1
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Patial V, Kumar S, Joshi R, Singh D. Biochemical characterization of glutaminase-free L-asparaginases from Himalayan Pseudomonas and Rahnella spp. for acrylamide mitigation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128576. [PMID: 38048933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
L-asparaginase having low glutaminase activity is important in clinical and food applications. Herein, glutaminase-free L-asparaginase (type I) coding genes from Pseudomonas sp. PCH182 (Ps-ASNase I) and Rahnella sp. PCH162 (Rs-ASNase I) was amplified using gene-specific primers, cloned into a pET-47b(+) vector, and plasmids were transformed into Escherichia coli (E. coli). Further, affinity chromatography purified recombinant proteins to homogeneity with monomer sizes of ~37.0 kDa. Purified Ps-ASNase I and Rs-ASNase I were active at wide pHs and temperatures with optimum activity at 50 °C (492 ± 5 U/mg) and 37 °C (308 ± 4 U/mg), respectively. Kinetic constant Km and Vmax for L-asparagine (Asn) were 2.7 ± 0.06 mM and 526.31 ± 4.0 U/mg for Ps-ASNase I, and 4.43 ± 1.06 mM and 434.78 ± 4.0 U/mg for Rs-ASNase I. Circular dichroism study revealed 29.3 % and 24.12 % α-helix structures in Ps-ASNase I and Rs-ASNase I, respectively. Upon their evaluation to mitigate acrylamide formation, 43 % and 34 % acrylamide (AA) reduction were achieved after pre-treatment of raw potato slices, consistent with 65 % and 59 % Asn reduction for Ps-ASNase I and Rs-ASNase I, respectively. Current findings suggested the potential of less explored intracellular L-asparaginase in AA mitigation for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijeta Patial
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176 061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Subhash Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176 061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Robin Joshi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176 061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Dharam Singh
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176 061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India.
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2
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Rodrigues Andrade KC, Cordeiro de Abreu JA, Guimarães MB, Abrunhosa LS, Leôncio Rodrigues AL, Fonseca-Bazzo YM, Silveira D, Souza PM, Magalhães PO. Heterologous expression of fungal L-asparaginase: a systematic review. Future Microbiol 2024; 19:157-171. [PMID: 37882841 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To review the available literature about heterologous expression of fungal L-asparaginase (L-ASNase). Materials & methods: A search was conducted across PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science databases; 4172 citations were identified and seven articles were selected. Results: The results showed that heterologous expression of fungal L-ASNase was performed mostly in bacterial expression systems, except for a study that expressed L-ASNase in a yeast system. Only three publications reported the purification and characterization of the enzyme. Conclusion: The information reported in this systematic review can contribute significantly to the recognition of the importance of biotechnological techniques for L-ASNase production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marina Borges Guimarães
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Health Science School, University of Brasília, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Letícia Santos Abrunhosa
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Health Science School, University of Brasília, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | | | - Yris Maria Fonseca-Bazzo
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Health Science School, University of Brasília, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Damaris Silveira
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Health Science School, University of Brasília, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Paula Monteiro Souza
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Health Science School, University of Brasília, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Pérola Oliveira Magalhães
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Health Science School, University of Brasília, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
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3
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Andjelkovic M, Zinovjev K, Ramos-Guzmán CA, Ruiz- Pernía JJ, Tuñón I. Elucidation of the Active Form and Reaction Mechanism in Human Asparaginase Type III Using Multiscale Simulations. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:5676-5688. [PMID: 37635309 PMCID: PMC10852353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
l-asparaginases catalyze the asparagine hydrolysis to aspartate. These enzymes play an important role in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia because these cells are unable to produce their own asparagine. Due to the immunogenic response and various side effects of enzymes of bacterial origin, many attempts have been made to replace these enzymes with mammalian enzymes such as human asparaginase type III (hASNaseIII). This study investigates the reaction mechanism of hASNaseIII through molecular dynamics simulations, quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics methods, and free energy calculations. Our simulations reveal that the dimeric form of the enzyme plays a vital role in stabilizing the substrate in the active site, despite the active site residues coming from a single protomer. Protomer-protomer interactions are essential to keep the enzyme in an active conformation. Our study of the reaction mechanism indicates that the self-cleavage process that generates an N-terminal residue (Thr168) is required to activate the enzyme. This residue acts as the nucleophile, attacking the electrophilic carbon of the substrate after a proton transfer from its hydroxyl group to the N-terminal amino group. The reaction mechanism proceeds with the formation of an acyl-enzyme complex and its hydrolysis, which turns out to be the rate-determining step. Our proposal of the enzymatic mechanism sheds light on the role of different active site residues and rationalizes the studies on mutations. The insights provided here about hASNaseIII activity could contribute to the comprehension of the disparities among different ASNases and might even guide the design of new variants with improved properties for acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milorad Andjelkovic
- Departamento
de Química Física, Universidad
de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Kirill Zinovjev
- Departamento
de Química Física, Universidad
de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Carlos Alberto Ramos-Guzmán
- Departamento
de Química Física, Universidad
de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
- Instituto
de Materiales Avanzados, Universidad Jaume
I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | | | - Iñaki Tuñón
- Departamento
de Química Física, Universidad
de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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4
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Xu Y, Ma S, Huang Z, Wang L, Raza SHA, Wang Z. Nitrogen metabolism in mycobacteria: the key genes and targeted antimicrobials. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1149041. [PMID: 37275154 PMCID: PMC10232911 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1149041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen metabolism is an important physiological process that affects the survival and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. M. tuberculosis's utilization of nitrogen in the environment and its adaptation to the harsh environment of acid and low oxygen in macrophages are closely related to nitrogen metabolism. In addition, the dormancy state and drug resistance of M. tuberculosis are closely related to nitrogen metabolism. Although nitrogen metabolism is so important, limited research was performed on nitrogen metabolism as compared with carbon metabolism. M. tuberculosis can use a variety of inorganic or organic nitrogen sources, including ammonium salts, nitrate, glutamine, asparagine, etc. In these metabolic pathways, some enzymes encoded by key genes, such as GlnA1, AnsP2, etc, play important regulatory roles in the pathogenesis of TB. Although various small molecule inhibitors and drugs have been developed for different nitrogen metabolism processes, however, long-term validation is needed before their practical application. Most importantly, with the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains, eradication, and control of M. tuberculosis will still be very challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Xu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiwei Ma
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zixin Huang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Longlong Wang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sayed Haidar Abbas Raza
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Nation-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Dumina M, Zhgun A. Thermo-L-Asparaginases: From the Role in the Viability of Thermophiles and Hyperthermophiles at High Temperatures to a Molecular Understanding of Their Thermoactivity and Thermostability. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032674. [PMID: 36768996 PMCID: PMC9916696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) is a vital enzyme with a broad range of applications in medicine, food industry, and diagnostics. Among various organisms expressing L-ASNases, thermophiles and hyperthermophiles produce enzymes with superior performances-stable and heat resistant thermo-ASNases. This review is an attempt to take a broader view on the thermo-ASNases. Here we discuss the position of thermo-ASNases in the large family of L-ASNases, their role in the heat-tolerance cellular system of thermophiles and hyperthermophiles, and molecular aspects of their thermoactivity and thermostability. Different types of thermo-ASNases exhibit specific L-asparaginase activity and additional secondary activities. All products of these enzymatic reactions are associated with diverse metabolic pathways and are important for mitigating heat stress. Thermo-ASNases are quite distinct from typical mesophilic L-ASNases based on structural properties, kinetic and activity profiles. Here we attempt to summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of thermo-ASNases' thermoactivity and thermostability, from amino acid composition to structural-functional relationships. Research of these enzymes has fundamental and biotechnological significance. Thermo-ASNases and their improved variants, cloned and expressed in mesophilic hosts, can form a large pool of enzymes with valuable characteristics for biotechnological application.
