anti-cancer immunotherapy. Lead optimization of direct heme iron-binding inhibitors has proven difficult due to the remarkable selectivity and sensitivity of the heme-ligand interactions. Here, we present experimental data for a set of closely related small azole compounds with more than 4 orders of magnitude differences in their inhibitory activities, ranging from millimolar to nanomolar levels. We investigate and rationalize their activities based on structural data, molecular dynamics simulations, and density functional theory calculations. Our results not only expand the presently known four confirmed chemotypes of sub-micromolar heme binding IDO1 inhibitors by two additional scaffolds but also provide a model to predict the activities of novel scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute F Röhrig
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Somi Reddy Majjigapu
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aline Reynaud
- Protein Production and Structure Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florence Pojer
- Protein Production and Structure Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nahzli Dilek
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Reichenbach
- Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, Ludwig Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Kelly Ascencao
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melita Irving
- Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, Ludwig Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, Ludwig Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, Ludwig Cancer Research-Lausanne Branch, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Vogel
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, Ludwig Cancer Research-Lausanne Branch, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, Ludwig Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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8
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Yan D, Xu J, Tan X. Inhibitory investigation of niacin derivatives on metalloenzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 for its immunomodulatory function. Metallomics 2021; 13:6102551. [PMID: 33638642 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfab001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) have received wide attention for their roles in cancer immunotherapy. It highlights the important role of metalloenzymes in performing human physiological functions. Herein, the recombinant human IDO1 was expressed and purified successfully, and the protein molecule was characterized by SDS-PAGE, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and metalloenzymology. A series of niacin derivatives were investigated with regard to their inhibition on metalloenzyme IDO1, and the resulting potential anti-cancer activities in cell lines. Among the niacin derivatives, 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-butane-1,3-dione (compound 9) was found to be the most effective inhibitor to IDO1 in HepG-2 cells, with an EC50 of 11 µM with low cytotoxicity. The IC50 value of compound 9 with trifluoroethyl group in enzymatic inhibition was shown to be ∼5 times more potent than a positive control 4-phenylimidazole. The interaction between compound 9 and IDO1 was verified by isothermal titration calorimetry and molecular docking study. The most favorable molecular docking results revealed that functional groups of compound 9 contributed to the binding of 9 to IDO1 through IDO1-heme coordination, H-bond interactions and hydrophobic contacts. Our finding provides a strategy for the development of new inhibitor candidates for the therapeutic inhibition of IDO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daojing Yan
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiakun Xu
- Key Lab of Sustainable Development of Polar Fisheries, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiangshi Tan
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai 200433, China
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9
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Inuki S, Ohno H, Yamaguchi A, Ohta K, Oishi S, Asai A. Identification of a Novel Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Inhibitor Bearing an Eight-Membered Ring Fused Indole Scaffold and Its Structure-Activity Relationship. HETEROCYCLES 2021. [DOI: 10.3987/com-20-s(k)17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Feng X, Liao D, Liu D, Ping A, Li Z, Bian J. Development of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy and Beyond: A Recent Perspective. J Med Chem 2020; 63:15115-15139. [PMID: 33215494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) has received increasing attention due to its immunosuppressive function in connection with various diseases, including cancer. A recent increase in the understanding of IDO1 has significantly contributed to the discovery of numerous novel inhibitors, but the latest clinical outcomes raised questions and have indicated a future direction of IDO1 inhibition for therapeutic approaches. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of IDO1, discussing the latest advances in understanding the IDO1 structure and mechanism, an overview of recent IDO1 inhibitor discoveries and potential therapeutic applications to provide helpful information for medicinal chemists investigating IDO1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - An Ping
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlei Bian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
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11
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Huang J, Luo L, Xing N, Gu L, Li C, Han Q, Zheng S, He L. Novel synthesis of divergent aryl imidazoles from ketones involving copper-catalyzed α-amination and oxidative C–C bond cleavage. RSC Adv 2020; 10:13815-13819. [PMID: 35492973 PMCID: PMC9051655 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01408g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A one-pot synthesis, initiated by a copper salt with inorganic (NH4)2CO3 as the nitrogen source, forms divergent aryl imidazole derivatives from ketones via α-amination and oxidative C–C bond cleavage reactions. The approach provides a simple and rapid synthesis of imidazole derivatives and has certain versatility. A one-pot synthesis, initiated by a copper salt with (NH4)2CO3 as the nitrogen source, forms divergent aryl imidazole derivatives from ketones via C–H activation, α-amination and oxidative C–C bond cleavage and condensation cascade reaction.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangkun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
| | - Lan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
| | - Naiguo Xing
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
| | - Linghui Gu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
| | - Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
| | - Qiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
| | - Shilong Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center
- Xavier University of Louisiana
- New Orleans
- USA
| | - Ling He
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
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12
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Yang D, Zhang S, Fang X, Guo L, Hu N, Guo Z, Li X, Yang S, He JC, Kuang C, Yang Q. N-Benzyl/Aryl Substituted Tryptanthrin as Dual Inhibitors of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase and Tryptophan 2,3-Dioxygenase. J Med Chem 2019; 62:9161-9174. [PMID: 31580660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), which catalyzes the initial and rate-limiting step of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism, has emerged as a key target in cancer immunotherapy because of its role in enabling cancers to evade the immune system. Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) catalyze the same reaction and play a potential role in cancer immunotherapy. Starting from our previously discovered tryptanthrin IDO1 inhibitor scaffold, we synthesized novel N-benzyl/aryl substituted tryptanthrin derivatives and evaluated their inhibitory efficacy on IDO1, TDO, and IDO2. Most compounds showed similar high inhibitory activities on both IDO1 and TDO, which were significantly superior over that of IDO2 with magnitude difference. We showed that N-benzyl/aryl substituted tryptanthrin directly interacted with IDO1, TDO, and IDO2, significantly augmented the proliferation of T cells in vitro, blocked the kynurenine pathway, and suppressed tumor growth when administered to LLC and H22 tumor-bearing mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences , Fudan University , Songhu Road 2005 , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences , Fudan University , Songhu Road 2005 , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Xin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences , Fudan University , Songhu Road 2005 , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Leilei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences , Fudan University , Songhu Road 2005 , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Nan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences , Fudan University , Songhu Road 2005 , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Zhanling Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences , Fudan University , Songhu Road 2005 , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Xishuai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences , Fudan University , Songhu Road 2005 , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Shuangshuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences , Fudan University , Songhu Road 2005 , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Jin Chao He
