1
|
Paroha S, Verma J, Dubey RD, Dewangan RP, Molugulu N, Bapat RA, Sahoo PK, Kesharwani P. Recent advances and prospects in gemcitabine drug delivery systems. Int J Pharm 2021; 592:120043. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
2
|
Marais A, Osuch E, Steenkamp V, Ledwaba L. Important pharmacogenomic aspects in the management of HIV/AIDS. S Afr Fam Pract (2004) 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/20786190.2019.1610233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Marais
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Sefako Makghato Health Sciences University, South Africa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - E Osuch
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Sefako Makghato Health Sciences University, South Africa
| | - V Steenkamp
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - L Ledwaba
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Sefako Makghato Health Sciences University, South Africa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cladribine in the remission induction of adult acute myeloid leukemia: where do we stand? Ann Hematol 2018; 98:561-579. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-018-3562-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
4
|
Wang L, Zhang L, Sun R, Eriksson S. Negative Cooperative Binding of Thymidine, Ordered Substrate Binding, and Product Release of Human Mitochondrial Thymidine Kinase 2 Explain Its Complex Kinetic Properties and Physiological Functions. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:8971-8979. [PMID: 31459030 PMCID: PMC6644362 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial thymidine kinase 2 (TK2) catalyzes the phosphorylation of thymidine (dT) and deoxycytidine (dC) and is essential for mitochondrial function in post-mitotic tissues. The phosphorylation of dT shows negative cooperativity, but the phosphorylation of dC follows classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The enzyme is feedback-inhibited by its end products deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) and deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP). In order to better understand the reaction mechanism and the negative cooperative behavior, we conducted isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence (ITF) quenching studies with purified recombinant human TK2. Cooperative binding was observed with dT but not dC by the ITC analysis in accordance with earlier enzyme kinetic studies. The phosphate donor adenosine triphosphate (ATP) did not bind to either dTTP-bound or dTTP-free enzymes but bound tightly to the dT- or dC-TK2 complexes with large differences in enthalpy and entropy changes, strongly suggesting an ordered binding of the substrates and different conformational states of the ATP and dT- and dC-TK2 ternary complexes. dTTP binding was endothermic; however, dCTP could not be shown to interact with the enzyme. ITF quenching studies also revealed tight binding of dT, dC, deoxythymidine monophosphate, deoxycytidine monophosphate, and dTTP but not adenosine 5'-diphosphate or ATP. These results strongly indicate an ordered sequential binding of the substrates and ordered release of the products as well as different conformational states of the active site of TK2. These results help to explain the different kinetics observed with dT and dC as substrates, which have important implications for TK2 regulation in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liya Wang
- Department of Anatomy,
Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University
of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7011, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, The Biomedical Centre, Box 590, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ren Sun
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and
Pathology, Uppsala University, The Rudbeck
Laboratory, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Staffan Eriksson
- Department of Anatomy,
Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University
of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7011, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dubey RD, Saneja A, Gupta PK, Gupta PN. Recent advances in drug delivery strategies for improved therapeutic efficacy of gemcitabine. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 93:147-62. [PMID: 27531553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gemcitabine (2',2'-difluoro-2'-deoxycytidine; dFdC) is an efficacious anticancer agent acting against a wide range of solid tumors, including pancreatic, non-small cell lung, bladder, breast, ovarian, thyroid and multiple myelomas. However, short plasma half-life due to metabolism by cytidine deaminase necessitates administration of high dose, which limits its medical applicability. Further, due to its hydrophilic nature, it cannot traverse cell membranes by passive diffusion and, therefore, enters via nucleoside transporters that may lead to drug resistance. To circumvent these limitations, macromolecular prodrugs and nanocarrier-based formulations of Gemcitabine are gaining wide recognition. The nanoformulations based approaches by virtue of their controlled release and targeted delivery have proved to improve bioavailability, increase therapeutic efficacy and reduce adverse effects of the drug. Furthermore, the combination of Gemcitabine with other anticancer agents as well as siRNAs using nanocarriers has also been investigated in order to enhance its therapeutic potential. This review deals with challenges and recent advances in the delivery of Gemcitabine with particular emphasis on macromolecular prodrugs and nanomedicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Dhar Dubey
- Formulation & Drug Delivery Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu-Tawi 180001, India
| | - Ankit Saneja
- Formulation & Drug Delivery Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu-Tawi 180001, India
| | - Prasoon K Gupta
- Natural Product Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu-Tawi 180001, India.
