1
|
Metovic J, Li Y, Gong Y, Eichler F. Gene therapy for the leukodystrophies: From preclinical animal studies to clinical trials. Neurotherapeutics 2024; 21:e00443. [PMID: 39276676 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Leukodystrophies are progressive single gene disorders affecting the white matter of the brain. Several gene therapy trials are in progress to address the urgent unmet need for this patient population. We performed a comprehensive literature review of all gene therapy clinical trials listed in www.clinicaltrials.gov through August 2024, and the relevant preclinical studies that enabled clinical translation. Of the approximately 50 leukodystrophies described to date, only eight have existing gene therapy clinical trials: metachromatic leukodystrophy, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, globoid cell leukodystrophy, Canavan disease, giant axonal neuropathy, GM2 gangliosidoses, Alexander disease and Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. What led to the emergence of gene therapy trials for these specific disorders? What preclinical data or disease context was enabling? For each of these eight disorders, we first describe its pathophysiology and clinical presentation. We discuss the impact of gene therapy delivery route, targeted cell type, delivery modality, dosage, and timing on therapeutic efficacy. We note that use of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in some leukodystrophies allowed for an accelerated path to clinic even in the absence of available animal models. In other leukodystrophies, small and large animal model studies enabled clinical translation of experimental gene therapies. Human clinical trials for the leukodystrophies include ex vivo lentiviral gene delivery, in vivo AAV-mediated gene delivery, and intrathecal antisense oligonucleotide approaches. We outline adverse events associated with each modality focusing specifically on genotoxicity and immunotoxicity. We review monitoring and management of events related to insertional mutagenesis and immune responses. The data presented in this review show that gene therapy, while promising, requires systematic monitoring to account for the precarious disease biology and the adverse events associated with new technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Metovic
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yedda Li
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yi Gong
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Florian Eichler
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li T, Huang Y, Tao C, Yin X, Su X, Shao Y, Liang C, Jiang M, Cai Y, Lin Y, Zeng C, Zhao X, Liu L, Zhang W. Biochemical and molecular analysis of pediatric patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy in South China: functional characterization of five novel ARSA variants. Metab Brain Dis 2024; 39:753-762. [PMID: 38775997 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-024-01348-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is a rare hereditary neurodegenerative disease caused by deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme arylsulfatase A (ARSA). This study described the clinical and molecular characteristics of 24 Chinese children with MLD and investigated functional characterization of five novel ARSA variants. A retrospective analysis was performed in 24 patients diagnosed with MLD at Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center in South China. Five novel mutations were further characterized by transient expression studies. We recruited 17 late-infantile, 3 early-juvenile, 4 late-juvenile MLD patients. In late-infantile patients, motor developmental delay and gait disturbance were the most frequent symptoms at onset. In juvenile patients, cognitive regression and gait disturbance were the most frequent chief complaints. Overall, 25 different ARSA mutations were identified with 5 novel mutations.The most frequent alleles were p.W320* and p.G449Rfs. The mutation p.W320*, p.Q155=, p.P91L, p.G156D, p.H208Mfs*46 and p.G449Rfs may link to late-infantile type. The novel missense mutations were predicted damaging in silico. The bioinformatic structural analysis of the novel missense mutations showed that these amino acid replacements would cause severe impairment of protein structure and function. In vitro functional analysis of the six mutants, showing a low ARSA enzyme activity, clearly demonstrated their pathogenic nature. The mutation p.D413N linked to R alleles. In western blotting analysis of the ARSA protein, the examined mutations retained reduced amounts of ARSA protein compared to the wild type. This study expands the spectrum of genotype of MLD. It helps to the future studies of genotype-phenotype correlations to estimate prognosis and develop new therapeutic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taolin Li
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yonglan Huang
- Department of Guangzhou Newborn Screening Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Tao
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xi Yin
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xueying Su
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongxian Shao
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cuili Liang
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Minyan Jiang
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanna Cai
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yunting Lin
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunhua Zeng
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhao
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mir YR, Agrahari AK, Hassan A, Choudhary A, Asthana S, Taneja AK, Nawaz S, Ilyas M, Scotti C, Kuchay RAH. Identification and structural characterization of a pathogenic ARSA missense variant in two consanguineous families from Jammu and Kashmir (India) with late infantile metachromatic leukodystrophy. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 51:30. [PMID: 38153581 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is a rare lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of Arylsulfatase A (ARSA) enzyme activity. Its clinical manifestations include progressive motor and cognitive decline. ARSA gene mutations are frequent in MLD. METHODS AND RESULTS In the present study, whole exome sequencing (WES) was employed to decipher the genetic cause of motor and cognitive decline in proband's of two consanguineous families from J&K (India). Clinical investigations using radiological and biochemical analysis revealed MLD-like features. WES confirmed a pathogenic variant in the ARSA gene. Molecular simulation dynamics was applied for structural characterization of the variant. CONCLUSION We report the identification of a pathogenic missense variant (c.1174 C > T; p.Arg390Trp) in the ARSA gene in two cases of late infantile MLD from consanguineous families in Jammu and Kashmir, India. Our study utilized genetic analysis and molecular dynamics simulations to identify and investigate the structural consequences of this mutation. The molecular dynamics simulations revealed significant alterations in the structural dynamics, residue interactions, and stability of the ARSA protein harbouring the p.Arg390Trp mutation. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenicity of this variant in MLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Rafiq Mir
- Department of Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, J&K, 185234, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Agrahari
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Asima Hassan
- Department of Ophthalmology GMC Srinagar, Srinagar, J&K, India
| | | | - Shailendra Asthana
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Atul Kumar Taneja
- Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Shah Nawaz
- Department of Pediatrics, GMC Jammu, Jammu, J&K, India
| | | | - Claudia Scotti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Immunology and General Pathology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Raja A H Kuchay
- Department of Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, J&K, 185234, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yaghootfam C, Sylvester M, Turk B, Gieselmann V, Matzner U. Engineered arylsulfatase A with increased activity, stability and brain delivery for therapy of metachromatic leukodystrophy. Mol Ther 2023; 31:2962-2974. [PMID: 37644722 PMCID: PMC10556224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A deficiency of human arylsulfatase A (hASA) causes metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), a lysosomal storage disease characterized by sulfatide accumulation and central nervous system (CNS) demyelination. Efficacy of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is increased by genetic engineering of hASA to elevate its activity and transfer across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), respectively. To further improve the enzyme's bioavailability in the CNS, we mutated a cathepsin cleavage hot spot and obtained hASAs with substantially increased half-lives. We then combined the superstabilizing exchange E424A with the activity-promoting triple substitution M202V/T286L/R291N and the ApoEII-tag for BBB transfer in a trimodal modified neoenzyme called SuPerTurbo-ASA. Compared with wild-type hASA, half-life, activity, and M6P-independent uptake were increased more than 7-fold, about 3-fold, and more than 100-fold, respectively. ERT of an MLD-mouse model with immune tolerance to wild-type hASA did not induce antibody formation, indicating absence of novel epitopes. Compared with wild-type hASA, SuPerTurbo-ASA was 8- and 12-fold more efficient in diminishing sulfatide storage of brain and spinal cord. In both tissues, storage was reduced by ∼60%, roughly doubling clearance achieved with a 65-fold higher cumulative dose of wild-type hASA previously. Due to its enhanced therapeutic potential, SuPerTurbo-ASA might be a decisive advancement for ERT and gene therapy of MLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Yaghootfam
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc Sylvester
- Core Facility Analytical Proteomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Volkmar Gieselmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Matzner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yu M, Wu M, Secundo F, Liu Z. Detection, production, modification, and application of arylsulfatases. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108207. [PMID: 37406746 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Arylsulfatase is a subset of sulfatase which catalyzes the hydrolysis of aryl sulfate ester. Arylsulfatase is widely distributed among microorganisms, mammals and green algae, but the arylsulfatase-encoding gene has not yet been found in the genomes of higher plants so far. Arylsulfatase plays an important role in the sulfur flows between nature and organisms. In this review, we present the maturation and catalytic mechanism of arylsulfatase, and the recent literature on the expression and production of arylsulfatase in wild-type and engineered microorganisms, as well as the modification of arylsulfatase by genetic engineering are summarized. We focus on arylsulfatases from microbial origin and give an overview of different assays and substrates used to determine the arylsulfatase activity. Furthermore, the researches about arylsulfatase application on the field of agar desulfation, soil sulfur cycle and soil evaluation are also discussed. Finally, the perspectives concerning the future research on arylsulfatase are prospected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Yu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, PR China
| | - Meixian Wu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, PR China
| | - Francesco Secundo
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Mario Bianco 9, Milan 20131, Italy
