1
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Li J, Lu C, Ye C, Xiong R. Structural, Optical, and Mechanical Insights into Cellulose Nanocrystal Chiral Nematic Film Engineering by Two Assembly Techniques. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:3507-3518. [PMID: 38758685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Iridescent cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) films with chiral nematic nanostructures exhibit great potential in optical devices, sensors, painting, and anticounterfeiting applications. CNCs can assemble into a chiral nematic liquid crystal structure by evaporation-assisted self-assembly (EISA) and vacuum-assisted self-assembly (VASA) techniques. However, there is a lack of comprehensive examinations of their structure-property correlations, which are essential for fabricating materials with unique properties. In this work, we gained insights into the optical, mechanical, and structural differences of CNC films engineered using the two techniques. In contrast to the random self-assembly at the liquid-air interface in EISA, the continuous external pressure in the VASA process forces CNCs to assemble at the filter-liquid interface. This results in fewer defects in the interfaces between tactoids and highly ordered cholesteric phases. Owing to the distinct CNC assembly behaviors, the films prepared by these two methods show great differences in the nanostructure, microstructure, and macroscopic morphology. Consequently, the highly ordered cholesteric structure gives VASA-CNC films a more uniform structural color and enhanced mechanical performance. These fundamental understandings of the relationship of structure-property nanoengineering through various assembly techniques are essential for designing and constructing high-performance chiral iridescent CNC materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Canhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Chunhong Ye
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Rui Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
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2
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Jia S, Yang B, Du J, Xie Y, Yu L, Zhang Y, Tao T, Tang W, Gong J. Uncovering the Recent Progress of CNC-Derived Chirality Nanomaterials: Structure and Functions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2401664. [PMID: 38651220 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), as a renewable resource, with excellent mechanical performance, low thermal expansion coefficient, and unique optical performance, is becoming a novel candidate for the development of smart material. Herein, the recent progress of CNC-based chirality nanomaterials is uncovered, mainly covering structure regulations and function design. Undergoing a simple evaporation process, the cellulose nanorods can spontaneously assemble into chiral nematic films, accompanied by a vivid structural color. Various film structure-controlling strategies, including assembly means, physical modulation, additive engineering, surface modification, geometric structure regulation, and external field optimization, are summarized in this work. The intrinsic correlation between structure and performance is emphasized. Next, the applications of CNC-based nanomaterials is systematically reviewed. Layer-by-layer stacking structure and unique optical activity endow the nanomaterials with wide applications in the mineralization, bone regeneration, and synthesis of mesoporous materials. Besides, the vivid structural color broadens the functions in anti-counterfeiting engineering, synthesis of the shape-memory and self-healing materials. Finally, the challenges for the CNC-based nanomaterials are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhe Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Bingbing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jing Du
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yujiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Liuyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Tiantian Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Weiwei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Junbo Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, China
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3
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Frka-Petesic B, Parton TG, Honorato-Rios C, Narkevicius A, Ballu K, Shen Q, Lu Z, Ogawa Y, Haataja JS, Droguet BE, Parker RM, Vignolini S. Structural Color from Cellulose Nanocrystals or Chitin Nanocrystals: Self-Assembly, Optics, and Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:12595-12756. [PMID: 38011110 PMCID: PMC10729353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Widespread concerns over the impact of human activity on the environment have resulted in a desire to replace artificial functional materials with naturally derived alternatives. As such, polysaccharides are drawing increasing attention due to offering a renewable, biodegradable, and biocompatible feedstock for functional nanomaterials. In particular, nanocrystals of cellulose and chitin have emerged as versatile and sustainable building blocks for diverse applications, ranging from mechanical reinforcement to structural coloration. Much of this interest arises from the tendency of these colloidally stable nanoparticles to self-organize in water into a lyotropic cholesteric liquid crystal, which can be readily manipulated in terms of its periodicity, structure, and geometry. Importantly, this helicoidal ordering can be retained into the solid-state, offering an accessible route to complex nanostructured films, coatings, and particles. In this review, the process of forming iridescent, structurally colored films from suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is summarized and the mechanisms underlying the chemical and physical phenomena at each stage in the process explored. Analogy is then drawn with chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs), allowing for key differences to be critically assessed and strategies toward structural coloration to be presented. Importantly, the progress toward translating this technology from academia to industry is summarized, with unresolved scientific and technical questions put forward as challenges to the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Frka-Petesic
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- International
Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (WPI-SKCM), Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Thomas G. Parton
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Camila Honorato-Rios
- Department
of Sustainable and Bio-inspired Materials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Aurimas Narkevicius
- B
CUBE − Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kevin Ballu
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Qingchen Shen
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Zihao Lu
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Ogawa
- CERMAV-CNRS,
CS40700, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Johannes S. Haataja
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University School
of Science, P.O. Box
15100, Aalto, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
| | - Benjamin E. Droguet
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M. Parker
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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4
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He X, Guo F, Tang K, Ge T. Crystallization Kinetics of Modified Nanocellulose/Monomer Casting Nylon Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030719. [PMID: 36772020 PMCID: PMC9920481 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyisocyanate and caprolactone were used to chemically functionalize nanocellulose (CNF). Composites of CNF, caprolactone-modified nanocellulose (CNF-CL) and polyisocyanate-modified nanocellulose (CNF-JQ)/MC nylon were fabricated by anionic ring-opening polymerization. The effects of the crystal structure, crystal morphology and crystallization process of MC nylon composites have been characterized by wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), polarized optical microscopy(POM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Isothermal crystallization kinetics were analyzed using the Avrami equation, and the crystallization rate, half-time, and Avrami exponent were calculated. The results show that the nucleation effects of CNF-JQ/MC nylon composites is increased with the CNF-JQ increase, and it is best compared with MC nylon, CNF/MC nylon and CNF-CL/MC nylon composites, so CNF-JQ can play the role of effective nucleating agent in MC nylon. We also discussed the non-isothermal crystallization of the composites. Analysis of the Jeziorny and Mo model demonstrates that the Zc values of CNF, CNF-CL, CNF-JQ/MC nylon composites increase, and the F(T) values decrease in order. This indicates that CNF-JQ can better promote the crystallization rate of non-isothermal crystallization of MC nylon. The results of this work demonstrate that CNF-JQ can be an effective nucleation agent and increase the crystallization rate of MC nylon compared with CNF-CL. The activation energy of the composites was studied using the kissing method, and the results showed that CNF-CL decreased the activation energy of MC nylon, and CNF and CNF-JQ increased the activation energy of MC nylon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng He
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
- Liaoning Polymer Materials Engineering and Technology Research Center, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Fuqiang Guo
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
- Liaoning Polymer Materials Engineering and Technology Research Center, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Kaihong Tang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
- Liaoning Polymer Materials Engineering and Technology Research Center, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Tiejun Ge
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
- Liaoning Polymer Materials Engineering and Technology Research Center, Shenyang 110142, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-186-240-789-52
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5
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Wang B, Qiu S, Chen Z, Hu Y, Shi G, Zhuo H, Zhang H, Zhong L. Assembling nanocelluloses into fibrous materials and their emerging applications. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 299:120008. [PMID: 36876760 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanocelluloses, derived from various plants or specific bacteria, represent the renewable and sophisticated nano building blocks for emerging functional materials. Especially, the assembly of nanocelluloses as fibrous materials can mimic the structural organization of their natural counterparts to integrate various functions, thus holding great promise for potential applications in various fields, such as electrical device, fire retardance, sensing, medical antibiosis, and drug release. Due to the advantages of nanocelluloses, a variety of fibrous materials have been fabricated with the assistance of advanced techniques, and their applications have attracted great interest in the past decade. This review begins with an overview of nanocellulose properties followed by the historical development of assembling processes. There will be a focus on assembling techniques, including traditional methods (wet spinning, dry spinning, and electrostatic spinning) and advanced methods (self-assembly, microfluidic, and 3D printing). In particular, the design rules and various influencing factors of assembling processes related to the structure and function of fibrous materials are introduced and discussed in detail. Then, the emerging applications of these nanocellulose-based fibrous materials are highlighted. Finally, some perspectives, key opportunities, and critical challenges on future research trends within this field are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Shuting Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Zehong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Yijie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Ge Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Hao Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Huili Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, China.
