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Huang Yang CP, Horwitz SB, McDaid HM. Utilization of Photoaffinity Labeling to Investigate Binding of Microtubule Stabilizing Agents to P-Glycoprotein and β-Tubulin. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:720-728. [PMID: 35240035 PMCID: PMC9484556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photoaffinity labeling approaches have historically been used in pharmacology to identify molecular targets. This methodology has played a pivotal role in identifying drug-binding domains and searching for novel compounds that may interact at these domains. In this review we focus on studies of microtubule stabilizing agents of natural product origin, specifically taxol (paclitaxel). Taxol and other microtubule interacting agents bind to both P-glycoprotein (ABCB1), a drug efflux pump that reduces intracellular drug accumulation, and the tubulin/microtubule system. Both binding relationships modulate drug efficacy and are of immense interest to basic and translational scientists, primarily because of their association with drug resistance for this class of molecules. We present this body of work and acknowledge its value as fundamental to understanding the mechanisms of taxol and elucidation of the taxol pharmacophore. Furthermore, we highlight the ability to multiplex photoaffinity approaches with other technologies to further enhance our understanding of pharmacologic interactions at an atomic level. Thus, photoaffinity approaches offer a relatively inexpensive and robust technique that will continue to play an important role in drug discovery for the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ping Huang Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Susan Band Horwitz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Hayley M McDaid
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
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2
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Patočka J, Strunecká A. The Most Important Microtubule Natural Inhibitors. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2019. [DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2019.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Natural microtubule inhibitors represent chemically very variegated family of structures with strong effect on cytoskeletal functions and the use of them is one of the most frequent therapeutic strategies for carcinoma treatment. The survey of the most important natural microtubule inhibitors is summarized in this paper.
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3
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Ashraf S, Beech RN, Hancock MA, Prichard RK. Ivermectin binds to Haemonchus contortus tubulins and promotes stability of microtubules. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:647-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Sousa-Herves A, Würfel P, Wegner N, Khandare J, Licha K, Haag R, Welker P, Calderón M. Dendritic polyglycerol sulfate as a novel platform for paclitaxel delivery: pitfalls of ester linkage. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:3923-32. [PMID: 25516353 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr04428b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, dendritic polyglycerol sulfate (dPGS) is evaluated as a delivery platform for the anticancer, tubulin-binding drug paclitaxel (PTX). The conjugation of PTX to dPGS is conducted via a labile ester linkage. A non-sulfated dendritic polyglycerol (dPG) is used as a control, and the labeling with an indocarbocyanine dye (ICC) renders multifunctional conjugates that can be monitored by fluorescence microscopy. The conjugates are characterized by (1)H NMR, UV-vis measurements, and RP-HPLC. In vitro cytotoxicity of PTX and dendritic conjugates is evaluated using A549 and A431 cell lines, showing a reduced cytotoxic efficacy of the conjugates compared to PTX. The study of uptake kinetics reveals a linear, non saturable uptake in tumor cells for dPGS-PTX-ICC, while dPG-PTX-ICC is hardly taken up. Despite the marginal uptake of dPG-PTX-ICC, it prompts tubulin polymerization to a comparable extent as PTX. These observations suggest a fast ester hydrolysis and premature drug release, as confirmed by HPLC measurements in the presence of plasma enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sousa-Herves
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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5
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Maccari G, Mori M, Rodríguez-Salarichs J, Fang W, Díaz JF, Botta M. Free Energy Profile and Kinetics Studies of Paclitaxel Internalization from the Outer to the Inner Wall of Microtubules. J Chem Theory Comput 2012; 9:698-706. [PMID: 26589066 DOI: 10.1021/ct3006612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several pieces of experimental evidence led us to hypothesize that the mechanism of action of paclitaxel (Taxol) could involve a two-steps binding process, with paclitaxel first binding within the outer wall of microtubules and then moving into the inner binding site. In this work, we first used multiply targeted molecular dynamics (MTMD) for steering paclitaxel from the outer toward the inner binding site. This rough trajectory was then submitted to a refinement procedure in the path collective variables space. Paclitaxel binding energy was monitored along the refined pathway, highlighting the relevance of residues belonging to the H6-H7 and the M- loops. Computational results were supported by kinetics studies performed on fluorescent paclitaxel derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Maccari
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico Tecnologico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena , I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Mattia Mori
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico Tecnologico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena , I-53100 Siena, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Roma "La Sapienza" , I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Javier Rodríguez-Salarichs
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas , CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Cuba , La Lisa, Ciudad Habana 17100, Cuba
| | - Weishuo Fang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing 100050, China
| | | | - Maurizio Botta
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico Tecnologico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena , I-53100 Siena, Italy
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6
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Total synthesis and evaluation of 22-(3-azidobenzoyloxy)methyl epothilone C for photoaffinity labeling of beta-tubulin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:3293-6. [PMID: 19428248 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of 22-(3-azidobenzoyloxy)methyl epothilone C is described as a potential photoaffinity probe to elucidate the beta-tubulin binding site. A sequential Suzuki-aldol-Yamaguchi macrolactonization strategy was utilized employing a novel derivatized C1-C6 fragment. The C22-functionalized analog exhibited good activity in microtubule assembly assays, but cytotoxicity was significantly reduced. Molecular modeling simulations indicated that excessive steric bulk in the C22 position is accommodated by the large hydrophobic pocket of the binding site. Photoaffinity labeling studies were inconclusive suggesting non-specific labeling.
