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Qin X, Yang X, Du L, Li M. Polarity-based fluorescence probes: properties and applications. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1826-1838. [PMID: 34825183 PMCID: PMC8597426 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00170a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Local polarity can affect the physical or chemical behaviors of surrounding molecules, especially in organisms. Cell polarity is the ultimate feedback of cellular status and regulation mechanisms. Hence, the abnormal alteration of polarity in organisms is closely linked with functional disorders and many diseases. It is incredibly significant to monitor and detect local polarity to explain the biological processes and diagnoses of some diseases. Because of their in vivo safe and real-time monitoring, several polarity-sensitive fluorophores and fluorescent probes have gradually emerged and been used in modern research. This review summarizes the fluorescence properties and applications of several representative polarity-sensitive fluorescent probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University Nanning Guangxi 530021 China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University Jinan Shandong 250012 China
| | - Xingye Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University Jinan Shandong 250012 China
| | - Lupei Du
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University Jinan Shandong 250012 China
| | - Minyong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University Jinan Shandong 250012 China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University Jinan Shandong 250100 China
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Robbins JM, Ellis HR. Investigations of two-component flavin-dependent monooxygenase systems. Methods Enzymol 2019; 620:399-422. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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3
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Kim T, Spiegel DA. Serendipitous discovery of two highly selective inhibitors of bacterial luciferase. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Uchiyama S, Kimura K, Gota C, Okabe K, Kawamoto K, Inada N, Yoshihara T, Tobita S. Environment-Sensitive Fluorophores with Benzothiadiazole and Benzoselenadiazole Structures as Candidate Components of a Fluorescent Polymeric Thermometer. Chemistry 2012; 18:9552-63. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Ke D, Tu SC. Activities, kinetics and emission spectra of bacterial luciferase-fluorescent protein fusion enzymes. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:1346-53. [PMID: 21913926 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.01001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new approach to alter bacterial bioluminescence color was developed by fusing Vibrio harveyi luciferase with the coral Discosoma sp. fluorescent protein mOrange, a homolog of the Aequorea green fluorescent protein. Attachment of mOrange to the N- or C-terminus of luciferase α or β subunit, via a 5 or 10 residue linker, produced fully active fusion enzymes. However, only the fusion of mOrange to the N-terminus of luciferase α produced a new 560 nm emission. The differences in emission color by two such fusion enzymes from that of the wild-type luciferase (λ(max) 490 nm) were evident by eye or photographically with the aid of cut-off optical filters. In nonturnover reactions, light decay rates of fusion enzyme remained the same when monitored as the full-spectrum light or at 480 nm (from the luciferase emitter) or 570 nm (from mOrange). No 560 nm emission component was observed with a mixture of luciferase and free mOrange. These findings support that the 560 nm emission by the fusion enzyme was due to bioluminescence resonance energy transfer from luciferase to mOrange. We believe that the same approach could also alter the bacterial bioluminescence color by covalent attachment of other suitable fluorescent proteins or chromophores to luciferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dachuan Ke
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Campbell ZT, Baldwin TO. Two lysine residues in the bacterial luciferase mobile loop stabilize reaction intermediates. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:32827-34. [PMID: 19710008 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.031716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial luciferase catalyzes the reaction of FMNH(2), O(2), and a long chain aliphatic aldehyde, yielding FMN, carboxylic acid, and blue-green light. The most conserved contiguous region of the primary sequence corresponds to a crystallographically disordered loop adjacent to the active center (Fisher, A. J., Raushel, F. M., Baldwin, T. O., and Rayment, I. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 6581-6586; Fisher, A. J., Thompson, T. B., Thoden, J. B., Baldwin, T. O., and Rayment, I. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 21956-21968). Deletion of the mobile loop does not alter the chemistry of the reaction but decreases the total quantum yield of bioluminescence by 2 orders of magnitude (Sparks, J. M., and Baldwin, T. O. (2001) Biochemistry 40, 15436-15443). In this study, we attempt to localize the loss of activity observed in the loop deletion mutant to individual residues in the mobile loop. Using alanine mutagenesis, the effects of substitution at 15 of the 29 mobile loop residues were examined. Nine of the point mutants had reduced activity in vivo. Two mutations, K283A and K286A, resulted in a loss in quantum yield comparable with that of the loop deletion mutant. The bioluminescence emission spectrum of both mutants was normal, and both yielded the carboxylic acid chemical product at the same efficiency as the wild-type enzyme. Substitution of Lys(283) with alanine resulted in destabilization of intermediate II, whereas mutation of Lys(286) had an increase in exposure of reaction intermediates to a dynamic quencher. Based on a model of the enzyme-reduced flavin complex, the two critical lysine residues are adjacent to the quininoidal edge of the isoalloxazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Arizona, Biological Sciences West, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0088, USA
