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Vivenzio G, Scala MC, Marino P, Manfra M, Campiglia P, Sala M. Dipropyleneglycol Dimethylether, New Green Solvent for Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis: Further Challenges to Improve Sustainability in the Development of Therapeutic Peptides. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1773. [PMID: 37376220 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, peptides have gained more success as therapeutic compounds. Nowadays, the preferred method to obtain peptides is solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), which does not respect the principles of green chemistry due to the large number of toxic reagents and solvents used. The aim of this work was to research and study an environmentally sustainable solvent able to replace dimethylformamide (DMF) in fluorenyl methoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) solid-phase peptide synthesis. Herein, we report the use of dipropyleneglycol dimethylether (DMM), a well-known green solvent with low human toxicity following oral, inhalant, and dermal exposure and that is easily biodegradable. Some tests were needed to evaluate its applicability to all the steps of SPPS, such as amino acid solubility, resin swelling, deprotection kinetics, and coupling tests. Once the best green protocol was established, it was applied to the synthesis of different length peptides to study some of the fundamental parameters of green chemistry, such as PMI (process mass intensity) and the recycling of solvent. It was revealed that DMM is a valuable alternative to DMF in all steps of solid-phase peptide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Vivenzio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, 84084 Salerno, Italy
| | - Maria Carmina Scala
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, 84084 Salerno, Italy
| | - Pasquale Marino
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Michele Manfra
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, 84084 Salerno, Italy
| | - Marina Sala
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, 84084 Salerno, Italy
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2
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Jaradat DMM. Thirteen decades of peptide synthesis: key developments in solid phase peptide synthesis and amide bond formation utilized in peptide ligation. Amino Acids 2017; 50:39-68. [PMID: 29185032 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2516-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A historical overview of peptide chemistry from T. Curtius to E. Fischer to M. Bergmann and L. Zervas is first presented. Next, the fundamentals of peptide synthesis with a focus on solid phase peptide synthesis by R. B. Merrifield are described. Immobilization strategies to attach the first amino acid to the resin, coupling strategies in stepwise peptide chain elongation, and approaches to synthesize difficult peptide sequences are also shown. A brief comparison between tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc)/benzyl (Bzl) strategy and 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc)/tert-butyl (t -Bu) strategy utilized in solid phase peptide synthesis is given with an emphasis on the latter. Finally, the review focuses on the discovery and development of peptide ligation and the latest advances in this field including native amide bond formation strategies, these include the native chemical ligation, α-ketoacid-hydroxylamine ligation, and serine/threonine ligation which are the most commonly used chemoselective ligation methods that provide amide bond at the ligation site. This review provides an overview of the literature concerning the most important advances in the chemical synthesis of proteins and peptides covering the period from 1882 to 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da'san M M Jaradat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, P.O. Box 19117, Al-Salt, Jordan.
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3
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Wang B, Prinsen P, Wang H, Bai Z, Wang H, Luque R, Xuan J. Macroporous materials: microfluidic fabrication, functionalization and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:855-914. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00065c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This article provides an up-to-date highly comprehensive overview (594 references) on the state of the art of the synthesis and design of macroporous materials using microfluidics and their applications in different fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Pepijn Prinsen
- Departamento de Quimica Organica
- Universidad de Cordoba
- Campus de Rabanales
- Cordoba
- Spain
| | - Huizhi Wang
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences
- Heriot-Watt University
- Edinburgh
- UK
| | - Zhishan Bai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Hualin Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Rafael Luque
- Departamento de Quimica Organica
- Universidad de Cordoba
- Campus de Rabanales
- Cordoba
- Spain
| | - Jin Xuan
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences
- Heriot-Watt University
- Edinburgh
- UK
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Maity PK, Faisal S, Rolfe A, Stoianova D, Hanson PR. Silica-Supported Oligomeric Benzyl Phosphate (Si-OBP) and Triazole Phosphate (Si-OTP) Alkylating Reagents. J Org Chem 2015; 80:9942-50. [PMID: 26430955 PMCID: PMC4848109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of silica-supported oligomeric benzyl phosphates (Si-OBP(n)) and triazole phosphates (Si-OTP(n)) using ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) for use as efficient alkylating reagents is reported. Ease of synthesis and grafting onto the surface of norbornenyl-tagged (Nb-tagged) silica particles has been demonstrated for benzyl phosphate and triazole phosphate monomers. It is shown that these silica polymer hybrid reagents, Si-OBP(n) and Si-OTP(n), can be used to carry out alkylation reactions with an array of different nucleophiles to afford the corresponding benzylated and (triazolyl)methylated products in good yield and high purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip K. Maity