| | - Linxin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
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6
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Chang MH, Oh-e M. Kinetic arrest during the drying of cellulose nanocrystal films from aqueous suspensions analogous to the freezing of thermal motions. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21042. [PMID: 36470939 PMCID: PMC9722664 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24926-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of controlling the iridescence of cellulose films by manipulating the alignment and helical pitch of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is required to advance cellulose photonics and its optoelectronic applications. Aqueous suspensions of CNCs exhibit a cholesteric liquid crystal (LC) phase with structural color; however, attaining a uniformly colored film is extremely difficult. Presumably, because multiple interrelated factors influence the CNC molecular alignment and helical pitch, existing models are not necessarily conclusive and remain a subject of debate. To eventually achieve homogeneously colored films, we compare aqueous CNC suspensions as a lyotropic liquid LC with thermotropic ones, and we spectroscopically confirm that the coloration of CNC droplets originates from the periodic CNC structure. The suspension drying process significantly influences the quality of iridescence of CNC films. Rapidly drying a droplet of a CNC suspension forms a concentric rainbow film, with red edges and a blue center, typical of the coffee-ring effect observed in air-dried films. By contrast, slow drying under controlled humidity, which reduces capillary flow, provides higher uniformity and a large blue area. Orbitally shaking films while drying under high humidity further improves the uniformity. Therefore, the evaporation rate significantly influences the thermodynamically stabilized helical pitch of CNCs, which determines the structural color. We qualitatively model the kinetic arrest induced by the rapid evaporation of lyotropic LCs in a manner equivalent to that induced by the rate of temperature change in thermotropic LCs and other materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hsiang Chang
- grid.38348.340000 0004 0532 0580Institute of Photonics Technologies, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Sec. 2 Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
| | - Masahito Oh-e
- grid.38348.340000 0004 0532 0580Institute of Photonics Technologies, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Sec. 2 Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
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7
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Guo M, Hsieh YL. 2-Bromopropionyl Esterified Cellulose Nanofibrils as Chain Extenders or Polyols in Stoichiometrically Optimized Syntheses of High-Strength Polyurethanes. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:4574-4585. [PMID: 36200931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
2-Bromopropionyl bromide esterified cellulose nanofibrils (Br-CNFs) facilely synthesized from one-pot esterification of cellulose and in situ ultrasonication exhibited excellent N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) dispersibility and reactivity to partially replace either chain extender or soft segment diol in the stoichiometrically optimized syntheses of polyurethanes (PUs). PUs polymerized with Br-CNF to replace either 11 mol% 1,4-butadiol chain extender OHs or 1.8 mol% polytetramethylene ether glycol OHs, i.e., 1.5 or 0.3 wt% Br-CNF in PUs, exhibited an over 3 times increased modulus, nearly 4 times higher strength, and a 50% increase in strain. In either role, the experimental modulus exceeding those predicted by the Halpin-Tsai model gave evidence of the stoichiometrically optimized covalent bonding with Br-CNF, while the improved strain was attributed to increased hydrogen-bonding interactions between Br-CNF and the soft segment. These new Br-CNFs not only offer novel synthetic strategies to incorporate nanocelluloses in polyurethanes but also maximize their reinforcing effects via their versatile polyol reactant and cross-linking roles, demonstrating promising applications in the synthesis of other polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhe Guo
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, California95616-8722, United States
| | - You-Lo Hsieh
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, California95616-8722, United States
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8
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Abbasi Moud A. Advanced cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) aerogels: Bottom-up assembly perspective for production of adsorbents. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:1-29. [PMID: 36156339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The most common and abundant polymer in nature is the linear polysaccharide cellulose, but processing it requires a new approach since cellulose degrades before melting and does not dissolve in ordinary organic solvents. Cellulose aerogels are exceptionally porous (>90 %), have a high specific surface area, and have low bulk density (0.0085 mg/cm3), making them suitable for a variety of sophisticated applications including but not limited to adsorbents. The production of materials with different qualities from the nanocellulose based aerogels is possible thanks to the ease with which other chemicals may be included into the structure of nanocellulose based aerogels; despite processing challenges, cellulose can nevertheless be formed into useful, value-added products using a variety of traditional and cutting-edge techniques. To improve the adsorption of these aerogels, rheology, 3-D printing, surface modification, employment of metal organic frameworks, freezing temperature, and freeze casting techniques were all investigated and included. In addition to exploring venues for creation of aerogels, their integration with CNC liquid crystal formation were also explored and examined to pursue "smart adsorbent aerogels". The objective of this endeavour is to provide a concise and in-depth evaluation of recent findings about the conception and understanding of nanocellulose aerogel employing a variety of technologies and examination of intricacies involved in enhancing adsorption properties of these aerogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Abbasi Moud
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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9
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Babaei-Ghazvini A, Acharya B. Influence of cellulose nanocrystal aspect ratio on shear force aligned films: Physical and mechanical properties. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2022.100217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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10
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Bukharina D, Kim M, Han MJ, Tsukruk VV. Cellulose Nanocrystals' Assembly under Ionic Strength Variation: From High Orientation Ordering to a Random Orientation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6363-6375. [PMID: 35559606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the effect of the ionic strength and effective charge density on the final structural organization of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) after drying suspensions with different ionic strengths in terms of quantitative characteristics of the orientation order, rarely considered to date. We observed that increasing the ionic strength in the initial suspension results in continuous shrinking of the helical pitch length that shifts the photonic band gap to a far UV region from the visible range (from 400 to 250 nm) because of the increase in the helical twisting power from 4 to 6 μm-1 and doubling of the twisting angle between neighboring monolayers from 5.5 to 9°. As our estimation of the Coulombic interactions demonstrates, the reduction of the Debye charge screening length below a critical value of 3 nm results in the loss of the long-range helicoidal order and the transition to a disordered morphology with random packing of nanocrystals. Subsequently, very high orientation ordering with the 2D orientation factor, S, within the range 0.8-0.9, close to the theoretical limit of 1, gradually decreased to a very low value of S = 0.1-0.2, a characteristic of random organization at high ionic strength. We suggest that the loss of the chiral ordering is a result of the reduction of repulsive forces, promoting direct physical contact with the reduced contact area during Brownian motion, combined with increased repulsive Coulombic interactions of nanocrystals at nonparallel local packing. Notably, electrolyte addition enhances chiral interactions to the point where the helical twisting power is too large and the resulting nanocrystal bundles can no longer compactly pack without creating unfavorably large free volume. We propose that the Debye charge screening length in suspensions can be used as a universal parameter for CNCs under different conditions and can be used to assess expected ordering characteristics in the solid films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Bukharina
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Minkyu Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Moon Jong Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Vladimir V Tsukruk