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Sharma A, Kaushik V, Goel M. Insights into the Distribution and Functional Properties of l-Asparaginase in the Archaeal Domain and Characterization of Picrophilus torridus Asparaginase Belonging to the Novel Family Asp2like1. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:40750-40765. [PMID: 36406543 PMCID: PMC9670692 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
l-Asparaginase catalyzes the hydrolysis of l-asparagine to aspartic acid and ammonia and is used in the medical and food industries. In this investigation, from the proteomes of 176 archaeal organisms (with completely sequenced genomes), 116 homologs of l-asparaginase were obtained from 86 archaeal organisms segregated into Asp1, Asp2, IaaA, Asp2like1, and Asp2like2 families based on the conserved domain. The similarities and differences in the structure of selected representatives from each family are discussed. From the two novel archaeal l-asparaginase families Asp2like1 and Asp2like2, a representative of Asp2like1 family Picrophilus torridus asparaginase (PtAsp2like1) was characterized in detail to find its suitability in therapeutics. PtAsp2like1 was a glutaminase-free asparaginase that showed the optimum activity at 80 °C and pH 10.0. The Km of PtAsp2like1 toward substrate l-asparagine was 11.69 mM. This study demonstrates the improved mapping of asparaginases in the archaeal domain, facilitating future focused research on archaeal asparaginases for therapeutic applications.
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7
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Molecular cloning, characterization, and in-silico analysis of l-asparaginase from Himalayan Pseudomonas sp. PCH44. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:162. [PMID: 35822154 PMCID: PMC9271149 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03224-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
l-Asparaginase (l-ASNase) is a key enzyme used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia, a childhood blood cancer. Here, we report on the characterization of a recombinant l-ASNase (Ps44-asn II) from Pseudomonas sp. PCH44. The gene was identified from its genome, cloned, and overexpressed in the host Escherichia coli (E. coli). The recombinant l-ASNase (Ps44-ASNase II) was purified with a monomer size of 37.0 kDa and a homotetrameric size of 148.0 kDa. The purified Ps44-ASNase II exhibited optimum activity of 40.84 U/mg in Tris-HCl buffer (50 mM, pH 8.5) at 45 °C for 15 min. It retained 76.53% of enzyme activity at 45 °C after 120 min of incubation. The half-life and K d values were 600 min and 1.10 × 10-3 min-1, respectively, at 45 °C. The kinetic constants values K m and V max were 0.56, 0.728 mM, and 29.41, 50.12 U/mg for l-asparagine and l-glutamine, respectively. However, k cat for l-glutamine is more (30.91 s-1) than l-asparagine (18.06 s-1), suggesting that enzymes act more efficiently on l-glutamine than l-asparagine. The docking analysis of l-asparagine and l-glutamine with active site residues of the enzyme revealed a molecular basis for high l-glutaminase (L-GLNase) activity and provided insights into the role of key amino acid residues in the preferential enzymatic activities. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03224-0.
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8
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Loch JI, Klonecka A, Kądziołka K, Bonarek P, Barciszewski J, Imiolczyk B, Brzezinski K, Gilski M, Jaskolski M. Structural and biophysical studies of new L-asparaginase variants: lessons from random mutagenesis of the prototypic Escherichia coli Ntn-amidohydrolase. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2022; 78:911-926. [PMID: 35775990 PMCID: PMC9248843 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798322005691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reports the results of random mutagenesis of the Escherichia coli class 2 L-asparaginase EcAIII belonging to the Ntn-hydrolase family. New variants of EcAIII were studied using structural, biophysical and bioinformatic methods. Activity tests revealed that the L-asparaginase activity is abolished in all analyzed mutants with the absence of Arg207, but some of them retained the ability to undergo the autoproteolytic maturation process. The results of spectroscopic studies and the determined crystal structures showed that the EcAIII fold is flexible enough to accept different types of mutations; however, these mutations may have a diverse impact on the thermal stability of the protein. The conclusions from the experiments are grouped into six lessons focused on (i) the adaptation of the EcAIII fold to new substitutions, (ii) the role of Arg207 in EcAIII activity, (iii) a network of residues necessary for autoprocessing, (iv) the complexity of the autoprocessing reaction, (v) the conformational changes observed in enzymatically inactive variants and (vi) the cooperativity of the EcAIII dimer subunits. Additionally, the structural requirements (pre-maturation checkpoints) that are necessary for the initiation of the autocleavage of Ntn-hydrolases have been classified. The findings reported in this work provide useful hints that should be considered before planning enzyme-engineering experiments aimed at the design of proteins for therapeutic applications. This is especially important for L-asparaginases that can be utilized in leukemia therapy, as alternative therapeutics are urgently needed to circumvent the severe side effects associated with the currently used enzymes.
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9
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Linhorst A, Lübke T. The Human Ntn-Hydrolase Superfamily: Structure, Functions and Perspectives. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101592. [PMID: 35626629 PMCID: PMC9140057 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
N-terminal nucleophile (Ntn)-hydrolases catalyze the cleavage of amide bonds in a variety of macromolecules, including the peptide bond in proteins, the amide bond in N-linked protein glycosylation, and the amide bond linking a fatty acid to sphingosine in complex sphingolipids. Ntn-hydrolases are all sharing two common hallmarks: Firstly, the enzymes are synthesized as inactive precursors that undergo auto-proteolytic self-activation, which, as a consequence, reveals the active site nucleophile at the newly formed N-terminus. Secondly, all Ntn-hydrolases share a structural consistent αββα-fold, notwithstanding the total lack of amino acid sequence homology. In humans, five subclasses of the Ntn-superfamily have been identified so far, comprising relevant members such as the catalytic active subunits of the proteasome or a number of lysosomal hydrolases, which are often associated with lysosomal storage diseases. This review gives an updated overview on the structural, functional, and (patho-)physiological characteristics of human Ntn-hydrolases, in particular.
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Pokrovskaya MV, Pokrovsky VS, Aleksandrova SS, Sokolov NN, Zhdanov DD. Molecular Analysis of L-Asparaginases for Clarification of the Mechanism of Action and Optimization of Pharmacological Functions. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030599. [PMID: 35335974 PMCID: PMC8948990 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginases (EC 3.5.1.1) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of L-asparagine to L-aspartic acid and ammonia. These proteins with different biochemical, physicochemical and pharmacological properties are found in many organisms, including bacteria, fungi, algae, plants and mammals. To date, asparaginases from E. coli and Dickeya dadantii (formerly known as Erwinia chrysanthemi) are widely used in hematology for the treatment of lymphoblastic leukemias. However, their medical use is limited by side effects associated with the ability of these enzymes to hydrolyze L-glutamine, as well as the development of immune reactions. To solve these issues, gene-editing methods to introduce amino-acid substitutions of the enzyme are implemented. In this review, we focused on molecular analysis of the mechanism of enzyme action and to optimize the antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V. Pokrovskaya
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Str. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.P.); (S.S.A.); (N.N.S.)