| | - Zhen Liu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen W, Amir MB, Liao Y, Yu H, He W, Lu Z. New Insights into the Plutella xylostella Detoxifying Enzymes: Sequence Evolution, Structural Similarity, Functional Diversity, and Application Prospects of Glucosinolate Sulfatases. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:10952-10969. [PMID: 37462091 PMCID: PMC10375594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Brassica plants have glucosinolate (GLs)-myrosinase defense mechanisms to deter herbivores. However, Plutella xylostella specifically feeds on Brassica vegetables. The larvae possess three glucosinolate sulfatases (PxGSS1-3) that compete with plant myrosinase for shared GLs substrates and produce nontoxic desulfo-GLs (deGLs). Although PxGSSs are considered potential targets for pest control, the lack of a comprehensive review has hindered the development of PxGSSs-targeted pest control methods. Recent advances in integrative multi-omics analysis, substrate-enzyme kinetics, and molecular biological techniques have elucidated the evolutionary origin and functional diversity of these three PxGSSs. This review summarizes research progress on PxGSSs over the past 20 years, covering sequence properties, evolution, protein modification, enzyme activity, structural variation, substrate specificity, and interaction scenarios based on functional diversity. Finally, we discussed the potential applications of PxGSSs-targeted pest control technologies driven by artificial intelligence, including CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene drive, transgenic plant-mediated RNAi, small-molecule inhibitors, and peptide inhibitors. These technologies have the potential to overcome current management challenges and promote the development and field application of PxGSSs-targeted pest control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Greenhouse Vegetable, School of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal Amir
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Greenhouse Vegetable, School of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yuan Liao
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Greenhouse Vegetable, School of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Haizhong Yu
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Greenhouse Vegetable, School of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Weiyi He
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhanjun Lu
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Greenhouse Vegetable, School of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
St Martin T, Seabrook TA, Gall K, Newman J, Avila N, Hayes A, Kivaa M, Lotterhand J, Mercaldi M, Patel K, Rivas IJ, Woodcock S, Wright TL, Seymour AB, Francone OL, Gingras J. Single Systemic Administration of a Gene Therapy Leading to Disease Treatment in Metachromatic Leukodystrophy Arsa Knock-Out Mice. J Neurosci 2023; 43:3567-3581. [PMID: 36977578 PMCID: PMC10184740 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1829-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is a rare, inherited, demyelinating lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the arylsulfatase-A gene (ARSA). In patients, levels of functional ARSA enzyme are diminished and lead to deleterious accumulation of sulfatides. Herein, we demonstrate that intravenous administration of HSC15/ARSA restored the endogenous murine biodistribution of the corresponding enzyme, and overexpression of ARSA corrected disease biomarkers and ameliorated motor deficits in Arsa KO mice of either sex. In treated Arsa KO mice, when compared with intravenously administered AAV9/ARSA, significant increases in brain ARSA activity, transcript levels, and vector genomes were observed with HSC15/ARSA Durability of transgene expression was established in neonate and adult mice out to 12 and 52 weeks, respectively. Levels and correlation between changes in biomarkers and ARSA activity required to achieve functional motor benefit was also defined. Finally, we demonstrated blood-nerve, blood-spinal and blood-brain barrier crossing as well as the presence of circulating ARSA enzyme activity in the serum of healthy nonhuman primates of either sex. Together, these findings support the use of intravenous delivery of HSC15/ARSA-mediated gene therapy for the treatment of MLD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Herein, we describe the method of gene therapy adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsid and route of administration selection leading to an efficacious gene therapy in a mouse model of metachromatic leukodystrophy. We demonstrate the therapeutic outcome of a new naturally derived clade F AAV capsid (AAVHSC15) in a disease model and the importance of triangulating multiple end points to increase the translation into higher species via ARSA enzyme activity and biodistribution profile (with a focus on the CNS) with that of a key clinically relevant biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jenn Newman
- Homology Medicines, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730
| | - Nancy Avila
- Homology Medicines, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730
| | - April Hayes
- Homology Medicines, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730
| | | | | | | | - Kruti Patel
- Homology Medicines, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pant A, Maiti TK, Mahajan D, Das B. Human Gut Microbiota and Drug Metabolism. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022:1-15. [PMID: 35869999 PMCID: PMC9308113 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of drugs widely varies in individuals, and the gut microbiota plays an important role in this variability. The commensal microbiota living in the human gut encodes several enzymes that chemically modify systemic and orally administered drugs, and such modifications can lead to activation, inactivation, toxification, altered stability, poor bioavailability, and rapid excretion. Our knowledge of the role of the human gut microbiome in therapeutic outcomes continues to evolve. Recent studies suggest the existence of complex interactions between microbial functions and therapeutic drugs across the human body. Therapeutic drugs or xenobiotics can influence the composition of the gut microbiome and the microbial encoded functions. Both these deviations can alter the chemical transformations of the drugs and hence treatment outcomes. In this review, we provide an overview of (i) the genetic ecology of microbially encoded functions linked with xenobiotic degradation; (ii) the effect of drugs on the composition and function of the gut microbiome; and (iii) the importance of the gut microbiota in drug metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Archana Pant
- Molecular Genetics Lab, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, Delhi-110067, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad-121001, India
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, PO box, Gurgaon Expressway, #04 Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Tushar K Maiti
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad-121001, India
| | - Dinesh Mahajan
- Chemistry and Pharmacology Lab, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Bhabatosh Das
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, PO box, Gurgaon Expressway, #04 Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pardridge WM. Blood-brain barrier delivery for lysosomal storage disorders with IgG-lysosomal enzyme fusion proteins. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 184:114234. [PMID: 35307484 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The majority of lysosomal storage diseases affect the brain. Treatment of the brain with intravenous enzyme replacement therapy is not successful, because the recombinant lysosomal enzymes do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Biologic drugs, including lysosomal enzymes, can be re-engineered for BBB delivery as IgG-enzyme fusion proteins. The IgG domain of the fusion protein is a monoclonal antibody directed against an endogenous receptor-mediated transporter at the BBB, such as the insulin receptor or the transferrin receptor. This receptor transports the IgG across the BBB, in parallel with the endogenous receptor ligand, and the IgG acts as a molecular Trojan horse to ferry into brain the lysosomal enzyme genetically fused to the IgG. The IgG-enzyme fusion protein is bi-functional and retains both high affinity binding for the BBB receptor, and high lysosomal enzyme activity. IgG-lysosomal enzymes are presently in clinical trials for treatment of the brain in Mucopolysaccharidosis.
Collapse
|
10
|
Wei L, Zhang Q, Lu D, Du M, Xu X, Wang W, Zhang YZ, Yuan X, Li F. Identification and Action Patterns of Two Chondroitin Sulfate Sulfatases From a Marine Bacterium Photobacterium sp. QA16. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:775124. [PMID: 35140691 PMCID: PMC8819143 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.775124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS)/dermatan sulfate (DS) is a kind of sulfated polyanionic, linear polysaccharide belonging to glycosaminoglycan. CS/DS sulfatases, which specifically hydrolyze sulfate groups from CS/DS oligo-/polysaccharides, are potential tools for structural and functional studies of CD/DS. However, only a few sulfatases have been reported and characterized in detail to date. In this study, two CS/DS sulfatases, PB_3262 and PB_3285, were identified from the marine bacterium Photobacterium sp. QA16 and their action patterns were studied in detail. PB_3262 was characterized as a novel 4-O-endosulfatase that can effectively and specifically hydrolyze the 4-O-sulfate group of disaccharide GlcUAβ1–3GalNAc(4-O-sulfate) but not GlcUAβ1–3GalNAc(4,6-O-sulfate) and IdoUAα1–3GalNAc(4-O-sulfate) in CS/DS oligo-/polysaccharides, which is very different from the identified 4-O-endosulfatases in the substrate profile. In contrast, PB_3285 specifically hydrolyzes the 6-O-sulfate groups of GalNAc(6-O-sulfate) residues located at the reducing ends of the CS chains and is the first recombinantly expressed 6-O-exosulfatase to effectively act on CS oligosaccharides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wei
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-Based Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingdong Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-Based Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Danrong Lu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-Based Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Min Du
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-Based Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangyu Xu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-Based Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenshuang Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-Based Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xunyi Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Xunyi Yuan,
| | - Fuchuan Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-Based Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Fuchuan Li,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li CC, Tang XY, Zhu YB, Song YJ, Zhao NL, Huang Q, Mou XY, Luo GH, Liu TG, Tong AP, Tang H, Bao R. Structural analysis of the sulfatase AmAS from Akkermansia muciniphila. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2021; 77:1614-1623. [DOI: 10.1107/s2059798321010317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Akkermansia muciniphila, an anaerobic Gram-negative bacterium, is a major intestinal commensal bacterium that can modulate the host immune response. It colonizes the mucosal layer and produces nutrients for the gut mucosa and other commensal bacteria. It is believed that mucin desulfation is the rate-limiting step in the mucin-degradation process, and bacterial sulfatases that carry out mucin desulfation have been well studied. However, little is known about the structural characteristics of A. muciniphila sulfatases. Here, the crystal structure of the premature form of the A. muciniphila sulfatase AmAS was determined. Structural analysis combined with docking experiments defined the critical active-site residues that are responsible for catalysis. The loop regions I–V were proposed to be essential for substrate binding. Structure-based sequence alignment and structural superposition allow further elucidation of how different subclasses of formylglycine-dependent sulfatases (FGly sulfatases) adopt the same catalytic mechanism but exhibit diverse substrate specificities. These results advance the understanding of the substrate-recognition mechanisms of A. muciniphila FGly-type sulfatases. Structural variations around the active sites account for the different substrate-binding properties. These results will enhance the understanding of the roles of bacterial sulfatases in the metabolism of glycans and host–microbe interactions in the human gut environment.
