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Çelen Yücetürk S, Azaz AD. Production, purification, and determination of the biochemical properties of β-glucosidase in Trichoderma koningii via solid substrate fermentation. Z NATURFORSCH C 2024; 0:znc-2024-0026. [PMID: 38646860 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2024-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The β-glucosidase enzyme was obtained from Trichoderma koningii Oudem. NRRL 54330 under optimal conditions by solid substrate fermentation (SSF) using corn cobs as substrate. The enzyme was purified by two-step procedures, ammonium sulphate precipitation and cefarose-4B-l-tyrosine-1-naphthylamine hydrophobic interaction chromatography, followed by biochemical and kinetic characterisation. The β-glucosidase was obtained from T. koningii using ground corn cob as substrate and Na2HPO4, pH 9, as humidification medium. The optimum conditions for enzyme production by SSF were 30 °C and 6 days. The purification efficiency of the obtained β-glucosidase was calculated to be 22.56-fold with a yield of 73.51 %. In the determination of β-glucosidase activity, p-nitrophenyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (pNPG) substrate was used, and the optimum pH and temperature values at which β-glucosidase showed high activity were determined to be pH 3.0 and 75 °C. The purity of the enzyme and the presence/number of subunits were checked using two different electrophoretic methods, SDS-PAGE and NATIVE-PAGE electrophoretic methods. The K m and V max values of the purified enzyme were determined to be 0.16 mM and 2000 EU respectively. It was also found that d-(+)-glucose and δ-gluconolactone inhibitors exhibited competitive inhibition of β-glucosidase in the presence of pNPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Çelen Yücetürk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Literature, 53003 Balikesir University , 10145 Balıkesir, Türkiye
| | - Ayşe Dilek Azaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Literature, 53003 Balikesir University , 10145 Balıkesir, Türkiye
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Olaniyi OO, Oriade B, Lawal OT, Ayodeji AO, Olorunfemi YO, Igbe FO. Purification and biochemical characterization of pullulanase produced from Bacillus sp. modified by ethyl-methyl sulfonate for improved applications. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 54:455-469. [PMID: 37587838 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2245884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Strain improvement via chemical mutagen could impart traits with better enzyme production or improved characteristics. The present study sought to investigate the physicochemical properties of pullulanase produced from the wild Bacillus sp and the mutant. The pullulanases produced from the wild and the mutant Bacillus sp. (obtained via induction with ethyl methyl sulfonate) were purified in a-three step purification procedure and were also characterized. The wild and mutant pullulanases, which have molecular masses of 40 and 43.23 kDa, showed yields of 2.3% with 6.0-fold purification and 2.0% with 5.0-fold purification, respectively, and were most active at 50 and 40 °C and pH 7 and 8, respectively. The highest stability of the wild and mutant was between 40 and 50 °C after 1 h, although the mutant retained greater enzymatic activity between pH 6 and 9 than the wild. The mutant had a decreased Km of 0.03 mM as opposed to the wild type of 1.6 mM. In comparison to the wild, the mutant demonstrated a better capacity for tolerating metal ions and chelating agents. These exceptional characteristics of the mutant pullulanase may have been caused by a single mutation, which could improve its utility in industrial and commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladipo O Olaniyi
- Microbiology Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Blessing Oriade
- Microbiology Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Olusola T Lawal
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Adeyemi O Ayodeji
- Department of Biological Sciences, Joseph Ayo-Babalola University, Arakeji, Nigeria
| | | | - Festus O Igbe
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
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3
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Sharma L, Kahandal A, Kanagare A, Kulkarni A, Tagad CK. The multifaceted nature of plant acid phosphatases: purification, biochemical features, and applications. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2282379. [PMID: 37985663 PMCID: PMC11003492 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2282379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Acid phosphatases (EC 3.1.3.2) are the enzymes that catalyse transphosphorylation reactions and promotes the hydrolysis of numerous orthophosphate esters in acidic media, as a crucial element for the metabolism of phosphate in tissues. Inorganic phosphate (Pi) utilisation and scavenging, as well as the turnover of Pi-rich sources found in plant vacuoles, are major processes in which intracellular and secretory acid phosphatases function. Therefore, a thorough understanding of these enzymes' structural characteristics, specificity, and physiochemical properties is required to comprehend the function of acid phosphatases in plant energy metabolism. Furthermore, acid phosphatases are gaining increasing importance in industrial biotechnology due to their involvement in transphosphorylation processes and their ability to reduce phosphate levels in food products. Hence, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the purification methods employed for isolating acid phosphatases from diverse plant sources, as well as their structural and functional properties. Additionally, the review explores the potential applications of these enzymes in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Sharma
- School of Bioengineering Sciences & Research, MIT Art, Design and Technology University, Pune, India
| | - Amol Kahandal
- School of Bioengineering Sciences & Research, MIT Art, Design and Technology University, Pune, India
| | - Anant Kanagare
- Department of Chemistry, Deogiri College, Aurangabad, India
| | - Atul Kulkarni
- Symbiosis Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, India
| | - Chandrakant K. Tagad
- School of Bioengineering Sciences & Research, MIT Art, Design and Technology University, Pune, India
- Department of Biochemistry, S.B.E.S. College of Science, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar, India
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Konozy EHE, Osman MEM, Dirar AI. A Comprehensive Review on Euphorbiaceae lectins: Structural and Biological Perspectives. Biochemistry Moscow 2023; 88:1956-1969. [PMID: 38105212 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923110238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Euphorbiaceae, also known as the spurge family, is a large group of flowering plants. Despite being tropical natives, they are now widespread. Due to its medicinal and commercial importance, this family of plants attracted a lot of attention in the scientific community. The distinctive characteristic of the family is production of milky latex, which is a rich source of several lectins, the proteins that bind carbohydrates. Although their function is unclear, they are believed to defend plants against damaging phytopathogenic microorganisms, insects, and predatory animals. Additionally, they serve as crucial metabolic regulators under a variety of stressors. Detection, separation, purification, and characterization of lectins from the Euphorbiaceae family - mostly from the latex of plants - began over 40 years ago. This effort produced over 35 original research papers that were published. However, no systematic review that compiles these published data has been presented yet. This review summarizes and describes several procedures and protocols employed for extraction and purification of lectins belonging to this family. Physicochemical properties and biological activities of the lectins, along with their medicinal and pharmacological properties, have also been analyzed. Additionally, using examples of ricin and ricin agglutinin, we have structurally analyzed characteristics of the lectin known as Ribosome Inactivating Protein Type II (RIP-Type II) that belongs to this family. We anticipate that this review article will offer a useful compendium of information on this important family of lectins, show the scientists involved in lectin research the gaps in our knowledge, and offer insights for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emadeldin Hassan E Konozy
- Department of Biotechnology, Africa City of Technology (ACT), Khartoum, Sudan.
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karary University, Omdurman, Khartoum State, Sudan
| | | | - Amina I Dirar
- Medicinal, Aromatic Plants, and Traditional Medicine Research Institute (MAPTRI), National Center for Research, Khartoum, Sudan
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Alkharabsheh HM, Mwadalu R, Mochoge B, Danga B, Raza MA, Seleiman MF, Khan N, Gitari H. Revitalizing the Biochemical Soil Properties of Degraded Coastal Soil Using Prosopis juliflora Biochar. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2098. [PMID: 37895479 PMCID: PMC10607985 DOI: 10.3390/life13102098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Biochar is an effective soil amendment with capabilities of boosting carbon sequestration and enhancing soil fertility, thus enhancing plant growth and productivity. While numerous studies have documented the positive effects of biochar on improving soil properties, a number of studies have reported conflicting results. Therefore, the current study was conducted to evaluate the impact of Prosopis juliflora biochar (0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 t ha-1) on soil biochemical properties in Coastal Kenya to ascertain biochar's potential for soil fertility improvement. A randomized complete block design was used for setting up the experiment with three replicates, while Casuarina equisetifolia L. was planted as the test crop. Soil sampling for nutrient analysis was conducted quarterly for 12 months to assess nutrient dynamics under different biochar rates in the current study. Compared to soil untreated with Prosopis juliflora biochar, the results showed that there was a significant increase in soil pH by 21% following biochar utilization at the rate of 7.5 t ha-1. Total nitrogen was increased by 32% after the biochar application, whereas the total organic carbon was increased by four folds in comparison to biochar-untreated soil. Available phosphorus was increased by 264% following biochar application in comparison to the control treatment. In addition, the application of biochar resulted in an increment in the soil exchangeable cations (Ca2+, K+, Mg2+) across the assessment periods. Soil cation exchange capacity (CEC), bacteria and fungi were enhanced by 95, 33 and 48%, respectively, following biochar application at 7.5 t ha-1 in comparison to untreated soil. In conclusion, these results strongly suggest improvement of soil biochemical properties following Prosopis juliflora biochar application, thus providing potential for soil fertility improvement in regions such as the one in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba M. Alkharabsheh
- Department of Water Resources and Environmental Management, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Al Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt 19117, Jordan
| | - Riziki Mwadalu
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi P.O. Box 43844-00100, Kenya
- Central Highland Eco-Region Research Programme, Kenya Forestry Research Institute, Nairobi P.O. Box 20412-00200, Kenya
| | - Benson Mochoge
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi P.O. Box 43844-00100, Kenya
| | - Benjamin Danga
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi P.O. Box 43844-00100, Kenya
| | - Muhammad Ali Raza
- National Research Center of Intercropping, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
- Institute of Soil Fertilizers and Water-Saving Agriculture, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Mahmoud F. Seleiman
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naeem Khan
- Agronomy Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Harun Gitari
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi P.O. Box 43844-00100, Kenya
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Mouliou DS. C-Reactive Protein: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, False Test Results and a Novel Diagnostic Algorithm for Clinicians. Diseases 2023; 11:132. [PMID: 37873776 PMCID: PMC10594506 DOI: 10.3390/diseases11040132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The current literature provides a body of evidence on C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and its potential role in inflammation. However, most pieces of evidence are sparse and controversial. This critical state-of-the-art monography provides all the crucial data on the potential biochemical properties of the protein, along with further evidence on its potential pathobiology, both for its pentameric and monomeric forms, including information for its ligands as well as the possible function of autoantibodies against the protein. Furthermore, the current evidence on its potential utility as a biomarker of various diseases is presented, of all cardiovascular, respiratory, hepatobiliary, gastrointestinal, pancreatic, renal, gynecological, andrological, dental, oral, otorhinolaryngological, ophthalmological, dermatological, musculoskeletal, neurological, mental, splenic, thyroid conditions, as well as infections, autoimmune-supposed conditions and neoplasms, including other possible factors that have been linked with elevated concentrations of that protein. Moreover, data on molecular diagnostics on CRP are discussed, and possible etiologies of false test results are highlighted. Additionally, this review evaluates all current pieces of evidence on CRP and systemic inflammation, and highlights future goals. Finally, a novel diagnostic algorithm to carefully assess the CRP level for a precise diagnosis of a medical condition is illustrated.