| | - Vadim S. Pokrovsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Combined Treatment, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Kashirskoe Shosse 24, 115478 Moscow, Russia
- Center of Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Federal Territory Sirius, Olimpiisky Prospect 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Svetlana S. Aleksandrova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Str. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.P.); (S.S.A.); (N.N.S.)
| | - Nikolay N. Sokolov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Str. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.P.); (S.S.A.); (N.N.S.)
| | - Dmitry D. Zhdanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Str. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.P.); (S.S.A.); (N.N.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence:
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11
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Quesada-Valverde M, Artavia G, Granados-Chinchilla F, Cortés-Herrera C. Acrylamide in foods: from regulation and registered levels to chromatographic analysis, nutritional relevance, exposure, mitigation approaches, and health effects. TOXIN REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.2018611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Quesada-Valverde
- Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CITA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Graciela Artavia
- Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CITA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Fabio Granados-Chinchilla
- Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CITA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Carolina Cortés-Herrera
- Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CITA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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Dumina M, Zhgun A, Pokrovskaya M, Aleksandrova S, Zhdanov D, Sokolov N, El’darov M. Highly Active Thermophilic L-Asparaginase from Melioribacter roseus Represents a Novel Large Group of Type II Bacterial L-Asparaginases from Chlorobi-Ignavibacteriae-Bacteroidetes Clade. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13632. [PMID: 34948436 PMCID: PMC8709496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) is a biotechnologically relevant enzyme for the pharmaceutical, biosensor and food industries. Efforts to discover new promising L-ASNases for different fields of biotechnology have turned this group of enzymes into a growing family with amazing diversity. Here, we report that thermophile Melioribacter roseus from Ignavibacteriae of the Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi group possesses two L-ASNases-bacterial type II (MrAII) and plant-type (MrAIII). The current study is focused on a novel L-ASNase MrAII that was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and characterized. The enzyme is optimally active at 70 °C and pH 9.3, with a high L-asparaginase activity of 1530 U/mg and L-glutaminase activity ~19% of the activity compared with L-asparagine. The kinetic parameters KM and Vmax for the enzyme were 1.4 mM and 5573 µM/min, respectively. The change in MrAII activity was not significant in the presence of 10 mM Ni2+, Mg2+ or EDTA, but increased with the addition of Cu2+ and Ca2+ by 56% and 77%, respectively, and was completely inhibited by Zn2+, Fe3+ or urea solutions 2-8 M. MrAII displays differential cytotoxic activity: cancer cell lines K562, Jurkat, LnCap, and SCOV-3 were more sensitive to MrAII treatment, compared with normal cells. MrAII represents the first described enzyme of a large group of uncharacterized counterparts from the Chlorobi-Ignavibacteriae-Bacteroidetes clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dumina
- Group of Fungal Genetic Engineering, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander Zhgun
- Group of Fungal Genetic Engineering, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Marina Pokrovskaya
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.P.); (S.A.); (D.Z.); (N.S.)
| | - Svetlana Aleksandrova
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.P.); (S.A.); (D.Z.); (N.S.)
| | - Dmitry Zhdanov
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.P.); (S.A.); (D.Z.); (N.S.)
| | - Nikolay Sokolov
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.P.); (S.A.); (D.Z.); (N.S.)
| | - Michael El’darov
- Group of Fungal Genetic Engineering, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia;
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13
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Bartram T, Schütte P, Möricke A, Houlston RS, Ellinghaus E, Zimmermann M, Bergmann A, Löscher BS, Klein N, Hinze L, Junk SV, Forster M, Bartram CR, Köhler R, Franke A, Schrappe M, Kratz CP, Cario G, Stanulla M. Genetic Variation in ABCC4 and CFTR and Acute Pancreatitis during Treatment of Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10214815. [PMID: 34768335 PMCID: PMC8584334 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10214815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a serious, mechanistically not entirely resolved side effect of L-asparaginase-containing treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). To find new candidate variations for AP, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS). Methods: In all, 1,004,623 single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) were analyzed in 51 pediatric ALL patients with AP (cases) and 1388 patients without AP (controls). Replication used independent patients. Results: The top-ranked SNV (rs4148513) was located within the ABCC4 gene (odds ratio (OR) 84.1; p = 1.04 × 10−14). Independent replication of our 20 top SNVs was not supportive of initial results, partly because rare variants were neither present in cases nor present in controls. However, results of combined analysis (GWAS and replication cohorts) remained significant (e.g., rs4148513; OR = 47.2; p = 7.31 × 10−9). Subsequently, we sequenced the entire ABCC4 gene and its close relative, the cystic fibrosis associated CFTR gene, a strong AP candidate gene, in 48 cases and 47 controls. Six AP-associated variants in ABCC4 and one variant in CFTR were detected. Replication confirmed the six ABCC4 variants but not the CFTR variant. Conclusions: Genetic variation within the ABCC4 gene was associated with AP during the treatment of ALL. No association of AP with CFTR was observed. Larger international studies are necessary to more conclusively assess the risk of rare clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thies Bartram
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (T.B.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (G.C.)
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (P.S.); (M.Z.); (N.K.); (L.H.); (S.V.J.); (C.P.K.)
| | - Peter Schütte
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (P.S.); (M.Z.); (N.K.); (L.H.); (S.V.J.); (C.P.K.)
| | - Anja Möricke
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (T.B.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Richard S. Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK;
| | - Eva Ellinghaus
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (E.E.); (B.-S.L.); (M.F.); (A.F.)
| | - Martin Zimmermann
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (P.S.); (M.Z.); (N.K.); (L.H.); (S.V.J.); (C.P.K.)
| | - Anke Bergmann
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Britt-Sabina Löscher
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (E.E.); (B.-S.L.); (M.F.); (A.F.)
| | - Norman Klein
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (P.S.); (M.Z.); (N.K.); (L.H.); (S.V.J.); (C.P.K.)
| | - Laura Hinze
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (P.S.); (M.Z.); (N.K.); (L.H.); (S.V.J.); (C.P.K.)
| | - Stefanie V. Junk
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (P.S.); (M.Z.); (N.K.); (L.H.); (S.V.J.); (C.P.K.)
| | - Michael Forster
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (E.E.); (B.-S.L.); (M.F.); (A.F.)
| | - Claus R. Bartram
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.R.B.); (R.K.)
| | - Rolf Köhler
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.R.B.); (R.K.)