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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11
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Droguet BE, Liang HL, Frka-Petesic B, Parker RM, De Volder MFL, Baumberg JJ, Vignolini S. Large-scale fabrication of structurally coloured cellulose nanocrystal films and effect pigments. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:352-358. [PMID: 34764430 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-01135-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals are renewable plant-based colloidal particles capable of forming photonic films by solvent-evaporation-driven self-assembly. So far, the cellulose nanocrystal self-assembly process has been studied only at a small scale, neglecting the limitations and challenges posed by the continuous deposition processes that are required to exploit this sustainable material in an industrial context. Here, we addressed these limitations by using roll-to-roll deposition to produce large-area photonic films, which required optimization of the formulation of the cellulose nanocrystal suspension and the deposition and drying conditions. Furthermore, we showed how metre-long structurally coloured films can be processed into effect pigments and glitters that are dispersible, even in water-based formulations. These promising effect pigments are an industrially relevant cellulose-based alternative to current products that are either micro-polluting (for example, non-biodegradable microplastic glitters) or based on carcinogenic, unsustainable or unethically sourced compounds (for example, titania or mica).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Droguet
- Bio-inspired Photonics Group, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hsin-Ling Liang
- Nanomanufacturing Group, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Nanophotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Frka-Petesic
- Bio-inspired Photonics Group, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M Parker
- Bio-inspired Photonics Group, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael F L De Volder
- Nanomanufacturing Group, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy J Baumberg
- Nanophotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Bio-inspired Photonics Group, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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12
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Ge W, Zhang F, Wang D, Wei Q, Li Q, Feng Z, Feng S, Xue X, Qing G, Liu Y. Highly Tough, Stretchable, and Solvent-Resistant Cellulose Nanocrystal Photonic Films for Mechanochromism and Actuator Properties. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107105. [PMID: 35107207 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs)-derived photonic materials have confirmed great potential in producing renewable optical and engineering areas. However, it remains challenging to simultaneously possess toughness, strength, and multiple responses for developing high-performance sensors, intelligent coatings, flexible textiles, and multifunctional devices. Herein, the authors report a facile and robust strategy that poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) can be converged into the chiral nematic structure of CNCs by ultraviolet-triggered free radical polymerization in an N,N-dimethylformamide solvent system. The resulting CNC-poly(PEGDMA) composite exhibits impressive strength (42 MPa), stretchability (104%), toughness (31 MJ m-3 ), and solvent resistance. Notably, it preserves vivid optical iridescence, displaying stretchable variation from red, yellow, to green responding to the applied mechanical stimuli. More interestingly, upon exposure to spraying moisture, it executes sensitive actuation (4.6° s-1 ) and multiple complex 3D deformation behaviors, accompanied by synergistic iridescent appearances. Due to its structural anisotropy of CNC with typical left-handedness, the actuation shows the capability to generate a high probability (63%) of right-handed helical shapes, mimicking a coiled tendril. The authors envision that this versatile system with sustainability, robustness, mechanochromism, and specific actuating ability will open a sustainable avenue in mechanical sensors, stretchable optics, intelligent actuators, and soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenna Ge
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Fusheng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Quanmao Wei
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Qiongya Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhixin Feng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Shile Feng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Xingya Xue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Guangyan Qing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yahua Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
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13
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Li C, Wu J, Shi H, Xia Z, Sahoo JK, Yeo J, Kaplan DL. Fiber-Based Biopolymer Processing as a Route toward Sustainability. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2105196. [PMID: 34647374 PMCID: PMC8741650 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Some of the most abundant biomass on earth is sequestered in fibrous biopolymers like cellulose, chitin, and silk. These types of natural materials offer unique and striking mechanical and functional features that have driven strong interest in their utility for a range of applications, while also matching environmental sustainability needs. However, these material systems are challenging to process in cost-competitive ways to compete with synthetic plastics due to the limited options for thermal processing. This results in the dominance of solution-based processing for fibrous biopolymers, which presents challenges for scaling, cost, and consistency in outcomes. However, new opportunities to utilize thermal processing with these types of biopolymers, as well as fibrillation approaches, can drive renewed opportunities to bridge this gap between synthetic plastic processing and fibrous biopolymers, while also holding sustainability goals as critical to long-term successful outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Junqi Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Haoyuan Shi
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14853, USA
| | - Zhiyu Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Jugal Kishore Sahoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Jingjie Yeo
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14853, USA
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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14
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Guo M, Hsieh YL. One-pot synthesis of 2-bromopropionyl esterified cellulose nanofibrils as hydrophobic coating and film. RSC Adv 2022; 12:15070-15082. [PMID: 35702441 PMCID: PMC9112886 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00722c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromo-esterified cellulose nanofibrils have been one-pot synthesized by direct heterogeneous 2-bromopropionyl esterification and in situ ultra-sonication to serve as versatile hydrophobic nm thick coating or 100 μm thick film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhe Guo
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - You-Lo Hsieh
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
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15
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Uetani K, Uto T. Off-axis photoelasticity by anisotropic molecular deformation of uniaxially aligned cellulose nanofiber films. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2021.100166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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16
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Nanocellulose Xerogel as Template for Transparent, Thick, Flame-Retardant Polymer Nanocomposites. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11113032. [PMID: 34835797 PMCID: PMC8619435 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) have excellent properties, such as high strength, high specific surface areas (SSA), and low coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE), making them a promising candidate for bio-based reinforcing fillers of polymers. A challenge in the field of CNF-reinforced composite research is to produce strong and transparent CNF/polymer composites that are sufficiently thick for use as load-bearing structural materials. In this study, we successfully prepared millimeter-thick, transparent CNF/polymer composites using CNF xerogels, with high porosity (~70%) and high SSA (~350 m2 g−1), as a template for monomer impregnation. A methacrylate was used as the monomer and was cured by UV irradiation after impregnation into the CNF xerogels. The CNF xerogels effectively reinforced the methacrylate polymer matrix, resulting in an improvement in the flexural modulus (up to 546%) and a reduction in the CTE value (up to 78%) while maintaining the optical transparency of the matrix polymer. Interestingly, the composites exhibited flame retardancy at high CNF loading. These unique features highlight the applicability of CNF xerogels as a reinforcing template for producing multifunctional and load-bearing polymer composites.