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Mahmoud AWM, Rashad HM, Esmail SEA, Alsamadany H, Abdeldaym EA. Application of Silicon, Zinc, and Zeolite Nanoparticles-A Tool to Enhance Drought Stress Tolerance in Coriander Plants for Better Growth Performance and Productivity. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:2838. [PMID: 37570992 PMCID: PMC10421255 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress in arid regions is a serious factor affecting yield quantity and quality of economic crops. Under drought conditions, the application of nano-elements and nano-agents of water retention improved the water use efficiency, growth performance, and yield quantity of drought-stressed plants. For this objective, two field experiments were performed and organized as randomized complete block designs with six replications. The treatments included kaolin (5 t. ha-1) bentonite (12.5 t. ha-1), perlite (1.25 t.ha-1), N-zeolite (1.3 L.ha-1), N-silicon (2.5 L.ha-1), and N-zinc (2.5 L.ha-1). The current study showed that the application of silicon, zinc, and zeolite nanoparticles only positively influenced the morphological, physiological, and biochemical properties of the drought-stressed coriander plant. Exogenous application of N-silicon, N-zinc, and N-zeolite recorded the higher growth parameters of drought-stressed plants; namely, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, leaf area, and root length than all the other treatments in both seasons. The improvement ratio, on average for both seasons, reached 17.93, 17.93, and 18.85% for plant fresh weight, 73.46, 73.46, and 75.81% for plant dry weight, 3.65, 3.65, and 3.87% for leaf area, and 17.46, 17.46, and 17.16% for root length of drought-stressed plants treated with N-silicon, N-zinc, and N-zeolite, respectively. For physiological responses, the application of N-zeolite, N-silicon, and N-zinc significantly increased leaf chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, chlorophyll fluorescence, and photosystem II efficiency compared with the control in both seasons, respectively. Similar results were observed in antioxidant compounds, nutrient accumulation, and phytohormones. In contrast, those treatments markedly reduced the value of transpiration rate, nonphotochemical quenching, MDA, ABA, and CAT compared to control plants. Regarding the seed and oil yield, higher seed and oil yields were recorded in drought-stressed plants treated with N-zeolite followed by N-silicon and N-zinc than all the other treatments. Application of N-zeolite, N-silicon and N-zinc could be a promising approach to improve plant growth and productivity as well as to alleviate the adverse impacts of drought stress on coriander plants in arid and semi-arid areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Wahab M. Mahmoud
- Plant Physiology Division, Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
| | - Hassan M. Rashad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.R.); (H.A.)
| | - Sanaa E. A. Esmail
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
| | - Hameed Alsamadany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.R.); (H.A.)
| | - Emad A. Abdeldaym
- Department of Vegetable, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
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Bejaoui B, Sdiri C, Ben Souf I, Belhadj Slimen I, Ben Larbi M, Koumba S, Martin P, M'Hamdi N. Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant Markers, and Meat Quality as Affected by Heat Stress: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083332. [PMID: 37110566 PMCID: PMC10147039 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress is one of the most stressful events in livestock life, negatively impacting animal health, productivity, and product quality. Moreover, the negative impact of heat stress on animal product quality has recently attracted increasing public awareness and concern. The purpose of this review is to discuss the effects of heat stress on the quality and the physicochemical component of meat in ruminants, pigs, rabbits, and poultry. Based on PRISMA guidelines, research articles were identified, screened, and summarized based on inclusion criteria for heat stress on meat safety and quality. Data were obtained from the Web of Science. Many studies reported the increased incidences of heat stress on animal welfare and meat quality. Although heat stress impacts can be variable depending on the severity and duration, the exposure of animals to heat stress (HS) can affect meat quality. Recent studies have shown that HS not only causes physiological and metabolic disturbances in living animals but also alters the rate and extent of glycolysis in postmortem muscles, resulting in changes in pH values that affect carcasses and meat. It has been shown to have a plausible effect on quality and antioxidant activity. Acute heat stress just before slaughter stimulates muscle glycogenolysis and can result in pale, tender, and exudative (PSE) meat characterized by low water-holding capacity (WHC). The enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) act by scavenging both intracellular and extracellular superoxide radicals and preventing the lipid peroxidation of the plasma membrane. Therefore, understanding and controlling environmental conditions is crucial to successful animal production and product safety. The objective of this review was to investigate the effects of HS on meat quality and antioxidant status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bochra Bejaoui
- Laboratory of Useful Materials, National Institute of Research and Pysico-Chemical Analysis (INRAP), Technopark of Sidi Thabet, Ariana 2020, Tunisia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Zarzouna, Bizerte 7021, Tunisia
| | - Chaima Sdiri
- Research Laboratory of Ecosystems & Aquatic Resources, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, Carthage University, 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, Tunis 1082, Tunisia
| | - Ikram Ben Souf
- Research Laboratory of Ecosystems & Aquatic Resources, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, Carthage University, 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, Tunis 1082, Tunisia
| | - Imen Belhadj Slimen
- Department of Animal Sciences, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, Carthage University, 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, Tunis 1082, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Materials, Molecules, and Application, Preparatory Institute for Scientific and Technical Studies, B.P. 51, La Marsa, Tunis 2078, Tunisia
| | - Manel Ben Larbi
- LR13AGR02, Higher School of Agriculture, University of Carthage, Mateur 7030, Tunisia
| | - Sidrine Koumba
- Unité Transformations & Agroressources, ULR7519, Université d'Artois-UniLaSalle, F-62408 Bethune, France
| | - Patrick Martin
- Unité Transformations & Agroressources, ULR7519, Université d'Artois-UniLaSalle, F-62408 Bethune, France
| | - Naceur M'Hamdi
- Research Laboratory of Ecosystems & Aquatic Resources, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, Carthage University, 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, Tunis 1082, Tunisia
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Song J, Li B, Zeng L, Ye Z, Wu W, Hu B. A Mini-Review on Reflectins, from Biochemical Properties to Bio-Inspired Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415679. [PMID: 36555320 PMCID: PMC9779258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Some cephalopods (squids, octopuses, and cuttlefishes) produce dynamic structural colors, for camouflage or communication. The key to this remarkable capability is one group of specialized cells called iridocytes, which contain aligned membrane-enclosed platelets of high-reflective reflectins and work as intracellular Bragg reflectors. These reflectins have unusual amino acid compositions and sequential properties, which endows them with functional characteristics: an extremely high reflective index among natural proteins and the ability to answer various environmental stimuli. Based on their unique material composition and responsive self-organization properties, the material community has developed an impressive array of reflectin- or iridocyte-inspired optical systems with distinct tunable reflectance according to a series of internal and external factors. More recently, scientists have made creative attempts to engineer mammalian cells to explore the function potentials of reflectin proteins as well as their working mechanism in the cellular environment. Progress in wide scientific areas (biophysics, genomics, gene editing, etc.) brings in new opportunities to better understand reflectins and new approaches to fully utilize them. The work introduced the composition features, biochemical properties, the latest developments, future considerations of reflectins, and their inspiration applications to give newcomers a comprehensive understanding and mutually exchanged knowledge from different communities (e.g., biology and material).
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Song
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (B.H.); Tel.: +86-18969697729 (J.S.); +86-13308492461 (B.H.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Biru Hu
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (B.H.); Tel.: +86-18969697729 (J.S.); +86-13308492461 (B.H.)