| | - Prem N Gupta
- Formulation & Drug Delivery Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu-Tawi 180001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee HW, Lee SH, Lee MG, Ahn SH, Chang HY, Han KH. The clinical implication of single nucleotide polymorphisms in deoxycytidine kinase in chronic hepatitis B patients treated with lamivudine. J Med Virol 2015; 88:820-7. [PMID: 26400223 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) is a critical enzyme involved in intracellular phosphorylation of lamivudine (LAM) to its active triphosphates. We conducted this study to determine dCK polymorphisms in Koreans and to evaluate whether the discovered single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with treatment outcomes in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients treated with LAM. The full-length dCK gene was sequenced from 24 healthy volunteers and 24 patients with CHB. One hundred twenty-seven patients with CHB who were followed-up for at least 24 months after LAM treatment were enrolled. Virological response as determined by undetectable HBV DNA was defined as a good drug response. Primary non-response at 6 months and virological breakthrough within 12 months were defined as a poor drug response. Six novel dCK SNPs were found (-2052C/A, IVS3 - 46G/del, IVS4 + 40G/T, IVS5 + 39T/C, IVS5 - 72A/T, and 966-975T10/T11). In particular, two promoter SNPs, namely -360C/G and -201C/T, were in full linkage disequilibrium. These two SNPs had a higher allele frequency than previously reported in Caucasian, Japanese, and Chinese (26% vs. 2%, 13.1%, and 15.6%, respectively). There was no significant difference between treatment response groups in terms of the distributions of SNP genotypes or allele frequencies. However, there was significant difference in the allele frequency of -360G/-201T between HBeAg seroclearance group and HBeAg non-seroclearance group (P = 0.045). In conclusion, six novel dCK SNPs were discovered. Two promoter SNPs, namely -360C/G and -201C/T, were more frequent in Koreans than other populations. In particular, HBeAg-positive patients with the -360G/-201T haplotype may help HBeAg seroclearance in response to LAM therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Woong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Liver Cirrhosis Clinical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Hee Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Goo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Ahn
- Liver Cirrhosis Clinical Research Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Young Chang
- Liver Cirrhosis Clinical Research Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyub Han
- Liver Cirrhosis Clinical Research Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kahramanoğullari O, Fantaccini G, Lecca P, Morpurgo D, Priami C. Algorithmic modeling quantifies the complementary contribution of metabolic inhibitions to gemcitabine efficacy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50176. [PMID: 23239976 PMCID: PMC3519828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine (2,2-difluorodeoxycytidine, dFdC) is a prodrug widely used for treating various carcinomas. Gemcitabine exerts its clinical effect by depleting the deoxyribonucleotide pools, and incorporating its triphosphate metabolite (dFdC-TP) into DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis. This process blocks the cell cycle in the early S phase, eventually resulting in apoptosis. The incorporation of gemcitabine into DNA takes place in competition with the natural nucleoside dCTP. The mechanisms of indirect competition between these cascades for common resources are given with the race for DNA incorporation; in clinical studies dedicated to singling out mechanisms of resistance, ribonucleotide reductase (RR) and deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) and human equilibrative nucleoside transporter1 (hENT1) have been associated to efficacy of gemcitabine with respect to their roles in the synthesis cascades of dFdC-TP and dCTP. However, the direct competition, which manifests itself in terms of inhibitions between these cascades, remains to be quantified. We propose an algorithmic model of gemcitabine mechanism of action, verified with respect to independent experimental data. We performed in silico experiments in different virtual conditions, otherwise difficult in vivo, to evaluate the contribution of the inhibitory mechanisms to gemcitabine efficacy. In agreement with the experimental data, our model indicates that the inhibitions due to the association of dCTP with dCK and the association of gemcitabine diphosphate metabolite (dFdC-DP) with RR play a key role in adjusting the efficacy. While the former tunes the catalysis of the rate-limiting first phosphorylation of dFdC, the latter is responsible for depletion of dCTP pools, thereby contributing to gemcitabine efficacy with a dependency on nucleoside transport efficiency. Our simulations predict the existence of a continuum of non-efficacy to high-efficacy regimes, where the levels of dFdC-TP and dCTP are coupled in a complementary manner, which can explain the resistance to this drug in some patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ozan Kahramanoğullari