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Pineda O, Farràs J, Maccari L, Manetti F, Botta M, Vilarrasa J. Computational comparison of microtubule-stabilising agents laulimalide and peloruside with taxol and colchicine. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:4825-9. [PMID: 15341932 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2004] [Revised: 07/05/2004] [Accepted: 07/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule-stabilising agents laulimalide and peloruside have been compared with tubulin-interacting drugs paclitaxel and colchicine by different computational approaches. Docking and QSAR-based programs point to a favourable interaction with the beta tubulin paclitaxel binding site, although an additional, preferred binding site has been found at the alpha subunit of tubulin. All together provides a plausible rationalisation of the singular binding features of these microtubule stabilisers and paves the way for future structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Pineda
- Departament de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, EU
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8
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Spletstoser JT, Flaherty PT, Himes RH, Georg GI. Synthesis and anti-tubulin activity of a 3'-(4-azidophenyl)-3'-dephenylpaclitaxel photoaffinity probe. J Med Chem 2005; 47:6459-65. [PMID: 15588080 DOI: 10.1021/jm030581d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel paclitaxel photoaffinity probe is described. The synthesis involved the preparation of an azide-containing C13 side chain through a Staudinger cycloaddition followed by a lipase-mediated kinetic resolution to obtain the azetidinone in 99% ee. Coupling of the enantiopure side chain precursor to 7-TES-baccatin III and subsequent silyl ether deprotection afforded 3'-(4-azidophenyl)-3'-dephenylpaclitaxel, which was shown to be as active as paclitaxel in tubulin assembly and cytotoxicity assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared T Spletstoser
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7582, USA
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Querolle O, Dubois J, Thoret S, Roussi F, Guéritte F, Guénard D. Synthesis of C2-C3'N-linked macrocyclic taxoids. Novel docetaxel analogues with high tubulin activity. J Med Chem 2005; 47:5937-44. [PMID: 15537348 DOI: 10.1021/jm0497996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel C2-C3'N-linked macrocyclic taxoids 4 bearing an aromatic ring at position C2 were synthesized. These compounds, tethered between N3' and the C2-aromatic ring at the ortho, meta, or para position, were constructed by ring-closing metathesis. The para-substituted derivatives were unable to stabilize microtubules, whereas the ortho- and meta-substituted compounds show significant activity in cold-induced microtubule disassembly assay. The meta derivative 4c is the first C2-C3'-linked cyclic analogue to be equipotent to paclitaxel in this assay and to show significant cytotoxicity. Computational studies of the conformational behavior of these compounds indicate that they can adopt several conformations including mainly the "T-shaped" forms. Docking experiments have shown that the "T-shaped" form is preferred for a good interaction of these compounds with the beta-tubulin binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Querolle
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
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10
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Motohashi N, Shirataki Y, Kawase M, Tani S, Sakagami H, Satoh K, Kurihara T, Nakashima H, Mucsi I, Varga A, Molnár J. Cancer prevention and therapy with kiwifruit in Chinese folklore medicine: a study of kiwifruit extracts. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2002; 81:357-364. [PMID: 12127237 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(02)00125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Kiwi gold fruits were extracted successively with hexane, acetone, methanol and 70% methanol, and further fractionated by silica gel and ODS column chromatographies for the assays of various biological activities. Five fractions H1, H2 (hexane extract), Al, A2 (acetone extract) and M2 (methanol extract) showed selective cytotoxic activity against human oral tumor cell lines, which was more sensitive than human gingival fibroblasts. More hydrophilic fractions [70M3, 70M4, 70M5] of 70% methanol extract displayed higher anti-HIV activity, radical generation and O2- scavenging activity. The antibacterial activity of 70% methanol extracts [70M0, 70M1, 70M2, 70M3, 70M4] was generally lower than that of more lipophilic fractions (hexane, acetone, methanol extracts), although each fraction did not show any specific antimicrobial action. All fractions were inactive against Helicobacter pylori. These results demonstrate that gold kiwifruit extracts contain valuable, various bioactive materials, which can be separated with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Motohashi
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
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Snyder JP, Nettles JH, Cornett B, Downing KH, Nogales E. The binding conformation of Taxol in beta-tubulin: a model based on electron crystallographic density. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:5312-6. [PMID: 11309480 PMCID: PMC33206 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.051309398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemotherapeutic drug Taxol is known to interact within a specific site on beta-tubulin. Although the general location of the site has been defined by photoaffinity labeling and electron crystallography, the original data were insufficient to make an absolute determination of the bound conformation. We have now correlated the crystallographic density with analysis of Taxol conformations and have found the unique solution to be a T-shaped Taxol structure. This T-shaped or butterfly structure is optimized within the beta-tubulin site and exhibits functional similarity to a portion of the B9-B10 loop in the alpha-tubulin subunit. The model provides structural rationalization for a sizeable body of Taxol structure-activity relationship data, including binding affinity, photoaffinity labeling, and acquired mutation in human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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12