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (E.E.); (B.-S.L.); (M.F.); (A.F.)
| | - Martin Schrappe
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (T.B.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Christian P. Kratz
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (P.S.); (M.Z.); (N.K.); (L.H.); (S.V.J.); (C.P.K.)
| | - Gunnar Cario
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (T.B.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Martin Stanulla
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (P.S.); (M.Z.); (N.K.); (L.H.); (S.V.J.); (C.P.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-532-7978
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14
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Guimarães AVF, Frota NF, Lourenzoni MR. Molecular dynamics simulations of human L-asparaginase1: Insights into structural determinants of enzymatic activity. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 109:108007. [PMID: 34461521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.108007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The l-asparaginase enzyme is used in cancer therapy, mainly acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL). Commercial enzymes (EcASNase2) cause adverse reactions during treatment, such as immunogenicity. A human enzyme could be a non-immunogenic substitute. However, no candidate was found showing efficient kinetic properties. HASNase1 is an l-asparaginase that comes from the N-terminal domain of a protein called 60 kDa-lysophospholipase and its 3D structure has not been resolved. HASNase1 is homologous to EcASNase1 and gpASNase1, and this last one has shown efficient kinetic properties. Homology modeling was used to find the 3D structure of hASNase1, so one could submit it to Molecular Dynamics (MD), in order to understand structural differences that lead to different catalytic efficiency compared to EcASNase2 and gpASNase1. The interaction potential between L-Asn and active site residues showed that the substrate can rotate in the site when Region1 is open. Region1 residues sequence favors deformations and movements as shown in MD. Region2-A is linear in gpASNase1, and it features a helix portion in hASNase1, which leaves the Tyr308 position projected to the active site ratifying its role in catalytic efficiency. Analysis of Lys188 orientation and movement showed the effect of positive cooperativity in hASNase1. It was found that the presence of Asn at the allosteric site helps, not only in Region1 stabilization, but also in Lys188 stabilization for the maintenance of the triad. Despite structural similarities in hASNase1, gpASNase1, and EcASNase2, there are differences in structural determinants that, in addition to allosterism, may explain the different kinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Virginia Frota Guimarães
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biotecnologia de Recursos Naturais, Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 825, zip-code: 60356-000, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Ceará, Fiocruz - CE, Protein Engineering and Health Solutions Group - GEPeSS, zip-code: 60175-047, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Natália Fernandes Frota
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Ceará, Fiocruz - CE, Protein Engineering and Health Solutions Group - GEPeSS, zip-code: 60175-047, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Marcos Roberto Lourenzoni
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Ceará, Fiocruz - CE, Protein Engineering and Health Solutions Group - GEPeSS, zip-code: 60175-047, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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15
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Loch JI, Jaskolski M. Structural and biophysical aspects of l-asparaginases: a growing family with amazing diversity. IUCRJ 2021; 8:514-531. [PMID: 34258001 PMCID: PMC8256714 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252521006011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
l-Asparaginases have remained an intriguing research topic since their discovery ∼120 years ago, especially after their introduction in the 1960s as very efficient antileukemic drugs. In addition to bacterial asparaginases, which are still used to treat childhood leukemia, enzymes of plant and mammalian origin are now also known. They have all been structurally characterized by crystallography, in some cases at outstanding resolution. The structural data have also shed light on the mechanistic details of these deceptively simple enzymes. Yet, despite all this progress, no better therapeutic agents have been found to beat bacterial asparaginases. However, a new option might arise with the discovery of yet another type of asparaginase, those from symbiotic nitrogen-fixing Rhizobia, and with progress in the protein engineering of enzymes with desired properties. This review surveys the field of structural biology of l-asparaginases, focusing on the mechanistic aspects of the well established types and speculating about the potential of the new members of this amazingly diversified family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna I. Loch
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Mariusz Jaskolski
- Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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16
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da Silva LS, Doonan LB, Pessoa A, de Oliveira MA, Long PF. Structural and functional diversity of asparaginases: Overview and recommendations for a revised nomenclature. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:503-513. [PMID: 33624365 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Asparaginases (ASNases) are a large and structurally diverse group of enzymes ubiquitous amongst archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes, that catalyze hydrolysis of asparagine to aspartate and ammonia. Bacterial ASNases are important biopharmaceuticals for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, although some patients experience adverse allergic side effects during treatment with these protein therapeutics. ASNases are currently divided into three families: plant-type ASNases, Rhizobium etli-type ASNases and bacterial-type ASNases. This system is outdated as both bacterial-type and plant-type families also include archaeal, bacterial and eukaryotic enzymes, each with their own distinct characteristics. Herein, phylogenetic studies allied to tertiary structural analyses are described with the aim of proposing a revised and more robust classification system that considers the biochemical diversity of ASNases. Accordingly, based on distinct peptide domains, phylogenetic data, structural analysis and functional characteristics, we recommend that ASNases now be divided into three new distinct classes containing subgroups according to structural and functional aspects. Using this new classification scheme, 25 ASNases were identified as candidates for future new lead discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Schultz da Silva
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Liam B Doonan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Adalberto Pessoa
- Departamento de Tecnologia Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paul F Long
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, UK.,Departamento de Tecnologia Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Radadiya A, Zhu W, Coricello A, Alcaro S, Richards NGJ. Improving the Treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Biochemistry 2020; 59:3193-3200. [PMID: 32786406 PMCID: PMC7497903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
l-Asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1) was first used as a component of combination drug therapies to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a cancer of the blood and bone marrow, almost 50 years ago. Administering this enzyme to reduce asparagine levels in the blood is a cornerstone of modern clinical protocols for ALL; indeed, this remains the only successful example of a therapy targeted against a specific metabolic weakness in any form of cancer. Three problems, however, constrain the clinical use of l-asparaginase. First, a type II bacterial variant of l-asparaginase is administered to patients, the majority of whom are children, which produces an immune response thereby limiting the time over which the enzyme can be tolerated. Second, l-asparaginase is subject to proteolytic degradation in the blood. Third, toxic side effects are observed, which may be correlated with the l-glutaminase activity of the enzyme. This Perspective will outline how asparagine depletion negatively impacts the growth of leukemic blasts, discuss the structure and mechanism of l-asparaginase, and briefly describe the clinical use of chemically modified forms of clinically useful l-asparaginases, such as Asparlas, which was recently given FDA approval for use in children (babies to young adults) as part of multidrug treatments for ALL. Finally, we review ongoing efforts to engineer l-asparaginase variants with improved therapeutic properties and briefly detail emerging, alternate strategies for the treatment of forms of ALL that are resistant to asparagine depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Radadiya
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Wen Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Adriana Coricello
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K.,Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.,Net4Science, Università "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nigel G J Richards
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K.,Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, 13079 Progress Boulevard, Alachua, Florida 32615, United States
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18
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Saeed H, Hemida A, El-Nikhely N, Abdel-Fattah M, Shalaby M, Hussein A, Eldoksh A, Ataya F, Aly N, Labrou N, Nematalla H. Highly efficient Pyrococcus furiosus recombinant L-asparaginase with no glutaminase activity: Expression, purification, functional characterization, and cytotoxicity on THP-1, A549 and Caco-2 cell lines. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 156:812-828. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Morais SB, Pirolla RAS, Frota NF, Lourenzoni MR, Gozzo FC, Souza TACB. The role of the quaternary structure in the activation of human L-asparaginase. J Proteomics 2020; 224:103818. [PMID: 32434038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human L-asparaginase-like protein 1 (ASRGL1) has hydrolytic activity against L-asparagine and isoaspartyl dipeptides. As an N-terminal nucleophile hydrolase family member, its activation depends on an intramolecular autoprocessing step between G167 and T168. In vitro, autoprocessing reaches only 50% completion, which restrains the activity and hampers the full understanding of the activation process. The ASRGL1 dimer interface plays a critical role in intramolecular processing, and the interactions within oligomers can offer relevant information about autoprocessing. In this work, a fully processed trimeric conformation of ASRGL1 was observed for the first time, and we combined biophysical and structural proteomics assays to characterize trimeric ASRGL1. Our analyses show that oligomerization is critical for autoprocessing, hydrolytic activity and thermal stability. The newest trimeric ASRGL1 conformation enhances protein activity and presents a melting temperature deviation of 4.33 °C in comparison to the monomeric conformation. The interaction of the third monomer in the trimeric conformation is driven by an α-helix comprising residues KVNLARLTLF (227-236).