- The Microsoft Research-University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology, Rovereto (Trento), Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Desmaële D, Gref R, Couvreur P. Squalenoylation: A generic platform for nanoparticular drug delivery. J Control Release 2012; 161:609-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
9
|
Amsailale R, Van Den Neste E, Arts A, Starczewska E, Bontemps F, Smal C. Phosphorylation of deoxycytidine kinase on Ser-74: impact on kinetic properties and nucleoside analog activation in cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:43-51. [PMID: 22490700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) (EC 2.7.1.74) is a key enzyme in the activation of several therapeutic nucleoside analogs (NA). Its activity can be increased in vivo by Ser-74 phosphorylation, a property that could be used for enhancing NA activation and clinical efficacy. In line with this, studies with recombinant dCK showed that mimicking Ser-74 phosphorylation by a S74E mutation increases its activity toward pyrimidine analogs. However, purine analogs had not been investigated. Here, we show that the S74E mutation increased the k(cat) for cladribine (CdA) by 8- or 3-fold, depending on whether the phosphoryl donor was ATP or UTP, for clofarabine (CAFdA) by about 2-fold with both ATP and UTP, and for fludarabine (F-Ara-A) by 2-fold, but only with UTP. However, the catalytic efficiencies (k(cat)/Km) were not, or slightly, increased. The S74E mutation also sensitized dCK to feed-back inhibition by dCTP, regardless of the phosphoryl donor. Importantly, we did not observe an increase of endogenous dCK activity toward purine analogs after in vivo-induced increase of Ser-74 phosphorylation. Accordingly, treatment of CLL cells with aphidicolin, which enhances dCK activity through Ser-74 phosphorylation, did not modify the conversion of CdA or F-Ara-A into their active triphosphate form. Nevertheless, the same treatment enhanced activation of gemcitabine (dFdC) into dFdCTP in CLL as well as in HCT-116 cells and produced synergistic cytotoxicity. We conclude that increasing phosphorylation of dCK on Ser-74 might constitute a valuable strategy to enhance the clinical efficacy of some NA, like dFdC, but not of CdA or F-Ara-A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Amsailale
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, de Duve Institute & Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mikkelsen NE, Munch-Petersen B, Eklund H. Structural studies of nucleoside analog and feedback inhibitor binding to Drosophila melanogaster multisubstrate deoxyribonucleoside kinase. FEBS J 2008; 275:2151-60. [PMID: 18384378 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila melanogaster multisubstrate deoxyribonucleoside kinase (dNK; EC 2.7.1.145) has a high turnover rate and a wide substrate range that makes it a very good candidate for gene therapy. This concept is based on introducing a suicide gene into malignant cells in order to activate a prodrug that eventually may kill the cell. To be able to optimize the function of dNK, it is vital to have structural information of dNK complexes. In this study we present crystal structures of dNK complexed with four different nucleoside analogs (floxuridine, brivudine, zidovudine and zalcitabine) and relate them to the binding of substrate and feedback inhibitors. dCTP and dGTP bind with the base in the substrate site, similarly to the binding of the feedback inhibitor dTTP. All nucleoside analogs investigated bound in a manner similar to that of the pyrimidine substrates, with many interactions in common. In contrast, the base of dGTP adopted a syn-conformation to adapt to the available space of the active site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nils E Mikkelsen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Reddy LH, Dubernet C, Mouelhi SL, Marque PE, Desmaele D, Couvreur P. A new nanomedicine of gemcitabine displays enhanced anticancer activity in sensitive and resistant leukemia types. J Control Release 2007; 124:20-7. [PMID: 17878060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Revised: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine is an anticancer nucleoside analogue active against various solid