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Shen Z, Zhang Q, Li L, Li D, Takagi Y, Zhang X. Properties of Grass Carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella) Collagen and Gel for Application in Biomaterials. Gels 2022; 8:699. [PMID: 36354607 PMCID: PMC9689431 DOI: 10.3390/gels8110699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The biochemical properties of collagens and gels from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) were studied to explore the feasibility of their application in biomaterials. The yields of skin collagen (SC) and swim bladder collagen (SBC) extracted from grass carp were 10.41 ± 0.67% and 6.11 ± 0.12% on a wet basis, respectively. Both collagens were characterized as type I collagen. Denaturation temperatures of SC and SBC were 37.41 ± 0.02 °C and 39.82 ± 0.06 °C, respectively. SC and SBC had high fibril formation ability in vitro, and higher values of salinity (NaCl, 0-280 mM) and pH (6-8) in formation solution were found to result in faster self-assembly of SC and SBC fibrils as well as thicker fibrils. Further tests of SC gels with regular morphology revealed that their texture properties and water content were affected by pH and NaCl concentration. The hardness, springiness, and cohesiveness of SC gels increased and the chewiness and water content decreased as pH increased from 7 to 8 and NaCl concentration increased from 140 to 280 mM. These properties suggest that collagens from grass carp may be useful in biomaterial applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Shen
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Li Li
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yasuaki Takagi
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan
| | - Xi Zhang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Jaziri AA, Shapawi R, Mokhtar RAM, Noordin WNM, Huda N. Physicochemical and Microstructural Analyses of Pepsin-Soluble Collagens Derived from Lizardfish ( Saurida tumbil Bloch, 1795) Skin, Bone and Scales. Gels 2022; 8:gels8080471. [PMID: 36005071 PMCID: PMC9407154 DOI: 10.3390/gels8080471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing food waste is critical for sustainability. In the case of fish processing, more than sixty percent of by-products are generated as waste. Lizardfish (Saurida tumbil Bloch, 1795) is an economically important species for surimi production. To address waste disposal and maximize income, an effective utilization of fish by-products is essential. This study aims to isolate and characterize pepsin-soluble collagens from the skin, bone and scales of lizardfish. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in the yields of collagen were noted with the highest yield recorded in pepsin-soluble skin collagen (PSSC) (3.50 ± 0.11%), followed by pepsin-soluble bone collagen (PSBC) (3.26 ± 0.10%) and pepsin-soluble scales collagen (PSCC) (0.60 ± 0.65%). Through SDS−polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the presence of two alpha chains were noted and classified as type I. From Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, the triple-helix structure of the collagen was maintained. The X-ray diffraction and UV visible spectra characteristics of the lizardfish collagens in this study are similar to the previously reported fish collagens. In terms of thermostability, PSSC (Tmax = 43.89 °C) had higher thermostability in comparison to PSBC (Tmax = 31.75 °C) and PSCC (Tmax = 30.54 °C). All pepsin-soluble collagens were highly soluble (>70%) in acidic conditions (particularly at pH 4.0) and at low sodium chloride concentrations (0−30 g/L). Microstructural analysis depicted that all extracted collagens were multi-layered, irregular, dense, sheet-like films linked by random coiled filaments. Overall, pepsin-soluble collagens from lizardfish skin, bone and scales could serve as potential alternative sources of collagens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Aziz Jaziri
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia;
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Rossita Shapawi
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia;
| | | | | | - Nurul Huda
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-12-4843-144
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12
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Fan T, Jing S, Zhang H, Yang X, Jin G, Tao Y. Localization, purification, and characterization of a novel β-glucosidase from Hanseniaspora uvarum Yun268. J Food Sci 2022; 87:886-894. [PMID: 35142373 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
β-Glucosidase is a key enzyme that hydrolyzes nonvolatile glycosylated precursors of aroma compounds and enhances the organoleptic quality of wines. In this study, a novel β-glucosidase from Hanseniaspora uvarum Yun268 was localized, purified, and characterized. Results indicated that β-glucosidase activity was mainly distributed within the cells. After purification via ammonium sulfate precipitation combined with chromatography, β-glucosidase specific activity increased 8.36 times, and the activity recovery was 56.90%. The enzyme had a molecular mass of 74.22 kDa. It has a Michaelis constant (Km ) of 0.65 mmol/L, and a maximum velocity (Vmax ) of 5.1 nmol/min under optimum conditions; and Km of 0.94 mmol/L, and Vmax of 2.8 nmol/min under typical winemaking conditions. It exhibited the highest activity at 50°C and pH 5.0 and was stable at a temperature range of 20-80°C and pH range of 3.0-8.0. The enzyme has good tolerance to Fe3+ , especially maintaining 93.68% of its activity with 10 mmol/L of Fe3+ . Ethanol (<20%) and glucose (<150 g/L) inhibited its activity only slightly. Therefore, β-glucosidase from H. uvarum Yun268 has excellent biochemical properties and a good application potential in winemaking. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Winemaking is a biotechnological process in which exogenous β-glucosidase is used to overcome the deficiency of endogenous β-glucosidase activity in grapes. By localizing, purifying, and characterizing of β-glucosidase from Hanseniaspora uvarum Yun268, it is expected to reveal its physical and chemical characteristics to evaluate its oenological properties in winemaking. The results may provide the basis for promoting the release of varietal aroma and improving wine sensory quality in the wine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Fan
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Siyu Jing
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaobing Yang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Guojie Jin
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Ningxia Helan Mountain's East Foothill Wine Experiment and Demonstration Station of Northwest A&F University, Yongning, China
| | - Yongsheng Tao
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Ningxia Helan Mountain's East Foothill Wine Experiment and Demonstration Station of Northwest A&F University, Yongning, China
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13
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Dumina M, Zhgun A, Pokrovskaya M, Aleksandrova S, Zhdanov D, Sokolov N, El’darov M. Highly Active Thermophilic L-Asparaginase from Melioribacter roseus Represents a Novel Large Group of Type II Bacterial L-Asparaginases from Chlorobi-Ignavibacteriae-Bacteroidetes Clade. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13632. [PMID: 34948436 PMCID: PMC8709496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) is a biotechnologically relevant enzyme for the pharmaceutical, biosensor and food industries. Efforts to discover new promising L-ASNases for different fields of biotechnology have turned this group of enzymes into a growing family with amazing diversity. Here, we report that thermophile Melioribacter roseus from Ignavibacteriae of the Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi group possesses two L-ASNases-bacterial type II (MrAII) and plant-type (MrAIII). The current study is focused on a novel L-ASNase MrAII that was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and characterized. The enzyme is optimally active at 70 °C and pH 9.3, with a high L-asparaginase activity of 1530 U/mg and L-glutaminase activity ~19% of the activity compared with L-asparagine. The kinetic parameters KM and Vmax for the enzyme were 1.4 mM and 5573 µM/min, respectively. The change in MrAII activity was not significant in the presence of 10 mM Ni2+, Mg2+ or EDTA, but increased with the addition of Cu2+ and Ca2+ by 56% and 77%, respectively, and was completely inhibited by Zn2+, Fe3+ or urea solutions 2-8 M. MrAII displays differential cytotoxic activity: cancer cell lines K562, Jurkat, LnCap, and SCOV-3 were more sensitive to MrAII treatment, compared with normal cells. MrAII represents the first described enzyme of a large group of uncharacterized counterparts from the Chlorobi-Ignavibacteriae-Bacteroidetes clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dumina
- Group of Fungal Genetic Engineering, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander Zhgun
- Group of Fungal Genetic Engineering, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Marina Pokrovskaya
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.P.); (S.A.); (D.Z.); (N.S.)
| | - Svetlana Aleksandrova
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.P.); (S.A.); (D.Z.); (N.S.)
| | - Dmitry Zhdanov
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.P.); (S.A.); (D.Z.); (N.S.)
| | - Nikolay Sokolov
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.P.); (S.A.); (D.Z.); (N.S.)
| | - Michael El’darov
- Group of Fungal Genetic Engineering, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia;
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14
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Gao SK, Yin R, Wang XC, Jiang HN, Liu XX, Lv W, Ma Y, Zhou YX. Structure Characteristics, Biochemical Properties, and Pharmaceutical Applications of Alginate Lyases. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:628. [PMID: 34822499 PMCID: PMC8618178 DOI: 10.3390/md19110628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alginate, the most abundant polysaccharides of brown algae, consists of various proportions of uronic acid epimers α-L-guluronic acid (G) and β-D-mannuronic acid (M). Alginate oligosaccharides (AOs), the degradation products of alginates, exhibit excellent bioactivities and a great potential for broad applications in pharmaceutical fields. Alginate lyases can degrade alginate to functional AOs with unsaturated bonds or monosaccharides, which can facilitate the biorefinery of brown algae. On account of the increasing applications of AOs and biorefinery of brown algae, there is a scientific need to explore the important aspects of alginate lyase, such as catalytic mechanism, structure, and property. This review covers fundamental aspects and recent developments in basic information, structural characteristics, the structure-substrate specificity or catalytic efficiency relationship, property, molecular modification, and applications. To meet the needs of biorefinery systems of a broad array of biochemical products, alginate lyases with special properties, such as salt-activated, wide pH adaptation range, and cold adaptation are outlined. Withal, various challenges in alginate lyase research are traced out, and future directions, specifically on the molecular biology part of alginate lyases, are delineated to further widen the horizon of these exceptional alginate lyases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yan-Xia Zhou
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (S.-K.G.); (R.Y.); (X.-C.W.); (H.-N.J.); (X.-X.L.); (W.L.); (Y.M.)