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Campbell ZT, Baldwin TO. Fre Is the Major Flavin Reductase Supporting Bioluminescence from Vibrio harveyi Luciferase in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:8322-8. [PMID: 19139094 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808977200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike the vast majority of flavoenzymes, bacterial luciferase requires an exogenous source of reduced flavin mononucleotide for bioluminescence activity. Within bioluminescent bacterial cells, species-specific oxidoreductases are believed to provide reduced flavin for luciferase activity. The source of reduced flavin in Escherichia coli-expressing bioluminescence is not known. There are two candidate proteins potentially involved in this process in E. coli, a homolog of the Vibrio harveyi Frp oxidoreductase, NfsA, and a luxG type oxidoreductase, Fre. Using single gene knock-out strains, we show that deletion of fre decreased light output by greater than two orders of magnitude, yet had no effect on luciferase expression in E. coli. Purified Fre is capable of supporting bioluminescence in vitro with activity comparable to that with the endogenous V. harveyi reductase (Frp), using either FMN or riboflavin as substrate. In a pull-down experiment, we found that neither Fre nor Frp co-purify with luciferase. In contrast to prior work, we find no evidence for stable complex formation between luciferase and oxidoreductase. We conclude that in E. coli, an enzyme primarily responsible for riboflavin reduction (Fre) can also be utilized to support high levels of bioluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0088
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Baldwin TO, Ziegler MM, Green VA, Thomas MD. Overexpression of bacterial luciferase and purification from recombinant sources. Methods Enzymol 2000; 305:135-52. [PMID: 10812596 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(00)05483-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T O Baldwin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721-0088, USA
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Choi H, Tang CK, Tu SC. Catalytically active forms of the individual subunits of Vibrio harveyi luciferase and their kinetic and binding properties. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:16813-9. [PMID: 7622495 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.28.16813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Contradictory findings have recently been reported regarding the (in)abilities of individual subunits of the Vibrio harveyi alpha beta dimeric luciferase to catalyze bioluminescence. We have produced individual alpha and beta subunits separately in Escherichia coli JM109 cells by recombinant DNA techniques. Both subunits were purified to more than 90% homogeneity and found to be catalytically active, with their general catalytic properties and the specific activities similar to those reported earlier (Sinclair, J. F., Waddle, J. J., Waddill, E. F., and Baldwin, T. O. (1993) Biochemistry 32, 5036-5044). Individual subunits were significantly distinct from the native luciferase with respect to inactivations by trypsin and N-ethylmaleimide, and the stability of the flavin 4a-hydroperoxide intermediate. The active species in isolated alpha and beta samples were each the predominant protein species, corresponding to a 42,000 M(r) alpha monomer and a 67,000 M(r) beta dimer, respectively. These findings clearly indicate that the activities of the individual subunits are not due to trace contaminations of the respective counter subunits. The much reduced specific activities of the individual subunits are, in part, a consequence of diminished abilities to oxidize the aldehyde substrate. Kinetic and equilibrium measurements indicate that alpha and beta 2 each contained a reduced flavin site, an aldehyde substrate site, and an aldehyde inhibitor site. The on and off rates of the decanal inhibitor binding were substantially slower than the bindings of decanal and reduced riboflavin 5'-phosphate substrates. These findings are consistent with a scheme that the aldehyde inhibitor blocks the binding of the reduced flavin substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Choi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Houston, Texas 77204-5934, USA