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences , Fudan University , Songhu Road 2005 , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Chunxiang Kuang
- Department of Chemistry , Tongji University , Siping Road 1239 , Shanghai 200092 , China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences , Fudan University , Songhu Road 2005 , Shanghai 200438 , China
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13
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Röhrig UF, Reynaud A, Majjigapu SR, Vogel P, Pojer F, Zoete V. Inhibition Mechanisms of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO1). J Med Chem 2019; 62:8784-8795. [PMID: 31525930 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism, which is involved in immunity, neuronal function, and aging. Its implication in pathologies such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases has stimulated the development of IDO1 inhibitors. However, negative phase III clinical trial results of the IDO1 inhibitor epacadostat in cancer immunotherapy call for a better understanding of the role and the mechanisms of IDO1 inhibition. In this work, we investigate the molecular inhibition mechanisms of four known IDO1 inhibitors and of two quinones in detail, using different experimental and computational approaches. We also determine for the first time the X-ray structure of the highly efficient 1,2,3-triazole inhibitor MMG-0358. Based on our results and a comprehensive literature overview, we propose a classification scheme for IDO1 inhibitors according to their inhibition mechanism, which will be useful for further developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute F Röhrig
- Molecular Modeling Group , SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Aline Reynaud
- Protein Production and Structure Core Facility, School of Life Sciences , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Somi Reddy Majjigapu
- Molecular Modeling Group , SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland.,Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Pierre Vogel
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Florence Pojer
- Protein Production and Structure Core Facility, School of Life Sciences , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Molecular Modeling Group , SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland.,Department of Fundamental Oncology , University of Lausanne, Ludwig Lausanne Branch , 1066 Epalinges , Switzerland
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14
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Wang XX, Sun SY, Dong QQ, Wu XX, Tang W, Xing YQ. Recent advances in the discovery of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:1740-1754. [PMID: 32055299 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00208a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), an important immunoregulatory enzyme ubiquitously expressed in various tissues and cells, plays a key role in tryptophan metabolism via the kynurenine pathway and has emerged as an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer and other diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and arthritis. IDO1 has diverse biological roles in immune suppression and tumor progression by tryptophan catabolism. In addition, IDO1-mediated immune tolerance assists tumor cells in escaping the immune surveillance. Recently, extensive and enormous investigations have been made in the discovery of IDO1 inhibitors in both academia and pharmaceutical companies. In this review, IDO1 inhibitors are grouped as tryptophan derivatives, inhibitors with an imidazole, 1,2,3-triazole or tetrazole scaffold, inhibitors with quinone or iminoquinone, N-hydroxyamidines and other derivatives, and their enzymatic inhibitory activity, selectivity and other biological activities are also introduced and summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Xiu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College , Bengbu , Anhuir 233040 , P.R. China .
| | - Si-Yu Sun
- Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College , Bengbu , Anhuir 233040 , P.R. China .
| | - Qing-Qing Dong
- Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College , Bengbu , Anhuir 233040 , P.R. China .
| | - Xiao-Xiang Wu
- Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College , Bengbu , Anhuir 233040 , P.R. China .
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College , Bengbu , Anhuir 233040 , P.R. China .
| | - Ya-Qun Xing
- Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College , Bengbu , Anhuir 233040 , P.R. China .
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15
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Kozlova A, Frédérick R. Current state on tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitors: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2019; 29:11-23. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2019.1556638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arina Kozlova
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group (CMFA), Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raphaël Frédérick
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group (CMFA), Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
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16
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Di Trani JM, Moitessier N, Mittermaier AK. Complete Kinetic Characterization of Enzyme Inhibition in a Single Isothermal Titration Calorimetric Experiment. Anal Chem 2018; 90:8430-8435. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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17
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Roy A, Das S, Manna D. Effect of Molecular Crowding Agents on the Activity and Stability of Immunosuppressive Enzyme Indoleamine 2,3‐Dioxygenase 1. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashalata Roy
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati-781039 Assam India
| | - Sreeparna Das
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati-781039 Assam India
| | - Debasis Manna
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati-781039 Assam India
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18
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Cheong JE, Sun L. Targeting the IDO1/TDO2–KYN–AhR Pathway for Cancer Immunotherapy – Challenges and Opportunities. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:307-325. [PMID: 29254698 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Eun Cheong
- Center for Drug Discovery and Translational Research, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lijun Sun
- Center for Drug Discovery and Translational Research, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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19
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Brant MG, Goodwin-Tindall J, Stover KR, Stafford PM, Wu F, Meek AR, Schiavini P, Wohnig S, Weaver DF. Identification of Potent Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) Inhibitors Based on a Phenylimidazole Scaffold. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:131-136. [PMID: 29456801 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) is an attractive immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of a variety of cancers. Dysregulation of this enzyme has also been implicated in other disorders including Alzheimer's disease and arthritis. Herein, we report the structure-based design of two related series of molecules: N1-substituted 5-indoleimidazoles and N1-substituted 5-phenylimidazoles. The latter (and more potent) series was accessed through an unexpected rearrangement of an imine intermediate during a Van Leusen imidazole synthesis reaction. Evidence for the binding modes for both inhibitor series is supported by computational and structure-activity relationship studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Brant