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17
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Yang X, Bonnett BL, Spiering GA, Cornell HD, Gibbons BJ, Moore RB, Foster EJ, Morris AJ. Understanding the Mechanical Reinforcement of Metal-Organic Framework-Polymer Composites: The Effect of Aspect Ratio. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:51894-51905. [PMID: 34086436 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aspect ratio (AR) of filler particles is one of the most critical determinants for the mechanical properties of particle-reinforced polymer composites. However, it has been challenging to solely study the effect of particle AR due to the difficulties of controlling AR without altering the physical and chemical properties of the particle. Herein, we synthesized PCN-222, a zirconium-based porphyrinic metal-organic framework (MOF) with preferential longitudinal growth as a series of particles with ARs increasing from 3.4 to 54. The synthetic MOF conditions allowed for the chemical properties of the particles to remain constant over the series. The particles were employed as reinforcers for poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). MOF-polymer composite films were fabricated using doctor-blading techniques, which facilitated particle dispersion and alignment in the PMMA matrix, as revealed by optical microscopy and wide-angle X-ray diffraction. Mechanical measurements showed that both elastic and dynamic moduli increased with particle AR and particle concentrations but started to decrease as particle loading increased beyond 0.5 wt % (1.12 vol %). The data obtained at low particle loadings were fitted well with the Halpin-Tsai model. In contrast, the percolation model and the Cox model were unable to adequately fit the data, indicating the mechanical reinforcement in our system mainly originated from efficient load transfer between particles and the matrix in the particle orienting direction. Finally, we showed that the thermal stability of composite films increased with the addition of MOF particles because of the high thermal degradation temperature and restricted polymer chain mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Brittany L Bonnett
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Glenn A Spiering
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Hannah D Cornell
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Bradley J Gibbons
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Robert B Moore
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - E Johan Foster
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Amanda J Morris
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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18
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Momeni A, Walters CM, Xu YT, Hamad WY, MacLachlan MJ. Concentric chiral nematic polymeric fibers from cellulose nanocrystals. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:5111-5121. [PMID: 36132352 PMCID: PMC9416860 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00425e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchical biological materials, such as osteons and plant cell walls, are complex structures that are difficult to mimic. Here, we combine liquid crystal systems and polymerization techniques within confined systems to develop complex structures. A single-domain concentric chiral nematic polymeric fiber was obtained by confining cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and hydroxyethyl acrylate inside a capillary tube followed by UV-initiated polymerization. The concentric chiral nematic structure continues uniformly throughout the length of the fiber. The pitch of the chiral nematic structure could be controlled by changing the CNC concentration. We tracked the formation of the concentric structure over time and under different conditions with variation of the tube orientation, CNC concentration, CNC type, and capillary tube size. We show that the inner radius of the capillary tube is important and a single-domain structure was only obtained inside small-diameter tubes. At low CNC concentration, the concentric chiral nematic structure did not completely cover the cross-section of the fiber. The highly ordered structure was studied using imaging techniques and X-ray diffraction, and the mechanical properties and structure of the chiral nematic fiber were compared to a pseudo-nematic fiber. CNC polymeric fibers could become a platform for many applications from photonics to complex hierarchical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Momeni
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Christopher M Walters
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Yi-Tao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Wadood Y Hamad
- Transformation and Interfaces Group, Bioproducts Innovation Centre of Excellence, FPInnovations 2665 East Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Mark J MacLachlan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute 2355 East Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
- UBC BioProducts Institute 2385 East Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
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19
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Kocaman C, Bukusoglu E, Culfaz-Emecen PZ. Controlling Ultrafiltration Membrane Rejection via Shear-Aligned Deposition of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Aqueous Suspensions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:36548-36557. [PMID: 34283581 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) of 180 nm length and 8 nm diameter were deposited on porous supports by tangential flow filtration followed by salt permeation to form ultrafiltration membranes. At a high enough shear rate on the support surface, CNCs aligned in the direction of flow, showing a nematic order. The shear rates for transition to the nematic phase determined from rheology analysis, polarized optical microscopy, and membrane performance were consistent with one another, at ca. 10 s-1. Permeating an AlCl3 solution through the shear-aligned CNC deposit stabilized the CNC layer by screening repulsive electrostatic interactions, and the stable CNC layer was obtained. On changing the surface shear rate from 10 to 50 s-1, the order parameter of CNCs increased from 0.17 to 0.7 and the rejection for Blue Dextran (5 kDa) increased from 80.4 to 92.7% and that for β-lactoglobulin (18 kDa) increased from 89.6 to 95.4%. Hence, a simple and scalable method for controlling rejection properties of ultrafiltration membranes is developed, which uses aqueous CNC suspensions to form the selective layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Kocaman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Dumlupinar Bulvari No:1 Cankaya, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Emre Bukusoglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Dumlupinar Bulvari No:1 Cankaya, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - P Zeynep Culfaz-Emecen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Dumlupinar Bulvari No:1 Cankaya, Ankara 06800, Turkey
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20
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21
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Kádár R, Spirk S, Nypelö T. Cellulose Nanocrystal Liquid Crystal Phases: Progress and Challenges in Characterization Using Rheology Coupled to Optics, Scattering, and Spectroscopy. ACS NANO 2021; 15:7931-7945. [PMID: 33756078 PMCID: PMC8158857 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) self-assemble and can be flow-assembled to liquid crystalline orders in a water suspension. The orders range from nano- to macroscale with the contributions of individual crystals, their micron clusters, and macroscopic assemblies. The resulting hierarchies are optically active materials that exhibit iridescence, reflectance, and light transmission. Although these assemblies have the potential for future renewable materials, details about structures on different hierarchical levels that span from the nano- to the macroscale are still not unraveled. Rheological characterization is essential for investigating flow properties; however, bulk material properties make it difficult to capture the various length-scales during assembly of the suspensions, for example, in simple shear flow. Rheometry is combined with other characterization methods to allow direct analysis of the structure development in the individual hierarchical levels. While optical techniques, scattering, and spectroscopy are often used to complement rheological observations, coupling them in situ to allow simultaneous observation is paramount to fully understand the details of CNC assembly from liquid to solid. This Review provides an overview of achievements in the coupled analytics, as well as our current opinion about opportunities to unravel the structural distinctiveness of cellulose nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Kádár
- Department
of Industrial Materials Science, Chalmers
University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center (WWSC), Chalmers University
of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefan Spirk
- Institute
of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz
University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tiina Nypelö
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center (WWSC), Chalmers University
of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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22
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Yue L, Ke K, Amirkhosravi M, Gray TG, Manas-Zloczower I. Catalyst-Free Mechanochemical Recycling of Biobased Epoxy with Cellulose Nanocrystals. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:4176-4183. [PMID: 35006830 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemical vitrimerization, as a method to recycle cross-linked thermosets by converting the permanent network into a recyclable and reprocessable vitrimer network, inevitably requires a catalyst to accelerate the bond exchange reactions. Here, we demonstrate a catalyst-free approach to achieve the recycling of a cross-linked biobased epoxy into high-performance nanocomposites with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). CNCs provide abundant free hydroxyl groups to promote the transesterification exchange reactions while also acting as reinforcing fillers for the resultant nanocomposites. This technique introduces an effective way to fabricate high-performance thermoset nanocomposites based on recycled polymers in an ecofriendly way, promoting the recycle and reuse of thermosets as sustainable nanocomposites for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yue
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert Road, Kent Hale Smith Bldg, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Kai Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Mehrad Amirkhosravi
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert Road, Kent Hale Smith Bldg, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Thomas G Gray
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 2080 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Ica Manas-Zloczower
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert Road, Kent Hale Smith Bldg, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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23