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045-7582, United States, and The University of Kansas Center for Chemical Methodologies and Library Development (KU-CMLD), 2034-Becker Drive, Delbert M. Shankel Structural Biology Center, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Saqib Faisal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045-7582, United States, and The University of Kansas Center for Chemical Methodologies and Library Development (KU-CMLD), 2034-Becker Drive, Delbert M. Shankel Structural Biology Center, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Alan Rolfe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045-7582, United States, and The University of Kansas Center for Chemical Methodologies and Library Development (KU-CMLD), 2034-Becker Drive, Delbert M. Shankel Structural Biology Center, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | | | - Paul R. Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045-7582, United States, and The University of Kansas Center for Chemical Methodologies and Library Development (KU-CMLD), 2034-Becker Drive, Delbert M. Shankel Structural Biology Center, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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5
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Fabrication of porous polymer microspheres by tuning amphiphilicity of the polymer and emulsion–solvent evaporation processing. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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6
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Shelton PT, Jensen KJ. Linkers, resins, and general procedures for solid-phase peptide synthesis. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1047:23-41. [PMID: 23943476 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-544-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This chapter describes the basic protocols for solid-phase peptide synthesis using the Fmoc group as the N (α)-protecting group (Fmoc-SPPS). The chapter introduces resins and their handling, choice of linkers, and the most common methods for peptide chain assembly. The proper choice of resins and linkers for solid-phase synthesis is a key parameter for successful peptide synthesis. This chapter provides an overview of the most common and useful resins and linkers for the synthesis of peptides with C-terminal amides, carboxylic acids, and more. The chapter finishes with robust protocols for general solid-phase peptide synthesis, i.e., the standard operations.
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Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to and overview of peptide chemistry with a focus on solid-phase peptide synthesis. The background, the most common reagents, and some mechanisms are presented. This chapter also points to the different chapters and puts them into perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knud J Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Fragment-based domain shuffling approach for the synthesis of pyran-based macrocycles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:6751-6. [PMID: 21383141 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1015255108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Complexity and the presence of stereogenic centers have been correlated with success as compounds transition from discovery through the clinic. Here we describe the synthesis of a library of pyran-containing macrocycles with a high degree of structural complexity and up to five stereogenic centers. A key feature of the design strategy was to use a modular synthetic route with three fragments that can be readily interchanged or "shuffled" to produce subtly different variants with distinct molecular shapes. A total of 352 macrocycles were synthesized ranging in size from 14- to 16-membered rings. In order to facilitate the generation of stereostructure-activity relationships, the complete matrix of stereoisomers was prepared for each macrocycle. Solid-phase assisted parallel solution-phase techniques were employed to allow for rapid analogue generation. An intramolecular nitrile-activated nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction was used for the key macrocyclization step.
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9
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Greenland BW, Liu S, Cavalli G, Alpay E, Steinke JH. Synthesis of beaded poly(vinyl ether) solid supports with unique solvent compatibility. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Kristensen TE, Hansen T. Polymer‐Supported Chiral Organocatalysts: Synthetic Strategies for the Road Towards Affordable Polymeric Immobilization. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tor E. Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, Fax: +47‐2285‐5441
| | - Tore Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, Fax: +47‐2285‐5441
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11
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Prasath RA, Gokmen MT, Espeel P, Du Prez FE. Thiol-ene and thiol-yne chemistry in microfluidics: a straightforward method towards macroporous and nonporous functional polymer beads. Polym Chem 2010; 1:685. [DOI: 10.1039/c0py00041h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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12
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Gokmen MT, Van Camp W, Colver PJ, Bon SAF, Du Prez FE. Fabrication of Porous “Clickable” Polymer Beads and Rods through Generation of High Internal Phase Emulsion (HIPE) Droplets in a Simple Microfluidic Device. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9018679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Talha Gokmen
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4 9000 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Wim Van Camp
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Patrick J. Colver
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Stefan A. F. Bon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Filip E. Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4 9000 Gent, Belgium
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Boas
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bulowsvej 27, DK-1790 Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Lu J, Toy PH. Organic polymer supports for synthesis and for reagent and catalyst immobilization. Chem Rev 2009; 109:815-38. [PMID: 19128147 DOI: 10.1021/cr8004444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinni Lu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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17