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15
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Wang Y, Xiang Q, Zhou Q, Xu J, Pei D. Mini Review: Advances in 2-Haloacid Dehalogenases. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:758886. [PMID: 34721367 PMCID: PMC8554231 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.758886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2-haloacid dehalogenases (EC 3.8.1.X) are industrially important enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of carbon-halogen bonds in 2-haloalkanoic acids, releasing halogen ions and producing corresponding 2-hydroxyl acids. These enzymes are of particular interest in environmental remediation and environmentally friendly synthesis of optically pure chiral compounds due to their ability to degrade a wide range of halogenated compounds with astonishing efficiency for enantiomer resolution. The 2-haloacid dehalogenases have been extensively studied with regard to their biochemical characterization, protein crystal structures, and catalytic mechanisms. This paper comprehensively reviews the source of isolation, classification, protein structures, reaction mechanisms, biochemical properties, and application of 2-haloacid dehalogenases; current trends and avenues for further development have also been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayue Wang
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Qiao Xiang
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhou
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Jingliang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Tuoyang Industrial Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongli Pei
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
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16
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Dumina M, Zhgun A, Pokrovskaya M, Aleksandrova S, Zhdanov D, Sokolov N, El’darov M. A Novel L-Asparaginase from Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Thermococcus sibiricus: Heterologous Expression and Characterization for Biotechnology Application. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9894. [PMID: 34576056 PMCID: PMC8470970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) is a vital enzyme with a broad range of applications in medicine and food industry. Drawbacks of current commercial L-ASNases stimulate the search for better-producing sources of the enzyme, and extremophiles are especially attractive in this view. In this study, a novel L-asparaginase originating from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus sibiricus (TsA) was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and characterized. The enzyme is optimally active at 90 °C and pH 9.0 with a specific activity of 2164 U/mg towards L-asparagine. Kinetic parameters KM and Vmax for the enzyme are 2.8 mM and 1200 µM/min, respectively. TsA is stable in urea solutions 0-6 M and displays no significant changes of the activity in the presence of metal ions Ni2+, Cu2+, Mg2+, Zn2+ and Ca2+ and EDTA added in concentrations 1 and 10 mmol/L except for Fe3+. The enzyme retains 86% of its initial activity after 20 min incubation at 90 °C, which should be enough to reduce acrylamide formation in foods processed at elevated temperatures. TsA displays strong cytotoxic activity toward cancer cell lines K562, A549 and Sk-Br-3, while normal human fibroblasts WI-38 are almost unsensitive to it. The enzyme seems to be a promising candidate for further investigation and biotechnology application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dumina
- Group of Fungal Genetic Engineering, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander Zhgun
- Group of Fungal Genetic Engineering, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Marina Pokrovskaya
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.P.); (S.A.); (D.Z.); (N.S.)
| | - Svetlana Aleksandrova
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.P.); (S.A.); (D.Z.); (N.S.)
| | - Dmitry Zhdanov
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.P.); (S.A.); (D.Z.); (N.S.)
| | - Nikolay Sokolov
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.P.); (S.A.); (D.Z.); (N.S.)
| | - Michael El’darov
- Group of Fungal Genetic Engineering, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia;
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17
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Pollegioni L, Molla G, Sacchi S, Murtas G. Human D-aspartate Oxidase: A Key Player in D-aspartate Metabolism. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:689719. [PMID: 34250021 PMCID: PMC8260693 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.689719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the D-enantiomers of amino acids have been recognized as natural molecules present in all kingdoms, playing a variety of biological roles. In humans, d-serine and d-aspartate attracted attention for their presence in the central nervous system. Here, we focus on d-aspartate, which is involved in glutamatergic neurotransmission and the synthesis of various hormones. The biosynthesis of d-aspartate is still obscure, while its degradation is due to the peroxisomal flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-containing enzyme d-aspartate oxidase. d-Aspartate emergence is strictly controlled: levels decrease in brain within the first days of life while increasing in endocrine glands postnatally and through adulthood. The human d-aspartate oxidase (hDASPO) belongs to the d-amino acid oxidase-like family: its tertiary structure closely resembles that of human d-amino acid oxidase (hDAAO), the enzyme that degrades neutral and basic d-amino acids. The structure-function relationships of the physiological isoform of hDASPO (named hDASPO_341) and the regulation of gene expression and distribution and properties of the longer isoform hDASPO_369 have all been recently elucidated. Beyond the substrate preference, hDASPO and hDAAO also differ in kinetic efficiency, FAD-binding affinity, pH profile, and oligomeric state. Such differences suggest that evolution diverged to create two different ways to modulate d-aspartate and d-serine levels in the human brain. Current knowledge about hDASPO is shedding light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the modulation of d-aspartate levels in human tissues and is pushing novel, targeted therapeutic strategies. Now, it has been proposed that dysfunction in NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission is caused by disrupted d-aspartate metabolism in the nervous system during the onset of various disorders (such as schizophrenia): the design of suitable hDASPO inhibitors aimed at increasing d-aspartate levels thus represents a novel and useful form of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Gianluca Molla
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Silvia Sacchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Giulia Murtas
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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18
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Sacchi S, Rabattoni V, Miceli M, Pollegioni L. Yin and Yang in Post-Translational Modifications of Human D-Amino Acid Oxidase. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:684934. [PMID: 34041270 PMCID: PMC8141710 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.684934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system, the flavoprotein D-amino acid oxidase is responsible for catabolizing D-serine, the main endogenous coagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. Dysregulation of D-serine brain levels in humans has been associated with neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. This D-amino acid is synthesized by the enzyme serine racemase, starting from the corresponding L-enantiomer, and degraded by both serine racemase (via an elimination reaction) and the flavoenzyme D-amino acid oxidase. To shed light on the role of human D-amino acid oxidase (hDAAO) in D-serine metabolism, the structural/functional relationships of this enzyme have been investigated in depth and several strategies aimed at controlling the enzymatic activity have been identified. Here, we focused on the effect of post-translational modifications: by using a combination of structural analyses, biochemical methods, and cellular studies, we investigated whether hDAAO is subjected to nitrosylation, sulfhydration, and phosphorylation. hDAAO is S-nitrosylated and this negatively affects its activity. In contrast, the hydrogen sulfide donor NaHS seems to alter the enzyme conformation, stabilizing a species with higher affinity for the flavin adenine dinucleotide cofactor and thus positively affecting enzymatic activity. Moreover, hDAAO is phosphorylated in cerebellum; however, the protein kinase involved is still unknown. Taken together, these findings indicate that D-serine levels can be also modulated by post-translational modifications of hDAAO as also known for the D-serine synthetic enzyme serine racemase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sacchi
- "The Protein Factory 2.0", Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi Dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Valentina Rabattoni
- "The Protein Factory 2.0", Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi Dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Matteo Miceli
- "The Protein Factory 2.0", Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi Dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- "The Protein Factory 2.0", Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi Dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Wang H, Wang Q, Xia X, Sun F, Kong B. Biochemical properties of extracellular protease from Staphylococcus carnosus RT6 isolated from Harbin dry sausages, and its hydrolysis of meat proteins. J Food Sci 2021; 86:1642-1655. [PMID: 33928645 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The characteristics of the extracellular protease, produced by Staphylococcus carnosus RT6 isolated from Harbin dry sausages, and its hydrolysis of meat proteins were investigated. The protease was purified by ammonium sulfate, ion exchange, and gel filtration chromatography to obtain a 20.0 kDa extracellular protease. The protease reached maximal activity at pH 9.0 and 50 °C and was stable at pH 7.0 to 11.0 and 20 to 40 °C. Its protease activity was easily inhibited in the presence of Zn2+ , Fe2+ , and Fe3+ . The enzymatic characterization of the protease revealed a Vmax 49.50 U/ml·min, Km 8.19 mg/ml, and the half-life = 28.06 min, ΔH* d = 114.11 kJ/mol, ΔG* d = 89.24 kJ/mol, and ΔS* d = 77.00 J/mol·K at 50 °C. In addition, the protease hydrolyzed meat protein into small particles and produced soluble peptides. This study provides a basis for understanding the biochemical characteristics of the S. carnosus RT6 protease and its future application for fermented meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiufang Xia
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Fangda Sun
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Baohua Kong
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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20
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Murtas G, Marcone GL, Peracchi A, Zangelmi E, Pollegioni L. Biochemical and Biophysical Characterization of Recombinant Human 3-Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenase. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084231. [PMID: 33921788 PMCID: PMC8073719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The human enzyme D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (hPHGDH) catalyzes the reversible dehydrogenation of 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) into 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate (PHP) using the NAD+/NADH redox cofactor, the first step in the phosphorylated pathway producing L-serine. We focused on the full-length enzyme that was produced in fairly large amounts in E. coli cells; the effect of pH, temperature and ligands on hPHGDH activity was studied. The forward reaction was investigated on 3PG and alternative carboxylic acids by employing two coupled assays, both removing the product PHP; 3PG was by far the best substrate in the forward direction. Both PHP and α-ketoglutarate were efficiently reduced by hPHGDH and NADH in the reverse direction, indicating substrate competition under physiological conditions. Notably, neither PHP nor L-serine inhibited hPHGDH, nor did glycine and D-serine, the coagonists of NMDA receptors related to L-serine metabolism. The investigation of NADH and phosphate binding highlights the presence in solution of different conformations and/or oligomeric states of the enzyme. Elucidating the biochemical properties of hPHGDH will enable the identification of novel approaches to modulate L-serine levels and thus to reduce cancer progression and treat neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Murtas
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; (G.L.M.); (L.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Giorgia Letizia Marcone
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; (G.L.M.); (L.P.)
| | - Alessio Peracchi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (A.P.); (E.Z.)
| | - Erika Zangelmi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (A.P.); (E.Z.)