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Sinclair JF, Waddle JJ, Waddill EF, Baldwin TO. Purified native subunits of bacterial luciferase are active in the bioluminescence reaction but fail to assemble into the alpha beta structure. Biochemistry 1993; 32:5036-44. [PMID: 8494880 DOI: 10.1021/bi00070a010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We have expressed the alpha and beta subunits of bacterial luciferase, encoded by luxA and luxB, from separate plasmids in Escherichia coli and developed an efficient purification scheme that yields many milligrams of protein of greater than 90% homogeneity. Earlier experiments showed that subunits synthesized separately assume conformations that do not assemble into the active luciferase heterodimer without prior denaturation. This observation led to the proposal that formation of the luciferase heterodimer involved interactions between intermediate conformations on the folding pathway of one or both of the subunits [Waddle, J. J., Johnston, T. C., & Baldwin, T. O. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 4917-4921]. Both of the subunits catalyze reduced flavin- and aldehyde-dependent bioluminescence reactions that are similar to that of the heterodimer in terms of reduced flavin binding affinity, aldehyde binding and inhibition, and kinetics of the overall bioluminescence reaction, but at an efficiency of about 5 x 10(-6) that of the heterodimer. Spectrophotometric analyses suggest that the structures of the individual subunits are similar to, but not identical to, the structures of the subunits in the heterodimer. Mixing of the two subunits under nondenaturing conditions did not lead to formation of the high specific activity heterodimer, even after prolonged incubation. Likewise, treatment of a stoichiometric mixture of the individual subunits with 5 M urea followed by 50-fold dilution of the urea did not yield the active heterodimer under the same conditions that yield high levels of active enzyme following denaturation of the native heterodimer [Ziegler, M. M., Goldberg, M. E., Chaffotte, A. F., & Baldwin, T. O. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 10760-10765].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Sinclair
- Center for Macromolecular Design, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-2128
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11
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Fluorescence anisotropy decay study of self-association of bacterial luciferase intermediates. J Fluoresc 1991; 1:23-9. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00865255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/1990] [Revised: 12/10/1990] [Accepted: 12/10/1990] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Cloning and nucleotide sequences of lux genes and characterization of luciferase of Xenorhabdus luminescens from a human wound. J Bacteriol 1991; 173:1399-405. [PMID: 1995589 PMCID: PMC207276 DOI: 10.1128/jb.173.4.1399-1405.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenorhabdus luminescens HW is the only known luminous bacterium isolated from a human (wound) source. A recombinant plasmid was constructed that contained the X. luminescens HW luxA and luxB genes, encoding the luciferase alpha and beta subunits, respectively, as well as luxC, luxD, and a portion of luxE. The nucleotide sequences of these lux genes, organized in the order luxCDABE, were determined, and overexpression of the cloned luciferase genes was achieved in Escherichia coli host cells. The cloned luciferase was indistinguishable from the wild-type enzyme in its in vitro bioluminescence kinetic properties. Contrary to an earlier report, our findings indicate that neither the specific activity nor the size of the alpha (362 amino acid residues, Mr 41,389) and beta (324 amino acid residues, Mr 37,112) subunits of the X. luminescens HW luciferase was unusual among known luminous bacterial systems. Significant sequence homologies of the alpha and beta subunits of the X. luminescens HW luciferase with those of other luminous bacteria were observed. However, the X. luminescens HW luciferase was unusual in the high stability of the 4a-hydroperoxyflavin intermediate and its sensitivity to aldehyde substrate inhibition.
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Paquatte O, Tu SC. Chemical modification and characterization of the alpha cysteine 106 at the Vibrio harveyi luciferase active center. Photochem Photobiol 1989; 50:817-25. [PMID: 2626493 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1989.tb02913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio harveyi luciferase, an alpha beta dimer, was effectively inactivated by treatment with the methylation agent methyl p-nitrobenzene sulfonate. However, inactivation of luciferase in the presence of excess amounts of this reagent did not follow pseudo-first-order kinetics. After taking the autodecay of this reagent into consideration in kinetic analysis, the pseudo-first-order constants and subsequently the second-order rate constant (83 min-1 M-1 at pH 7 and 23 degrees C) were determined. The inactivation rate can be retarded by the addition of the decanal or the reduced FMN substrate but not by the reaction product FMN. The binding of decanal specifically protected one target residue against modification with a concomitant protection of luciferase against inactivation. A pentapeptide containing this specific target residue was isolated and identified to be Phe-Gly-Ile-X-Arg with X corresponding to the S-methylated form of the cysteinyl residue at position 106 of the luciferase alpha subunit. It is concluded that this reactive alpha Cys-106 is at the aldehyde site and is also near the reduced flavin site of luciferase. The modified enzyme exhibited no gross conformational changes detectable by protein fluorescence measurements, which may be due to the small size change of the target cysteinyl residue after methylation. The methylated enzyme still retained the ability to bind one decanal and one reduced FMN without any substantial changes in binding affinities. The cause of luciferase inactivation by the methylation of alpha Cys-106 has been shown to be the impaired ability to form the 4a-hydroperoxy-flavin intermediate from the bound flavin substrate or to stabilize this intermediate.