tumors. However, it possesses important drawbacks like a poor biological half-life and the induction of resistance. With the objective of overcoming the above drawbacks, we designed a new nanomedicine of gemcitabine and studied its anticancer efficacy against leukemia at preclinic. Gemcitabine has been covalently coupled with 1,1',2-tris-nor-squalenic acid to obtain the new anticancer nanomedicine 4-(N)-Tris-nor-squalenoyl-gemcitabine (SQdFdC NA). The SQdFdC NA exhibited, in comparison to gemcitabine, 3.26- and 3.22-folds higher cytotoxicity respectively, in murine resistant leukemia L1210 10K cells and in human leukemia resistant cell line CEM/ARAC8C. Following intravenous treatment of murine aggressive metastatic leukemia L1210 wt bearing mice, the SQdFdC NA caused significant increase in survival time compared to gemcitabine and also led to long-term survivals, which was not the case after gemcitabine treatment. This was attributed to significantly higher deposition of SQdFdC NA in spleen and liver (P<0.05), the major metastatic organs. In comparison to gemcitabine, SQdFdC NA displayed greater ability to induce S-phase arrest of the cancer cells followed by increased apoptotic induction. Interestingly, like gemcitabine, SQdFdC NA didn't induce appreciable differences in blood parameters even at doses higher than those used for anticancer evaluation. The preclinical data obtained in vitro and in vivo with SQdFdC NA demonstrate that this nanomedicine represents a new therapeutic system for the effective treatment of leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Harivardhan Reddy
- Université Paris-Sud XI, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR CNRS 8612, IFR 141, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jordheim LP, Guittet O, Lepoivre M, Galmarini CM, Dumontet C. Increased expression of the large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase is involved in resistance to gemcitabine in human mammary adenocarcinoma cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2005; 4:1268-76. [PMID: 16093443 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to cytotoxic nucleoside analogues is a major problem in cancer treatment. The cellular mechanisms involved in this phenomenon have been studied for several years, and some factors have been identified. However, this resistance seems to be multifactorial and more studies are needed to gain better insight into this domain. For this purpose, we developed a gemcitabine-resistant cell line (MCF7 1K) from the human mammary adenocarcinoma MCF7 strain by prolonged exposure to gemcitabine in vitro. MCF7 1K cells are highly resistant to gemcitabine (533-fold) and cross-resistance is observed with araC (47-fold), triapine (14-fold), and hydroxyurea (6.7-fold). Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR and Western blot analysis showed an increase in the gene and protein expression of the large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase, R1. Ribonucleotide reductase activity was also significantly increased in the gemcitabine-resistant cells. Study of genomic DNA showed 12-fold increase in R1 gene dosage in MCF7 1K cells. In contrast, the gene and protein expression of the small subunit of ribonucleotide reductase, R2, were not modified in this cell line. These results show that gemcitabine resistance can be associated with genetic modifications of target genes in malignant cells, and suggest that the large subunit of human ribonucleotide reductase is involved in the cellular response to gemcitabine.
Collapse
|
13
|
Shi JY, Shi ZZ, Zhang SJ, Zhu YM, Gu BW, Li G, Bai XT, Gao XD, Hu J, Jin W, Huang W, Chen Z, Chen SJ. Association between single nucleotide polymorphisms in deoxycytidine kinase and treatment response among acute myeloid leukaemia patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 14:759-68. [PMID: 15564883 DOI: 10.1097/00008571-200411000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Development of resistance to 1-beta-arabinofuranosylcytosine (AraC) is a major obstacle in the treatment of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Deficiency of functional deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) plays an important role in AraC resistance in vitro. We screened 5378 bp sequences of the dCK gene, including all exons and the 5' flanking region, and identified two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the regulatory region (rSNPs) with high allele frequencies. These two rSNPs (-201C>T and -360C>G) formed two major haplotypes. Genotyping with sequencing and MassARRAY system among 122 AML patients showed that those with -360CG/-201CT and -360GG/-201TT compound genotypes (n = 41) displayed a favourable response to chemotherapy whereas those with -360CC/-201CC (n = 81) tended to have a poor response (P = 0.025). Moreover, real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction showed that patients with -360CG/-201CT and -360GG/-201TT genotypes expressed higher level of dCK mRNA compared to those with the -360CC/-201CC genotype (P = 0.0034). Luciferase-reporter assay showed that dCK 5' regulatory region bearing -360G/-201T genotype alone had an eight-fold greater transcriptional activation activity compared to that with -360C/-201C genotype, whereas co-transfection of both -360G/-201T and -360C/-201C constructs mimicked the heterozygous genotype, which exhibited a four-fold greater activity compared to that with -360C/-201C. These results indicate that rSNP haplotypes of dCK gene may serve as a genetic marker for predicting drug responsiveness, which will be beneficial in establishing more effective AML chemotherapeutic regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jordheim LP, Cros E, Gouy MH, Galmarini CM, Peyrottes S, Mackey J, Perigaud C, Dumontet C. Characterization of a gemcitabine-resistant murine leukemic cell line: reversion of in vitro resistance by a mononucleotide prodrug. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:5614-21. [PMID: 15328204 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to cytotoxic nucleoside analogues is a major problem in cancer treatment. The cellular mechanisms involved in this phenomenon have been studied for several years, and some factors have been identified. Various strategies to overcome resistance have been suggested, but none has yet shown efficacy in vivo. We developed a gemcitabine-resistant cell line (L1210 10K) from the murine leukemic L1210 strain (L1210 wt) by continuous exposure to increasing concentrations of gemcitabine. L1210 10K is highly resistant to gemcitabine (14,833-fold), 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C; 2,100-fold), troxacitabine (>200-fold), and cladribine (160-fold) and slightly resistant to trimidox (7.22-fold), but does not display cross-resistance to fludarabine or nonnucleoside anticancer drugs. Deoxycytidine kinase mRNA was not detected by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR in L1210 10K cells, whereas expression of thymidine kinase 1 and ribonucleotide reductase subunit R2 gene was moderately reduced. L1210 10K cells also demonstrated in vivo resistance to nucleoside analogues: gemcitabine- or ara-C-treated mice carrying L1210 10K had significantly shorter survival than gemcitabine- or ara-C-treated mice carrying L1210 wt (P < 0.05). UA911, a mononucleotide prodrug (pronucleotide) of ara-C was found to significantly sensitize L1210 10K cells in vitro. These results suggest that reduced deoxycytidine kinase expression is a mechanism of resistance to gemcitabine that is relevant in vivo and can be circumvented by a prodrug approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Petter Jordheim
- INSERM U590, Laboratoire de Cytologie Analytique, Faculté de Médecine Rockefeller, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
High incidence of alternatively spliced forms of deoxycytidine kinase in patients with resistant acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.4.1517.h8001517_1517_1524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of functional deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) is a common characteristic for in vitro resistance to cytarabine (AraC). To investigate whether dCK is also a target for induction of AraC resistance in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), we determined dCK messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in (purified) leukemic blasts and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated T cells (PHA T cells) from patients with chemotherapy-sensitive and chemotherapy-resistant AML. In control samples from healthy donors (PHA T cells and bone marrow), only wild-type dCK complementary DNA (cDNA) was amplified. Also, in (purified) leukemic blasts from patients with sensitive AML, only wild-type dCK cDNAs were observed. These cDNAs coded for active dCK proteins in vitro. However, in 7 of 12 (purified) leukemic blast samples from patients with resistant AML, additional polymerase chain reaction fragments with a deletion of exon 5, exons 3 to 4, exons 3 to 6, or exons 2 to 6 were detected in coexpression with wild-type dCK. Deletion of exons 3 to 6 was also identified in 6 of 12 PHA T cells generated from the patients with resistant AML. The deleted dCK mRNAs were formed by alternative splicing and did code for inactive dCK proteins in vitro. These findings suggest that the presence of inactive, alternatively spliced dCK mRNA transcripts in resistant AML blasts may contribute to the process of AraC resistance in patients with AML.