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; (G.L.M.); (L.P.)
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21
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Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is mutating and creating divergent variants across the world. An in-depth investigation of the amino acid substitutions in the genomic signature of SARS-CoV-2 proteins is highly essential for understanding its host adaptation and infection biology. A total of 9587 SARS-CoV-2 structural protein sequences collected from 49 different countries are used to characterize protein-wise variants, substitution patterns (type and location), and major substitution changes. The majority of the substitutions are distinct, mostly in a particular location, and lead to a change in an amino acid's biochemical properties. In terms of mutational changes, envelope (E) and membrane (M) proteins are relatively more stable than nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) proteins. Several co-occurrence substitutions are observed, particularly in S and N proteins. Substitution specific to active sub-domains reveals that heptapeptide repeat, fusion peptides, transmembrane in S protein, and N-terminal and C-terminal domains in the N protein are remarkably mutated. We also observe a few deleterious mutations in the above domains. The overall study on non-synonymous mutation in structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 at the start of the pandemic indicates a diversity amongst virus sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta Kumar Das
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Maryland, USA
| | - Swarup Roy
- Network Reconstruction & Analysis (NetRA) Lab, Department of Computer Applications, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India
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22
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Satapathy S, Rout JR, Kerry RG, Thatoi H, Sahoo SL. Biochemical Prospects of Various Microbial Pectinase and Pectin: An Approachable Concept in Pharmaceutical Bioprocessing. Front Nutr 2020; 7:117. [PMID: 32850938 PMCID: PMC7424017 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Both pectin and pectinase are vitally imperative biomolecules in the biotechnological sector. These molecules are a feasible non-toxic contrivance of nature with extensive applicative perception. Understanding pectic substances and their structure, unique depolymerization, and biochemical properties such as a catalytic mechanism and the strong interrelationship among these molecules could immensely enhance their applicability in industries. For instance, gaining knowledge with respect to the versatile molecular heterogeneity of the compounds could be considered as the center of concern to resolve the industrial issues from multiple aspects. In the present review, an effort has been made to orchestrate the fundamental information related to structure, depolymerization characteristics, and classification of pectin as well as the types and biochemical properties of pectinase. Furthermore, various production methods related to the optimization of the product and its significant contribution to the pharmaceutical industry (either pectinase or derived pectic substances) are described in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Satapathy
- Microbiology Research Laboratory, Post Graduate Department of Botany, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Rout George Kerry
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Santi Lata Sahoo
- Microbiology Research Laboratory, Post Graduate Department of Botany, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
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23
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Zheng X, Zhang Y, Liu X, Li C, Lin Y, Liang S. High-Level Expression and Biochemical Properties of A Thermo-Alkaline Pectate Lyase From Bacillus sp. RN1 in Pichia pastoris With Potential in Ramie Degumming. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:850. [PMID: 32850721 PMCID: PMC7396651 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectate lyases play an essential role in textiles, animal feed, and oil extraction industries. Pichia pastoris can be an ideal platform for pectate lyases production, and BspPel (a thermo-alkaline pectate lyase from Bacillus sp. RN1) was overexpressed by combined strategies, reaching 1859 U/mL in a 50 L fermentator. It displayed the highest activity at 80°C, and maintained more than 60% of the activity between 30 and 70°C for 1 h. It showed an optimal pH of 10.0, and exhibited remarkable stability over a wider pH range (3.0-11.0), retaining more than 80.0% of enzyme activity for 4 h. The Km and kcat of BspPel on PGA (polygalacturonic acid) was 2.19 g L–1 and 116.1 s–1, respectively. The activity was significantly enhanced by Ca2+, Mn2+, and Cu2+, and a slight increase was observed with the addition of Ba2+ and Mg2+. Scanning electron microscope was used to show the degumming efficiency of BspPel on ramie fibers. The loss weight was 9.2% when treated with crude enzyme supernatant and 20.8% when treated with the enzyme-chemical method, which was higher than the 14.2% weight loss in the positive control treated with 0.5% (w/v) NaOH alone. In conclusion, BspPel could be a good candidate for the ramie degumming industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyun Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Research Center of Industrial Enzyme and Green Manufacturing Technology, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Research Center of Industrial Enzyme and Green Manufacturing Technology, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Research Center of Industrial Enzyme and Green Manufacturing Technology, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Ying Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Research Center of Industrial Enzyme and Green Manufacturing Technology, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuli Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Research Center of Industrial Enzyme and Green Manufacturing Technology, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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24
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Arif MS, Yasmeen T, Abbas Z, Ali S, Rizwan M, Aljarba NH, Alkahtani S, Abdel-Daim MM. Role of Exogenous and Endogenous Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2S) on Functional Traits of Plants Under Heavy Metal Stresses: A Recent Perspective. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:545453. [PMID: 33488636 PMCID: PMC7817613 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.545453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Improving growth and productivity of plants that are vulnerable to environmental stresses, such as heavy metals, is of significant importance for meeting global food and energy demands. Because heavy metal toxicity not only causes impaired plant growth, it has also posed many concerns related to human well-being, so mitigation of heavy metal pollution is a necessary priority for a cleaner environment and healthier world. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a gaseous signaling molecule, is involved in metal-related oxidative stress mitigation and increased stress tolerance in plants. It performs multifunctional roles in plant growth regulation while reducing the adverse effects of abiotic stress. Most effective function of H2S in plants is to eliminate metal-related oxidative toxicity by regulating several key physiobiochemical processes. Soil pollution by heavy metals presents significant environmental challenge due to the absence of vegetation cover and the resulting depletion of key soil functions. However, the use of stress alleviators, such as H2S, along with suitable crop plants, has considerable potential for an effective management of these contaminated soils. Overall, the present review examines the imperative role of exogenous application of different H2S donors in reducing HMs toxicity, by promoting plant growth, stabilizing their physiobiochemical processes, and upregulating antioxidative metabolic activities. In addition, crosstalk of different growth regulators with endogenous H2S and their contribution to the mitigation of metal phytotoxicity have also been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saleem Arif
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tahira Yasmeen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Tahira Yasmeen, ;
| | - Zohaib Abbas
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Shafaqat Ali, ;
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nada H. Aljarba
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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25
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Tamburrano A, Tavazzi B, Callà CAM, Amorini AM, Lazzarino G, Vincenti S, Zottola T, Campagna MC, Moscato U, Laurenti P. Biochemical and nutritional characteristics of buffalo meat and potential implications on human health for a personalized nutrition. Ital J Food Saf 2019; 8:8317. [PMID: 31632933 PMCID: PMC6784592 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2019.8317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human consumption of food animal products is the main topic of an important debate among professionals in this sector: dietologists, dietitians and nutritional biologists. The red meat provides all the essential amino acids, bioavailable iron, zinc, calcium, lipids and B-group vitamins. A valid alternative to beef could be the buffalo meat. Italy is the largest European producer of buffalo meat and derivatives. The high nutritional characteristics of buffalo meat make it suitable to be included in the Mediterranean diet to customize it in relation to the needs and conditions of the population. Polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio can be influenced by diet, breed and type of breeding, but muscle tissue fat percentage is the main factor in determining a favorable fatty acid composition. This review focuses on the biochemical and nutritional characteristics of the buffalo meat (content of fats, cholesterol, amino acids, vitamins and minerals), explaining their variability depending on the different breeds, and the favorable implications on the human health. These results suggest that buffalo meat can be a healthier alternative to beef, not only for healthy people in particular physiological conditions (i.e. pregnancy), but also for persons at risk for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, thus achieving the goal of a personalized nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Tavazzi
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome
- University Hospital A. Gemelli - IRCCS, Rome
| | | | | | | | | | - Tiziana Zottola
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lazio e Toscana “M. Aleandri", Latina, Italy
| | | | - Umberto Moscato
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome
- University Hospital A. Gemelli - IRCCS, Rome
| | - Patrizia Laurenti
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome
- University Hospital A. Gemelli - IRCCS, Rome
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26
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Zhang Y, Chang Y, Shen J, Xue C. Expression and Characterization of a Novel β-Porphyranase from Marine Bacterium Wenyingzhuangia fucanilytica: A Biotechnological Tool for Degrading Porphyran. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:9307-9313. [PMID: 31352784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Porphyra is one of the most consumed types of red algae. Porphyran is the major polysaccharide extracted from Porphyra, and it is composed of alternating 4-linked α-l-galactopyranose-6-sulfate (L6S) and 3-linked β-d-galactopyranose (G) residues. β-Porphyranases are promising tools for degrading porphyran; however, few enzymes have been reported, and the biochemical properties of porphyranases are still unclear. Here, a novel GH16 β-porphyranase, designated as Por16A_Wf, was cloned from Wenyingzhuangia fucanilytica and expressed in Escherichia coli. Its biochemical properties and hydrolysis pattern were characterized. Por16A_Wf exhibited stable activity on a wide pH scale from 3.5 to 11.0. Glycomics analysis using LC-MS revealed that Por16A_Wf specifically hydrolyzed the glycosidic linkage of G-L6S, whereas it tolerated 3,6-anhydro-α-l-galactopyranose and methyl-d-galactose in -2 and +2 subsites, respectively. Por16A_Wf could be applied as a biotechnological tool for tailoring porphyran, which would serve in directional preparation of its disaccharide, producing products with various molecular weights and facilitating investigation of the structural heterogeneity of Porphyra polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao 266003 , China