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Xu YT, Mody UV, MacLachlan MJ. Tuning the photonic properties of graphene oxide suspensions with nanostructured additives. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:7558-7565. [PMID: 33876810 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr01677f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photonic materials that can selectively reflect light across the visible spectrum are valuable for applications in optical devices, sensors, and decoration. Although two-dimensional (2D) colloids that stack into layers with spacing of hundreds of nanometers are able to selectively diffract light, controlling their separation in solution has proven challenging. In this work, we investigate the role of additives to control the photonic properties of hybrid colloidal suspensions of graphene oxide (GO). We discovered that low concentrations of colloidal additives like cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and clay nanoparticles (hectorite) added to GO suspensions lead to dramatic color changes. These hybrid colloidal suspensions demonstrate tunable structural colors and temperature-sensitive properties that likely originate from the entropically driven ejection of guests between the sheets, and from the interactions between colloidal electrical double layers and additional counterions. On the other hand, blending polymeric or molecular additives with GO suspensions either deteriorates or does not impact the photonic properties. These results are helpful to understand the interaction between GO suspensions and additives over different length scales, and open a path to advancing photonic materials based on hybrid colloidal suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Urmi Vijay Mody
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Mark J MacLachlan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada. and Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada and WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan and Bioproducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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24
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Nuruddin M, Chowdhury RA, Szeto R, Howarter JA, Erk KA, Szczepanski CR, Youngblood JP. Structure-Property Relationship of Cellulose Nanocrystal-Polyvinyl Alcohol Thin Films for High Barrier Coating Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:12472-12482. [PMID: 33656333 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
CO2 and O2 gas permeability are paramount concerns in food packaging. Here, the permeability of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) coatings was explored as it relates to varied CNC content. Specifically, this work focuses on the role of PVA in rheology and barrier performance of the CNC films. Results show that shear-casted CNC films are transparent and have a high-order parameter, which is attributed to the shear-thinning behavior of the CNCs. The barrier performance of the CNC films improved because of the synergistic effect of having both alignment of CNCs and a lower free volume. The CNC-PVA films exhibited excellent barrier performance as compared to traditional engineered polymers, even much higher than high barrier ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer films. Furthermore, the moisture sensitivity of the films was greatly diminished with the addition of PVA. Overall, the results show applicability of CNC-PVA coating formulations for high barrier packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nuruddin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Reaz A Chowdhury
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ryan Szeto
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - John A Howarter
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kendra A Erk
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Caroline R Szczepanski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jeffrey P Youngblood
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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25
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Saito Y, Iwamoto S, Tanaka Y, Hontama N, Endo T. Suppressing aggregation of quinacridone pigment and improving its color strength by using chitosan nanofibers. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 255:117365. [PMID: 33436198 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Quinacridone, a red pigment, is prone to aggregation, which results in undesirable color changes. Cellulose nanofibers (NFs) have been reported to adsorb quinacridone and suppress its aggregation. In this study, we investigated the potential of chitin and chitosan NFs which possess acetoamide and amino groups, as a quinacridone dispersant. Chitosan NFs, obtained by fibrillation using high-pressure homogenizer, adsorbed more quinacridone than cellulose NFs. SEM observations showed that chitosan NFs inhibited the aggregation of quinacridone, but chitin NFs did not. NMR analysis suggested the hydrogen bonding between chitosan NFs and quinacridone induced by the amino groups. The results indicated that the amino groups more facilitated the intermolecular interactions between NFs and quinacridone than the hydroxyl groups whereas the acetamide groups hindered them. Color measurements showed that the redness of quinacridone improved when cellulose or chitosan NFs were added. Chitosan NFs were found to be a novel candidate for quinacridone dispersants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Saito
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hiroshima, 739-0046, Japan.
| | - Shinichiro Iwamoto
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hiroshima, 739-0046, Japan.
| | - Yuki Tanaka
- Sanyo Color Works, Ltd., Hyogo, 670-0966, Japan.
| | | | - Takashi Endo
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hiroshima, 739-0046, Japan.
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26
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Zheng S, Liu S, Xiao B, Liu L, Wan X, Gong Y, Wei S, Luo C, Gan L, Huang J. Integrate nanoscale assembly and plasmonic resonance to enhance photoluminescence of cellulose nanocrystals for optical information hiding and reading. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 253:117260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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27
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Abstract
AbstractCellulose nanofiber (CNF) is a crystalline fiber composed of a bundle of cellulose molecular chains and is expected to be used as a new biomass-derived nanomaterial. The CNF has a unique morphology: a few to tens of nanometer width and a submicrometer to micrometer length. Its application to various materials, in particular its utilization as a polymer reinforcing material, has been anticipated due to its excellent mechanical properties. However, CNFs and plastics are generally hard to mix, and thus, it is difficult to combine them at the nanolevel. In this review, we describe the CNF/polymer nanocompositing process from Pickering emulsion. We use ~3 nm-wide wood-derived CNFs and report on the preparation of CNF/polymer homogenous composite films. We also introduce a new type of CNF/polymer composite, a core-shell microparticle, using this Pickering emulsion as a template.
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28
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Ferreras Moreno M, Stinson CJ, Shepherd RG, Welsh ID, Altaner C, Crittenden DL. Temperature-Dependent Blue Shifting of O-H Stretching Frequencies in Crystalline Cellulose Explained. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:4924-4930. [PMID: 32441522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c02793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Increasing the temperature of a chemical system generally causes covalent bonds to lengthen and weaken, often the first step in initiating chemical reactions. However, for some hydrogen-bonded systems, infrared (IR) spectroscopy measurements reveal that covalent O-H bonds actually strengthen and therefore shorten when heated. In 1957, Finch and Lippincott proposed a simple one-dimensional (1D) model to explain this effect, in which thermal excitation of intermolecular stretching modes leads to lengthening and weakening of intermolecular O-H···O hydrogen bonds, thereby indirectly strengthening the associated covalent O-H bonds. Taking cellulose (an infinitely repeating polymer of d-glucose) as an example, we use molecular dynamics modeling to show that the same mechanism is responsible for temperature-dependent blue shifting of O-H stretching bands in IR spectra of carbohydrate biopolymers, except that interchain hydrogen bonds are weakened by thermal excitation of chain-separation modes, while intrachain hydrogen bonds are weakened by thermally induced changes in ring puckering and orientation of ring substituents but not reorientation of glucose units relative to one another or overall twisting of the cellulose chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Ferreras Moreno
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Chris J Stinson
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Ross G Shepherd
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Ivan D Welsh
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Clemens Altaner
- New Zealand School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Deborah L Crittenden
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
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29
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Nuruddin M, Chowdhury RA, Lopez-Perez N, Montes FJ, Youngblood JP, Howarter JA. Influence of Free Volume Determined by Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS) on Gas Permeability of Cellulose Nanocrystal Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:24380-24389. [PMID: 32352751 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are of increasing interest for packaging applications because of their biodegradability, low cost, high crystallinity, and high aspect ratio. The objective of this study was to use positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) to investigate the free volume of CNC films with different structural arrangements (chiral nematic vs shear-oriented CNC films) and relate this information to gas barrier performance. It was found that sheared CNC films with higher CNC alignment have lower free volume and hence have more tortuosity than chiral nematic self-assembled films, which lowers gas diffusion throughout the films. The overall barrier performance of the aligned CNC film obtained in this study has a higher barrier performance than high barrier polymer films like PVOH and EVOH. Furthermore, a modified model was developed for single-component CNC films to predict the gas permeability with variation of CNC alignment with validation by the data taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nuruddin
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Reaz A Chowdhury
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Nelyan Lopez-Perez
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Francisco J Montes
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Zapopan, Jalisco 45138, México
| | - Jeffrey P Youngblood
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - John A Howarter
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Environmental & Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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30
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Uetani K, Koga H, Nogi M. Checkered Films of Multiaxis Oriented Nanocelluloses by Liquid-Phase Three-Dimensional Patterning. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E958. [PMID: 32443531 PMCID: PMC7281742 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is essential to build multiaxis oriented nanocellulose films in the plane for developing thermal or optical management films. However, using conventional orientation techniques, it is difficult to align nanocelluloses in multiple directions within the plane of single films rather than in the thickness direction like the chiral nematic structure. In this study, we developed the liquid-phase three-dimensional (3D) patterning technique by combining wet spinning and 3D printing. Using this technique, we produced a checkered film with multiaxis oriented nanocelluloses. This film showed similar retardation levels, but with orthogonal molecular axis orientations in each checkered domain as programmed. The thermal transport was enhanced in the domain with the oriented pattern parallel to the heat flow. This liquid-phase 3D patterning technique could pave the way for bottom-up design of differently aligned nanocellulose films to develop sophisticated optical and thermal materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Uetani
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka 567-0047, Japan; (H.K.); (M.N.)