Collapse
|
12
|
Marchetti M, Faggiano S, Mozzarelli A. Enzyme Replacement Therapy for Genetic Disorders Associated with Enzyme Deficiency. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:489-525. [PMID: 34042028 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210526144654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in human genes might lead to loss of functional proteins, causing diseases. Among these genetic disorders, a large class is associated with the deficiency in metabolic enzymes, resulting in both an increase in the concentration of substrates and a loss in the metabolites produced by the catalyzed reactions. The identification of therapeutic actions based on small molecules represents a challenge to medicinal chemists because the target is missing. Alternative approaches are biology-based, ranging from gene and stem cell therapy, CRISPR/Cas9 technology, distinct types of RNAs, and enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). This review will focus on the latter approach that since the 1990s has been successfully applied to cure many rare diseases, most of them being lysosomal storage diseases or metabolic diseases. So far, a dozen enzymes have been approved by FDA/EMA for lysosome storage disorders and only a few for metabolic diseases. Enzymes for replacement therapy are mainly produced in mammalian cells and some in plant cells and yeasts and are further processed to obtain active, highly bioavailable, less degradable products. Issues still under investigation for the increase in ERT efficacy are the optimization of enzymes interaction with cell membrane and internalization, the reduction in immunogenicity, and the overcoming of blood-brain barrier limitations when neuronal cells need to be targeted. Overall, ERT has demonstrated its efficacy and safety in the treatment of many genetic rare diseases, both saving newborn lives and improving patients' life quality, and represents a very successful example of targeted biologics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marialaura Marchetti
- Biopharmanet-TEC Interdepartmental Center, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, Bldg 33., 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Serena Faggiano
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 23/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Mozzarelli
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bargh JD, Walsh SJ, Ashman N, Isidro-Llobet A, Carroll JS, Spring DR. A dual-enzyme cleavable linker for antibody-drug conjugates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3457-3460. [PMID: 33687404 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00957e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2024]
Abstract
A novel enzyme cleavable linker for antibody-drug conjugates is reported. The 3-O-sulfo-β-galactose linker is cleaved sequentially by two lysosomal enzymes - arylsulfatase A and β-galactosidase - to release the payload in targeted cells. An α-HER2 antibody-drug conjugate synthesised using this highly hydrophilic dual-cleavable linker exhibited excellent cytotoxicity and selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Bargh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wen Y, Salamat-Miller N, Jain K, Taylor K. Self-buffering capacity of a human sulfatase for central nervous system delivery. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6727. [PMID: 33762621 PMCID: PMC7991414 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct delivery of therapeutic enzymes to the Central Nervous System requires stringent formulation design. Not only should the formulation design consider the delicate balance of existing ions, proteins, and osmolality in the cerebrospinal fluid, it must also provide long term efficacy and stability for the enzyme. One fundamental approach to this predicament is designing formulations with no buffering species. In this study, we report a high concentration, saline-based formulation for a human sulfatase for its delivery into the intrathecal space. A high concentration formulation (≤ 40 mg/mL) was developed through a series of systematic studies that demonstrated the feasibility of a self-buffered formulation for this molecule. The self-buffering capacity phenomenon was found to be a product of both the protein itself and potentially the residual phosphates associated with the protein. To date, the self-buffered formulation for this molecule has been stable for up to 4 years when stored at 5 ± 3 °C, with no changes either in the pH values or other quality attributes of the molecule. The high concentration self-buffered protein formulation was also observed to be stable when exposed to multiple freeze–thaw cycles and was robust during in-use and agitation studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wen
- Shire Pharmaceuticals (a Subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company), 200 Shire Way, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA.,Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Nazila Salamat-Miller
- Shire Pharmaceuticals (a Subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company), 200 Shire Way, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA.
| | - Keethkumar Jain
- Shire Pharmaceuticals (a Subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company), 200 Shire Way, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Katherine Taylor
- Shire Pharmaceuticals (a Subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company), 200 Shire Way, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fowler NH, El-Rashedy MI, Chishti EA, Vander Kooi CW, Maldonado RS. Multimodal imaging and genetic findings in a case of ARSG-related atypical Usher syndrome. Ophthalmic Genet 2021; 42:338-343. [PMID: 33629623 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2021.1891552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Atypical Usher syndrome has recently been associated with arylsulfatase G (ARSG) variants. In these cases, characteristic findings include progressive sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) without vestibular involvement and ring-shaped late-onset retinitis pigmentosa (RP).Materials and Methods: One patient with atypical Usher syndrome and a novel homozygous ARSG variant was included in this study. The patient underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination, including multimodal imaging and genetic testing.Results: A 60-year-old male of Persian decent presented to our clinic with a history of 20 years of progressive SNHL, and 10 years of progressive peripheral vision loss and pigmentary retinopathy. Consistent with previous reports of ARSG-related atypical Usher syndrome, fundus examination revealed ring-shaped retinal hyperpigmentation and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) demonstrated a six-zone pattern of autofluorescence. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed extensive cystoid spaces concentrated in the ganglion cell layer. Widefield OCT angiography at the level of the choriocapillaris showed signs of atrophy that corresponded to the FAF hypofluorescent zone. The patient was homozygous for a novel ARSG variant c. 1270 C > T, p. Arg424Cys.Conclusion: We report a novel ARSG variant in a case of atypical Usher syndrome and describe multimodal imaging findings that further characterize the effect of ARSG in the pathogenesis of atypical Usher syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H Fowler
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - May I El-Rashedy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Emad A Chishti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Craig W Vander Kooi
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ramiro S Maldonado
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pekgül F, Eroğlu-Ertuğrul NG, Bekircan-Kurt CE, Erdem-Ozdamar S, Çetinkaya A, Tan E, Konuşkan B, Karaağaoğlu E, Topçu M, Akarsu NA, Oguz KK, Anlar B, Özkara HA. Comprehensive clinical, biochemical, radiological and genetic analysis of 28 Turkish cases with suspected metachromatic leukodystrophy and their relatives. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2020; 25:100688. [PMID: 33335837 PMCID: PMC7734308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2020.100688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is a glycosphingolipid storage disease caused by deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme arylsulfatase A (ASA) or its activator protein saposin B. MLD can affect all age groups in severity varying from a severe fatal form to milder adult onset forms. Diagnosis is usually made by measuring leukocyte ASA activity. However, this test can give false negative or false positive laboratory results due to pseudodeficiency of ASA and saposin B deficiency, respectively. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate patients with suspected MLD in a Turkish population by comprehensive clinical, biochemical, radiological, and genetic analyses for molecular and phenotypic characterization. We analyzed 28 suspected MLD patients and 41 relatives from 24 families. ASA activity was found to be decreased in 21 of 28 patients. Sixteen patients were diagnosed as MLD (11 late infantile, 2 juvenile and 3 adult types), 2 MSD, 2 pseudodeficiency (PD) and the remaining 8 patients were diagnosed as having other leukodystrophies. Enzyme analysis showed that the age of onset of MLD did not correlate with residual ASA activity. Sequence analysis showed 11 mutations in ARSA, of which 4 were novel (p.Trp195GlyfsTer5, p.Gly298Asp, p.Arg301Leu, and p.Gly311Asp), and 2 mutations in SUMF1 causing multiple sulfatase deficiency, and confirmed the diagnosis of MLD in 2 presymptomatic relatives. All individuals with confirmed mutations had low ASA activity and urinary sulfatide excretion. Intra- and inter-familial variability was high for the same ARSA missense genotypes, indicating the contribution of other factors to disease expression. Imaging findings were evaluated through a modified brain MRI scoring system which indicated patients with protein-truncating mutations had more severe MRI findings and late-infantile disease onset. MRI findings were not specific for the diagnosis. Anti-sulfatide IgM was similar to control subjects, and IgG, elevated in multiple sulfatase deficiency. In conclusion, the knowledge on the biochemical, clinical and genetic basis of MLD was expanded, a modified diagnostic laboratory algorithm for MLD based on integrated evaluation of ASA activity, urinary sulfatide excretion and genetic tests was devised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faruk Pekgül
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Can Ebru Bekircan-Kurt
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevim Erdem-Ozdamar
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Arda Çetinkaya
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ersin Tan
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bahadır Konuşkan
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ergun Karaağaoğlu
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Meral Topçu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nurten Ayşe Akarsu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kader K Oguz
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Banu Anlar
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hatice Asuman Özkara
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lysosomal sulfatases: a growing family. Biochem J 2020; 477:3963-3983. [PMID: 33120425 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sulfatases constitute a family of enzymes that specifically act in the hydrolytic degradation of sulfated metabolites by removing sulfate monoesters from various substrates, particularly glycolipids and glycosaminoglycans. A common essential feature of all known eukaryotic sulfatases is the posttranslational modification of a critical cysteine residue in their active site by oxidation to formylglycine (FGly), which is mediated by the FGly-generating enzyme in the endoplasmic reticulum and is indispensable for catalytic activity. The majority of the so far described sulfatases localize intracellularly to lysosomes, where they act in different catabolic pathways. Mutations in genes coding for lysosomal sulfatases lead to an accumulation of the sulfated substrates in lysosomes, resulting in impaired cellular function and multisystemic disorders presenting as lysosomal storage diseases, which also cover the mucopolysaccharidoses and metachromatic leukodystrophy. Bioinformatics analysis of the eukaryotic genomes revealed, besides the well described and long known disease-associated sulfatases, additional genes coding for putative enzymes with sulfatases activity, including arylsulfatase G as well as the arylsulfatases H, I, J and K, respectively. In this article, we review current knowledge about lysosomal sulfatases with a special focus on the just recently characterized family members arylsulfatase G and arylsulfatase K.