| | - Yaoguang Chang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao 266003 , China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao 266237 , China
| | - Jingjing Shen
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao 266003 , China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao 266003 , China
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27
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Chaari F, Chaabouni SE. Fungal β-1,3-1,4-glucanases: production, proprieties and biotechnological applications. J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99:2657-2664. [PMID: 30430579 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
β-1,3-1,4-glucanases (or lichenases; EC 3.2.1.73) comprise one of the main enzymes used in industry during recent decades. These enzymes hydrolyze β-glucans containing β-1,3 and β-1,4 linkages, such as cereal β-glucans and lichenan. The β-1,3-1,4-glucanases are produced by a variety of bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. A large number of microbial β-1,3-1,4-glucanases have potential application in industrial processes, such as feed, food and detergent industries. The present review summarizes the available studies with respect to β-1,3-1,4-glucanases production conditions, enzyme biochemical properties and potential industrial application. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Chaari
- Laboratory for the Improvement of Plants and Valorization of Agroressources, National School of Engineering of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Semia Ellouz Chaabouni
- Laboratory for the Improvement of Plants and Valorization of Agroressources, National School of Engineering of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Common Service Unit of Bioreactor Coupled with an Ultrafilter, National School of Engineering, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
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28
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Cloete E, Khumalo NP, Van Wyk JC, Ngoepe MN. Systems Approach to Human Hair Fibers: Interdependence Between Physical, Mechanical, Biochemical and Geometric Properties of Natural Healthy Hair. Front Physiol 2019; 10:112. [PMID: 30846943 PMCID: PMC6393780 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Contextual interpretation of hair fiber data is often blind to the effects of the dynamic complexity between different fiber properties. This intrinsic complexity requires systems thinking to decipher hair fiber accurately. Hair research, studied by various disciplines, follows a reductionist research approach, where elements of interest are studied from a local context with a certain amount of detachment from other elements or contexts. Following a systems approach, the authors are currently developing a cross-disciplinary taxonomy to provide a holistic view of fiber constituents and their interactions within large-scale dynamics. Based on the development process, this paper presents a review that explores the associated features, interrelationships and interactive complexities between physical, mechanical, biochemical and geometric features of natural, healthy hair fibers. Through the review, the importance of an appropriate taxonomy for interpreting hair fiber data across different disciplines is revealed. The review also demonstrates how seemingly unrelated fiber constituents are indeed interdependent and that these interdependencies may affect the behavior of the fiber. Finally, the review highlights how a non-integrative approach may have a negative impact on the reliability of hair data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsabe Cloete
- Hair and Skin Research Lab, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nonhlanhla P Khumalo
- Hair and Skin Research Lab, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jennifer C Van Wyk
- Hair and Skin Research Lab, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Malebogo N Ngoepe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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29
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Gowthaman S, Nakashima K, Kawasaki S. A State-of-the-Art Review on Soil Reinforcement Technology Using Natural Plant Fiber Materials: Past Findings, Present Trends and Future Directions. Materials (Basel) 2018; 11:ma11040553. [PMID: 29617285 PMCID: PMC5951437 DOI: 10.3390/ma11040553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Incorporating sustainable materials into geotechnical applications increases day by day due to the consideration of impacts on healthy geo-environment and future generations. The environmental issues associated with conventional synthetic materials such as cement, plastic-composites, steel and ashes necessitate alternative approaches in geotechnical engineering. Recently, natural fiber materials in place of synthetic material have gained momentum as an emulating soil-reinforcement technique in sustainable geotechnics. However, the natural fibers are innately different from such synthetic material whereas behavior of fiber-reinforced soil is influenced not only by physical-mechanical properties but also by biochemical properties. In the present review, the applicability of natural plant fibers as oriented distributed fiber-reinforced soil (ODFS) and randomly distributed fiber-reinforced soil (RDFS) are extensively discussed and emphasized the inspiration of RDFS based on the emerging trend. Review also attempts to explore the importance of biochemical composition of natural-fibers on the performance in subsoil reinforced conditions. The treatment methods which enhances the behavior and lifetime of fibers, are also presented. While outlining the current potential of fiber reinforcement technology, some key research gaps have been highlighted at their importance. Finally, the review briefly documents the future direction of the fiber reinforcement technology by associating bio-mediated technological line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakumar Gowthaman
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
| | | | - Satoru Kawasaki
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
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30
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Narasimhan MK, Ethiraj S, Krishnamurthi T, Rajesh M. Purification, biochemical, and thermal properties of fibrinolytic enzyme secreted by Bacillus cereus SRM-001. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 48:34-42. [PMID: 29106326 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2017.1387560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of microbial fibrinolytic enzymes is essential to treat cardiovascular diseases. This study reports the discovery of a fibrinolytic enzyme secreted by Bacillus cereus SRM-001, a microorganism isolated from the soil of a chicken waste-dump yard. The B. cereus SRM-001 was cultured and the secreted fibrinolytic enzyme purified to show that it is a ∼28 kDa protein. The purified enzyme was characterized for its kinetics, biochemical and thermal properties to show that it possesses properties similar to plasmin. A HPLC-MS/MS analysis of trypsin digested protein indicated that the fibrinolytic enzyme shared close sequence homology with serine proteases reported for other Bacillus sp. The results show that the B. cereus SRM-001 secreted enzyme is a ∼28 kDa serine protease that possesses fibrinolytic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Narasimhan
- a Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering , SRM University , Kattankulathur , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Selvarajan Ethiraj
- a Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering , SRM University , Kattankulathur , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Tamilarasan Krishnamurthi
- b Department of Chemical Engineering , School of Bioengineering, SRM University , Kattankulathur , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Mathur Rajesh
- b Department of Chemical Engineering , School of Bioengineering, SRM University , Kattankulathur , Tamil Nadu , India
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31
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Lv P, Tang W, Wang P, Cao Z, Zhu G. Enzymatic characterization and functional implication of two structurally different isocitrate dehydrogenases from Xylella fastidiosa. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2017; 65:230-237. [PMID: 28220528 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is a key enzyme at the critical junction between the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the glyoxylate cycle. Most bacteria have only one IDH, while a few contain two IDH isozymes. The coexistence of two different type IDHs in one organism was little known. Xylella fastidiosa is a nutritionally fastidious plant pathogen that contains two structurally different IDHs, an NAD+ -dependent homodimeric IDH (diXfIDH) and an NADP+ -dependent monomeric IDH (monoXfIDH). Kinetic characterization showed that diXfIDH displayed 206-fold preferences for NAD+ over NADP+ , while monoXfIDH showed 13,800-fold preferences for NADP+ over NAD+ . The putative coenzyme crucial amino acids (Asp-268, Ile-269, and Ala-275 in diXfIDH, and Lys-589, His-590, and Arg-601 in monoXfIDH) were studied by site-directed mutagenesis. The coenzyme specificities of the three diXfIDH mutants (D268K, D268K/I269Y, and D268K/I269Y/A275V) were switched successfully from NAD+ to NADP+ . Meanwhile, the mutant monoXfIDHs (H590L/R601L and K589T/H590L/R601L) greatly reduced the affinity for NADP+ , but failed to improve the ability to use NAD+ and had similar affinity to NADP+ and NAD+ . The biochemical properties of diXfIDH and monoXfIDH were investigated in detail. This study gives a further insight into the determinants of the coenzyme specificity in both monomeric and dimeric forms of IDHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Lv
- The Research Center of Life Omics and Health and Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanggang Tang
- The Research Center of Life Omics and Health and Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- The Research Center of Life Omics and Health and Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyu Cao
- The Research Center of Life Omics and Health and Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoping Zhu
- The Research Center of Life Omics and Health and Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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32
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Yang XQ, Wang W, Tan XL, Wang XQ, Dong H. Comparative Analysis of Recombinant Cytochrome P450 CYP9A61 from Cydia pomonella Expressed in Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:2337-2344. [PMID: 28271709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of prior work, cytochrome P450 CYP9A61 was found to be enriched in fat bodies and during feeding stages, and transcription was induced by λ-cyhalothrin in Cydia pomonella. In this study, recombinant CYP9A61 was expressed in Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris, and its biochemical properties were investigated. Substrate saturation curves and biochemical properties revealed that, in the presence of glycosylation, the yeast-secreted CYP9A61 exhibited a higher affinity for the substrate p-nitroanisole and was found to be more stable at certain pHs and temperatures than bacterially produced CYP9A61. Half-inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of three synthetic pyrethroids on both the bacterium- and yeast-expressed CYP9A61 suggested that recombinant CYP9A61 expressed in different hosts exhibits different inhibition properties. Taken together, our findings show that yeast-expressed CYP9A61 exhibits enzyme activity that is better than that expressed in bacteria and might be used for further metabolism assays to reveal the insecticide-detoxifying role of CYP9A61 in C. pomonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Economical and Applied Entomology of Liaoning Province, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University , Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Economical and Applied Entomology of Liaoning Province, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University , Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Tan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Economical and Applied Entomology of Liaoning Province, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University , Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Economical and Applied Entomology of Liaoning Province, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University , Shenyang 110866, China