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Cavalli G, Shooter AG, Pears DA, Wellings DA, Gulzar S, Steinke JHG. Novel Non-PEG Derived Polyethers as Solid Supports. 2. Solid-Phase Synthesis Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:1012-27. [PMID: 17900168 DOI: 10.1021/cc7000887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel non-PEG derived polyether resins, coined SLURPS (Superior Liquid Uptake Resins for Polymer-supported Synthesis), were studied for their performance in solid-phase synthesis. Novel amino functional resins, SLURPS-NH2, were prepared with a loading of up to 8.5 mmol/g and employed successfully in the solid-phase synthesis of Leu-Enkephalin. The peptide was obtained with the same purity when compared to its synthesis with commercial standard poly(dimethyl acrylamide) resins. Furthermore we show loading and cleavage of aromatic carboxylic acids in excellent yield. The advantageous solvent compatibility of our support was demonstrated through the biphasic dihydroxylation of alkenes with OsO4 in t-BuOH/water mixtures producing bound 1,2-diols and synthesis and removal of a bound oxime using ethanol/water mixtures both in excellent yields. Reactions were easily monitored by gel-phase NMR and FTIR. These results show that SLURPS are very well suited for organic transformations using highly polar solvent mixtures and reagents and at much higher loading levels than standard amphiphilic resins of similar solvent compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Cavalli
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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18
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Synergic effect of hydride and proton donors in the Pd(0)-mediated deprotection of Nα-Aloc proline derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Abstract
Microarray technology has its roots in high-throughput parallel synthesis of biomacromolecules, combined with combinatorial science. In principle, the preparation of arrays can be performed either by in situ synthesis of biomacromolecules on solid substrates or by spotting of ex situ synthesized biomacromolecules onto the substrate surface. The application of microarrays includes spatial addressing with target (macro) molecules and screening for interactions between immobilized probe and target. The screening is simplified by the microarray format, which features a known structure of every immobilized library element. The area of nucleic acid arrays is best developed, because such arrays are allowed to follow the biosynthetic pathway from genes to proteins, and because nucleic acid hybridization is a most straightforward screening tool. Applications to genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and glycomics are currently in the foreground of interest; in this postgenomic phase they are allowed to gain new insights into the molecular basis of cellular processes and the development of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Seliger
- Arbeitsgruppe Chemische Funktionen in Biosystemen, Universitat Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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20
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Abstract
Soft shell (SS) resins with a lightly or noncross-linked shell layer were prepared by reducing the amount of cross-linking agent, divinylbenzene (DVB), during seed suspension polymerization from polystyrene (PS) resin. These SS resins have a lower swelling volume than that produced by normal cross-linking. Despite its lower swelling, however, SS (10-00) resin, which consists of the 1% DVB-cross-linked core and the noncross-linked surface layer, showed higher efficiency in peptide synthesis compared with 1% DVB-PS resin and other SS resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kyung Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
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21
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Porzelle A, Fessner WD. Reversible substrate anchoring: NC-SPOS as a sustainable approach to solid-supported organic synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 44:4724-8. [PMID: 15968704 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200462278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Achim Porzelle
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technischen Universität Darmstadt, Petersenstrasse 22, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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22
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Fringuelli F, Pizzo F, Vittoriani C, Vaccaro L. Polystyrene-Supported 1,5,7-Triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene as an Efficient and Reusable Catalyst for the Thiolysis of 1,2-Epoxides under Solvent-Free Conditions. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Roice M, Christensen SF, Meldal M. ULTRAMINE: a high-capacity polyethylene-imine-based polymer and its application as a scavenger resin. Chemistry 2006; 10:4407-15. [PMID: 15378618 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200400314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a novel high-loading polyethylene-imine resin (ULTRAMINE) is described, and its application as a scavenger resin in various acylation reactions is demonstrated. The inverse suspension polymerization technique was used for the synthesis of well-defined spherical polymer beads. Polymer beads with different cross-linking densities were synthesized according to the degree of acryloylation of the polyethylene-imine polymer. The resin was characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. The size, shape, and morphological features of the resin were demonstrated by microscopy. The resin showed excellent swelling properties in both polar and nonpolar solvents. The chemical stability of the resin in various reagents and solvents was investigated and monitored by IR spectroscopy. The mechanical stability of the beads was determined by a single-bead compressive experiment. The ULTRAMINE beads can be used as an excellent scavenger for excess acylating reagent, as demonstrated for a variety of reactions. ULTRAMINE-red resin was derived from ULTRAMINE through exhaustive reduction of the amide carbonyl groups to yield an all-amine resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Roice
- Center for Solid Phase Organic Combinatorial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, 2500 Valby, Denmark
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24
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Cremer GA, Tariq H, Delmas AF. Combining a polar resin and a pseudo-proline to optimize the solid-phase synthesis of a ‘difficult sequence’. J Pept Sci 2006; 12:437-42. [PMID: 16432808 DOI: 10.1002/psc.746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the optimization of a synthesis of a difficult sequence related to a 12-mer sequence of a Pan DR epitope (PADRE). Elongation was followed by on-line monitoring of the N(alpha)-Fmoc removal adapted for the batch methodology. Studying the intrinsic factors related to the peptide-resin, such as substitution level, resin nature and backbone protecting group, has led to an increase in the elongation yield and purity of the crude peptide. Optimal elongation was obtained by combining a polar resin such as PEGA and a pseudo-proline as the backbone protecting group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle-Anne Cremer