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Morais
- Structural and Computational Proteomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba/PR 80320-290, Brazil
| | - R A S Pirolla
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - N F Frota
- Postgraduate Program in Natural Resource Biotechnology, Federal University of Ceara, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza/CE, 60356-000, Brazil
| | - M R Lourenzoni
- Postgraduate Program in Natural Resource Biotechnology, Federal University of Ceara, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza/CE, 60356-000, Brazil; Protein Engineering and Healthcare Solutions Research Group, FIOCRUZ-CE, Eusebio/CE, 61760-000, Brazil
| | - F C Gozzo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - T A C B Souza
- Structural and Computational Proteomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba/PR 80320-290, Brazil.
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20
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Ghali MGZ, Styler MJ. Etiologies, Cerebral Vasomotion, and Endothelial Dysfunction in the Pathophysiology of Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in Pediatric Patients. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1702934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome was characterized by Hinchey and colleagues in the 1990s. The condition frequently afflicts patients suffering from hematologic and solid organ malignancy and individuals undergoing transplantation. Cases are more frequently described in the adult population compared with children. In the pediatric population, malignancy, transplantation, renal disease, and hypertension represent the most common etiologies. Theories on pathogenesis have centered upon cerebrovascular dysautoregulation with increases in blood–brain barrier permeability. This generates vasogenic edema of the cerebral parenchyma and consequent neurologic deficits. The parietal and occipital lobes are affected with greatest prevalence, though frontal and temporal lobe involvement is frequent, and that of the contents of the infratentorial posterior cranial fossa are occasionally described. The clinical presentation involves a characteristic constellation of neurologic signs and symptoms, most typically inclusive of headache, visual-field disturbances, abnormalities of visual acuity, and seizures. Supportive care, withdrawal of the offending agent, antihypertensive therapy, and prophylactic anticonvulsants affect convalescence in majority of cases. The principal challenge lies in identifying the responsible agent precipitating the condition in patients with malignancy and those having undergone transplantation and thus deciding which medication among a multidrug treatment regimen to withhold, the duration of drug cessation required to effect clinical resolution, and the safety of resuming treatment with the compound. We accordingly reviewed and evaluated the literature discussing the posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Z. Ghali
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Michael J. Styler
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hahnemann University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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21
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Chohan SM, Sajed M, Naeem SU, Rashid N. Heterologous gene expression and characterization of TK2246, a highly active and thermostable plant type l-asparaginase from Thermococcus kodakarensis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 147:131-137. [PMID: 31923515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The genome sequence of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis contains two putative genes, TK1656 and TK2246, annotated as l-asparaginases. TK1656 has been reported previously. The current report is focused on TK2246, a plant-type l-asparaginase, which consists of 918 nucleotides corresponding to a polypeptide of 306 amino acids. The gene was cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli and the purified gene product was used to determine the properties of the recombinant enzyme. TK2246 was optimally active at 85 °C and pH 7.0 with a specific activity of 767 μmol min-1 mg-1 towards l-asparagine. The enzyme exhibited a 10% activity towards d-asparagine as compared to 100% against l-asparagine. No detectable activity was observed towards l- or d-glutamine. Half-life of the enzyme was nearly 18 h at 85 °C. TK2246 exhibited apparent Km and Vmax values of 3.1 mM and 833 μmol min-1 mg-1, respectively. Activation energy of the reaction, determined from the Arrhenius plot, was 28.3 kJ mol-1. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first characterization of a plant-type l-asparaginase from class Thermococci of phylum Euryarchaeota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Mahmood Chohan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajed
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Sabeel Un Naeem
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Rashid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan.
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22
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Mazloum-Ravasan S, Madadi E, Fathi Z, Mohammadi A, Mosafer J, Mansoori B, Mokhtarzadeh A, Baradaran B, Darvishi F. The effect of Yarrowia lipolytical-asparaginase on apoptosis induction and inhibition of growth in Burkitt's lymphoma Raji and acute lymphoblastic leukemia MOLT-4 cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 146:193-201. [PMID: 31870867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
l-Asparaginase (l-asparagine amidohydrolase; E.C.3.5.1.1) as an anticancer agent is used to treat acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), Human Burkitt's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The commercial asparaginases are obtained from bacteria Erwinia chrysanthemi and Escherichia coli now which had many side effects. In this study, the effects of a novel l-asparaginase from yeast Yarrowia lipolytica was investigated on human ALL and Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines. The l-asparaginase causes metabolic stress, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis due to the arrest of the G0 cell cycle, the activation of caspase-3 and the modulation of mitochondrial membrane integrity. The RT-PCR analysis showed a significant increase in the pro-apoptosis genes such as Bax, Caspase-3, Caspase-8, Caspase-9 and p53 (P < 0.05) while the anti-apoptotic marker Bcl-2 was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Furthermore, Y. lipolytical-asparaginase causes autophagy and increased ROS. The l-asparaginase has cytotoxic and anticancer effects higher than commercial asparaginase. In conclusion, Y. lipolytical-asparaginase shows interesting anticancer activity and it can be introduced as a new eukaryotic and therapeutic agent and strategy for ALL and Burkitt's lymphoma treatment after the in vivo and clinical experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahand Mazloum-Ravasan
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Basic Science, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elaheh Madadi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Basic Science, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Fathi
- Microbial Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering (MBBE) Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Mosafer
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Paramedical Science, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Behzad Mansoori
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Farshad Darvishi
- Microbial Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering (MBBE) Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran 1993893973, Iran.