Collapse
|
16
|
High incidence of alternatively spliced forms of deoxycytidine kinase in patients with resistant acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.4.1517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDeficiency of functional deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) is a common characteristic for in vitro resistance to cytarabine (AraC). To investigate whether dCK is also a target for induction of AraC resistance in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), we determined dCK messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in (purified) leukemic blasts and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated T cells (PHA T cells) from patients with chemotherapy-sensitive and chemotherapy-resistant AML. In control samples from healthy donors (PHA T cells and bone marrow), only wild-type dCK complementary DNA (cDNA) was amplified. Also, in (purified) leukemic blasts from patients with sensitive AML, only wild-type dCK cDNAs were observed. These cDNAs coded for active dCK proteins in vitro. However, in 7 of 12 (purified) leukemic blast samples from patients with resistant AML, additional polymerase chain reaction fragments with a deletion of exon 5, exons 3 to 4, exons 3 to 6, or exons 2 to 6 were detected in coexpression with wild-type dCK. Deletion of exons 3 to 6 was also identified in 6 of 12 PHA T cells generated from the patients with resistant AML. The deleted dCK mRNAs were formed by alternative splicing and did code for inactive dCK proteins in vitro. These findings suggest that the presence of inactive, alternatively spliced dCK mRNA transcripts in resistant AML blasts may contribute to the process of AraC resistance in patients with AML.
Collapse
|
17
|
Shafiee M, Gosselin G, Imbach JL, Divita G, Eriksson S, Maury G. Study of human deoxycytidine kinase binding properties using intrinsic fluorescence or new fluorescent ligands. Eur J Med Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(99)80092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
18
|
Ma N, Ikeda S, Guo S, Fieno A, Park I, Grimme S, Ikeda T, Ives DH. Deoxycytidine kinase and deoxyguanosine kinase of Lactobacillus acidophilus R-26 are colinear products of a single gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:14385-90. [PMID: 8962060 PMCID: PMC26141 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.25.14385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Three of the four deoxynucleoside kinases required for growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus R-26 exist as heterodimeric pairs specific for deoxyadenosine (dAK) and deoxycytidine (dCK) or dAK and deoxyguanosine (dGK). However, only two tandem genes, dak/dgk, are found, and are expressed only as dAK/dGK in transformed Escherichia coli. Sequencing peptides spanning 63% of the native dCK subunit revealed a sequence identical to that deduced from dgk (beginning MTVIVL...), except that dCK lacks residues 2 and 3 (dCK is M..IVL; dGK is .TVIVL). Also, mass spectrometry indicates that native dCK and dGK subunits are identical in mass adjusted for the first three residues. Furthermore, the native enzymes have identical isoelectric pH values, indicating an equal number of charged residues. To enable E. coli to express peptide having the native dCK sequence, codons 2 and 3 were deleted from the dgk portion of the tandem genes, resulting in expression of protein having the specificities and regulatory properties of native dAK/dCK, including heterotropic stimulation of dAK activity by deoxycytidine or dCTP (not deoxyguanosine or dGTP) and end-product inhibition of the respective activities by dATP and dCTP. Subcloning normal and mutant dgk yielded homodimeric dGK and dCK, respectively. The dCK homodimer strongly resembles human dCK, with a low K(m) for deoxycytidine, the ability to phosphorylate deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine at much higher K(m) values, and end-product inhibition by dCTP. Thus two distinct and specific enzymes evidently are derived from a single Lactobacillus gene. The mechanism by which this occurs in vivo has yet to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1292, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Arnér ES. On the phosphorylation of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (CdA) and its correlation with clinical response in leukemia treatment. Leuk Lymphoma 1996; 21:225-31. [PMID: 8726403 DOI: 10.3109/10428199209067604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The nucleoside analog 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (CdA, Cladribine) is a chemotherapeutic agent for treatment of leukemias and lymphomas, most successfully used in hairy cell leukemia and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. CdA is phosphorylated intracellularly to its monophosphate derivative by the enzymes deoxycytidine kinase and deoxyguanosine kinase. Cell lines deficient in deoxycytidine kinase were shown to be resistant to CdA and a high deoxycytidine kinase level in combination with low 5'-nucleotidase has been proposed to partly explain the selectivity in CdA toxicity for lymphoid cells. In this report biochemical properties in CdA phosphorylation mediated by deoxycytidine kinase and deoxyguanosine kinase are reviewed and discussed in relation to the further metabolism of CdA 5'-monophosphate, the different possible mechanisms of action and the correlation with clinical response. It is concluded that much is known about the metabolism and mechanisms of action of CdA, but that the remarkable therapeutic effect in hairy cell leukemia has yet to be explicitly explained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E S Arnér