- Krembil
Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Jake Goodwin-Tindall
- Krembil
Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Kurt R. Stover
- Krembil
Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Paul M. Stafford
- Krembil
Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Fan Wu
- Krembil
Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Autumn R. Meek
- Krembil
Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Paolo Schiavini
- Krembil
Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Stephanie Wohnig
- Krembil
Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Donald F. Weaver
- Krembil
Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto M5T 2S8, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M55 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 2C4, Canada
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20
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Griglio A, Torre E, Serafini M, Bianchi A, Schmid R, Coda Zabetta G, Massarotti A, Sorba G, Pirali T, Fallarini S. A multicomponent approach in the discovery of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 inhibitors: Synthesis, biological investigation and docking studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:651-657. [PMID: 29398544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase plays a crucial role in immune tolerance and has emerged as an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy. In this study, the Passerini and Ugi multicomponent reactions have been employed to assemble a small library of imidazothiazoles that target IDO1. While the p-bromophenyl and the imidazothiazole moieties have been kept fixed, a full SAR study has been performed on the side-chain, leading to the discovery of nine compounds with sub-micromolar IC50 values in the enzyme-based assay. Compound 7d, displaying a α-acyloxyamide substructure, is the most potent compound, with an IC50 value of 0.20 µM, but a low activity in a cell-based assay. Compound 6o, containing a α-acylaminoamide moiety, shows an IC50 value of 0.81 µM in the IDO1-based assay, a full biocompatibility at 10 µM, together with a modest inhibitory activity in A375 cells. Molecular docking studies show that both 7d and 6o display a unique binding mode in the IDO1 active site, with the side-chain protruding in an additional pocket C, where a crucial hydrogen bond is formed with Lys238. Overall, this work describes an isocyanide based-multicomponent approach as a straightforward and versatile tool to rapidly access IDO1 inhibitors, providing a new direction for their future design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Griglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Enza Torre
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Marta Serafini
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Alice Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Roberta Schmid
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Giulia Coda Zabetta
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Alberto Massarotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sorba
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Tracey Pirali
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, Novara 28100, Italy.
| | - Silvia Fallarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, Novara 28100, Italy
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21
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Alexandre JAC, Swan MK, Latchem MJ, Boyall D, Pollard JR, Hughes SW, Westcott J. New 4-Amino-1,2,3-Triazole Inhibitors of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Form a Long-Lived Complex with the Enzyme and Display Exquisite Cellular Potency. Chembiochem 2018; 19:552-561. [PMID: 29240291 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine-2,3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) has emerged as a central regulator of immune responses in both normal and disease biology. Due to its established role in promoting tumour immune escape, IDO1 has become an attractive target for cancer treatment. A novel series of highly cell potent IDO1 inhibitors based on a 4-amino-1,2,3-triazole core have been identified. Comprehensive kinetic, biochemical and structural studies demonstrate that compounds from this series have a noncompetitive kinetic mechanism of action with respect to the tryptophan substrate. In co-complex crystal structures, the compounds bind in the tryptophan pocket and make a direct ligand interaction with the haem iron of the porphyrin cofactor. It is proposed that these data can be rationalised by an ordered-binding mechanism, in which the inhibitor binds an apo form of the enzyme that is not competent to bind tryptophan. These inhibitors also form a very tight, long-lived complex with the enzyme, which partially explains their exquisite cellular potency. This novel series represents an attractive starting point for the future development of potent IDO1-targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Kenneth Swan
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Limited, 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RW, UK
| | - Mike John Latchem
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Limited, 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RW, UK
| | - Dean Boyall
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Limited, 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RW, UK
| | - John Robert Pollard
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Limited, 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RW, UK
| | - Stuart Wynn Hughes
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Limited, 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RW, UK
| | - James Westcott
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Limited, 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RW, UK
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22
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Prendergast GC, Malachowski WP, DuHadaway JB, Muller AJ. Discovery of IDO1 Inhibitors: From Bench to Bedside. Cancer Res 2018; 77:6795-6811. [PMID: 29247038 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule inhibitors of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) are emerging at the vanguard of experimental agents in oncology. Here, pioneers of this new drug class provide a bench-to-bedside review on preclinical validation of IDO1 as a cancer therapeutic target and on the discovery and development of a set of mechanistically distinct compounds, indoximod, epacadostat, and navoximod, that were first to be evaluated as IDO inhibitors in clinical trials. As immunometabolic adjuvants to widen therapeutic windows, IDO inhibitors may leverage not only immuno-oncology modalities but also chemotherapy and radiotherapy as standards of care in the oncology clinic. Cancer Res; 77(24); 6795-811. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James B DuHadaway
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research (LIMR), Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
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23
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Weng T, Qiu X, Wang J, Li Z, Bian J. Recent discovery of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 inhibitors targeting cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 143:656-669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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24
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25