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Baldwin TO, Chen LH, Chlumsky LJ, Devine JH, Ziegler MM. Site-directed mutagenesis of bacterial luciferase: analysis of the 'essential' thiol. JOURNAL OF BIOLUMINESCENCE AND CHEMILUMINESCENCE 1989; 4:40-8. [PMID: 2678923 DOI: 10.1002/bio.1170040111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
It has been appreciated for many years that the luciferase from the luminous marine bacterium Vibrio harveyi has a highly reactive cysteinyl residue which is protected from alkylation by binding of flavin. Alkylation of the reactive thiol, which resides in a hydrophobic pocket, leads to inactivation of the enzyme. To determine conclusively whether the reactive thiol is required for the catalytic mechanism, we have constructed a mutant by oligonucleotide directed site-specific mutagenesis in which the reactive cysteinyl residue, which resides at position 106 of the alpha subunit, has been replaced with a seryl residue. The resulting alpha 106Ser luciferase retains full activity in the bioluminescence reaction, although the mutant enzyme has a ca 100-fold increase in the FMNH2 dissociation constant. The alpha 106Ser luciferase is still inactivated by N-ethylmaleimide, albeit at about 1/10 the rate of the wild-type (alpha 106Cys) enzyme, demonstrating the existence of a second, less reactive, cysteinyl residue that was obscured in the wild-type enzyme by the highly reactive cysteinyl residue at position alpha 106. An alpha 106Ala variant luciferase was also active, but the alpha 106Val mutant enzyme was about 50-fold less active than the wild type. All three variants (Ser, Ala and Val) appeared to have somewhat reduced affinities for the aldehyde substrate, the valine mutant being the most affected. It is interesting to note that the alpha 106 mutant luciferases are much less subject to aldehyde substrate inhibition than is the wild-type V. harveyi luciferase, suggesting that the molecular mechanism of aldehyde substrate inhibition involves the Cys at alpha 106.
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Affiliation(s)
- T O Baldwin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station
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Yoshino M, Murakami K, Kawamura Y. Kinetics of the inhibition by naphtholsulfonate compounds of AMP deaminase from chicken erythrocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1984; 791:364-9. [PMID: 6518165 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(84)90348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The effect of a variety of naphthalene sulfonate compounds on the chicken erythrocyte AMP deaminase (AMP aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.6) reaction was analyzed kinetically. Of the naphthalene sulfonate derivatives tested, the compounds with hydroxyl, sulfonate and nitrogen groups such as amino, anilino or azo groups showed an inhibitory effect. The cooperative effect of AMP, analyzed in terms of Hill coefficient, was increased from about 2 to 4 and the maximal velocity was unchanged with the addition of these compounds, suggesting the ligands as an allosteric inhibitor of the enzyme. The inhibition of AMP deaminase by naphtholsulfonate compounds can be qualitatively and quantitatively accounted for by the Monod-Wyman-Changeux model. Theoretical curves yield a satisfactory fit of all experimental saturation and inhibition curves, assuming four binding sites for AMP and the inhibitor, and various KT(I) values. The structure-activity analysis of the interaction of the naphtholsulfonate compounds with AMP deaminase has demonstrated that the affinity of the enzyme for naphtholsulfonates as the inhibitors is correlated with electronic properties of the nitrogen atoms attached to naphthalene moiety: the delocalization of lone electron pair on nitrogen through naphtholsulfonate group makes the compound less basic, resulting in more tight binding of the ligand to the enzyme. Introduction of hydrophobic group to naphtholsulfonate moiety increases the binding affinity for the enzyme, and of the inhibition. These results suggest the location of hydrophobic regions as the allosteric inhibitory sites of the enzyme for the binding of naphtholsulfonate compounds.