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31
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Ganguly K, Patel DK, Dutta SD, Shin WC, Lim KT. Stimuli-responsive self-assembly of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs): Structures, functions, and biomedical applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 155:456-469. [PMID: 32222290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have received a significant amount of attention from the researchers. It is used as a nanomaterial for various applications due to its excellent physiochemical properties for the last few decades. Self-assembly is a phenomenon where autonomous reorganization of randomly oriented species occurs elegantly. Self-assembly is responsible for the formation of the hierarchical cholesteric structure of CNCs. This process is highly influenced by several factors, such as the surface chemistry of the nanoparticles, intermolecular forces, and the fundamental laws of thermodynamics. Various conventional experimental designs and molecular dynamics (MD) studies have been applied to determine the possible mechanism of self-assembly in CNCs. Different external factors, like pH, temperature, magnetic/electric fields, vacuum, also influence the self-assembly process in CNCs. Notably, better responses have been observed in CNCs-grafted polymer nanocomposites. These functionalized CNCs with stimuli-responsive self-assembly have immense practical applications in modern biotechnology and medicine. Herein, we have concisely discussed the mechanism of the self-assembled CNCs in the presence of different external factors such as pH, temperature, electric/magnetic fields, and their biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keya Ganguly
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinesh K Patel
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sayan Deb Dutta
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Chul Shin
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Taek Lim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Hirano T, Mitsuzawa K, Ishioka S, Daicho K, Soeta H, Zhao M, Takeda M, Takai Y, Fujisawa S, Saito T. Anisotropic Thermal Expansion of Transparent Cellulose Nanopapers. Front Chem 2020; 8:68. [PMID: 32117891 PMCID: PMC7019374 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the anisotropic thermal expansion of a transparent nanopaper structure comprising cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the nanopaper in the out-of-plane direction was 44.6 ppm/°C in the temperature range of 25-100°C, which is approximately five times larger than its CTE in the in-plane direction in the same temperature range (8.3 ppm/°C). Such a strong anisotropy in thermal expansion is mainly attributable to the anisotropic CTE values of single CNFs in the fiber axis and cross-sectional directions. We observed anisotropic thermal expansion even in a bioplastic composite containing only 2.5% w/w CNFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Hirano
- Material Characterization Laboratories, Toray Research Center, Otsu, Japan
| | - Kana Mitsuzawa
- Material Characterization Laboratories, Toray Research Center, Otsu, Japan
| | - Shun Ishioka
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuho Daicho
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Soeta
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mengchen Zhao
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Takeda
- Material Characterization Laboratories, Toray Research Center, Otsu, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Takai
- Material Characterization Laboratories, Toray Research Center, Otsu, Japan
| | - Shuji Fujisawa
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuguyuki Saito
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Araki J, Miyayama M. Wet spinning of cellulose nanowhiskers; fiber yarns obtained only from colloidal cellulose crystals. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.122116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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34
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Stimuli induced cellulose nanomaterials alignment and its emerging applications: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 230:115609. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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35
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Clarkson CM, El Awad Azrak SM, Schueneman GT, Snyder JF, Youngblood JP. Crystallization kinetics and morphology of small concentrations of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) melt-compounded into poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with plasticizer. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.122101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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36
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Transparent and strong polymer nanocomposites generated from Pickering emulsion gels stabilized by cellulose nanofibrils. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 224:115202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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37
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Kose O, Boott CE, Hamad WY, MacLachlan MJ. Stimuli-Responsive Anisotropic Materials Based on Unidirectional Organization of Cellulose Nanocrystals in an Elastomer. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kose
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Charlotte E. Boott
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Wadood Y. Hamad
- FPInnovations, 2665 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mark J. MacLachlan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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Yang X, Berthold F, Berglund LA. High-Density Molded Cellulose Fibers and Transparent Biocomposites Based on Oriented Holocellulose. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:10310-10319. [PMID: 30762342 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b22134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ecofriendly materials based on well-preserved and nanostructured wood cellulose fibers are investigated for the purpose of load-bearing applications, where optical transmittance may be advantageous. Wood fibers are subjected to mild delignification, flow orientation, and hot-pressing to form an oriented material of low porosity. The biopolymer composition of the fibers is determined. Their morphology is studied by scanning electron microscopy, cellulose orientation is quantified by X-ray diffraction, and the effect of beating is investigated. Hot-pressed networks are impregnated by a methyl methacrylate monomer and polymerized to form thermoplastic wood fiber/poly(methyl methacrylate) biocomposites. Tensile tests are performed, as well as optical transmittance measurements. Structure-property relationships are discussed. High-density molded fibers from holocellulose have mechanical properties comparable with nanocellulose materials and are recyclable. The thermoplastic matrix biocomposites showed superior mechanical properties (Young's modulus of 20 GPa and ultimate strength of 310 MPa) at a fiber volume fraction of 52%, with high optical transmittance of 90%. The study presents a scalable approach for strong, stiff, and transparent molded fibers/biocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yang
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-10044 Stockholm , Sweden
| | | | - Lars A Berglund
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-10044 Stockholm , Sweden
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39
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Superior, processing-dependent thermal conductivity of cellulose Nanocrystal-Poly(vinyl alcohol) composite films. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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40
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Kose O, Tran A, Lewis L, Hamad WY, MacLachlan MJ. Unwinding a spiral of cellulose nanocrystals for stimuli-responsive stretchable optics. Nat Commun 2019; 10:510. [PMID: 30705267 PMCID: PMC6355765 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08351-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) derived from biomass spontaneously organize into a helical arrangement, termed a chiral nematic structure. This structure mimics the organization of chitin found in the exoskeletons of arthropods, where it contributes to their remarkable mechanical strength. Here, we demonstrate a photonic sensory mechanism based on the reversible unwinding of chiral nematic CNCs embedded in an elastomer, leading the materials to display stimuli-responsive stretchable optics. Vivid interference colors appear as the film is stretched and disappear when the elastomer returns to its original shape. This reversible optical effect is caused by a mechanically-induced transition of the CNCs between a chiral nematic and pseudo-nematic arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kose
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Andy Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Lev Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Wadood Y Hamad
- FPInnovations, 2665 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mark J MacLachlan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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41