Collapse
|
18
|
Shaimardanova AA, Chulpanova DS, Solovyeva VV, Mullagulova AI, Kitaeva KV, Allegrucci C, Rizvanov AA. Metachromatic Leukodystrophy: Diagnosis, Modeling, and Treatment Approaches. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:576221. [PMID: 33195324 PMCID: PMC7606900 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.576221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Metachromatic leukodystrophy is a lysosomal storage disease, which is characterized by damage of the myelin sheath that covers most of nerve fibers of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The disease occurs due to a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme arylsulfatase A (ARSA) or its sphingolipid activator protein B (SapB) and it clinically manifests as progressive motor and cognitive deficiency. ARSA and SapB protein deficiency are caused by mutations in the ARSA and PSAP genes, respectively. The severity of clinical course in metachromatic leukodystrophy is determined by the residual ARSA activity, depending on the type of mutation. Currently, there is no effective treatment for this disease. Clinical cases of bone marrow or cord blood transplantation have been reported, however the therapeutic effectiveness of these methods remains insufficient to prevent aggravation of neurological disorders. Encouraging results have been obtained using gene therapy for delivering the wild-type ARSA gene using vectors based on various serotypes of adeno-associated viruses, as well as using mesenchymal stem cells and combined gene-cell therapy. This review discusses therapeutic strategies for the treatment of metachromatic leukodystrophy, as well as diagnostic methods and modeling of this pathology in animals to evaluate the effectiveness of new therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alisa A Shaimardanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Daria S Chulpanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valeriya V Solovyeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aysilu I Mullagulova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Kristina V Kitaeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Cinzia Allegrucci
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science (SVMS) and Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Albert A Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ervin SM, Simpson JB, Gibbs ME, Creekmore BC, Lim L, Walton WG, Gharaibeh RZ, Redinbo MR. Structural Insights into Endobiotic Reactivation by Human Gut Microbiome-Encoded Sulfatases. Biochemistry 2020; 59:3939-3950. [PMID: 32993284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Phase II drug metabolism inactivates xenobiotics and endobiotics through the addition of either a glucuronic acid or sulfate moiety prior to excretion, often via the gastrointestinal tract. While the human gut microbial β-glucuronidase enzymes that reactivate glucuronide conjugates in the intestines are becoming well characterized and even controlled by targeted inhibitors, the sulfatases encoded by the human gut microbiome have not been comprehensively examined. Gut microbial sulfatases are poised to reactivate xenobiotics and endobiotics, which are then capable of undergoing enterohepatic recirculation or exerting local effects on the gut epithelium. Here, using protein structure-guided methods, we identify 728 distinct microbiome-encoded sulfatase proteins from the 4.8 million unique proteins present in the Human Microbiome Project Stool Sample database and 1766 gut microbial sulfatases from the 9.9 million sequences in the Integrated Gene Catalogue. We purify a representative set of these sulfatases, elucidate crystal structures, and pinpoint unique structural motifs essential to endobiotic sulfate processing. Gut microbial sulfatases differentially process sulfated forms of the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine, and the hormones melatonin, estrone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and thyroxine in a manner dependent both on variabilities in active site architecture and on markedly distinct oligomeric states. Taken together, these data provide initial insights into the structural and functional diversity of gut microbial sulfatases, providing a path toward defining the roles these enzymes play in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Ervin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Joshua B Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Morgan E Gibbs
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Benjamin C Creekmore
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Lauren Lim
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - William G Walton
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Raad Z Gharaibeh
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32603, United States
| | - Matthew R Redinbo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Integrated Program for Biological and Genome Sciences and Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ryckman AE, Brockhausen I, Walia JS. Metabolism of Glycosphingolipids and Their Role in the Pathophysiology of Lysosomal Storage Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6881. [PMID: 32961778 PMCID: PMC7555265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are a specialized class of membrane lipids composed of a ceramide backbone and a carbohydrate-rich head group. GSLs populate lipid rafts of the cell membrane of eukaryotic cells, and serve important cellular functions including control of cell-cell signaling, signal transduction and cell recognition. Of the hundreds of unique GSL structures, anionic gangliosides are the most heavily implicated in the pathogenesis of lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) such as Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff disease. Each LSD is characterized by the accumulation of GSLs in the lysosomes of neurons, which negatively interact with other intracellular molecules to culminate in cell death. In this review, we summarize the biosynthesis and degradation pathways of GSLs, discuss how aberrant GSL metabolism contributes to key features of LSD pathophysiology, draw parallels between LSDs and neurodegenerative proteinopathies such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease and lastly, discuss possible therapies for patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Inka Brockhausen
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 2V5, Canada;
| | - Jagdeep S. Walia
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 2V5, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Guo L, Jin B, Zhang Y, Wang J. Identification of a missense ARSA mutation in metachromatic leukodystrophy and its potential pathogenic mechanism. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1478. [PMID: 32875726 PMCID: PMC7667344 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is a rare inherited lysosomal disorder caused by mutations in ARSA. The biological processes of MLD disease caused by candidate pathogenic mutations in the ARSA gene remain unclear. Methods We used whole‐exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing to identify the pathogenic mutation in a Chinese family. Literature review and protein three‐dimensional structure prediction were performed to analyze the potential pathogenesis of the identified mutations. Overexpression cell models of wild‐type and mutated ARSA genes were constructed. The accumulated sulfatides and expression profiles in the cell models were detected, and a series of bioinformatics analyses were carried out to compare the biological changes caused by the candidate pathogenic mutations. Results We identified an ARSA c.925G>A homozygous mutation from a Chinese late‐infantile MLD patient, the first report of this mutation in East Asia. The literature and protein structure analysis indicated that three types of mutations at c.925G (c.925G>A, c.925G>T, c.925G>C) were pathogenic. The overexpression of wild‐type or mutated ARSA genes influenced the accumulation of sulfatides. The co‐expression modules in the mutated cell models were constructed by genes related to calcium signaling and vesicle transport. Conclusion Our results identified a pathogenic mutation, ARSA homozygosity c.925G>A, from a Chinese MLD family. The pathogenic mechanism of the ARSA mutation in MLD was identified, which may suggest new approaches to diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Jin
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yidan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Beerepoot S, van Dooren SJM, Salomons GS, Boelens JJ, Jacobs EH, van der Knaap MS, van Kuilenburg ABP, Wolf NI. Metachromatic leukodystrophy genotypes in The Netherlands reveal novel pathogenic ARSA variants in non-Caucasian patients. Neurogenetics 2020; 21:289-299. [PMID: 32632536 PMCID: PMC7476914 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-020-00621-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is an autosomal recessively inherited sulfatide storage disease caused by deficient activity of the lysosomal enzyme arylsulfatase A (ASA). Genetic analysis of the ARSA gene is important in MLD diagnosis and screening of family members. In addition, more information on genotype prevalence will help interpreting MLD population differences between countries. In this study, we identified 31 different ARSA variants in the patient cohort (n = 67) of the Dutch expertise center for MLD. The most frequently found variant, c.1283C > T, p.(Pro428Leu), was present in 43 (64%) patients and resulted in a high prevalence of the juvenile MLD type (58%) in The Netherlands. Furthermore, we observed in five out of six patients with a non-Caucasian ethnic background previously unreported pathogenic ARSA variants. In total, we report ten novel variants including four missense, two nonsense, and two frameshift variants and one in-frame indel, which were all predicted to be disease causing in silico. In addition, one silent variant was found, c.1200C > T, that most likely resulted in erroneous exonic splicing, including partial skipping of exon 7. The c.1200C > T variant was inherited in cis with the pseudodeficiency allele c.1055A > G, p.(Asn352Ser) + ∗96A > G. With this study we provide a genetic base of the unique MLD phenotype distribution in The Netherlands. In addition, our study demonstrated the importance of genetic analysis in MLD diagnosis and the increased likelihood of unreported, pathogenic ARSA variants in patients with non-Caucasian ethnic backgrounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanice Beerepoot
- Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Department of Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VU University Amsterdam and Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Silvy J M van Dooren
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VU University Amsterdam, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gajja S Salomons
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VU University Amsterdam, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Jan Boelens
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Stem Cell Transplant and Cellular Therapies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edwin H Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjo S van der Knaap
- Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Department of Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VU University Amsterdam and Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André B P van Kuilenburg
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole I Wolf
- Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Department of Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VU University Amsterdam and Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Biddle JF, Ragsdale EJ. Regulators of an ancient polyphenism evolved through episodic protein divergence and parallel gene radiations. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192595. [PMID: 32098612 PMCID: PMC7062019 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenism is a form of developmental plasticity that transduces environmental cues into discontinuous, often disparate phenotypes. In some cases, polyphenism has been attributed to facilitating morphological diversification and even the evolution of novel traits. However, this process is predicated on the origins and evolutionary maintenance of genetic mechanisms that specify alternate developmental networks. When and how regulatory loci arise and change, specifically before and throughout the history of a polyphenism, is little understood. Here, we establish a phylogenetic and comparative molecular context for two dynamically evolving genes, eud-1 and seud-1, which regulate polyphenism in the nematode Pristionchus pacificus. This species is dimorphic in its adult feeding-structures, allowing individuals to become microbivores or facultative predators depending on the environment. Although polyphenism regulation is increasingly well understood in P. pacificus, the polyphenism is far older than this species and has diversified morphologically to enable an array of ecological functions across polyphenic lineages. To bring this taxonomic diversity into a comparative context, we reconstructed the histories of eud-1 and seud-1 relative to the origin and diversification of polyphenism, finding that homologues of both genes have undergone lineage-specific radiations across polyphenic taxa. Further, we detected signatures of episodic diversifying selection on eud-1, particularly in early diplogastrid lineages. Lastly, transgenic rescue experiments suggest that the gene's product has functionally diverged from its orthologue's in a non-polyphenic outgroup. In summary, we provide a comparative framework for the molecular components of a plasticity switch, enabling studies of how polyphenism, its regulation, and ultimately its targets evolve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik J. Ragsdale
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Simonis H, Yaghootfam C, Sylvester M, Gieselmann V, Matzner U. Evolutionary redesign of the lysosomal enzyme arylsulfatase A increases efficacy of enzyme replacement therapy for metachromatic leukodystrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:1810-1821. [PMID: 30657900 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein engineering is a means to optimize protein therapeutics developed for the treatment of so far incurable diseases including cancers and genetic disorders. Here we report on an engineering approach in which we successfully increased the catalytic rate constant of an enzyme that is presently evaluated in enzyme replacement therapies (ERT) of a lysosomal storage disease (LSD). Although ERT is a treatment option for many LSDs, outcomes are lagging far behind expectations for most of them. This has been ascribed to insufficient enzyme activities accumulating in tissues difficult to target such as brain and peripheral nerves. We show for human arylsulfatase A (hARSA) that the activity of a therapeutic enzyme can be substantially increased by reversing activity-diminishing and by inserting activity-promoting amino acid substitutions that had occurred in the evolution of hominids and non-human mammals, respectively. The potential of this approach, here designated as evolutionary redesign, was highlighted by the observation that murinization of only 1 or 3 amino acid positions increased the hARSA activity 3- and 5-fold, with little impact on stability, respectively. The two kinetically optimized hARSA variants showed no immunogenic potential in ERT of a humanized ARSA knockout mouse model of metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) and reduced lysosomal storage of kidney, peripheral and central nervous system up to 3-fold more efficiently than wild-type hARSA. Due to their safety profile and higher therapeutic potential the engineered hARSA variants might represent major advances for future enzyme-based therapies of MLD and stimulate analogous approaches for other enzyme therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Simonis