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Crosignani S, Bingham P, Bottemanne P, Cannelle H, Cauwenberghs S, Cordonnier M, Dalvie D, Deroose F, Feng JL, Gomes B, Greasley S, Kaiser SE, Kraus M, Négrerie M, Maegley K, Miller N, Murray BW, Schneider M, Soloweij J, Stewart AE, Tumang J, Torti VR, Van Den Eynde B, Wythes M. Discovery of a Novel and Selective Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO-1) Inhibitor 3-(5-Fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (EOS200271/PF-06840003) and Its Characterization as a Potential Clinical Candidate. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9617-9629. [PMID: 29111717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tumors use tryptophan-catabolizing enzymes such as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO-1) to induce an immunosuppressive environment. IDO-1 is induced in response to inflammatory stimuli and promotes immune tolerance through effector T-cell anergy and enhanced Treg function. As such, IDO-1 is a nexus for the induction of a key immunosuppressive mechanism and represents an important immunotherapeutic target in oncology. Starting from HTS hit 5, IDO-1 inhibitor 6 (EOS200271/PF-06840003) has been developed. The structure-activity relationship around 6 is described and rationalized using the X-ray crystal structure of 6 bound to human IDO-1, which shows that 6, differently from most of the IDO-1 inhibitors described so far, does not bind to the heme iron atom and has a novel binding mode. Clinical candidate 6 shows good potency in an IDO-1 human whole blood assay and also shows a very favorable ADME profile leading to favorable predicted human pharmacokinetic properties, including a predicted half-life of 16-19 h.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Bingham
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Hélène Cannelle
- iTeos Therapeutics , Rue des Frères Wright 29, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | | | - Marie Cordonnier
- iTeos Therapeutics , Rue des Frères Wright 29, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Deepak Dalvie
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Frederik Deroose
- Asclepia Outsourcing Solutions , Damvalleistraat 49, Destelbergen 9070, Belgium
| | - Jun Li Feng
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bruno Gomes
- iTeos Therapeutics , Rue des Frères Wright 29, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Samantha Greasley
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Stephen E Kaiser
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Manfred Kraus
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michel Négrerie
- Ecole Polytechnique, Unité Inserm 1182 UMR 7645 , Route de Saclay, Palaiseau 91128, France
| | - Karen Maegley
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Nichol Miller
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Brion W Murray
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Manfred Schneider
- iTeos Therapeutics , Rue des Frères Wright 29, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - James Soloweij
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Albert E Stewart
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Joseph Tumang
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Vince R Torti
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Benoit Van Den Eynde
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Université Catholique de Louvain , 74 Avenue Hippocrate, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martin Wythes
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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26
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Prendergast GC, Malachowski WJ, Mondal A, Scherle P, Muller AJ. Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase and Its Therapeutic Inhibition in Cancer. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 336:175-203. [PMID: 29413890 PMCID: PMC6054468 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The tryptophan catabolic enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) has attracted enormous attention in driving cancer immunosuppression, neovascularization, and metastasis. IDO1 suppresses local CD8+ T effector cells and natural killer cells and induces CD4+ T regulatory cells (iTreg) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). The structurally distinct enzyme tryptophan dioxygenase (TDO) also has been implicated recently in immune escape and metastatic progression. Lastly, emerging evidence suggests that the IDO1-related enzyme IDO2 may support IDO1-mediated iTreg and contribute to B-cell inflammed states in certain cancers. IDO1 and TDO are upregulated widely in neoplastic cells but also variably in stromal, endothelial, and innate immune cells of the tumor microenviroment and in tumor-draining lymph nodes. Pharmacological and genetic proofs in preclinical models of cancer have validated IDO1 as a cancer therapeutic target. IDO1 inhibitors have limited activity on their own but greatly enhance "immunogenic" chemotherapy or immune checkpoint drugs. IDO/TDO function is rooted in inflammatory programming, thereby influencing tumor neovascularization, MDSC generation, and metastasis beyond effects on adaptive immune tolerance. Discovery and development of two small molecule enzyme inhibitors of IDO1 have advanced furthest to date in Phase II/III human trials (epacadostat and navoximod, respectively). Indoximod, a tryptophan mimetic compound with a different mechanism of action in the IDO pathway has also advanced in multiple Phase II trials. Second generation combined IDO/TDO inhibitors may broaden impact in cancer treatment, for example, in addressing IDO1 bypass (inherent resistance) or acquired resistance to IDO1 inhibitors. This review surveys knowledge about IDO1 function and how IDO1 inhibitors reprogram inflammation to heighten therapeutic responses in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Prendergast
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States; Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | | | - Arpita Mondal
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States; Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Peggy Scherle
- Incyte Corporation Inc., Wilmington, DE, United States
| | - Alexander J Muller
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States; Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Jacobs KR, Castellano-Gonzalez G, Guillemin GJ, Lovejoy DB. Major Developments in the Design of Inhibitors along the Kynurenine Pathway. Curr Med Chem 2017; 24:2471-2495. [PMID: 28464785 PMCID: PMC5748880 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170502123114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Disrupted kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolism has been implicated in the progression of neurodegenerative disease, psychiatric disorders and cancer. Modulation of enzyme activity along this pathway may therefore offer potential new therapeutic strategies for these conditions. Considering their prominent positions in the KP, the enzymes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, kynurenine 3-monooxygenase and kynurenine aminotransferase, appear the most attractive targets. Already, increasing interest in this pathway has led to the identification of a number of potent and selective enzyme inhibitors with promising pre-clinical data and the elucidation of several enzyme crystal structures provides scope to rationalize the molecular mechanisms of inhibitor activity. The field seems poised to yield one or more inhibitors that should find clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R Jacobs
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney. Australia
| | - Gloria Castellano-Gonzalez
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney. Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Department of Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Macquarie University, 2 Technology Place, Sydney. Australia
| | - David B Lovejoy
- Department of Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Macquarie University, 2 Technology Place, Sydney. Australia
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28
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Binding properties of different categories of IDO1 inhibitors: a microscale thermophoresis study. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:1327-1338. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Inhibition of IDO1 is a strategy pursued in the immune-oncology pipeline for the development of novel anticancer therapies. At odds with an ever-increasing number of inhibitors being disclosed in the literature and patent applications, only very few compounds have hitherto advanced in clinical settings. Materials & methods: We have used MicroScale Thermophoresis analysis and docking calculations to assess on a quantitative basis the binding properties of distinct categories of inhibitors to IDO1. Results: Results shed further light on hidden molecular aspects governing the recognition by the enzyme of compounds with different mechanism of inhibition. Conclusion: Results pinpoint specific binding features of distinct inhibitors to IDO1 that offer clues for the design of next-generation inhibitors of the enzyme.