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Wang H, Li S, Wu T, Wang X, Cheng X, Li D. A Comparative Study on the Characterization of Nanofibers with Cellulose I, I/II, and II Polymorphs from Wood. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E153. [PMID: 30960137 PMCID: PMC6401748 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphic changes in cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) are closely related to their properties and applications, and it is of interest to investigate how polymorphic changes influence their properties. A comparative study on the properties of CNFs with cellulose I, I/II, and II polymorphs from wood was conducted herein. CNFs were obtained by chemical extraction combined with a simple and efficient mechanical treatment (one pass through a grinder). This process resulted in a relatively high yield of 80⁻85% after a simple grinding treatment. The polymorphic changes in the CNFs and the chemical composition, morphology, tensile performances, and thermal properties were systematically characterized and compared. The X-ray diffraction and FTIR analyses verified the existence of three types of purified pulps and CNFs with cellulose I, cellulose I/II, and cellulose II polymorphs (CNF-I, CNF-I/II, CNF-II). Morphological observations presented that these three types of CNFs all exhibited high aspect ratios and entangled structures. Tensile testing showed that the CNF films all exhibited high tensile strengths, and the fracture strains of the CNF-I/II (11.8%) and CNF-II (13.0%) films were noticeably increased compared to those of the CNF-I film (6.0%). If CNF-II is used as reinforcing material, its larger fracture strain can improve the mechanical performance of the CNF composites, such as fracture toughness and impact strength. In addition, CNF-I, CNF-I/II, and CNF-II films showed very low thermal expansion in the range 20⁻150 °C, with the coefficient of thermal expansion values of 9.4, 17.1, and 17.3 ppm/K, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the degradation temperature of CNF-I and CNF-II was greater than that of CNF-I/II, which was likely due to increased α-cellulose content. This comparative study of the characterization of CNF-I, CNF-I/II, and CNF-II provides a theoretical basis for the application of CNFs with different polymorphs and could broaden the applications of CNFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Suiyi Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Tiantian Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Xudong Cheng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Dagang Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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42
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Mashkour M, Kimura T, Mashkour M, Kimura F, Tajvidi M. Printing Birefringent Figures by Surface Tension-Directed Self-Assembly of a Cellulose Nanocrystal/Polymer Ink Components. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:1538-1545. [PMID: 30543094 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b14899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photonic printing on transparent substrates using emerging synthetic photonic crystals is in high demand, especially for antifraud applications. However, photonic printing is faced with grand challenges including lack of full invisibility of printed patterns before stimulation or after stimulus removal and absence of the long-lasting stability. Natural anisotropic crystal structures and artificially molecularly arranged polymers show an optically anisotropic property known as birefringence. Crystalline cellulose is the most abundant birefringent biocrystal on the earth. Here, we introduce a printing method based on using a cellulose nanocrystal/polymer ink that is governed by surface evaporation phenomenon and divided surface tension forces to direct the self-assembly of ink components at the nanoscale and print three-dimensional birefringent microfigures on transparent substrates. This type of printing is from now on referred to as birefringent printing. Unlike previously reported photonic crystal printing methods, this method is accurate, has high contrast, is virtually impossible to forge, and is very simple, inexpensive, and nontoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Mashkour
- Laboratory of Sustainable Nanomaterials, Faculty of Wood and Paper Engineering , Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources , Gorgan 49189-43464 , Iran
| | - Tsunehisa Kimura
- Laboratory of Fibrous Biomaterials, Deviation of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan
| | - Mehrdad Mashkour
- Biofuel and Renewable Energy Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering , Babol Noshirvani University of Technology , Babol 47148-71176 , Iran
| | - Fumiko Kimura
- Laboratory of Fibrous Biomaterials, Deviation of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan
| | - Mehdi Tajvidi
- Laboratory of Renewable Nanomaterials, School of Forest Resources , University of Maine , Orono , Maine 04469 , United States
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43
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Linear Birefringent Films of Cellulose Nanocrystals Produced by Dip-Coating. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 9:nano9010045. [PMID: 30602653 PMCID: PMC6359005 DOI: 10.3390/nano9010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Transparent films of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) are prepared by dip-coating on glass substrates from aqueous suspensions of hydrolyzed filter paper. Dragging forces acting during films’ deposition promote a preferential alignment of the rod-shaped CNC. Films that are 2.8 and 6.0 µm in thickness show retardance effects, as evidenced by placing them between a linearly polarized light source and a linear polarizer sheet in the extinction configuration. Transmission Mueller matrix spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements at normal incidence as a function of sample rotation were used to characterize polarization properties. A differential decomposition of the Mueller matrix reveals linear birefringence as the unique polarization parameter. These results show a promising way for obtaining CNC birefringent films by a simple and controllable method.
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44
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Pospisil MJ, Saha P, Abdulquddos S, Noor MM, Davis VA, Green MJ. Orientation Relaxation Dynamics in Cellulose Nanocrystal Dispersions in the Chiral Liquid Crystalline Phase. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:13274-13282. [PMID: 30301352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A Landau-de Gennes formulation was implemented in dynamic finite element simulations to compare with postshear relaxation experiments that were conducted on cholesteric cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) dispersions. Our study focused on the microstructural reassembly of CNCs in lyotropic dispersions as parameters such as chiral strength and gap confinement were varied. Our simulation results show that homeotropic and/or more complicated three-dimensional helical configurations are possible, depending on the choice of these parameters. We also observed how dynamic banding patterns develop into the hierarchical microstructures that are characterized by an equilibrium pitch length in both the experiments and simulations. This work has immediate relevance for cellulose nanocrystal dispersion processing and provides new insight into fluid phase ordering for tailorable optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Pospisil
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Partha Saha
- Samuel Ginn Department of Chemical Engineering , Auburn University , Auburn , Alabama 36849 , United States
| | - Suhaib Abdulquddos
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Matthew M Noor
- Samuel Ginn Department of Chemical Engineering , Auburn University , Auburn , Alabama 36849 , United States
| | - Virginia A Davis
- Samuel Ginn Department of Chemical Engineering , Auburn University , Auburn , Alabama 36849 , United States
| | - Micah J Green
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
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45
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Mehrali M, Bagherifard S, Akbari M, Thakur A, Mirani B, Mehrali M, Hasany M, Orive G, Das P, Emneus J, Andresen TL, Dolatshahi‐Pirouz A. Blending Electronics with the Human Body: A Pathway toward a Cybernetic Future. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1700931. [PMID: 30356969 PMCID: PMC6193179 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
At the crossroads of chemistry, electronics, mechanical engineering, polymer science, biology, tissue engineering, computer science, and materials science, electrical devices are currently being engineered that blend directly within organs and tissues. These sophisticated devices are mediators, recorders, and stimulators of electricity with the capacity to monitor important electrophysiological events, replace disabled body parts, or even stimulate tissues to overcome their current limitations. They are therefore capable of leading humanity forward into the age of cyborgs, a time in which human biology can be hacked at will to yield beings with abilities beyond their natural capabilities. The resulting advances have been made possible by the emergence of conformal and soft electronic materials that can readily integrate with the curvilinear, dynamic, delicate, and flexible human body. This article discusses the recent rapid pace of development in the field of cybernetics with special emphasis on the important role that flexible and electrically active materials have played therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Mehrali
- Technical University of DenmarkDTU NanotechCenter for Nanomedicine and Theranostics2800KgsDenmark
| | - Sara Bagherifard
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPolitecnico di Milano20156MilanItaly
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovations in MicroEngineering (LiME)Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCV8P 5C2Canada
- Center for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaV8P 5C2Canada
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies (CAMTEC)University of VictoriaVictoriaV8P 5C2Canada
| | - Ashish Thakur
- Technical University of DenmarkDTU NanotechCenter for Nanomedicine and Theranostics2800KgsDenmark
| | - Bahram Mirani
- Laboratory for Innovations in MicroEngineering (LiME)Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCV8P 5C2Canada
- Center for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaV8P 5C2Canada
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies (CAMTEC)University of VictoriaVictoriaV8P 5C2Canada
| | - Mohammad Mehrali
- Process and Energy DepartmentDelft University of TechnologyLeeghwaterstraat 392628CBDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Masoud Hasany
- Technical University of DenmarkDTU NanotechCenter for Nanomedicine and Theranostics2800KgsDenmark
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel GroupLaboratory of PharmaceuticsSchool of PharmacyUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUPaseo de la Universidad 701006Vitoria‐GasteizSpain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER‐BBN)Vitoria‐Gasteiz28029Spain
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology—UIRMI (UPV/EHU‐Fundación Eduardo Anitua)Vitoria01007Spain
| | - Paramita Das
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
| | - Jenny Emneus