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Claudia Yaghootfam
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc Sylvester
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Volkmar Gieselmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Matzner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang S, Su T, Zhang Q, Guan J, He J, Gu L, Li F. Comparative Study of Two Chondroitin Sulfate/Dermatan Sulfate 4- O-Sulfatases With High Identity. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1309. [PMID: 31244815 PMCID: PMC6581707 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) sulfatases are potential tools for structural and functional studies of CD/DS chains. In our previous study, a CS/DS 4-O-endosulfatase (endoVB4SF) was identified from a marine bacterium (Wang et al., 2015). Herein, another CS/DS 4-O-sulfatase (exoPB4SF) was identified from a Photobacterium sp. ExoPB4SF shares an 83% identity with endoVB4SF but showed strict exolytic activity. Comparative studies were performed for both enzymes on the basis of biochemical features, substrate-degrading patterns and three-dimensional structures. exoPB4SF exhibited a wider temperature and pH adaptability and better thermostability than endoVB4SF. Furthermore, exoPB4SF is a strict exolytic sulfatase that only releases the sulfate group from the GalNAc residue located at the reducing end, whereas endoVB4SF preferentially removed sulfate esters from the reducing end toward the non-reducing end though its directional degradation property was not strict. In addition, the structure of endoVB4SF was determined by X-ray crystallography at 1.95 Å. It adopts a globular conformation with two monomers per asymmetric unit. The exoPB4SF structure was constructed by homology modeling. Molecular docking results showed that although the residues around the catalytic center are conserved, the residues at the active site of endoVB4SF adopted a more favorable conformation for the binding of long CS/DS chains than those of exoPB4SF, which may explain why the two highly homogenous sulfatases possessed different action patterns. The results of this study provide insight into the structure-function relationship of CS/DS endo- and exosulfatases for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tiantian Su
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingdong Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingwen Guan
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing He
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lichuan Gu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fuchuan Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wang S, Guan J, Zhang Q, Chen X, Li F. Identification and Signature Sequences of Bacterial Δ 4,5Hexuronate-2- O-Sulfatases. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:704. [PMID: 31024490 PMCID: PMC6460246 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) sulfatases, which catalyze the hydrolysis of sulfate esters from GAGs, belong to a large and conserved sulfatase family. Bacterial GAG sulfatases are essential in the process of sulfur cycling and are useful for the structural analysis of GAGs. Only a few GAG-specific sulfatases have been studied in detail and reported to date. Herein, the GAG-degrading Photobacterium sp. FC615 was isolated from marine sediment, and a novel Δ4,5hexuronate-2-O-sulfatase (PB2SF) was identified from this bacterium. PB2SF specifically removed 2-O-sulfate from the unsaturated hexuronate residue located at the non-reducing end of GAG oligosaccharides produced by GAG lyases. A structural model of PB2SF was constructed through a homology-modeling method. Six conserved amino acids around the active site were chosen for further analysis using site-directed mutagenesis. N113A, K141A, K141H, H143A, H143K, H205A, and H205K mutants exhibited only feeble activity, while the H310A, H310K, and D52A mutants were totally inactive, indicating that these conserved residues, particularly Asp52 and His310, were essential in the catalytic mechanism. Furthermore, bioinformatic analysis revealed that GAG sulfatases with specific degradative properties clustered together in the neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree. Based on this finding, 60 Δ4,5hexuronate-2-O-sulfatases were predicted in the NCBI protein database, and one with relatively low identity to PB2SF was characterized to confirm our prediction. Moreover, the signature sequences of bacterial Δ4,5hexuronate-2-O-sulfatases were identified. With the reported signature motifs, the sulfatase sequence of the Δ4,5hexuronate-2-O-sulfatase family could be simply identified before cloning. Taken together, the results of this study should aid in the identification and further application of novel GAG sulfatases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingwen Guan
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingdong Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangxue Chen
- Dongying Tiandong Pharmaceutical, Co., Ltd., Dongying, China
| | - Fuchuan Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
van Loo B, Berry R, Boonyuen U, Mohamed MF, Golicnik M, Hengge AC, Hollfelder F. Transition-State Interactions in a Promiscuous Enzyme: Sulfate and Phosphate Monoester Hydrolysis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Arylsulfatase. Biochemistry 2019; 58:1363-1378. [PMID: 30810299 PMCID: PMC11098524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa arylsulfatase (PAS) hydrolyzes sulfate and, promiscuously, phosphate monoesters. Enzyme-catalyzed sulfate transfer is crucial to a wide variety of biological processes, but detailed studies of the mechanistic contributions to its catalysis are lacking. We present linear free energy relationships (LFERs) and kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) of PAS and analyses of active site mutants that suggest a key role for leaving group (LG) stabilization. In LFERs PASWT has a much less negative Brønsted coefficient (βleaving groupobs-Enz = -0.33) than the uncatalyzed reaction (βleaving groupobs = -1.81). This situation is diminished when cationic active site groups are exchanged for alanine. The considerable degree of bond breaking during the transition state (TS) is evidenced by an 18Obridge KIE of 1.0088. LFER and KIE data for several active site mutants point to leaving group stabilization by active site K375, in cooperation with H211. 15N KIEs and the increased sensitivity to leaving group ability of the sulfatase activity in neat D2O (Δβleaving groupH-D = +0.06) suggest that the mechanism for S-Obridge bond fission shifts, with decreasing leaving group ability, from charge compensation via Lewis acid interactions toward direct proton donation. 18Ononbridge KIEs indicate that the TS for PAS-catalyzed sulfate monoester hydrolysis has a significantly more associative character compared to the uncatalyzed reaction, while PAS-catalyzed phosphate monoester hydrolysis does not show this shift. This difference in enzyme-catalyzed TSs appears to be the major factor favoring specificity toward sulfate over phosphate esters by this promiscuous hydrolase, since other features are either too similar (uncatalyzed TS) or inherently favor phosphate (charge).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bert van Loo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Berry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Usa Boonyuen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark F. Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marko Golicnik
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alvan C. Hengge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Florian Hollfelder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
First Record Mutations in the Genes ASPA and ARSA Causing Leukodystrophy in Jordan. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:7235914. [PMID: 30834272 PMCID: PMC6374869 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7235914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Leukodystrophies (LDs) are heterogeneous genetic disorders characterized by abnormal white matter in the central nervous system. Some of the LDs are progressive and often fatal. In general, LD is primarily diagnosed based on the neuroimaging; however, definitive diagnosis of the LD type is done using genetic testing such as next-generation sequencing. The aim of this study is to identify the genetic causes of LD in two independent Jordanian cases that exhibit MRI findings confirming LD with no definitive diagnosis using whole exome sequencing (WES). The most likely causative variants were identified. In one case, the homozygous pathogenic variant NM_000049.2:c.914C>A;p.Ala305Glu, which is previously reported in ClinVar, in the gene ASPA was identified causing Canavan disease. In the second case, the homozygous novel variant NM_000487.5:c.256C>G;p.Arg86Gly in the gene ARSA was identified causing metachromatic leukodystrophy. The two variants segregate in their families. The phenotypes of the two studied cases overlap with assigned diseases. The present study raises the importance of using WES to identify the precise neurodevelopmental diseases in Jordan.
Collapse
|
29
|
van Loo B, Bayer CD, Fischer G, Jonas S, Valkov E, Mohamed MF, Vorobieva A, Dutruel C, Hyvönen M, Hollfelder F. Balancing Specificity and Promiscuity in Enzyme Evolution: Multidimensional Activity Transitions in the Alkaline Phosphatase Superfamily. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 141:370-387. [PMID: 30497259 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Highly proficient, promiscuous enzymes can be springboards for functional evolution, able to avoid loss of function during adaptation by their capacity to promote multiple reactions. We employ a systematic comparative study of structure, sequence, and substrate specificity to track the evolution of specificity and reactivity between promiscuous members of clades of the alkaline phosphatase (AP) superfamily. Construction of a phylogenetic tree of protein sequences maps out the likely transition zone between arylsulfatases (ASs) and phosphonate monoester hydrolases (PMHs). Kinetic analysis shows that all enzymes characterized have four chemically distinct phospho- and sulfoesterase activities, with rate accelerations ranging from 1011- to 1017-fold for their primary and 109- to 1012-fold for their promiscuous reactions, suggesting that catalytic promiscuity is widespread in the AP-superfamily. This functional characterization and crystallography reveal a novel class of ASs that is so similar in sequence to known PMHs that it had not been recognized as having diverged in function. Based on analysis of snapshots of catalytic promiscuity "in transition", we develop possible models that would allow functional evolution and determine scenarios for trade-off between multiple activities. For the new ASs, we observe largely invariant substrate specificity that would facilitate the transition from ASs to PMHs via trade-off-free molecular exaptation, that is, evolution without initial loss of primary activity and specificity toward the original substrate. This ability to bypass low activity generalists provides a molecular solution to avoid adaptive conflict.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bert van Loo
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Christopher D Bayer
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Gerhard Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Stefanie Jonas
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Eugene Valkov
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Mark F Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Anastassia Vorobieva
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Celine Dutruel
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Marko Hyvönen
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Florian Hollfelder
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
In Silico Analysis of Missense Mutations as a First Step in Functional Studies: Examples from Two Sphingolipidoses. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113409. [PMID: 30384423 PMCID: PMC6275066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to delineate a better approach to functional studies, we have selected 23 missense mutations distributed in different domains of two lysosomal enzymes, to be studied by in silico analysis. In silico analysis of mutations relies on computational modeling to predict their effects. Various computational platforms are currently available to check the probable causality of mutations encountered in patients at the protein and at the RNA levels. In this work we used four different platforms freely available online (Protein Variation Effect Analyzer- PROVEAN, PolyPhen-2, Swiss-model Expert Protein Analysis System—ExPASy, and SNAP2) to check amino acid substitutions and their effect at the protein level. The existence of functional studies, regarding the amino acid substitutions, led to the selection of the distinct protein mutants. Functional data were used to compare the results obtained with different bioinformatics tools. With the advent of next-generation sequencing, it is not feasible to carry out functional tests in all the variants detected. In silico analysis seems to be useful for the delineation of which mutants are worth studying through functional studies. Therefore, prediction of the mutation impact at the protein level, applying computational analysis, confers the means to rapidly provide a prognosis value to genotyping results, making it potentially valuable for patient care as well as research purposes. The present work points to the need to carry out functional studies in mutations that might look neutral. Moreover, it should be noted that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), occurring in coding and non-coding regions, may lead to RNA alterations and should be systematically verified. Functional studies can gain from a preliminary multi-step approach, such as the one proposed here.