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Wessiak A, Schopfer LM, Yuan LC, Bruice TC, Massey V. Use of riboflavin-binding protein to investigate steric and electronic relationships in flavin analogs and models. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1984; 81:4246-9. [PMID: 6589590 PMCID: PMC345564 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.81.14.4246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We have examined the affinity of two recently synthesized flavin analogs for the isoalloxazine binding site of riboflavin-binding protein (RBP). The results showed that pyrimidopteridines could bind to RBP (Kd 160-250 microM). This suggested that, at the FMN or FAD level, these analogs might also bind to other apoflavoproteins, thereby providing a high potential probe for flavin enzymology. In contrast, 4a,5-ring-opened isoalloxazines did not bind to RBP. However, 1,10a-ring-opened flavins bind with considerable avidity (Kd about 40 nM). Evidence is presented which indicates that the 4a,5-ring-opened species adopted a nonplanar configuration which, in turn, was responsible for the lack of affinity to RBP. Steric and electronic consequences of a 4a,5 ring opening are discussed in relation to flavin-dependent phenolic hydroxylases.
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Slavík J. Anilinonaphthalene sulfonate as a probe of membrane composition and function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1982; 694:1-25. [PMID: 6751394 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(82)90012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Isolation and properties of bacterial luciferase intermediates containing different oxygenated flavins. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)34840-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Holzman TF, Baldwin TO. Binding of 2,2-diphenylpropylamine at the aldehyde site of bacterial luciferase increases the affinity of the reduced riboflavin 5'-phosphate site. Biochemistry 1981; 20:5524-8. [PMID: 7295690 DOI: 10.1021/bi00522a027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We have found a new class of inhibitors of the bacterial bioluminescence reaction, the N,N-diphenylalkylamines and acids. We have studied the action of one of these compounds 2,2-diphenylpropylamine. The amine was competitive with the long-chain aliphatic aldehyde substrate (Ki congruent to 0.1 mM) but caused an increase in the affinity of the enzyme for reduced riboflavin 5'-phosphate (FMNH2). The inhibitor was attached to Sepharose 6B by a bis(oxirane) spacer, and the interactions of bacterial luciferase with the immobilized ligand were analyzed. The binding of luciferase to the immobilized inhibitor was enhanced by FMNH2 and was decreased by decanal. The results of these studies showed that the 2,2-diphenylpropylamine-luciferase complex has an increased affinity for FMNH2. Likewise, the FMNH2-luciferase complex has an increased affinity for 2,2-diphenylpropylamine. The inhibitor also binds to the enzyme-4a-peroxydihydroflavin complex to block the binding of the aldehyde substrate, while binding of the aldehyde substrate to either the free enzyme or the enzyme-4a-peroxydihydroflavin complex blocks binding of 2,2-diphenylpropylamine.
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Biochemistry of Bacterial Bioluminescence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152512-5.50008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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Holzman TF, Riley PL, Baldwin TO. Inactivation of luciferase from the Luminous marine bacterium Beneckea harveyi by proteases: evidence for a protease labile region and properties of the protein following inactivation. Arch Biochem Biophys 1980; 205:554-63. [PMID: 6970544 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(80)90138-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Merritt MV, Baldwin TO. Modification of the reactive sulfhydryl of bacterial luciferase with spin-labeled maleimides. Arch Biochem Biophys 1980; 202:499-506. [PMID: 6257169 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(80)90455-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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24
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Evidence for an essential hydrophobic domain in the maintenance of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity. Site-specific binding and inactivation by 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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25
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26
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Monti JA, Christian ST, Shaw WA. Synthesis and properties of a highly fluorescent derivative of phosphatidylethanolamine. J Lipid Res 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)41561-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Hastings JW. Bacterial bioluminescence light emission in the mixed function oxidation of reduced flavin and fatty aldehyde. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 5:163-84. [PMID: 363350 DOI: 10.3109/10409237809177143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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29
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Monti JA, Christian ST, Shaw WA, Finley WH. Synthesis and properties of a fluorescent derivative of phosphatidylcholine. Life Sci 1977; 21:345-55. [PMID: 895370 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(77)90515-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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31
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Tu SC, Baldwin TO, Becvar JE, Hastings JW. Bacterial luciferase activity does not require a disulfide-dithiol conversion. Arch Biochem Biophys 1977; 179:342-8. [PMID: 843089 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(77)90120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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32
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