- Medical Nobel Institute for Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Stubbe J, van der Donk WA. Ribonucleotide reductases: radical enzymes with suicidal tendencies. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 1995; 2:793-801. [PMID: 8807812 DOI: 10.1016/1074-5521(95)90084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Ribonucleotide reductases catalyze a key step in DNA biosynthesis, using a diverse array of unprecedented metallo-cofactors to generate a transient protein radical that initiates nucleotide reduction. The new understanding of the chemistry and biochemistry of the system has allowed rational design of inhibitors of this process, which function as antitumor and antiviral agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Stubbe
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ma GT, Hong YS, Ives DH. Cloning and Expression of the Heterodimeric Deoxyguanosine Kinase/Deoxyadenosine Kinase of Lactobacillus acidophilus R-26. J Biol Chem 1995. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.12.6595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
22
|
Abstract
The mammalian deoxyribonucleoside kinases are deoxycytidine kinase, thymidine kinase 1 and 2 and deoxyguanosine kinase. These enzymes phosphorylate deoxyribonucleosides and thereby provide an alternative to de novo synthesis of DNA precursors. Their activities are essential for the activation of several chemotherapeutically important nucleoside analogues. In recent years, these enzymes have been thoroughly characterised with regard to structure, substrate specificity and patterns of expression. In this review, these results are reviewed and furthermore, the physiologic metabolic role of the anabolic enzymes is discussed in relation to catabolic pathways. The significance of this information for the development of therapeutic protocols and choice of animal model systems is discussed. Finally, alternative pathways for nucleoside analogue phosphorylation are surveyed, such as the phosphotransfer capacity of 5'-nucleotidase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E S Arnér
- Medical Nobel Institute for Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ruiz van Haperen VW, Peters GJ. New targets for pyrimidine antimetabolites for the treatment of solid tumours. 2: Deoxycytidine kinase. PHARMACY WORLD & SCIENCE : PWS 1994; 16:104-12. [PMID: 7980770 DOI: 10.1007/bf01880661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Deoxycytidine kinase is an enzyme required for the activation of, for example, cytarabine, the most widely used agent for the chemotherapy of haematological malignancies. However, deoxycytidine kinase also plays an important role in the activation of several new agents used in the treatment of leukaemia, such as cladribine. Recently, a new cytidine analogue, gemcitabine, has shown impressive activity as a single agent against several solid malignancies (ovarian cancer, non-small cell lung cancer), demonstrating that in solid tumours deoxycytidine kinase can be an important target for the activation of antimetabolites. Studies on the regulation of deoxycytidine kinase have shown that the enzyme has a complicated regulation (feedback inhibition by the product and regulation by ribonucleotides). Modulation of deoxycytidine kinase activity has already been shown to be an effective way to improve the effect of cytarabine and will probably be a target for new therapies.
Collapse
|
24
|
Mitchell BS, Song JJ, Johnson EE, Chen E, Dayton JS. Regulation of human deoxycytidine kinase expression. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1993; 33:61-8. [PMID: 8356917 DOI: 10.1016/0065-2571(93)90009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The human deoxycytidine kinase gene is a single copy gene and is comprised of seven exons that are spread over more than 34 kb of the genome. The 5'-flanking region is highly G/C rich and does not contain CAAT or TATA boxes. This region, when cloned into a recorder gene construct containing the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene, is capable of mediating CAT activity in human lymphoid cell lines and appears to have greater activity in human T, as compared to B, lymphoblast cell lines. The expression of the gene at the mRNA level does not appear to be cell-cycle regulated in that the levels of mRNA in human peripheral blood T lymphocytes remain constant as the cells progress from a resting to a proliferating state. Since this enzyme catalyzes the conversion of a number of chemotherapeutic agents to their corresponding monophosphate form and is thus essential for their activation, it will be important to define further the genetic elements which regulate the expression of this gene.