Collapse
|
31
|
Tanphaichitr N, Kongmanas K, Faull KF, Whitelegge J, Compostella F, Goto-Inoue N, Linton JJ, Doyle B, Oko R, Xu H, Panza L, Saewu A. Properties, metabolism and roles of sulfogalactosylglycerolipid in male reproduction. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 72:18-41. [PMID: 30149090 PMCID: PMC6239905 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sulfogalactosylglycerolipid (SGG, aka seminolipid) is selectively synthesized in high amounts in mammalian testicular germ cells (TGCs). SGG is an ordered lipid and directly involved in cell adhesion. SGG is indispensable for spermatogenesis, a process that greatly depends on interaction between Sertoli cells and TGCs. Spermatogenesis is disrupted in mice null for Cgt and Cst, encoding two enzymes essential for SGG biosynthesis. Sperm surface SGG also plays roles in fertilization. All of these results indicate the significance of SGG in male reproduction. SGG homeostasis is also important in male fertility. Approximately 50% of TGCs become apoptotic and phagocytosed by Sertoli cells. SGG in apoptotic remnants needs to be degraded by Sertoli lysosomal enzymes to the lipid backbone. Failure in this event leads to a lysosomal storage disorder and sub-functionality of Sertoli cells, including their support for TGC development, and consequently subfertility. Significantly, both biosynthesis and degradation pathways of the galactosylsulfate head group of SGG are the same as those of sulfogalactosylceramide (SGC), a structurally related sulfoglycolipid important for brain functions. If subfertility in males with gene mutations in SGG/SGC metabolism pathways manifests prior to neurological disorder, sperm SGG levels might be used as a reporting/predicting index of the neurological status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nongnuj Tanphaichitr
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Kessiri Kongmanas
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Kym F Faull
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Julian Whitelegge
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Federica Compostella
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Saldini 50, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Naoko Goto-Inoue
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - James-Jules Linton
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brendon Doyle
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Oko
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hongbin Xu
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luigi Panza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Arpornrad Saewu
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Isolated Peripheral Neuropathy in Atypical Metachromatic Leukodystrophy: A Recurrent Mutation. Can J Neurol Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1017/s0317167100120931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:Background:Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is a genetic neurodegenerative disorder resulting from a deficiency of arylsulfatase A. Late onset forms are relatively rare. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is characteristic at all ages.Methods:A patient in her late 40s with peripheral neuropathy was assessed by EEG, evoked potentials, CTand nerve conduction studies. Nerve and muscle biopsy samples were investigated by electron microscopy. Arylsulfatase A activity in leukocytes and excreted cerebroside sulfate were determined. The arylsulfatase A gene was investigated for mutations using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNAsequencing. The identified mutation was expressed transiently in African green monkey kidney (COS) cells to determine the effect of the mutation on arylsulfatase A activity.Results:Central nervous system functions were normal. Nerve conduction velocities were decreased. Sural nerve biopsy showed inclusions typical of MLD. Arylsulfatase A was less than 5% of normal. A homozygous mutation thr286pro was identified in the arylsulfatase A gene and demonstrated to be deleterious through transient expression studies.Conclusions:Our patient has a progressive peripheral neuropathy but has apparently intact CNS function at her present age of 57 years. Biochemical, physiological and pathological findings are consistent with a diagnosis of MLD. A homozygous mutation, thr286pro, found in her arylsulfatase A gene, decreased enzyme activity to a level consistent with a late onset form of MLD.
Collapse
|
33
|
Uduwela DR, Pabis A, Stevenson BJ, Kamerlin SCL, McLeod MD. Enhancing the Steroid Sulfatase Activity of the Arylsulfatase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimanthi R. Uduwela
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Anna Pabis
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bradley J. Stevenson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Shina C. L. Kamerlin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malcolm D. McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Clinical, Molecular, and Computational Analysis Showed a Novel Homozygous Mutation Among the Substrate-Binding Site of ARSA Protein in Consanguineous Family with Late-Infantile MLD. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 66:17-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1141-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
35
|
Potter BVL. SULFATION PATHWAYS: Steroid sulphatase inhibition via aryl sulphamates: clinical progress, mechanism and future prospects. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:T233-T252. [PMID: 29618488 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Steroid sulphatase is an emerging drug target for the endocrine therapy of hormone-dependent diseases, catalysing oestrogen sulphate hydrolysis to oestrogen. Drug discovery, developing the core aryl O-sulphamate pharmacophore, has led to steroidal and non-steroidal drugs entering numerous clinical trials, with promising results in oncology and women's health. Steroidal oestrogen sulphamate derivatives were the first irreversible active-site-directed inhibitors and one was developed clinically as an oral oestradiol pro-drug and for endometriosis applications. This review summarizes work leading to the therapeutic concept of sulphatase inhibition, clinical trials executed to date and new insights into the mechanism of inhibition of steroid sulphatase. To date, the non-steroidal sulphatase inhibitor Irosustat has been evaluated clinically in breast cancer, alone and in combination, in endometrial cancer and in prostate cancer. The versatile core pharmacophore both imbues attractive pharmaceutical properties and functions via three distinct mechanisms of action, as a pro-drug, an enzyme active-site-modifying motif, likely through direct sulphamoyl group transfer, and as a structural component augmenting activity, for example by enhancing interactions at the colchicine binding site of tubulin. Preliminary new structural data on the Pseudomonas aeruginosa arylsulphatase enzyme suggest two possible sulphamate-based adducts with the active site formylglycine as candidates for the inhibition end product via sulphamoyl or sulphonylamine transfer, and a speculative choice is suggested. The clinical status of sulphatase inhibition is surveyed and how it might develop in the future. Also discussed are dual-targeting approaches, development of 2-substituted steroidal sulphamates and non-steroidal derivatives as multi-targeting agents for hormone-independent tumours, with other emerging directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barry V L Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug DiscoveryDepartment of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
The Molecular Basis of Polysaccharide Sulfatase Activity and a Nomenclature for Catalytic Subsites in this Class of Enzyme. Structure 2018; 26:747-758.e4. [PMID: 29681469 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sulfatases play a biologically important role by cleaving sulfate groups from molecules. They can be identified on the basis of signature sequences within their primary structures, and the largest family, S1, has predictable features that contribute specifically to the recognition and catalytic removal of sulfate groups. However, despite advances in the prediction and understanding of S1 sulfatases, a major question regards the molecular determinants that drive substrate recognition beyond the targeted sulfate group. Here, through analysis of an endo-4S-ι-carrageenan sulfatase (PsS1_19A) from Pseudoalteromonas sp. PS47, particularly X-ray crystal structures in complex with intact substrates, we show that specific recognition of the substrate leaving group components, in this case carbohydrate, provides the enzyme with specificity for its substrate. On the basis of these results we propose a catalytic subsite nomenclature that we anticipate will form a general foundation for understanding and describing the molecular basis of substrate recognition by sulfatases.
Collapse
|
37
|
van Loo B, Schober M, Valkov E, Heberlein M, Bornberg-Bauer E, Faber K, Hyvönen M, Hollfelder F. Structural and Mechanistic Analysis of the Choline Sulfatase from Sinorhizobium melliloti: A Class I Sulfatase Specific for an Alkyl Sulfate Ester. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:1004-1023. [PMID: 29458126 PMCID: PMC5870055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolysis of organic sulfate esters proceeds by two distinct mechanisms, water attacking at either sulfur (S-O bond cleavage) or carbon (C-O bond cleavage). In primary and secondary alkyl sulfates, attack at carbon is favored, whereas in aromatic sulfates and sulfated sugars, attack at sulfur is preferred. This mechanistic distinction is mirrored in the classification of enzymes that catalyze sulfate ester hydrolysis: arylsulfatases (ASs) catalyze S-O cleavage in sulfate sugars and arylsulfates, and alkyl sulfatases break the C-O bond of alkyl sulfates. Sinorhizobium meliloti choline sulfatase (SmCS) efficiently catalyzes the hydrolysis of alkyl sulfate choline-O-sulfate (kcat/KM=4.8×103s-1M-1) as well as arylsulfate 4-nitrophenyl sulfate (kcat/KM=12s-1M-1). Its 2.8-Å resolution X-ray structure shows a buried, largely hydrophobic active site in which a conserved glutamate (Glu386) plays a role in recognition of the quaternary ammonium group of the choline substrate. SmCS structurally resembles members of the alkaline phosphatase superfamily, being most closely related to dimeric ASs and tetrameric phosphonate monoester hydrolases. Although >70% of the amino acids between protomers align structurally (RMSDs 1.79-1.99Å), the oligomeric structures show distinctly different packing and protomer-protomer interfaces. The latter also play an important role in active site formation. Mutagenesis of the conserved active site residues typical for ASs, H218O-labeling studies and the observation of catalytically promiscuous behavior toward phosphoesters confirm the close relation to alkaline phosphatase superfamily members and suggest that SmCS is an AS that catalyzes S-O cleavage in alkyl sulfate esters with extreme catalytic proficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bert van Loo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom; Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstrasse 1, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Schober
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eugene Valkov
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Heberlein
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstrasse 1, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Erich Bornberg-Bauer
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstrasse 1, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kurt Faber
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Marko Hyvönen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom.