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29
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Coletti A, Greco FA, Dolciami D, Camaioni E, Sardella R, Pallotta MT, Volpi C, Orabona C, Grohmann U, Macchiarulo A. Advances in indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 medicinal chemistry. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1378-1392. [PMID: 30108849 PMCID: PMC6072487 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00109f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) mediates multiple immunoregulatory processes including the induction of regulatory T cell differentiation and activation, suppression of T cell immune responses and inhibition of dendritic cell function, which impair immune recognition of cancer cells and promote tumor growth. On this basis, this enzyme is widely recognized as a valuable drug target for the development of immunotherapeutic small molecules in oncology. Although medicinal chemistry has made a substantial contribution to the discovery of numerous chemical classes of potent IDO1 inhibitors in the past 20 years, only very few compounds have progressed in clinical trials. In this review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of structure-function relationships of the enzyme, and discuss structure-activity relationships of selected classes of inhibitors that have shaped the hitherto few successes of IDO1 medicinal chemistry. An outlook opinion is also given on trends in the design of next generation inhibitors of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Coletti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Perugia , via del Liceo 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 075 585 5160
| | - Francesco Antonio Greco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Perugia , via del Liceo 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 075 585 5160
| | - Daniela Dolciami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Perugia , via del Liceo 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 075 585 5160
| | - Emidio Camaioni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Perugia , via del Liceo 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 075 585 5160
| | - Roccaldo Sardella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Perugia , via del Liceo 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 075 585 5160
| | - Maria Teresa Pallotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Perugia , P.le Gambuli , 06132 Perugia , Italy
| | - Claudia Volpi
- Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Perugia , P.le Gambuli , 06132 Perugia , Italy
| | - Ciriana Orabona
- Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Perugia , P.le Gambuli , 06132 Perugia , Italy
| | - Ursula Grohmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Perugia , P.le Gambuli , 06132 Perugia , Italy
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Perugia , via del Liceo 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 075 585 5160
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30
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Tomek P, Palmer BD, Flanagan JU, Sun C, Raven EL, Ching LM. Discovery and evaluation of inhibitors to the immunosuppressive enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1): Probing the active site-inhibitor interactions. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 126:983-996. [PMID: 28011425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
High expression of the immunosuppressive enzyme, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) for a broad range of malignancies is associated with poor patient prognosis, and the enzyme is a validated target for cancer intervention. To identify novel IDO1 inhibitors suitable for drug development, 1597 compounds in the National Cancer Institute Diversity Set III library were tested for inhibitory activity against recombinant human IDO1. We retrieved 35 hits that inhibited IDO1 activity >50% at 20 μM. Five structural filters and the PubChem Bioassay database were used to guide the selection of five inhibitors with IC50 between 3 and 12 μM for subsequent experimental evaluation. A pyrimidinone scaffold emerged as being the most promising. It showed excellent cell penetration, negligible cytotoxicity and passed four out of the five structural filters applied. To evaluate the importance of Ser167 and Cys129 residues in the IDO1 active site for inhibitor binding, the entire NCI library was subsequently screened against alanine-replacement mutant enzymes of these two residues. The results established that Ser167 but not Cys129 is important for inhibitory activity of a broad range of IDO1 inhibitors. Structure-activity-relationship studies proposed substituents interacting with Ser167 on four investigated IDO1 inhibitors. Three of these four Ser167 interactions associated with an increased IDO1 inhibition and were correctly predicted by molecular docking supporting Ser167 as an important mediator of potency for IDO1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Tomek
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Brian D Palmer
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jack U Flanagan
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chuanwen Sun
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Emma L Raven
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Lai-Ming Ching
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Inhibition of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor prevents Western diet-induced obesity. Model for AHR activation by kynurenine via oxidized-LDL, TLR2/4, TGFβ, and IDO1. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 300:13-24. [PMID: 27020609 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is an increasingly urgent global problem, yet, little is known about its causes and less is known how obesity can be effectively treated. We showed previously that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) plays a role in the regulation of body mass in mice fed Western diet. The AHR is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor that regulates genes involved in a number of biological pathways, including xenobiotic metabolism and T cell polarization. This study was an investigation into whether inhibition of the AHR prevents Western diet-based obesity. Male C57Bl/6J mice were fed control and Western diets with and without the AHR antagonist α-naphthoflavone or CH-223191, and a mouse hepatocyte cell line was used to delineate relevant cellular pathways. Studies are presented showing that the AHR antagonists α-naphthoflavone and CH-223191 significantly reduce obesity and adiposity and ameliorates liver steatosis in male C57Bl/6J mice fed a Western diet. Mice deficient in the tryptophan metabolizing enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) were also resistant to obesity. Using an AHR-directed, luciferase-expressing mouse hepatocyte cell line, we show that the transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) signaling pathway via PI3K and NF-κB and the toll-like receptor 2/4 (TLR2/4) signaling pathway stimulated by oxidized low-density lipoproteins via NF-κB, each induce luciferase expression; however, TLR2/4 signaling was significantly reduced by inhibition of IDO1. At physiological levels, kynurenine but not kynurenic acid (both tryptophan metabolites and known AHR agonists) activated AHR-directed luciferase expression. We propose a hepatocyte-based model, in which kynurenine production is increased by enhanced IDO1 activity stimulated by TGFβ1 and TLR2/4 signaling, via PI3K and NF-κB, to perpetuate a cycle of AHR activation to cause obesity; and inhibition of the AHR, in turn, blocks the cycle's output to prevent obesity. The AHR with its broad ligand binding specificity is a promising candidate for a potentially simple therapeutic approach for the prevention and treatment of obesity and associated complications.