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33
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Wang F, Lai L, Liu Y, Yang B, Wang Y. Expression and Characterization of a Novel Glycerophosphodiester Phosphodiesterase from Pyrococcus furiosus DSM 3638 That Possesses Lysophospholipase D Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060831. [PMID: 27248999 PMCID: PMC4926365 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterases (GDPD) are enzymes which degrade various glycerophosphodiesters to produce glycerol-3-phosphate and the corresponding alcohol moiety. Apart from this, a very interesting finding is that this enzyme could be used in the degradation of toxic organophosphorus esters, which has resulted in much attention on the biochemical and application research of GDPDs. In the present study, a novel GDPD from Pyrococcus furiosus DSM 3638 (pfGDPD) was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli and biochemically characterized. This enzyme hydrolyzed bis(p-nitrophenyl) phosphate, one substrate analogue of organophosphorus diester, with an optimal reaction temperature 55 °C and pH 8.5. The activity of pfGDPD was strongly dependent on existing of bivalent cations. It was strongly stimulated by Mn(2+) ions, next was Co(2+) and Ni(2+) ions. Further investigations were conducted on its substrate selectivity towards different phospholipids. The results indicated that except of glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC), this enzyme also possessed lysophospholipase D activity toward both sn1-lysophosphatidylcholine (1-LPC) and sn2-lysophosphatidylcholine (2-LPC). Higher activity was found for 1-LPC than 2-LPC; however, no hydrolytic activity was found for phosphatidylcholine (PC). Molecular docking based on the 3D-modeled structure of pfGDPD was conducted in order to provide a structural foundation for the substrate selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghua Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Linhui Lai
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yanhua Liu
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Bo Yang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Wu T, Wang X, Zhang Z, Gong F, Song T, Chen Z, Zhang P, Zhao Y. NES-REBS: A novel nuclear export signal prediction method using regular expressions and biochemical properties. J Bioinform Comput Biol 2016; 14:1650013. [PMID: 27225342 DOI: 10.1142/s021972001650013x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A nuclear export signal (NES) is a protein localization signal, which is involved in binding of cargo proteins to nuclear export receptor, thus contributes to regulate localization of cellular proteins. Consensus sequences of NES have been used to detect NES from protein sequences, but suffer from poor predictive power. Some recent peering works were proposed to use biochemical properties of experimental verified NES to refine NES candidates. Those methods can achieve high prediction rates, but their execution time will become unacceptable for large-scale NES searching if too much properties are involved. In this work, we developed a novel computational approach, named NES-REBS, to search NES from protein sequences, where biochemical properties of experimental verified NES, including secondary structure and surface accessibility, are utilized to refine NES candidates obtained by matching popular consensus sequences. We test our method by searching 262 experimental verified NES from 221 NES-containing protein sequences. It is obtained that NES-REBS runs in 2-3[Formula: see text]mins and performs well by achieving precision rate 47.2% and sensitivity 54.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingfang Wu
- * School of Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Xun Wang
- † College of Computer and Communication Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- * School of Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Faming Gong
- † College of Computer and Communication Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Tao Song
- † College of Computer and Communication Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, Shandong, P. R. China.,‡ Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science Swinburne University of Technology, Sarawak Campus Kuching 93350, Malaysia
| | - Zhihua Chen
- * School of Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Pan Zhang
- * School of Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhao
- * School of Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China
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Kuznetsov IB. Identification of non-random sequence properties in groups of signature peptides obtained in random sequence peptide microarray experiments. Biopolymers 2016; 106:318-29. [PMID: 27037995 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Immunosignaturing is an emerging experimental technique that uses random sequence peptide microarrays to detect antibodies produced by the immune system in response to a particular disease. Two important questions regarding immunosignaturing are "Do microarray peptides that exhibit a strong affinity to a given type of antibodies share common sequence properties?" and "If so, what are those properties?" In this work, three statistical tests designed to detect non-random patterns in the amino acid makeup of a group of microarray peptides are presented. One test detects patterns of significantly biased amino acid usage, whereas the other two detect patterns of significant bias in the biochemical properties. These tests do not require a large number of peptides per group. The tests were applied to analyze 19 groups of peptides identified in immunosignaturing experiments as being specific for antibodies produced in response to various types of cancer and other diseases. The positional distribution of the biochemical properties of the amino acids in these 19 peptide groups was also studied. Remarkably, despite the random nature of the sequence libraries used to design the microarrays, a unique group-specific non-random pattern was identified in the majority of the peptide groups studied. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 106: 318-329, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor B Kuznetsov
- Cancer Research Center and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York, One Discovery Drive, Rensselaer, NY, 12144
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Abstract
The fight against infectious diseases is probably one of the greatest public health challenges faced by our society, especially with the emergence of carbapenem-resistant gram-negatives that are in some cases pan-drug resistant. Currently,β-lactamase-mediated resistance does not spare even the newest and most powerful β-lactams (carbapenems), whose activity is challenged by carbapenemases. The worldwide dissemination of carbapenemases in gram-negative organisms threatens to take medicine back into the pre-antibiotic era since the mortality associated with infections caused by these "superbugs" is very high, due to limited treatment options. Clinically-relevant carbapenemases belong either to metallo-β- lactamases (MBLs) of Ambler class B or to serine-β-lactamases (SBLs) of Ambler class A and D enzymes. Class A carbapenemases may be chromosomally-encoded (SME, NmcA, SFC-1, BIC-1, PenA, FPH-1, SHV-38), plasmid-encoded (KPC, GES, FRI-1) or both (IMI). The plasmid-encoded enzymes are often associated with mobile elements responsible for their mobilization. These enzymes, even though weakly related in terms of sequence identities, share structural features and a common mechanism of action. They variably hydrolyse penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems, and are inhibited by clavulanate and tazobactam. Three-dimensional structures of class A carbapenemases, in the apo form or in complex with substrates/inhibitors, together with site-directed mutagenesis studies, provide essential input for identifying the structural factors and subtle conformational changes that influence the hydrolytic profile and inhibition of these enzymes. Overall, these data represent the building blocks for understanding the structure-function relationships that define the phenotypes of class A carbapenemases and can guide the design of new molecules of therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Naas
- Service de Bactériologie- Hygiène, Hôpital de Bicêtre, APHP, EA7361, Faculté de Médecine Paris- Sud, LabEx LERMIT, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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Muzzarelli RAA, El Mehtedi M, Bottegoni C, Aquili A, Gigante A. Genipin-Crosslinked Chitosan Gels and Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regeneration of Cartilage and Bone. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:7314-38. [PMID: 26690453 PMCID: PMC4699241 DOI: 10.3390/md13127068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review article intends to direct attention to the technological advances made since 2009 in the area of genipin-crosslinked chitosan (GEN-chitosan) hydrogels. After a concise introduction on the well recognized characteristics of medical grade chitosan and food grade genipin, the properties of GEN-chitosan obtained with a safe, spontaneous and irreversible chemical reaction, and the quality assessment of the gels are reviewed. The antibacterial activity of GEN-chitosan has been well assessed in the treatment of gastric infections supported by Helicobacter pylori. Therapies based on chitosan alginate crosslinked with genipin include stem cell transplantation, and development of contraction free biomaterials suitable for cartilage engineering. Collagen, gelatin and other proteins have been associated to said hydrogels in view of the regeneration of the cartilage. Viability and proliferation of fibroblasts were impressively enhanced upon addition of poly-l-lysine. The modulation of the osteocytes has been achieved in various ways by applying advanced technologies such as 3D-plotting and electrospinning of biomimetic scaffolds, with optional addition of nano hydroxyapatite to the formulations. A wealth of biotechnological advances and know-how has permitted reaching outstanding results in crucial areas such as cranio-facial surgery, orthopedics and dentistry. It is mandatory to use scaffolds fully characterized in terms of porosity, pore size, swelling, wettability, compressive strength, and degree of acetylation, if the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells is sought: in fact, the novel characteristics imparted by GEN-chitosan must be simultaneously of physico-chemical and cytological nature. Owing to their high standard, the scientific publications dated 2010-2015 have met the expectations of an interdisciplinary audience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo A A Muzzarelli
- Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, Ancona IT-60126, Italy.
| | - Mohamad El Mehtedi
- Department of Industrial Engineering & Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona IT-60131, Italy.
| | - Carlo Bottegoni
- Clinical Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, Ancona IT-60126, Italy.
| | - Alberto Aquili
- Clinical Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, Ancona IT-60126, Italy.
| | - Antonio Gigante
- Clinical Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, Ancona IT-60126, Italy.