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23
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Lubkowski J, Chan W, Wlodawer A. Opportunistic complexes of E. coli L-asparaginases with citrate anions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11070. [PMID: 31363102 PMCID: PMC6667453 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46432-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Active sites of enzymes are highly optimized for interactions with specific substrates, thus binding of opportunistic ligands is usually observed only in the absence of native substrates or products. However, during growth of crystals required for structure determination enzymes are often exposed to conditions significantly divergent from the native ones, leading to binding of unexpected ligands to active sites even in the presence of substrates. Failing to recognize this possibility may lead to incorrect interpretation of experimental results and to faulty conclusions. Here, we present several examples of binding of a citrate anion to the active sites of E. coli L-asparaginases I and II, even in the presence of the native substrate, L-Asn. A part of this report focuses on a comprehensive re-interpretation of structural results published previously for complexes of type I L-asparaginase (EcAI) from E. coli. In two re-refined structures a citrate anion forms an acyl-enzyme reaction intermediate with the catalytic threonine. These results emphasize the importance of careful and critical analysis during interpretation of crystallographic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Lubkowski
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Waikin Chan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology and The Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Alexander Wlodawer
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
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Pal Roy M, Das V, Patra A. Isolation, purification and characterization of an extracellular L-asparaginase produced by a newly isolated Bacillus megaterium strain MG1 from the water bodies of Moraghat forest, Jalpaiguri, India. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2019; 65:137-144. [DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vaskar Das
- Department of Biotechnology, North Bengal University
| | - Amal Patra
- Department of Zoology, Vivekananda College
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25
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Silva LF, Freire KTLS, Araújo-Magalhães GR, Agamez-Montalvo GS, Sousa MA, Costa-Silva TA, Paiva LM, Pessoa-Junior A, Bezerra JDP, Souza-Motta CM. Penicillium and Talaromyces endophytes from Tillandsia catimbauensis, a bromeliad endemic in the Brazilian tropical dry forest, and their potential for L-asparaginase production. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:162. [PMID: 30368630 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2547-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to report the richness of endophytic Penicillium and Talaromyces species isolated from Tillandsia catimbauensis, a bromeliad endemic in the Brazilian tropical dry forest (Caatinga), to verify their ability to produce the enzyme L-asparaginase and to partially optimise the production of biomass and L-asparaginase of the best enzyme producer. A total of 184 endophytes were isolated, of which 52 (29%) were identified through morphological and phylogenetic analysis using β-tubulin sequences into nine putative species, four in Penicillium and five in Talaromyces. Talaromyces diversus and T. cf. cecidicola were the most frequent taxa. Among the 20 endophytic isolates selected for L-asparaginase production, 10 had the potential to produce the enzyme (0.50-2.30 U/g), especially T. cf. cecidicola URM 7826 (2.30 U/g) and Penicillium sp. 4 URM 7827 (1.28 U/g). As T. cf. cecidicola URM 7826 exhibited significant ability to produce the enzyme, it was selected for the partial optimisation of biomass and L-asparaginase production. Results of the 23 factorial experimental design showed that the highest dry biomass (0.66 g) was obtained under pH 6.0, inoculum concentration of 1 × 108 and 1% L-proline. However, the inoculum concentration was found to be statistically significant, the pH was marginally significant and the concentration of L-proline was not statistically significant. L-Asparaginase production varied between 0.58 and 1.02 U/g and did not reach the optimal point for enzyme production. This study demonstrates that T. catimbauensis is colonised by different Penicillium and Talaromyces species, which are indicated for enzyme production studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia F Silva
- Departamento de Micologia Prof. Chaves Batista, CB, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Professor Nelson Chaves, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, CEP: 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Karla T L S Freire
- Departamento de Micologia Prof. Chaves Batista, CB, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Professor Nelson Chaves, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, CEP: 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Gianne R Araújo-Magalhães
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biociência Animal, Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco, CEP: 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Gualberto S Agamez-Montalvo
- Departamento de Estatística e Matemática Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. Mister Hull, s/n, Pici, Fortaleza, Ceará, CEP: 60455-760, Brazil
| | - Minelli A Sousa
- Departamento de Micologia Prof. Chaves Batista, CB, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Professor Nelson Chaves, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, CEP: 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Tales A Costa-Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, B16, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Laura M Paiva
- Departamento de Micologia Prof. Chaves Batista, CB, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Professor Nelson Chaves, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, CEP: 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Pessoa-Junior
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, B16, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Jadson D P Bezerra
- Departamento de Micologia Prof. Chaves Batista, CB, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Professor Nelson Chaves, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, CEP: 50670-901, Brazil.
| | - Cristina M Souza-Motta
- Departamento de Micologia Prof. Chaves Batista, CB, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Professor Nelson Chaves, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, CEP: 50670-901, Brazil.
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26
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Kataria A, Singh J, Kundu B. Identification and validation of
l
‐asparaginase as a potential metabolic target against
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:143-154. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arti Kataria
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
| | - Jasdeep Singh
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
| | - Bishwajit Kundu
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
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Ajewole E, Santamaria‐Kisiel L, Pajak A, Jaskolski M, Marsolais F. Structural basis of potassium activation in plant asparaginases. FEBS J 2018; 285:1528-1539. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ebenezer Ajewole
- Department of Biology University of Western Ontario London Canada
- London Research and Development Centre Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada London Canada
| | | | - Agnieszka Pajak
- London Research and Development Centre Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada London Canada
| | - Mariusz Jaskolski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Poznan Poland
- Department of Crystallography Faculty of Chemistry A. Mickiewicz University Poznan Poland
| | - Frédéric Marsolais
- Department of Biology University of Western Ontario London Canada
- London Research and Development Centre Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada London Canada
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28
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From Compartmentalization of Bacteria within Inorganic Macrocellular Beads to the Assembly of Microbial Consortia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201700233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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29
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Van Kerckhoven SH, de la Torre FN, Cañas RA, Avila C, Cantón FR, Cánovas FM. Characterization of Three L-Asparaginases from Maritime Pine ( Pinus pinaster Ait.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1075. [PMID: 28690619 PMCID: PMC5481357 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Asparaginases (ASPG, EC 3.5.1.1) catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide group of L-asparagine producing L-aspartate and ammonium. Three ASPG, PpASPG1, PpASPG2, and PpASPG3, have been identified in the transcriptome of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) that were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana by agroinfection. The three recombinant proteins were processed in planta to active enzymes and it was found that all mature forms exhibited double activity asparaginase/isoaspartyl dipeptidase but only PpASPG1 was able to catalyze efficiently L-asparagine hydrolysis. PpASPG1 contains a variable region of 77 amino acids that is critical for proteolytic processing of the precursor and is retained in the mature enzyme. Furthermore, the functional analysis of deletion mutants demonstrated that this protein fragment is required for specific recognition of the substrate and favors enzyme stability. Potassium has a limited effect on the activation of maritime pine ASPG what is consistent with the lack of a critical residue essential for interaction of cation. Taken together, the results presented here highlight the specific features of ASPG from conifers when compared to the enzymes from angiosperms.
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30