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32
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Weinmann H. Cancer Immunotherapy: Selected Targets and Small-Molecule Modulators. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:450-66. [PMID: 26836578 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There is a significant amount of excitement in the scientific community around cancer immunotherapy, as this approach has renewed hope for many cancer patients owing to some recent successes in the clinic. Currently available immuno-oncology therapeutics under clinical development and on the market are mostly biologics (antibodies, proteins, engineered cells, and oncolytic viruses). However, modulation of the immune system with small molecules offers several advantages that may be complementary and potentially synergistic to the use of large biologicals. Therefore, the discovery and development of novel small-molecule modulators is a rapidly growing research area for medicinal chemists working in cancer immunotherapy. This review provides a brief introduction into recent trends related to selected targets and pathways for cancer immunotherapy and their small-molecule pharmacological modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilmar Weinmann
- Bayer Pharma AG, Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry Berlin, Muellerstrasse 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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33
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Malachowski WP, Winters M, DuHadaway JB, Lewis-Ballester A, Badir S, Wai J, Rahman M, Sheikh E, LaLonde JM, Yeh SR, Prendergast GC, Muller AJ. O-alkylhydroxylamines as rationally-designed mechanism-based inhibitors of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 108:564-576. [PMID: 26717206 PMCID: PMC4724314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer, chronic viral infections, and other diseases characterized by pathological immune suppression. Recently important advances have been made in understanding IDO1's catalytic mechanism. Although much remains to be discovered, there is strong evidence that the mechanism proceeds through a heme-iron bound alkylperoxy transition or intermediate state. Accordingly, we explored stable structural mimics of the alkylperoxy species and provide evidence that such structures do mimic the alkylperoxy transition or intermediate state. We discovered that O-benzylhydroxylamine, a commercially available compound, is a potent sub-micromolar inhibitor of IDO1. Structure-activity studies of over forty derivatives of O-benzylhydroxylamine led to further improvement in inhibitor potency, particularly with the addition of halogen atoms to the meta position of the aromatic ring. The most potent derivatives and the lead, O-benzylhydroxylamine, have high ligand efficiency values, which are considered an important criterion for successful drug development. Notably, two of the most potent compounds demonstrated nanomolar-level cell-based potency and limited toxicity. The combination of the simplicity of the structures of these compounds and their excellent cellular activity makes them quite attractive for biological exploration of IDO1 function and antitumor therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Winters
- Department of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 19010, USA
| | - James B. DuHadaway
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania 19096, USA
| | - Ariel Lewis-Ballester
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Shorouk Badir
- Department of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 19010, USA
| | - Jenny Wai
- Department of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 19010, USA
| | - Maisha Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 19010, USA
| | - Eesha Sheikh
- Department of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 19010, USA
| | - Judith M. LaLonde
- Department of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 19010, USA
| | - Syun-Ru Yeh
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - George C. Prendergast
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania 19096, USA
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Alexander J. Muller
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania 19096, USA
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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34
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Fallarini S, Massarotti A, Gesù A, Giovarruscio S, Coda Zabetta G, Bergo R, Giannelli B, Brunco A, Lombardi G, Sorba G, Pirali T. In silico-driven multicomponent synthesis of 4,5- and 1,5-disubstituted imidazoles as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00317b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A virtual library of 50 000 000 compounds synthesizable via the van Leusen MCR was created, screened and filtered to afford a series of disubstituted imidazoles with improved properties compared to 4-phenylimidazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Fallarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco
- Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”
- 28100 Novara
- Italy
| | - A. Massarotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco
- Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”
- 28100 Novara
- Italy
| | - A. Gesù
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco
- Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”
- 28100 Novara
- Italy
| | - S. Giovarruscio
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco
- Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”
- 28100 Novara
- Italy
| | - G. Coda Zabetta
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco
- Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”
- 28100 Novara
- Italy
| | - R. Bergo
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco
- Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”
- 28100 Novara
- Italy
| | - B. Giannelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco
- Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”
- 28100 Novara
- Italy
| | - A. Brunco
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco
- Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”
- 28100 Novara
- Italy
| | - G. Lombardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco
- Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”
- 28100 Novara
- Italy
| | - G. Sorba
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco
- Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”
- 28100 Novara
- Italy
| | - T. Pirali
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco
- Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”
- 28100 Novara
- Italy
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35
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Peng YH, Ueng SH, Tseng CT, Hung MS, Song JS, Wu JS, Liao FY, Fan YS, Wu MH, Hsiao WC, Hsueh CC, Lin SY, Cheng CY, Tu CH, Lee LC, Cheng MF, Shia KS, Shih C, Wu SY. Important Hydrogen Bond Networks in Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) Inhibitor Design Revealed by Crystal Structures of Imidazoleisoindole Derivatives with IDO1. J Med Chem 2015; 59:282-93. [PMID: 26642377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), promoting immune escape of tumors, is a therapeutic target for the cancer immunotherapy. A number of IDO1 inhibitors have been identified, but only limited structural biology studies of IDO1 inhibitors are available to provide insights on the binding mechanism of IDO1. In this study, we present the structure of IDO1 in complex with 24, a NLG919 analogue with potent activity. The complex structure revealed the imidazole nitrogen atom of 24 to coordinate with the heme iron, and the imidazoleisoindole core situated in pocket A with the 1-cyclohexylethanol moiety extended to pocket B to interact with the surrounding residues. Most interestingly, 24 formed an extensive hydrogen bond network with IDO1, which is a distinct feature of IDO1/24 complex structure and is not observed in the other IDO1 complex structures. Further structure-activity relationship, UV spectra, and structural biology studies of several analogues of 24 demonstrated that extensive hydrophobic interactions and the unique hydrogen bonding network contribute to the great potency of imidazoleisoindole derivatives. These results are expected to facilitate the structure-based drug design of new IDO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hui Peng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shau-Hua Ueng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chen-Tso Tseng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Shiu Hung
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jen-Shin Song
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jian-Sung Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fang-Yu Liao
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Shiou Fan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mine-Hsine Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Chi Hsiao
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Cheng Hsueh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Yu Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Yi Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Hsiang Tu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Lung-Chun Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Fu Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kak-Shan Shia
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chuan Shih
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Su-Ying Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
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36
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The Janus-faced nature of IDO1 in infectious diseases: challenges and therapeutic opportunities. Future Med Chem 2015; 8:39-54. [PMID: 26692277 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of IDO1 is a strategy pursued to develop novel therapeutic treatments for cancer. Recent years have witnessed growing evidence that the enzyme plays a pivotal role in viral, bacterial and fungal infections. These studies have underscored the Janus-faced nature of IDO1 in the regulation of host-pathogen interactions and commensalism. Starting with an outlook on the advances in the structural features of IDO1, herein we report recent findings that pinpoint the involvement of IDO1 in infectious diseases. Then, we present an overview of IDO1 inhibitors that have been enrolled in clinical trials as well as other distinct modulators of the enzyme that may enable further investigations of IDO1 and its role in infectious disease.