- Technical University of DenmarkDTU Nanotech2800KgsDenmark
| | - Thomas L. Andresen
- Technical University of DenmarkDTU NanotechCenter for Nanomedicine and Theranostics2800KgsDenmark
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46
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Sanchez-Botero L, Dimov AV, Li R, Smilgies DM, Hinestroza JP. In Situ and Real-Time Studies, via Synchrotron X-ray Scattering, of the Orientational Order of Cellulose Nanocrystals during Solution Shearing. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:5263-5272. [PMID: 29641208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b04403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this manuscript, we report on the ordering of the cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as they experience shear forces during the casting process. To achieve these measurements, in situ and in real time, we used synchrotron-based grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAX). We believe that the GIWAX technique, although not commonly used to probe these types of phenomena, can open new avenues to gain deeper insights into film formation processes and surface-driven phenomena. In particular, we investigated the influence of solution concentration, shear-cast velocity, and drying temperature on the ordering of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) using GIWAXS. The films were prepared from aqueous suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals at two concentration values (7 and 9 wt %). As the films were cast, the X-ray beam was focused on a fixed position and GIWAXS patterns were recorded at regular time intervals. Structural characterization of the dry films was carried out via polarized optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, a rheological study of the CNC suspensions was performed. Our results show that the morphology of the CNC films was significantly influenced by shear velocity, concentration of the precursor suspension, and evaporation temperature. In contrast, we observed that the orientation parameter of the films was not significantly affected. The scattering intensity of the peak (200) was analyzed as a function of time, following a sigmoidal profile, hence indicating short- and long-range interactions within the anisotropic domains as they reached their final orientation state. A model capable of describing the resulting film morphologies is also proposed. The results and analysis presented in this manuscript provide new insights into the controlled alignment of cellulose nanocrystals under shear. This controlled alignment has significant implications in the development of advanced coatings and films currently used in a myriad of applications, such as catalysis, optics, electronics, and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ruipeng Li
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS) , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Detlef-M Smilgies
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS) , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
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47
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Parker RM, Guidetti G, Williams CA, Zhao T, Narkevicius A, Vignolini S, Frka-Petesic B. The Self-Assembly of Cellulose Nanocrystals: Hierarchical Design of Visual Appearance. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1704477. [PMID: 29250832 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
By controlling the interaction of biological building blocks at the nanoscale, natural photonic nanostructures have been optimized to produce intense coloration. Inspired by such biological nanostructures, the possibility to design the visual appearance of a material by guiding the hierarchical self-assembly of its constituent components, ideally using natural materials, is an attractive route for rationally designed, sustainable manufacturing. Within the large variety of biological building blocks, cellulose nanocrystals are one of the most promising biosourced materials, primarily for their abundance, biocompatibility, and ability to readily organize into photonic structures. Here, the mechanisms underlying the formation of iridescent, vividly colored materials from colloidal liquid crystal suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals are reviewed and recent advances in structural control over the hierarchical assembly process are reported as a toolbox for the design of sophisticated optical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Parker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Giulia Guidetti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Cyan A Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Tianheng Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Aurimas Narkevicius
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Bruno Frka-Petesic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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48
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Tardy BL, Ago M, Guo J, Borghei M, Kämäräinen T, Rojas OJ. Optical Properties of Self-Assembled Cellulose Nanocrystals Films Suspended at Planar-Symmetrical Interfaces. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1702084. [PMID: 29083528 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchically structured materials comprising rod-like, chiral, nanoparticles are commonly encountered in nature as they can form assemblies with exceptional optical and mechanical characteristics. These include cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), which have a large potential for the fabrication of bioinspired materials mimicking those advanced properties. Fine-tuning the optomechanical properties of assemblies obtained from CNCs hinges on the transformations from suspensions of liquid crystals to long-range order in the dry state. So far, associated transitions have been studied using trivial interfaces such as planar substrates. Such transitions are explored as they evolve onto meshed supports. The meshed substrate offers a complex topology, as is encountered in nature, for the formation of CNCs films. The CNCs self-assembly occurs under confinement and support of the framework bounding the mesh openings. This leads to coexisting suspended and supported nanoparticle layers exhibiting nematic and/or chiral nematic order. Optical microscopy combined with crossed polarizers indicate that the formation of the suspended films occurs via intermediate gelation or kinetic arrest of CNCs across the mesh's open areas. The formation of self-standing, ultrathin films of CNCs with tunable optical properties, such as selective reflections in the visible range (structural color), is demonstrated by using the presented simple and scalable approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise L Tardy
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16300, FI-00076, AALTO, Finland
| | - Mariko Ago
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16300, FI-00076, AALTO, Finland
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16300, FI-00076, AALTO, Finland
| | - Maryam Borghei
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16300, FI-00076, AALTO, Finland
| | - Tero Kämäräinen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16300, FI-00076, AALTO, Finland
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16300, FI-00076, AALTO, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, P. O. Box 13500, FI-00076, AALTO, Finland
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49
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Fujisawa S, Togawa E, Kuroda K. Nanocellulose-stabilized Pickering emulsions and their applications. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2017; 18:959-971. [PMID: 29383046 PMCID: PMC5784314 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2017.1401423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Pickering emulsion, which is an emulsion stabilized by solid particles, offers a wide range of potential applications because it generally provides a more stable system than surfactant-stabilized emulsion. Among various solid stabilizers, nanocellulose may open up new opportunities for future Pickering emulsions owing to its unique nanosizes, amphiphilicity, and other favorable properties (e.g. chemical stability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and renewability). In this review, the preparation and properties of nanocellulose-stabilized Pickering emulsions are summarized. We also provide future perspectives on their applications, such as drug delivery, food, and composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Fujisawa
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Eiji Togawa
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Katsushi Kuroda
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
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Haywood AD, Weigandt KM, Saha P, Noor M, Green MJ, Davis VA. New insights into the flow and microstructural relaxation behavior of biphasic cellulose nanocrystal dispersions from RheoSANS. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:8451-8462. [PMID: 29087424 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00685c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) have been studied as nanostructured building blocks for functional materials and function as a model nanomaterial mesogen for cholesteric (chiral nematic) liquid crystalline phases. In this study, both rheology and small angle neutron scattering (RheoSANS) were used to measure changes in flow-oriented order parameter and viscosity as a function of shear rate for isotropic, biphasic, liquid crystalline, and gel dispersions of CNC in deuterium oxide (D2O). In contrast to plots of viscosity versus shear rate, the order parameter trends showed three distinct rheological regions over a range of concentrations. This finding is significant because the existence of three rheological regions as a function of shear rate is a long-standing signature of liquid crystalline phases composed of rod-like polymers, but observing this trend has been elusive for high-concentration dispersions of anisotropic nanomaterials. The results of this work are valuable for guiding the development of processing methodologies for producing ordered materials from CNC dispersions and the broader class of chiral nanomaterial mesogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Haywood
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA.
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