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Karamitros CS, Konrad M. Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting of Human l-asparaginase Mutant Libraries for Detecting Enzyme Variants with Enhanced Activity. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:2596-607. [PMID: 27442338 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Immunogenicity is one of the most common complications occurring during therapy making use of protein drugs of nonhuman origin. A notable example of such a case is bacterial l-asparaginases (L-ASNases) used for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The replacement of the bacterial enzymes by human ones is thought to set the basis for a major improvement of antileukemic therapy. Recently, we solved the crystal structure of a human enzyme possessing L-ASNase activity, designated hASNase-3. This enzyme is expressed as an inactive precursor protein and post-translationally undergoes intramolecular processing leading to the generation of two subunits which remain noncovalently, yet tightly associated and constitute the catalytically active form of the enzyme. We discovered that this intramolecular processing can be drastically and selectively accelerated by the free amino acid glycine. In the present study, we report on the molecular engineering of hASNase-3 aiming at the improvement of its catalytic properties. We created a fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based high-throughput screening system for the characterization of rationally designed mutant libraries, capitalizing on the finding that free glycine promotes autoproteolytic cleavage, which activates the mutant proteins expressed in an E. coli strain devoid of aspartate biosynthesis. Successive screening rounds led to the isolation of catalytically improved variants showing up to 6-fold better catalytic efficiency as compared to the wild-type enzyme. Our work establishes a powerful strategy for further exploitation of the human asparaginase sequence space to facilitate the identification of in vitro-evolved enzyme species that will lay the basis for improved ALL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos S. Karamitros
- Enzyme Biochemistry Group, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - Manfred Konrad
- Enzyme Biochemistry Group, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
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31
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van den Boom J, Trusch F, Hoppstock L, Beuck C, Bayer P. Structural Characterization of the Loop at the Alpha-Subunit C-Terminus of the Mixed Lineage Leukemia Protein Activating Protease Taspase1. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151431. [PMID: 26974973 PMCID: PMC4790943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 asparaginases, a subfamily of N-terminal nucleophile (Ntn) hydrolases, are activated by limited proteolysis. This activation yields a heterodimer and a loop region at the C-terminus of the α-subunit is released. Since this region is unresolved in all type 2 asparaginase crystal structures but is close to the active site residues, we explored this loop region in six members of the type 2 asparaginase family using homology modeling. As the loop model for the childhood cancer-relevant protease Taspase1 differed from the other members, Taspase1 activation as well as the conformation and dynamics of the 56 amino acids loop were investigated by CD and NMR spectroscopy. We propose a helix-turn-helix motif, which can be exploited as novel anticancer target to inhibit Taspase1 proteolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes van den Boom
- Department of Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Franziska Trusch
- Aberdeen Oomycetes Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Lukas Hoppstock
- Department of Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christine Beuck
- Department of Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Peter Bayer
- Department of Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Li W, Irani S, Crutchfield A, Hodge K, Matthews W, Patel P, Zhang YJ, Stone E. Intramolecular Cleavage of the hASRGL1 Homodimer Occurs in Two Stages. Biochemistry 2016; 55:960-9. [PMID: 26780688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The human asparaginase-like protein 1 (hASRGL1) is a member of the N-terminal nucleophile (Ntn) family that hydrolyzes l-asparagine and isoaspartyl-dipeptides. The nascent protein folds into an αβ-βα sandwich fold homodimer that cleaves its own peptide backbone at the G167-T168 bond, resulting in the active form of the enzyme. However, biophysical studies of hASRGL1 are difficult because of the curious fact that intramolecular cleavage of the G167-T168 peptide bond reaches only ≤50% completion. We capitalized upon our previous observation that intramolecular processing increases thermostability and developed a differential scanning fluorimetry assay that allowed direct detection of distinct processing intermediates for the first time. A kinetic analysis of these intermediates revealed that cleavage of one subunit of the hASRGL1 subunit drastically reduces the processing rate of the adjacent monomer, and a mutagenesis study showed that stabilization of the dimer interface plays a critical role in this process. We also report a comprehensive analysis of conserved active site residues and delineate their relative roles in autoprocessing and substrate hydrolysis. In addition to glycine, which was previously reported to selectively accelerate hASRGL1 cleavage, we identified several novel small molecule activators that also promote intramolecular processing. The structure-activity analysis supports the hypothesis that multiple negatively charged small molecules interact within the active site of hASRGL1 to act as a base in promoting cleavage. Overall, our investigation provides a mechanistic understanding of the maturation process of this Ntn hydrolase family member.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzong Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, and §Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Seema Irani
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, and §Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Amanda Crutchfield
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, and §Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kristal Hodge
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, and §Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Wendy Matthews
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, and §Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Pooja Patel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, and §Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yan Jessie Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, and §Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Everett Stone
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, and §Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Sun Z, Li D, Liu P, Wang W, Ji K, Huang Y, Cui Z. A novel l-asparaginase from Aquabacterium sp. A7-Y with self-cleavage activation. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2015; 109:121-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-015-0614-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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34
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Edqvist PHD, Huvila J, Forsström B, Talve L, Carpén O, Salvesen HB, Krakstad C, Grénman S, Johannesson H, Ljungqvist O, Uhlén M, Pontén F, Auranen A. Loss of ASRGL1 expression is an independent biomarker for disease-specific survival in endometrioid endometrial carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2015; 137:529-37. [PMID: 25858696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE For endometrial carcinoma, prognostic stratification methods do not satisfactorily identify patients with adverse outcome. Currently, histology, tumor grade and stage are used to tailoring surgical treatment and to determine the need for adjuvant treatment. Low-risk patients are not considered to require adjuvant therapy or staging lymphadenectomy. For patients with intermediate or high risk, some guidelines recommend tailoring adjuvant treatment according to additional negative prognostic factors. Our objective was to evaluate the biomarker potential of the ASRGL1 protein in endometrial carcinoma. METHODS Using The Human Protein Atlas (www.proteinatlas.org), the l-asparaginase (ASRGL1) protein was identified as an endometrial carcinoma biomarker candidate. ASRGL1 expression was immunohistochemically evaluated with an extensively validated antibody on two independent endometrial carcinoma cohorts (n=229 and n=286) arranged as tissue microarrays. Staining results were correlated with clinical features. RESULTS Reduced expression of ASRGL1, defined as <75% positively stained tumor cells, was significantly associated with poor prognosis and reduced disease-specific survival in endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma (EEA). In multivariate analysis the hazard ratios for disease-specific survival were 3.55 (95% CI=1.10-11.43; p=0.003) and 3.23 (95% CI=1.53-6.81; p=0.002) in the two cohorts, respectively. Of the 48 cases with Grade 3 Stage I tumor all disease-related deaths were associated with low ASRGL1 expression. CONCLUSIONS Loss of ASRGL1 in EEA is a powerful biomarker for poor prognosis and retained ASRGL1 has a positive impact on survival. ASRGL1 immunohistochemistry has potential to become an additional tool for prognostication in cases where tailoring adjuvant treatment according to additional prognostic factors besides grade and stage is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per-Henrik D Edqvist
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jutta Huvila
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Björn Forsström
- Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lauri Talve
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Carpén
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Helga B Salvesen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Camilla Krakstad
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Seija Grénman
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Henrik Johannesson
- Atlas Antibodies AB, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oscar Ljungqvist
- Atlas Antibodies AB, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Pontén
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annika Auranen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Singh J, Srivastava A, Jha P, Sinha KK, Kundu B. l-Asparaginase as a new molecular target against leishmaniasis: insights into the mechanism of action and structure-based inhibitor design. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:1887-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00251f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
l-Asparaginases belong to a family of amidohydrolases that catalyze the conversion of l-asparagine into l-aspartic acid and ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasdeep Singh
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
| | - Ankit Srivastava
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
| | - Pravin Jha
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research
- Vaishali-844102
- India
| | - Kislay K. Sinha
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research
- Vaishali-844102
- India
| | - Bishwajit Kundu
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
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Guzmán-Rodríguez M, Serna-Domínguez MG, Santos L. Identification, heterologous expression and detection of enzymatic activity of an asparaginase from the archaeonThermoplasma acidophilum. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2014.974572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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37