Collapse
|
25
|
Kukhanova MK, Kraevskii AA. Cellular metabolism of modified nucleosides that suppress production of human immunodeficiency virus. III. (Review). Pharm Chem J 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00766444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
26
|
Kemena A, Gandhi V, Shewach DS, Keating M, Plunkett W. Inhibition of fludarabine metabolism by arabinosylcytosine during therapy. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1992; 31:193-9. [PMID: 1464155 DOI: 10.1007/bf00685547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The active 5'-triphosphate of arabinosyl-2-fluoroadenine (F-ara-ATP) increases the anabolism of arabinosylcytosine (ara-C), whereas ara-C 5'-triphosphate inhibits the phosphorylation of arabinosyl-2-fluoroadenine (F-ara-A) in human leukemia cells in vitro. These interactions have a potential impact on drug scheduling. Clinical trials of relapsed leukemia in which fludarabine (F-ara-A 5'-monophosphate) and ara-C were given in sequence provided the opportunity to evaluate the effects of ara-C infusion on two sequelae: the pharmacokinetics of F-ara-A in plasma and that of F-ara-ATP in leukemia cells. First, F-ara-A pharmacokinetics were altered by ara-C infusion. This was visualized as a transient increase in F-ara-A plasma levels during the ara-C infusion that was given 4 h after fludarabine. The perturbation in F-ara-A plasma levels was dependent on the dose ara-C. Second, peak F-ara-ATP concentrations were lower in leukemia cells of patients who received ara-C in addition to fludarabine as compared with those who received fludarabine alone. The terminal half-life of F-ara-A in plasma and the half-life of intracellular F-ara-ATP were reduced after the ara-C infusion in a concentration-dependent manner. Studies using purified deoxycytidine kinase support the conclusion that the increase in plasma levels of F-ara-A is in part the result of an effective competition by ara-C for phosphorylation by this enzyme, leading to a perturbation of the pharmacokinetics of intracellular F-ara-ATP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Kemena
- University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Eriksson S, Cederlund E, Bergman T, Jörnvall H, Bohman C. Characterization of human deoxycytidine kinase. Correlation with cDNA sequences. FEBS Lett 1991; 280:363-6. [PMID: 2013338 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80332-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Existing data on the structure of human deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) diverge. A monomeric 60 kDa form has been isolated and the cloning of a cDNA coding for 626 amino acids corresponding to a 71 kDa protein has been reported. However, pure dCK isolated from leukemic spleen is a dimer of 30 kDa subunits. Amino acid sequences of peptides from digests of this protein are now presented. None of the peptide structures obtained correspond to the cDNA for the 71 kDa protein, but to a cDNA for a 30.5 kDa dCK recently cloned. Furthermore, homology of the peptide sequences od dCK to parts of thymidine kinases and protein-tyrosine kinases are detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Eriksson
- Medical Nobel Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jansson O, Eriksson S. Direct photoaffinity-labelling of human deoxycytidine kinase with the feedback inhibitor dCTP. Biochem J 1990; 269:201-5. [PMID: 2165395 PMCID: PMC1131552 DOI: 10.1042/bj2690201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Deoxycytidine kinase (dCyd kinase, EC 2.7.1.74) is a key enzyme in the salvage pathway of deoxyribonucleosides, and the human enzyme is a dimer of two 30 kDa polypeptides with a broad substrate specificity, phosphorylating both purine and pyrimidine nucleosides and using various nucleoside triphosphates as phosphate donors. The enzyme is efficiently feedback-inhibited by dCTP, which presumably is the main regulator of its activity in vivo. Submicromolar concentrations of [32P]dCTP could be used for direct photoaffinity labelling of pure dCyd kinase isolated from leukaemic spleen. A clearcut saturation of photoincorporation occurred with half-maximal incorporation at 0.07 microM-dCTP. However, the total molar incorporation of dCTP was very low (approx. 0.1%), in part due to a substantial u.v. inactivation of the enzyme. Proteinase digestion of labelled enzyme showed that dCTP was incorporated predominantly into a single peptide. Addition of equimolar concentrations of dCyd or dCMP as compared with dCTP inhibited photoincorporation approx. 50%. The presence of other nucleoside substrates, as well as phosphate donors, also inhibited photolabelling of the enzyme. Thus photoincorporation of dCTP seems to occur at a site which can bind both the phosphate donors and acceptors of dCyd kinase, which strongly support the hypothesis that dCTP functions as a multi-substrate analogue, binding and bridging both substrate sites of the enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Jansson
- Medical Nobel Institute, Department of Biochemistry I, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|