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Chaudhuri AR, Seetharamalu P, Schwarz PM, Hausheer FH, Ludueña RF. The interaction of the B-ring of colchicine with alpha-tubulin: a novel footprinting approach. J Mol Biol 2000; 303:679-92. [PMID: 11061968 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2000.4156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin, the major structural component of the microtubules, participates actively in mitotic spindle formation and chromosomal organization during cell division. Tubulin is the major target for a variety of anti-mitotic drugs. Some of the drugs, such as Vinca alkaloids and taxol, are routinely used for cancer chemotherapy. It is unfortunate that our knowledge of the binding sites on tubulin of these drugs is limited because of lack of a useful and appropriate tool. The photoaffinity labeling approach is the major technique available at present to detect the binding sites of drugs on tubulin. This method, however, has several limitations. First, only part of the binding site can be identified, namely, the residues which react with the photoaffinity label. Second, there are regions of tubulin which are not at the binding site but are affected by the binding of the drug; these regions can not be detected by the photoaffinity labeling approach. The third, and perhaps most serious, limitation is that the traditional approach can detect areas which have nothing to do with the binding of the ligand but which are within a certain distance of the binding site, that distance being less than the length of the photoreactive moiety attached to the ligand. There has been a great deal of controversy on the localization of the binding site of colchicine on tubulin, with some reports suggesting that the binding site is on alpha and some supporting a binding site on beta. Colchicine also has significant effects on tubulin conformation, but the regions which are affected have not been identified. We have attempted here to address these questions by a novel "footprinting" method by which the drug-binding sites and as well as the domain of tubulin affected by drug-induced conformational changes could be determined. Here, we report for the first time that the interaction of the B-ring of colchicine with the alpha-subunit affects a domain of tubulin which appears to be far from its binding site. This domain includes the cysteine residues at positions 295, 305, 315 and 316 on alpha-tubulin; these residues are located well away from the alpha/beta interface where colchicine appears to bind. This is correlated with the stabilizing effect of colchicine on the tubulin molecule. Furthermore, we also found that the B-ring of colchicine plays a major role in the stability of tubulin while the A and the C-rings have little effect on it. Our results therefore, support a model whereby colchicine binds at the alpha/beta interface of tubulin with the B-ring on the alpha-subunit and the A and the C-rings on the beta-subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Chaudhuri
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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14
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Han EK, Kyu-Ho Han E, Gehrke L, Tahir SK, Credo RB, Cherian SP, Sham H, Rosenberg SH, Ng S. Modulation of drug resistance by alpha-tubulin in paclitaxel-resistant human lung cancer cell lines. Eur J Cancer 2000; 36:1565-71. [PMID: 10930805 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(00)00145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Beta(beta)-tubulin isotype variation has recently been implicated in the modulation of resistance to paclitaxel in human lung cancer cells and in primary human ovarian tumour samples. Whether alpha-tubulin is involved in drug resistance has not been reported. We have generated a paclitaxel-resistant cell line (H460/T800) from the sensitive human lung carcinoma parental cell line NCI-H460. The resistant cells are more than 1000-fold resistant to taxol and overexpress P-glycoprotein. Interestingly, H460/T800 cells also overexpress alpha- and beta-tubulin as detected by Western blot analysis. From Northern blot analysis, the mechanism of tubulin overexpression appears to be post-transcriptional. To understand whether alpha-tubulin plays a role in drug resistance, we transfected antisense human kalpha1 cDNA construct into the H460/T800 paclitaxel-resistant cells. The antisense clones displayed a reduced alpha-tubulin expression, and the cells were 45-51% more sensitive to paclitaxel and other known antimitotic drugs, compared with vector transfected controls. Complementary experiments of transfecting the sense kalpha1 cDNA into H460 cells conferred a 1.8- to 3.3-fold increase in the IC(50) of several antimitotic agents. Our study suggests that alpha-tubulin is one of the factors that contributes to drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Han
- Pharmaceutical Products Division, Cancer Research, Dept. 4N6, Bldg. AP9, Abbott Laboratories, IL 60064-3500, Abbott Park, USA
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Guénard D, Thoret S, Dubois J, Adeline MT, Wang Q, Guéritte F. Effects of the hydrophobicity of taxoids on their interaction with tubulin. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:145-56. [PMID: 10968273 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Modifications of the hydrophobic character at the 7 and 10 positions of the taxoids greatly modified the effect of these drugs on the tubulin microtubule system. The presence of an alkyl chain at these positions decreased the activity while their corresponding more polar analogues restored the activity of these molecules. It appears that the recognition of taxoids by tubulin depends on the location of the most important hydrophobic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Guénard
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Gif sur Yvette, France.