| | - Florian Hollfelder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Krishnakumar K, Chakravorty I, Foy W, Allen S, Justo T, Mukherjee A, Dhoot GK. Multi-tasking Sulf1/Sulf2 enzymes do not only facilitate extracellular cell signalling but also participate in cell cycle related nuclear events. Exp Cell Res 2018; 364:16-27. [PMID: 29360432 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrates highly dynamic spatial and temporal pattern of SULF1/SULF2 expression in a number of neuronal cell types growing in normal culture medium that included their transient nuclear mobilisation. Their nuclear translocation became particularly apparent during cell proliferation as both SULF1/SULF2 demonstrated not only cell membrane associated expression, their known site of function but also transient nuclear mobilisation during nuclear cell division. Nuclear localisation was apparent not only by immunocytochemical staining but also confirmed by immunoblotting staining of isolated nuclear fractions of C6, U87 and N2A cells. Immunocytochemical analysis demonstrated rapid nuclear exit of both SULF1/SULF2 following cell division that was slightly delayed but not blocked in a fraction of the polyploid cells observed in C6 cells. The overexpression of both Sulf1 and Sulf2 genes in C6 and U87 cells markedly promoted in vitro growth of these cells accompanied by nuclear mobilisation while inhibition of both these genes inhibited cell proliferation with little or no nuclear SULF1/SULF2 mobilisation. SULF1/SULF2 activity in these cells thus demonstrated a clear co-ordination of extracellular cell signalling with nuclear events related to cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kavithanjali Krishnakumar
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, the Royal Veterinary College, University of London, UK; Department of Neurosciences, King's College, London, UK
| | - Ishani Chakravorty
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, the Royal Veterinary College, University of London, UK; Department of Neurosciences, King's College, London, UK
| | - Wendy Foy
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, the Royal Veterinary College, University of London, UK; Department of Neurosciences, King's College, London, UK
| | - Steve Allen
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, the Royal Veterinary College, University of London, UK
| | - Tiago Justo
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, the Royal Veterinary College, University of London, UK
| | - Abir Mukherjee
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, the Royal Veterinary College, University of London, UK
| | - Gurtej K Dhoot
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, the Royal Veterinary College, University of London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
The human gut microbiota makes key contributions to the metabolism of ingested compounds (xenobiotics), transforming hundreds of dietary components, industrial chemicals, and pharmaceuticals into metabolites with altered activities, toxicities, and lifetimes within the body. The chemistry of gut microbial xenobiotic metabolism is often distinct from that of host enzymes. Despite their important consequences for human biology, the gut microbes, genes, and enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism are poorly understood. Linking these microbial transformations to enzymes and elucidating their biological effects is undoubtedly challenging. However, recent studies demonstrate that integrating traditional and emerging technologies can enable progress toward this goal. Ultimately, a molecular understanding of gut microbial xenobiotic metabolism will guide personalized medicine and nutrition, inform toxicology risk assessment, and improve drug discovery and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitzan Koppel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Vayu Maini Rekdal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Emily P Balskus
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. .,Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Alméciga-Díaz CJ, Tolosa-Díaz AD, Pimentel LN, Bonilla YA, Rodríguez-López A, Espejo-Mojica AJ, Patiño JD, Sánchez OF, Gonzalez-Santos J. Anaerobic sulfatase maturase AslB from Escherichia coli activates human recombinant iduronate-2-sulfate sulfatase (IDS) and N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase (GALNS). Gene 2017; 634:53-61. [PMID: 28882567 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Maturation of type I sulfatases requires the conversion of the cysteine (Cys) or serine (Ser) present in the active site to formylglycine (FGly). This activation represents a limiting step during the production of recombinant sulfatases in bacteria and eukaryotic hosts. AslB, YdeM and YidF have been proposed to participate in the activation of sulfatases in Escherichia coli. In this study, we combined in-silico and experimental approaches to study the interaction between Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) AslB and human sulfatases, more specifically iduronate-2-sulfate sulfatase (IDS) and N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase (GALNS). In-silico results show that AslB has a higher affinity for the residual motif of GALNS (-9.4kcalmol-1), Cys- and Ser-type, than for the one of IDS (-8.0kcalmol-1). However, the distance between the AslB active residue and the target motif favors the interaction with IDS (4.4Å) more than with GALNS (5.5Å). Experimental observations supported in-silico results where the co-expression of AslB with GALNS Cys- and Ser-type presented an activity increment of 2.0- and 1.5-fold compared to the control cultures, lacking overexpressed AslB. Similarly, IDS activity was increased in 4.6-fold when co-expressed with AslB. The higher sulfatase activity of AslB-IDS suggests that the distance between the AslB active residue and the motif target is a key parameter for the in-silico search of potential sulfatase activators. In conclusion, our results suggest that AslB is involve in the maturation of heterologous human sulfatases in E. coli BL21(DE3), and that it can have important implications in the production of recombinant sulfatases for therapeutic purposes and research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Javier Alméciga-Díaz
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Andrés Dario Tolosa-Díaz
- Grupo de Bioquímica Molecular Computacional y Bioinformática, Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luisa Natalia Pimentel
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yahir Andres Bonilla
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alexander Rodríguez-López
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Angela J Espejo-Mojica
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan D Patiño
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Oscar F Sánchez
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Janneth Gonzalez-Santos
- Grupo de Bioquímica Molecular Computacional y Bioinformática, Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sunden F, AlSadhan I, Lyubimov A, Doukov T, Swan J, Herschlag D. Differential catalytic promiscuity of the alkaline phosphatase superfamily bimetallo core reveals mechanistic features underlying enzyme evolution. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:20960-20974. [PMID: 29070681 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.788240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of enzyme superfamilies specialize in different reactions but often exhibit catalytic promiscuity for one another's reactions, consistent with catalytic promiscuity as an important driver in the evolution of new enzymes. Wanting to understand how catalytic promiscuity and other factors may influence evolution across a superfamily, we turned to the well-studied alkaline phosphatase (AP) superfamily, comparing three of its members, two evolutionarily distinct phosphatases and a phosphodiesterase. We mutated distinguishing active-site residues to generate enzymes that had a common Zn2+ bimetallo core but little sequence similarity and different auxiliary domains. We then tested the catalytic capabilities of these pruned enzymes with a series of substrates. A substantial rate enhancement of ∼1011-fold for both phosphate mono- and diester hydrolysis by each enzyme indicated that the Zn2+ bimetallo core is an effective mono/di-esterase generalist and that the bimetallo cores were not evolutionarily tuned to prefer their cognate reactions. In contrast, our pruned enzymes were ineffective sulfatases, and this limited promiscuity may have provided a driving force for founding the distinct one-metal-ion branch that contains all known AP superfamily sulfatases. Finally, our pruned enzymes exhibited 107-108-fold phosphotriesterase rate enhancements, despite absence of such enzymes within the AP superfamily. We speculate that the superfamily active-site architecture involved in nucleophile positioning prevents accommodation of the additional triester substituent. Overall, we suggest that catalytic promiscuity, and the ease or difficulty of remodeling and building onto existing protein scaffolds, have greatly influenced the course of enzyme evolution. Uncovering principles and properties of enzyme function, promiscuity, and repurposing provides lessons for engineering new enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Sunden
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Beckman Center
| | | | - Artem Lyubimov
- the Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology.,Neurology and Neurological Science.,Structural Biology, and.,Photon Science.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Tzanko Doukov
- the Macromolecular Crystallographic Group, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94309
| | - Jeffrey Swan
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Beckman Center
| | - Daniel Herschlag
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Beckman Center, .,the Departments of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, and.,Stanford ChEM-H (Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health), Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 and
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD): a Pakistani Family with Novel ARSA Gene Mutation. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 63:84-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0959-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
43
|
Bose U, Wang T, Zhao M, Motti CA, Hall MR, Cummins SF. Multiomics analysis of the giant triton snail salivary gland, a crown-of-thorns starfish predator. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6000. [PMID: 28729681 PMCID: PMC5519703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05974-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The giant triton snail (Charonia tritonis) is one of the few natural predators of the adult Crown-of-Thorns starfish (COTS), a corallivore that has been damaging to many reefs in the Indo-Pacific. Charonia species have large salivary glands (SGs) that are suspected to produce either a venom and/or sulphuric acid which can immobilize their prey and neutralize the intrinsic toxic properties of COTS. To date, there is little information on the types of toxins produced by tritons. In this paper, the predatory behaviour of the C. tritonis is described. Then, the C. tritonis SG, which itself is made up of an anterior lobe (AL) and posterior lobe (PL), was analyzed using an integrated transcriptomics and proteomics approach, to identify putative toxin- and feeding-related proteins. A de novo transcriptome database and in silico protein analysis predicts that ~3800 proteins have features consistent with being secreted. A gland-specific proteomics analysis confirmed the presence of numerous SG-AL and SG-PL proteins, including those with similarity to cysteine-rich venom proteins. Sulfuric acid biosynthesis enzymes were identified, specific to the SG-PL. Our analysis of the C. tritonis SG (AL and PL) has provided a deeper insight into the biomolecular toolkit used for predation and feeding by C. tritonis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Bose
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Genecology Research Center, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, 4810, Australia
| | - T Wang
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Genecology Research Center, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - M Zhao
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Genecology Research Center, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - C A Motti
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, 4810, Australia
| | - M R Hall
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, 4810, Australia
| | - S F Cummins