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37
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Moon YW, Hajjar J, Hwu P, Naing A. Targeting the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase pathway in cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2015; 3:51. [PMID: 26674411 PMCID: PMC4678703 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-015-0094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells escape the immune surveillance system of the host through a process called immune tolerance. Immunotherapy targets molecules that serve as checks and balances in the regulation of immune response. Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an intracellular enzyme, which through the process of tryptophan depletion exerts an immunosuppressive effect, facilitating immune escape of tumors. This review summarizes our current knowledge on IDO expression in malignancies, the IDO inhibitors that are currently available and those under clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wha Moon
- Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-712 South Korea ; Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Box 455, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Joud Hajjar
- Section of Immunology, Allergy & Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Patrick Hwu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Aung Naing
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Box 455, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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38
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Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO, subsequently named IDO1) can degrade the level of essential amino acid tryptophan in mammals, and catalyze the initial and rate-limiting step through the kynurenine pathway. Broad evidence implies that IDO is overexpressed in both tumor cells and antigen-presenting cells, facilitating the escape of malignant tumors from immune surveillance. In the past decades, the inhibition of IDO has been one of the most promising areas in cancer immunotherapy and many potential inhibitors of IDO have been designed, synthesized and evaluated, among which d-1-methyl-tryptophan and INCB24360 have advanced to clinical trial stage. This review aims to give an overview of the rationale for IDO as a therapeutic target as well as the research progress of IDO inhibitors.
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39
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Dounay AB, Tuttle JB, Verhoest PR. Challenges and Opportunities in the Discovery of New Therapeutics Targeting the Kynurenine Pathway. J Med Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy B. Dounay
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Colorado College, 14 E. Cache
La Poudre Street, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80903, United States
| | - Jamison B. Tuttle
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Patrick R. Verhoest
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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40
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Röhrig UF, Majjigapu SR, Vogel P, Zoete V, Michielin O. Challenges in the Discovery of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9421-37. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ute F. Röhrig
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Somi Reddy Majjigapu
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory
of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Vogel
- Laboratory
of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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41
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Kolawole AO, Hixon BP, Dameron LS, Chrisman IM, Smirnov VV. Catalytic activity of human indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (hIDO1) at low oxygen. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 570:47-57. [PMID: 25712221 PMCID: PMC4412315 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A cytokine-inducible extrahepatic human indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (hIDO1) catalyzes the first step of the kynurenine pathway. Immunosuppressive activity of hIDO1 in tumor cells weakens host T-cell immunity, contributing to the progression of cancer. Here we report on enzyme kinetics and catalytic mechanism of hIDO1, studied at varied levels of dioxygen (O2) and L-tryptophan (L-Trp). Using a cytochrome b5-based activating system, we measured the initial rates of O2 decay with a Clark-type oxygen electrode at physiologically-relevant levels of both substrates. Kinetics was also studied in the presence of two substrate analogs: 1-methyl-L-tryptophan and norharmane. Quantitative analysis supports a steady-state rather than a rapid equilibrium kinetic mechanism, where the rates of individual pathways, leading to a ternary complex, are significantly different, and the overall rate of catalysis depends on contributions of both routes. One path, where O2 binds to ferrous hIDO1 first, is faster than the second route, which starts with the binding of L-Trp. However, L-Trp complexation with free ferrous hIDO1 is more rapid than that of O2. As the level of L-Trp increases, the slower route becomes a significant contributor to the overall rate, resulting in observed substrate inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodele O Kolawole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States
| | - Brian P Hixon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States
| | - Laura S Dameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States
| | - Ian M Chrisman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States
| | - Valeriy V Smirnov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States.
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42
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Barry KP, Ngu A, Cohn EF, Cote JM, Burroughs AM, Gerbino JP, Taylor EA. Exploring allosteric activation of LigAB from Sphingobium sp. strain SYK-6 through kinetics, mutagenesis and computational studies. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 567:35-45. [PMID: 25562402 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase (LigAB) from Sphingobium sp. strain SYK-6 is the defining member of the Type II extradiol dioxygenase superfamily (a.k.a. PCA Dioxygenase Superfamily or PCADSF) and plays a key aromatic ring-opening role in the metabolism of several lignin derived aromatic compounds. In our search for alternate substrates and inhibitors of LigAB, we discovered allosteric rate enhancement in the presence of non-substrate protocatechuate-like aldehydes such as vanillin. LigAB has the broadest substrate utilization profile of all protocatechuate (PCA) 4,5-dioxygenase described in the literature, however, the rate enhancement is only observed with PCA, with vanillin increasing kcat for LigAB by 36%. Computational docking has identified a potential site of allosteric binding near the entrance to the active site. Examination of a multiple sequence alignment reveals that many of the residues contributing to this newly identified allosteric pocket are highly conserved within the LigB family of the PCADSF. Point mutants of Phe103α and Ala18β, two residues located in the putative allosteric pocket, display altered rate enhancement as compared to LigAB-WT, providing support for the computationally identified allosteric binding site. Further investigation of this binding site may provide insight into the mechanism of this never before observed allosteric activation in extradiol dioxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abraham Ngu
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
| | - Erin Frances Cohn
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
| | - Joy Marie Cote
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
| | - A Maxwell Burroughs
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | | | - Erika Anne Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA.