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Bejger M, Imiolczyk B, Clavel D, Gilski M, Pajak A, Marsolais F, Jaskolski M. Na⁺/K⁺ exchange switches the catalytic apparatus of potassium-dependent plant L-asparaginase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 70:1854-72. [PMID: 25004963 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004714008700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant-type L-asparaginases, which are a subclass of the Ntn-hydrolase family, are divided into potassium-dependent and potassium-independent enzymes with different substrate preferences. While the potassium-independent enzymes have already been well characterized, there are no structural data for any of the members of the potassium-dependent group to illuminate the intriguing dependence of their catalytic mechanism on alkali-metal cations. Here, three crystal structures of a potassium-dependent plant-type L-asparaginase from Phaseolus vulgaris (PvAspG1) differing in the type of associated alkali metal ions (K(+), Na(+) or both) are presented and the structural consequences of the different ions are correlated with the enzyme activity. As in all plant-type L-asparaginases, immature PvAspG1 is a homodimer of two protein chains, which both undergo autocatalytic cleavage to α and β subunits, thus creating the mature heterotetramer or dimer of heterodimers (αβ)2. The αβ subunits of PvAspG1 are folded similarly to the potassium-independent enzymes, with a sandwich of two β-sheets flanked on each side by a layer of helices. In addition to the `sodium loop' (here referred to as the `stabilization loop') known from potassium-independent plant-type asparaginases, the potassium-dependent PvAspG1 enzyme contains another alkali metal-binding loop (the `activation loop') in subunit α (residues Val111-Ser118). The active site of PvAspG1 is located between these two metal-binding loops and in the immediate neighbourhood of three residues, His117, Arg224 and Glu250, acting as a catalytic switch, which is a novel feature that is identified in plant-type L-asparaginases for the first time. A comparison of the three PvAspG1 structures demonstrates how the metal ion bound in the activation loop influences its conformation, setting the catalytic switch to ON (when K(+) is coordinated) or OFF (when Na(+) is coordinated) to respectively allow or prevent anchoring of the reaction substrate/product in the active site. Moreover, it is proposed that Ser118, the last residue of the activation loop, is involved in the potassium-dependence mechanism. The PvAspG1 structures are discussed in comparison with those of potassium-independent L-asparaginases (LlA, EcAIII and hASNase3) and those of other Ntn-hydrolases (AGA and Tas1), as well as in the light of noncrystallographic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Bejger
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Barbara Imiolczyk
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Damien Clavel
- Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Gilski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | | | - Mariusz Jaskolski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Karamitros CS, Konrad M. Human 60-kDa lysophospholipase contains an N-terminal L-asparaginase domain that is allosterically regulated by L-asparagine. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:12962-75. [PMID: 24657844 PMCID: PMC4036312 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.545038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural and functional characterization of human enzymes that are of potential medical and therapeutic interest is of prime significance for translational research. One of the most notable examples of a therapeutic enzyme is L-asparaginase, which has been established as an antileukemic protein drug for more than four decades. Up until now, only bacterial enzymes have been used in therapy despite a plethora of undesired side effects mainly attributed to the bacterial origins of these enzymes. Therefore, the replacement of the currently approved bacterial drugs by human homologs aiming at the elimination of adverse effects is of great importance. Recently, we structurally and biochemically characterized the enzyme human L-asparaginase 3 (hASNase3), which possesses L-asparaginase activity and belongs to the N-terminal nucleophile superfamily of enzymes. Inspired by the necessity for the development of a protein drug of human origin, in the present study, we focused on the characterization of another human L-asparaginase, termed hASNase1. This bacterial-type cytoplasmic L-asparaginase resides in the N-terminal subdomain of an overall 573-residue protein previously reported to function as a lysophospholipase. Our kinetic, mutagenesis, structural modeling, and fluorescence labeling data highlight allosteric features of hASNase1 that are similar to those of its Escherichia coli homolog, EcASNase1. Differential scanning fluorometry and urea denaturation experiments demonstrate the impact of particular mutations on the structural and functional integrity of the L-asparaginase domain and provide a direct comparison of sites critical for the conformational stability of the human and E. coli enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos S. Karamitros
- From the Enzyme Biochemistry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen D-37077, Germany
| | - Manfred Konrad
- From the Enzyme Biochemistry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen D-37077, Germany
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Nomme J, Su Y, Lavie A. Elucidation of the specific function of the conserved threonine triad responsible for human L-asparaginase autocleavage and substrate hydrolysis. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:2471-85. [PMID: 24768817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Our long-term goal is the design of a human l-asparaginase (hASNase3) variant, suitable for use in cancer therapy without the immunogenicity problems associated with the currently used bacterial enzymes. Asparaginases catalyze the hydrolysis of the amino acid asparagine to aspartate and ammonia. The key property allowing for the depletion of blood asparagine by bacterial asparaginases is their low micromolar KM value. In contrast, human enzymes have a millimolar KM for asparagine. Toward the goal of engineering an hASNase3 variant with micromolar KM, we conducted a structure/function analysis of the conserved catalytic threonine triad of this human enzyme. As a member of the N-terminal nucleophile family, to become enzymatically active, hASNase3 must undergo autocleavage between residues Gly167 and Thr168. To determine the individual contribution of each of the three conserved active-site threonines (threonine triad Thr168, Thr186, Thr219) for the enzyme-activating autocleavage and asparaginase reactions, we prepared the T168S, T186V and T219A/V mutants. These mutants were tested for their ability to cleave and to catalyze asparagine hydrolysis, in addition to being examined structurally. We also elucidated the first N-terminal nucleophile plant-type asparaginase structure in the covalent intermediate state. Our studies indicate that, while not all triad threonines are required for the cleavage reaction, all are essential for the asparaginase activity. The increased understanding of hASNase3 function resulting from these studies reveals the key regions that govern cleavage and the asparaginase reaction, which may inform the design of variants that attain a low KM for asparagine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Nomme
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Ying Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Arnon Lavie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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Schalk AM, Lavie A. Structural and kinetic characterization of guinea pig L-asparaginase type III. Biochemistry 2014; 53:2318-28. [PMID: 24669941 PMCID: PMC4004260 DOI: 10.1021/bi401692v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether an uncharacterized protein from guinea pig could be the enzyme behind Kidd's serendipitous discovery, made over 60 years ago, that guinea pig serum has cell killing ability. It has been long known that an enzyme with l-asparaginase activity is responsible for cell killing, although astonishingly, its identity remains unclear. Bacterial asparaginases with similar cell killing properties have since become a mainstay therapy of certain cancers such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia. By hydrolyzing asparagine to aspartate and ammonia, these drugs deplete the asparagine present in the blood, killing cancer cells that rely on extracellular asparagine uptake for survival. However, bacterial asparaginases can elicit an adverse immune response. We propose that replacement of bacterial enzymes with the guinea pig asparaginase responsible for serum activity, by its virtue of being more closely related to human enzymes, will be less immunogenic. To this goal, we investigated whether an uncharacterized protein from guinea pig with putative asparaginase activity, which we call gpASNase3, could be that enzyme. We examined its self-activation process (gpASNase3 requires autocleavage to become active), kinetically characterized it for asparaginase and β-aspartyl dipeptidase activity, and elucidated its crystal structure in both the uncleaved and cleaved states. This work reveals that gpASNase3 is not the enzyme responsible for the antitumor effects of guinea pig serum. It exhibits a low affinity for asparagine as measured by a high Michaelis constant, KM, in the millimolar range, in contrast to the low KM (micromolar range) required for asparaginase to be effective as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Schalk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago , 900 S. Ashland, Chicago , Illinois 60607, United States
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Bacterial co-expression of the α and β protomers of human l-asparaginase-3: Achieving essential N-terminal exposure of a catalytically critical threonine located in the β-subunit. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 93:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Su Y, Karamitros CS, Nomme J, McSorley T, Konrad M, Lavie A. Free glycine accelerates the autoproteolytic activation of human asparaginase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:533-40. [PMID: 23601642 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human asparaginase 3 (hASNase3), which belongs to the N-terminal nucleophile hydrolase superfamily, is synthesized as a single polypeptide that is devoid of asparaginase activity. Intramolecular autoproteolytic processing releases the amino group of Thr168, a moiety required for catalyzing asparagine hydrolysis. Recombinant hASNase3 purifies as the uncleaved, asparaginase-inactive form and undergoes self-cleavage to the active form at a very slow rate. Here, we show that the free amino acid glycine selectively acts to accelerate hASNase3 cleavage both in vitro and in human cells. Other small amino acids such as alanine, serine, or the substrate asparagine are not capable of promoting autoproteolysis. Crystal structures of hASNase3 in complex with glycine in the uncleaved and cleaved enzyme states reveal the mechanism of glycine-accelerated posttranslational processing and explain why no other amino acid can substitute for glycine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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Extracellular l-Asparaginase from a Protease-Deficient Bacillus aryabhattai ITBHU02: Purification, Biochemical Characterization, and Evaluation of Antineoplastic Activity In Vitro. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 171:1759-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0455-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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