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Genecology Research Center, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Chuang CK, Lin HY, Wang TJ, Huang SF, Lin SP. Bio-Plex immunoassay measuring the quantity of lysosomal N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase protein in dried blood spots for the screening of mucopolysaccharidosis IVA in newborn: a pilot study. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e014410. [PMID: 28710204 PMCID: PMC5734244 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) IVA (Morquio syndrome A) is an autosomal-recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by the deficiency of N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase (GALNS) resulting in excessive lysosomal storage of keratan sulfate. Treatments for MPS IVA have recently become available with optimal outcomes associated with early diagnosis and treatment which can be achieved by newborn screening. DESIGN Newborn screening programme for MPS IVA pilot study. SETTING MacKay Memorial Hospital (MMH), Taipei and another three branch hospitals in Taiwan. PARTICIPANTS A total of 7415 newborns were born in four branch hospitals of MMH and had joined the MPS IVA newborn screening programme. Written informed consents were obtained from parents prior to the screening process (12MMHIS188 approved by MacKay Memorial Hospital Institutional Review Board). OUTCOME MEASURES An alternative newborn screening method for MPS IVA has been performed. Screening involved measuring the quantity of GALNS in dried blood spot (DBS) from newborn infants using the Bio-Plex immunoassay. The amount of fluorescence sorting detected by yttrium aluminium garnet laser was proportional to the quantity of GALNS protein. RESULTS Of the 7415 neonates analysed, eight infants whose GALNS levels were below the cut-off value of 8.30 µg/L had been recalled for a second DBS collection. The reference values were 8.30-27.43 µg/L. In patients with confirmed MPS IVA (n=11), the GALNS quantities were far below 5% of the normal population. CONCLUSION The Bio-Plex immunoassay is a validated method used for measuring GALNS protein in DBS and has the potential to be adopted for MPS IVA newborn screening study design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Kuang Chuang
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Departmentof Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Engineering. National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Yu Lin
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tuan-Jen Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Fa Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuan-Pei Lin
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Infant and Child Care, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Science, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Insights into Hunter syndrome from the structure of iduronate-2-sulfatase. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15786. [PMID: 28593992 PMCID: PMC5472762 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hunter syndrome is a rare but devastating childhood disease caused by mutations in the IDS gene encoding iduronate-2-sulfatase, a crucial enzyme in the lysosomal degradation pathway of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate. These complex glycosaminoglycans have important roles in cell adhesion, growth, proliferation and repair, and their degradation and recycling in the lysosome is essential for cellular maintenance. A variety of disease-causing mutations have been identified throughout the IDS gene. However, understanding the molecular basis of the disease has been impaired by the lack of structural data. Here, we present the crystal structure of human IDS with a covalently bound sulfate ion in the active site. This structure provides essential insight into multiple mechanisms by which pathogenic mutations interfere with enzyme function, and a compelling explanation for severe Hunter syndrome phenotypes. Understanding the structural consequences of disease-associated mutations will facilitate the identification of patients that may benefit from specific tailored therapies. Hunter syndrome is a lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in the enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS). Here, the authors present the IDS crystal structure and give mechanistic insights into mutations that cause Hunter syndrome.
Collapse
|
46
|
Ngiwsara L, Rojnueangnit K, Wattanasirichaigoon D, Tim-Aroon T, Sawangareetrakul P, Champattanachai V, Ketudat-Cairns JR, Svasti J. Molecular analysis of the novel IDS allele in a Thai family with mucopolysaccharidosis type II: The c.928C>T (p.Gln310*) transcript is sensitive to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2989-2996. [PMID: 28588666 PMCID: PMC5450777 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hunter syndrome (or mucopolysaccharidosis type II, MPS II) is an X-linked recessive disorder induced by a deficiency of the iduronate 2-sulfatase (IDS) enzyme, resulting in the accumulation of glycosaminoglycan substrates, heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate, in the lysosomes. The progressive accumulation of undegraded metabolites induces cell and tissue dysfunction, leading to multi-systemic pathology. The heterogeneity of clinical phenotypes, ranging from mild to severe forms, results from different mutations in the IDS gene. To date, >550 MPS II causal mutations have been reported in the IDS gene, of which ~10% are nonsense mutations that lead to premature protein termination. In the present study, the IDS mutation causing MPS II in an extended Thai family was identified using IDS enzyme assay and IDS gene exon sequencing. Three family members were enzymatically confirmed to have MPS II and to carry the novel IDS nonsense allele c.928C>T (p.Gln310*). The IDS mRNA levels were evaluated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, which demonstrated that all patients exhibited a reduction of IDS mRNA, suggesting its degradation by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Expression of wild type and mutant IDS in COS-7 cells revealed that the IDS p.Gln310* mutant lacked IDS activity, consistent with production of a nonfunctional, prematurely truncated protein. Taken together, these results indicate that the IDS c.928C>T (p.Gln310*) mutation is a severe disease-causing mutation for MPS II.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukana Ngiwsara
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulaborn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Kitiwan Rojnueangnit
- Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Bangkok 10200, Thailand
| | - Duangrurdee Wattanasirichaigoon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Thipwimol Tim-Aroon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | | | - James R. Ketudat-Cairns
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulaborn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Jisnuson Svasti
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulaborn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Holmes RS. Comparative studies of vertebrate iduronate 2-sulfatase (IDS) genes and proteins: evolution of A mammalian X-linked gene. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:22. [PMID: 28401457 PMCID: PMC5388652 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0595-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IDS is responsible for the lysosomal degradation of heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate and linked to an X-linked lysosomal storage disease, mucopolysaccharidosis 2 (MPS2), resulting in neurological damage and early death. Comparative IDS amino acid sequences and structures and IDS gene locations were examined using data from several vertebrate genome projects. Vertebrate IDS sequences shared 60–99% identities with each other. Human IDS showed 47% sequence identity with fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) IDS. Sequence alignments, key amino acid residues, N-glycosylation sites and conserved predicted secondary and tertiary structures were also studied, including signal peptide, propeptide and active site residues. Mammalian IDS genes usually contained 9 coding exons. The human IDS gene promoter contained a large CpG island (CpG46) and 5 transcription factor binding sites, whereas the 3′-UTR region contained 5 miRNA target sites. These may contribute to IDS gene regulation of expression in the brain and other neural tissues of the body. An IDS pseudogene (IDSP1) was located proximally to the IDS gene on the X-chromosome in primate genomes. Phylogenetic analyses examined the relationships and potential evolutionary origins of the vertebrate IDS gene. These suggested that IDS has originated in an invertebrate ancestral genome and retained throughout vertebrate evolution and conserved on marsupial and eutherian X-chromosomes, with the exception of rat Ids on chromosome 8.
Collapse
|
48
|
Schuster T, Mühlstein A, Yaghootfam C, Maksimenko O, Shipulo E, Gelperina S, Kreuter J, Gieselmann V, Matzner U. Potential of surfactant-coated nanoparticles to improve brain delivery of arylsulfatase A. J Control Release 2017; 253:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
49
|
Jameera Begam A, Jubie S, Nanjan MJ. Estrogen receptor agonists/antagonists in breast cancer therapy: A critical review. Bioorg Chem 2017; 71:257-274. [PMID: 28274582 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens display intriguing tissue selective action that is of great biomedical importance in the development of optimal therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. There are also strong evidences to show that both endogenous and exogenous estrogens are involved in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Tamoxifen has been the only drug of choice for more than 30years to treat patients with estrogen related (ER) positive breast tumors. There is a need therefore, for identifying newer, potential and novel candidates for breast cancer. Keeping this in view, the present review focuses on selective estrogen receptor modulators and estrogen antagonists such as sulfatase and aromatase inhibitors involved in breast cancer therapy. A succinct and critical overview of the structure of estrogen receptors, their signaling and involvement in breast carcinogenesis are herein described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Jameera Begam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Udhagamandalam, India; A Constituent College of JSS University, Mysore, India
| | - S Jubie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Udhagamandalam, India; A Constituent College of JSS University, Mysore, India.
| | - M J Nanjan
- TIFAC CORE HD, JSS University, Mysore, India
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Structure of a lipid A phosphoethanolamine transferase suggests how conformational changes govern substrate binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:2218-2223. [PMID: 28193899 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1612927114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacteria have increased the prevalence of fatal sepsis in modern times. Colistin is a cationic antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) antibiotic that permeabilizes the bacterial outer membrane (OM) and has been used to treat these infections. The OM outer leaflet is comprised of endotoxin containing lipid A, which can be modified to increase resistance to CAMPs and prevent clearance by the innate immune response. One type of lipid A modification involves the addition of phosphoethanolamine to the 1 and 4' headgroup positions by phosphoethanolamine transferases. Previous structural work on a truncated form of this enzyme suggested that the full-length protein was required for correct lipid substrate binding and catalysis. We now report the crystal structure of a full-length lipid A phosphoethanolamine transferase from Neisseria meningitidis, determined to 2.75-Å resolution. The structure reveals a previously uncharacterized helical membrane domain and a periplasmic facing soluble domain. The domains are linked by a helix that runs along the membrane surface interacting with the phospholipid head groups. Two helices located in a periplasmic loop between two transmembrane helices contain conserved charged residues and are implicated in substrate binding. Intrinsic fluorescence, limited proteolysis, and molecular dynamics studies suggest the protein may sample different conformational states to enable the binding of two very different- sized lipid substrates. These results provide insights into the mechanism of endotoxin modification and will aid a structure-guided rational drug design approach to treating multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.
Collapse
|