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43
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Fatokun AA, Hunt NH, Ball HJ. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) and the kynurenine pathway: characteristics and potential roles in health and disease. Amino Acids 2013; 45:1319-29. [PMID: 24105077 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1602-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway is the major route for the oxidative degradation of the amino acid tryptophan. Activity of the pathway is involved in several disease conditions, both in the periphery and the central nervous system, including cancer, inflammatory disorders, neurological conditions, psychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Three enzymes are now known to catalyze the first and rate-limiting step in the catabolism of tryptophan along this pathway: tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO, subsequently named IDO1), both of which have been extensively studied, and a third enzyme, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2), a relative newcomer to the kynurenine pathway field. The adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent, 1-methyl-D-tryptophan, was intially suggested to target IDO2, implying involvement of IDO2 in tumorigenesis. Subsequently this compound has been suggested to have alternative actions and the physiological and pathophysiological roles of IDO2 are unclear. Targeted genetic interventions and selective inhibitors provide approaches for investigating the biology of IDO2. This review focuses on the current knowledge of IDO2 biology and discusses tools that will assist in further characterizing the enzymes of the kynurenine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos A Fatokun
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Cell Signalling, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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44
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Dolušić E, Frédérick R. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitors: a patent review (2008 – 2012). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:1367-81. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.827662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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45
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Flick HE, LaLonde JM, Malachowski WP, Muller AJ. The Tumor-Selective Cytotoxic Agent β-Lapachone is a Potent Inhibitor of IDO1. Int J Tryptophan Res 2013; 6:35-45. [PMID: 24023520 PMCID: PMC3762611 DOI: 10.4137/ijtr.s12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
β-lapachone is a naturally occurring 1,2-naphthoquinone-based compound that has been advanced into clinical trials based on its tumor-selective cytotoxic properties. Previously, we focused on the related 1,4-naphthoquinone pharmacophore as a basic core structure for developing a series of potent indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) enzyme inhibitors. In this study, we identified IDO1 inhibitory activity as a previously unrecognized attribute of the clinical candidate β-lapachone. Enzyme kinetics-based analysis of β-lapachone indicated an uncompetitive mode of inhibition, while computational modeling predicted binding within the IDO1 active site consistent with other naphthoquinone derivatives. Inhibition of IDO1 has previously been shown to breach the pathogenic tolerization that constrains the immune system from being able to mount an effective anti-tumor response. Thus, the finding that β-lapachone has IDO1 inhibitory activity adds a new dimension to its potential utility as an anti-cancer agent distinct from its cytotoxic properties, and suggests that a synergistic benefit can be achieved from its combined cytotoxic and immunologic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollie E. Flick
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
- Department of Biochemistry, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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46
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Yanagisawa S, Hara M, Sugimoto H, Shiro Y, Ogura T. Resonance Raman study on indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase: Control of reactivity by substrate-binding. Chem Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2013.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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47
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Bridewell DJA, Sperry J, Smith JR, Kosim-Satyaputra P, Ching LM, Jamie JF, Brimble MA. Natural Product-Inspired Pyranonaphthoquinone Inhibitors of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-1 (IDO-1). Aust J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/ch12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of pyranonaphthoquinone derivatives possessing structural features present in both natural products annulin B and exiguamine A have been shown to exhibit low micromolar inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO-1). These inhibitors retain activity against the enzyme in a cellular context with an approximate one-log loss of dose potency against IDO-1 in cells. One particular analogue, triazole 8 shows good inhibition of IDO-1 along with little loss of cell viability at low drug concentrations. These results have extended the naphthoquinone series of novel IDO-1 inhibitors based on lead compounds from nature.
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48
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Röhrig UF, Majjigapu SR, Grosdidier A, Bron S, Stroobant V, Pilotte L, Colau D, Vogel P, Van den Eynde BJ, Zoete V, Michielin O. Rational Design of 4-Aryl-1,2,3-Triazoles for Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 Inhibition. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5270-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300260v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ute F. Röhrig
- Ludwig Center
for Cancer Research
of the University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics,
Molecular Modeling Group, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Somi Reddy Majjigapu
- Ludwig Center
for Cancer Research
of the University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry and
Asymmetric Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de
Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Grosdidier
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics,
Molecular Modeling Group, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvian Bron
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics,
Molecular Modeling Group, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Pluridisciplinary Centre for
Clinical Oncology (CePO), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois
(CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Stroobant
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer
Research, Brussels Branch, and de Duve Institute, Université
Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Pilotte
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer
Research, Brussels Branch, and de Duve Institute, Université
Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Didier Colau
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer
Research, Brussels Branch, and de Duve Institute, Université
Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Vogel
- Ludwig Center
for Cancer Research
of the University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry and
Asymmetric Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de
Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benoît J. Van den Eynde
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer
Research, Brussels Branch, and de Duve Institute, Université
Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics,
Molecular Modeling Group, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Ludwig Center
for Cancer Research
of the University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics,
Molecular Modeling Group, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Pluridisciplinary Centre for
Clinical Oncology (CePO), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois
(CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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49
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Novel indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 inhibitors from a multistep in silico screen. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:1354-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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50
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Dolušić E, Larrieu P, Blanc S, Sapunaric F, Pouyez J, Moineaux L, Colette D, Stroobant V, Pilotte L, Colau D, Ferain T, Fraser G, Galleni M, Frère JM, Masereel B, Van den Eynde B, Wouters J, Frédérick R. Discovery and preliminary SARs of keto-indoles as novel indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:3058-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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