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Boulhaoua M, Benchidmi M, Essassi EM, Saadi M, El Ammari L. Crystal structure of triethyl 2-(5-nitro-2H-indazol-2-yl)propane-1,2,3-tri-carboxyl-ate. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2015; 71:o780-1. [PMID: 26594476 PMCID: PMC4647391 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989015017235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C19H23N3O8, the 5-nitro-2H-indazol-2-yl unit is almost planar, with the maximum deviation from the mean plane being 0.024 (2) Å. The fused-ring system is nearly perpendicular to the three carboxylate groups, with dihedral angles of 90.0 (3), 83.8 (1) and 80.4 (1)°. The ethyl groups attached to both ends of the propane chain are each disordered over two sets of sites, with site-occupancy ratios of 0.425 (17):0.575 (17) and 0.302 (15):0.698 (15). In the crystal, molecules are linked by pairs of C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers. The dimers are further linked by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Boulhaoua
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Hétérocyclique URAC 21, Pôle de Compétence Pharmacochimie, Av. Ibn Battouta, BP 1014, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Benchidmi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Hétérocyclique URAC 21, Pôle de Compétence Pharmacochimie, Av. Ibn Battouta, BP 1014, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - El Mokhtar Essassi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Hétérocyclique URAC 21, Pôle de Compétence Pharmacochimie, Av. Ibn Battouta, BP 1014, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Saadi
- Laboratoire de Chimie du Solide Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V, Avenue Ibn Battouta, BP 1014, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Lahcen El Ammari
- Laboratoire de Chimie du Solide Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V, Avenue Ibn Battouta, BP 1014, Rabat, Morocco
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El-Sayed ASA, Hassan MN, Nada HMS. Purification, immobilization, and biochemical characterization of l-arginine deiminase from thermophilic Aspergillus fumigatus KJ434941: anticancer activity in vitro. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:396-405. [PMID: 25582958 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
l-Arginine deiminase (ADI) has a powerful anticancer activity against various tumors, via arginine depletion, arresting the cell cycle at G1 phase. However, the current clinically tried bacterial ADI displayed a higher antigenicity and lower thermal stability. Thus, our objective was to purify and characterize this enzyme from thermophilic fungi, to explore its catalytic and antigenic properties for therapeutic uses. ADI was purified from thermophilic Aspergillus fumigatus KJ434941 to its electrophoretic homogeneity by 5.1-fold, with molecular subunit 50 kDa. The purified ADI was PEGylated and covalently immobilized on dextran to explore its catalytic properties. The specific activity of free ADI, PEG-ADI, and Dex-ADI was 26.7, 21.5, and 18.0 U/mg, respectively. At 50°C, PEG-ADI displays twofold resistance to thermal denaturation (t1/2 13.9 h), than free ADI (t1/2 6.9 h), while at 70°C, the thermal stability of PEG-ADI was increased by 1.7-fold, with similar stability to Dex-ADI with the free one. Kinetically, free ADI had the higher catalytic affinity to arginine, followed by PEG-ADI and Dex-ADI. Upon proteolysis for 30 min, the residual activity of native ADI, PEG-ADI, and Dex-AD was 8.0, 32.0, and 20.0% for proteinase K and 10.0, 52.0, and 90.0% for acid protease, respectively. The anticancer activity of the ADIs was assessed against HCT, HEP-G2, and MCF7, in vitro. The free and PEG-ADI exhibits a similar cytotoxic efficacy for the tested cells, lower than Dex-ADI. The free ADI had IC50 value 22.0, 16.6, and 13.9 U/mL, while Dex-ADI had 3.98, 5.18, and 4.43 U/mL for HCT, MCF7, and HEPG-2, respectively. The in vitro anticancer activity of ADI against HCT, MCF7, and HEPG-2 was increased by five-, three-, and threefold upon covalent modification by dextran. The biochemical and hematological parameters of the experimented animals were not affected by ADIs dosing, with no signs of anti-ADI immunoglobulins in vivo. The in vivo half-life time of free ADI, PEG-ADI, and Dex-ADI was 29.7, 91.1, 59.6 h, respectively. The present findings explored a novel thermostable, less antigenic ADI from thermophilic A. fumigatus, with further molecular and crystallographic analyses, this enzyme will be a powerful candidate for clinical trials.
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Nafi' A, Ling FH, Bakar J, Ghazali HM. Partial characterization of an enzymatic extract from Bentong ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Bentong). Molecules 2014; 19:12336-48. [PMID: 25153861 PMCID: PMC6271898 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190812336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraction of protease from a local ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale var. Bentong) was carried out. The effect of extraction pH (6.4, 6.8, 7.0, 7.2, 7.6, 8.0, 8.4, and 8.8) and stabilizers (0.2% ascorbic acid, 0.2% ascorbic acid and 5 mM EDTA, or 10 mM cysteine and 5 mM EDTA) on protease activity during extraction was examined. pH 7.0 potassium phosphate buffer and 10 mM cysteine in combination with 5 mM EDTA as stabilizer were found to be the most effective conditions. The extraction procedure yielded 0.73% of Bentong ginger protease (BGP) with a specific activity of 24.8±0.2 U/mg protein. Inhibitory tests with some protease inhibitors classified the enzyme as a cysteine protease. The protease showed optimum activity at 60 °C and pH 6-8, respectively. The enzyme was completely inhibited by heavy metal cations such as Cu2+, and Hg2+. SDS stimulated the activity of enzyme, while emulsifiers (Tween 80 and Tween 20) slightly reduced its activity. The kinetic analysis showed that the protease has Km and Vmax values of 0.21 mg mL-1 and 34.48 mg mL-1 min-1, respectively. The dried enzyme retained its activity for 22 months when stored at -20 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Nafi'
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia.
| | - Foo Hooi Ling
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Jamilah Bakar
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia.
| | - Hasanah M Ghazali
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia.
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Zhang Y, Yan H, Lu W, Li Y, Guo X, Xu B. A novel Omega-class glutathione S-transferase gene in Apis cerana cerana: molecular characterisation of GSTO2 and its protective effects in oxidative stress. Cell Stress Chaperones 2013; 18:503-16. [PMID: 23382010 PMCID: PMC3682018 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-013-0406-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress may be the most significant threat to the survival of living organisms. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) serve as the primary defences against xenobiotic and peroxidative-induced oxidative damage. In contrast to other well-defined GST classes, the Omega-class members are poorly understood, particularly in insects. Here, we isolated and characterised the GSTO2 gene from Apis cerana cerana (AccGSTO2). The predicted transcription factor binding sites in the AccGSTO2 promoter suggested possible functions in early development and antioxidant defence. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and western blot analyses indicated that AccGSTO2 was highly expressed in larvae and was predominantly localised to the brain tissue in adults. Moreover, AccGSTO2 transcription was induced by various abiotic stresses. The purified recombinant AccGSTO2 exhibited glutathione-dependent dehydroascorbate reductase and peroxidase activities. Furthermore, it could prevent DNA damage. In addition, Escherichia coli overexpressing AccGSTO2 displayed resistance to long-term oxidative stress exposure in disc diffusion assays. Taken together, these results suggest that AccGSTO2 plays a protective role in counteracting oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanying Zhang
- />State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018 People’s Republic of China
- />School of Basic Medical Sciences, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong 271000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiru Yan
- />State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Lu
- />State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuzhen Li
- />State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingqi Guo
- />State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Baohua Xu
- />College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018 People’s Republic of China
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Shen Y, Wang F, Lan D, Liu Y, Yang B, Wang Y. Biochemical properties and potential applications of recombinant leucine aminopeptidase from Bacillus kaustophilus CCRC 11223. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:7609-25. [PMID: 22174620 PMCID: PMC3233426 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12117609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of various factors on the activity and conformation of recombinant leucine aminopeptidase of Bacillus kaustophilus CCRC 11223 (BkLAP) and potential utilization of BkLAP in the hydrolysis of anchovy protein. Optimal temperature and pH of BkLAP were 70 °C and 8.0 in potassium-phosphate buffer, respectively, and the activity was strongly stimulated by Ni2+, followed by Mn2+ and Co2+. Conformational studies via circular dichroism spectroscopy indicated that various factors could influence the secondary structure of BkLAP to different extents and further induce the changes in enzymatic activity. The secondary structure of BkLAP was slightly modified by Ni2+ at the concentration of 1×10−4 M, however, significant changes on the secondary structures of the enzyme were observed when Hg2+ was added to the concentration of 1×10−4 M. The potential application of BkLAP was evaluated through combination with the commercial or endogenous enzyme to hydrolysis the anchovy protein. Results showed that combining the BkLAP with other enzymes could significantly increase the degree of hydrolysis and amino acid component of hydrolysate. In this regard, BkLAP is a potential enzyme that can be used in the protein hydrolysate industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Shen
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioscience & Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; E-Mail:
| | - Fanghua Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China; E-Mails: (F.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Dongming Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China; E-Mail:
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China; E-Mails: (F.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioscience & Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; E-Mail:
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (B.Y.); (Y.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-0-20-3938-0696 (B.Y.); +86-0-20-8711-3842 (Y.W.)
| | - Yonghua Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China; E-Mails: (F.W.); (Y.L.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (B.Y.); (Y.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-0-20-3938-0696 (B.Y.); +86-0-20-8711-3842 (Y.W.)
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Lund A, Fossum K, Liven E. Serological, enterotoxin-producing and biochemical properties of Escherichia coli isolated from piglets with neonatal diarrhea in Norway. Acta Vet Scand 1982; 23:79-87. [PMID: 6180617 PMCID: PMC8295830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Altogether 235 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from jejunal content of piglets with neonatal diarrhea were examined for serological, enterotoxin-producing and certain biochemical properties. Of 198 strains examined, 84 (42 %) belonged to O-group 149, while 14 (7 %) strains belonged to each of the O-group s 8 and 64. Seventy strains (30%) could not be grouped with the sera used. The remaining strains were distributed among the following O-groups with only a few strains in each group: 2,6,9,32,45,98 and 141. Eighty out of 84 E. coli strains of O-group 149 possessed the K88 antigen and produced heat labile enterotoxin (LT). Besides, LT production was demonstrated in 3 out of 14 strains of E. coli 08. K88 antigen was demonstrated in only 1 strain not belonging to O-group 149. Among strains of E. coli 064 12 out of 14 were K99 positive. This antigen was not demonstrated in E. coli strains of other O-groups. A close relationship was demonstrated between strains of E. coli 0149 possessing the K88 antigen and the ability to ferment both raffinose and adonitol. This ability was only detected in 2 other strains of E. coli not belonging to O-group 149.
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