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Monzó M, Rosell R, Sánchez JJ, Lee JS, O'Brate A, González-Larriba JL, Alberola V, Lorenzo JC, Núñez L, Ro JY, Martín C. Paclitaxel resistance in non-small-cell lung cancer associated with beta-tubulin gene mutations. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17:1786-93. [PMID: 10561216 DOI: 10.1200/jco.1999.17.6.1786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The mechanisms that cause chemoresistance in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients have yet to be clearly elucidated. Paclitaxel is a tubulin-disrupting agent that binds preferentially to beta-tubulin. Tubulins are guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins. Beta-tubulin is a GTPase, whereas alpha-tubulin has no enzyme activity. We reasoned that polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing of the beta-tubulin gene could reveal more information regarding the connection between beta-tubulin mutations and primary paclitaxel resistance. PATIENTS AND METHODS Constitutional genomic DNA and paired tumor DNA were isolated from 49 biopsies from 43 Spanish and six American stage IIIB and IV NSCLC patients who had been treated with a 3-hour, 210 mg/m(2) paclitaxel infusion and a 24-hour, 200 mg/m(2) infusion, respectively. Oligonucleotides specific to beta-tubulin were designed for PCR amplification and sequencing of GTP- and paclitaxel-binding beta-tubulin domains. RESULTS Of 49 patients with NSCLC, 16 (33%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 20.7% to 45.3%) had beta-tubulin mutations in exons 1 (one patient) or 4 (15 patients). None of the patients with beta-tubulin mutations had an objective response, whereas 13 of 33 (39.4%; 95% CI, 22.8% to 56%; P = 0.01) patients without beta-tubulin mutations had complete or partial responses. Median survival was 3 months for the 16 patients with beta-tubulin mutations and 10 months for the 33 patients without beta-tubulin mutations (P =.0001). CONCLUSION We have identified beta-tubulin gene mutations as a strong predictor of response to the antitubulin drug paclitaxel; these mutations may represent a novel mechanism of resistance and should be examined prospectively in future trials of taxane-based therapy in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Monzó
- Department of Pathology and the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
The structure of tubulin has recently been determined by electron crystallography, paving the way for a clearer understanding of the unique properties of tubulin that allow its varied functions within the cell. Some of the ongoing work on tubulin can be interpreted in terms of its structure, which can serve to guide future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Downing
- Donner Laboratory Life Science Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Molecular and Cell Biology University of California Berkely CA 94720 USA.
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Georg GI, Harriman GCB, Datta A, Ali S, Cheruvallath Z, Dutta D, Vander Velde DG, Himes RH. The Chemistry of the Taxane Diterpene: Stereoselective Reductions of Taxanes. J Org Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jo981194s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gunda I. Georg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | | | - Apurba Datta
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Syed Ali
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | | | - Dinah Dutta
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | | | - Richard H. Himes
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
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Orr GA, Rao S, Swindell CS, Kingston DG, Horwitz SB. Photoaffinity labeling approach to map the Taxol-binding site on the microtubule. Methods Enzymol 1998; 298:238-52. [PMID: 9751886 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(98)98023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G A Orr
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Georg GI, Liu Y, Boge TC, Himes RH. 7-O-acylpaclitaxel analogues: potential probes to map the paclitaxel binding site. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(97)00329-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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