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, UPR 4301 CNRS, affiliated to the University of Orléans and INSERM, rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
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25
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Galaffu N, Sechi G, Bradley M. Polymer resin library and the discovery of highly efficient polymer supported reagents and scavengers. Mol Divers 2005. [PMID: 16311802 DOI: 10.1007/s11030–005-7458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper is focused on the preparation of a library of highly efficient, tailor made, macroporous resins as supports for reagents and scavengers. From this library a macroporous resin, prepared with 40% cross-linking and with a porogen level of 300% in toluene gave a material superior to those presently available, and was shown to be highly efficient in the preparation of novel highly reactive polymer supported reagents, including scavengers and oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Galaffu
- Combinatorial Centre of Excellence, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO 17 1BJ, UK
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26
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Galaffu N, Sechi G, Bradley M. Polymer resin library and the discovery of highly efficient polymer supported reagents and scavengers. Mol Divers 2005; 9:263-75. [PMID: 16311802 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-005-7458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2004] [Accepted: 12/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper is focused on the preparation of a library of highly efficient, tailor made, macroporous resins as supports for reagents and scavengers. From this library a macroporous resin, prepared with 40% cross-linking and with a porogen level of 300% in toluene gave a material superior to those presently available, and was shown to be highly efficient in the preparation of novel highly reactive polymer supported reagents, including scavengers and oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Galaffu
- Combinatorial Centre of Excellence, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO 17 1BJ, UK
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27
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Porzelle A, Fessner WD. Reversible Substrate Anchoring: NC-SPOS as a Sustainable Approach to Solid-Supported Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200462278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Barner L, Perera S, Sandanayake S, Davis TP. Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer graft copolymerization of styrene andm-isopropenyl-α,α′-dimethylbenzyl isocyanate from polypropylene lanterns: Solid phases for scavenging applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.21216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Gauthier M, Luo J, Calvet D, Ni C, Zhu X, Garon M, Buschmann M. Degree of crosslinking and mechanical properties of crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) beads for use in solid-phase organic synthesis. POLYMER 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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30
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Roice M, Johannsen I, Meldal M. High Capacity Poly(ethylene glycol) Based Amino Polymers for Peptide and Organic Synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200420021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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31
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Mogemark M, Gårdmo F, Tengel T, Kihlberg J, Elofsson M. Gel-phase19F NMR spectral quality for resins commonly used in solid-phase organic synthesis; a study of peptide solid-phase glycosylations. Org Biomol Chem 2004; 2:1770-6. [PMID: 15188045 DOI: 10.1039/b404802d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The spectroscopic properties for seven different commercial resins used in solid-phase synthesis were investigated with (19)F NMR spectroscopy. A fluorine-labeled dipeptide was synthesized on each resin, and the resolution of the (19)F resonances in CDCl(3), DMSO-d(6), benzene-d(6) and CD(3)OD were measured with a conventional NMR spectrometer, i.e. without using magic angle spinning. In general, resins containing poly(ethylene glycol) chains (ArgoGel, TentaGel and PEGA) were found to be favorable for the (19)F NMR spectral quality. Three serine containing tri-, penta-, and heptapeptides were then prepared on an ArgoGel resin functionalized with a fluorine-labeled linker. The resin bound peptides were glycosylated utilizing a thiogalactoside glycosyl donor carrying fluorine-labeled protective groups. Monitoring of the glycosylations with gel-phase (19)F NMR spectroscopy allowed each glycopeptide to be formed in similar 80% yield, using a minimal amount of glycosyl donor (3 x 2 equivalents). In addition, it was found that the glycosylation yields were independent of peptide length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Mogemark
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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Kunz U, Schönfeld H, Kirschning A, Solodenko W. Polymer/carrier composites as materials and reactors for organic synthesis. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1006:241-9. [PMID: 12938889 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00556-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this work new polymer/carrier composites are described which serve as novel materials in flow-through reactors for polymer-supported organic solution-phase synthesis. Monolithic polymer/carrier columns are prepared by a new precipitation polymerization process inside the void pore volume of megaporous glass carrier materials. Chemical functionalization of the internal polymer phase with chlorosulfonic acid or trimethylamine generates small, interconnected ion-exchange resin beads with a diameter of 1-3 microm which can be used for a large variety of organic syntheses. These monolithic rods are incorporated into an appropriate casing and can conveniently be operated in the flow-through mode. Important successful applications are polymer-assisted solution-phase reductions, oxidations and Horner-Emmons olefinations. Additionally, the use of these monolithic columns as catalytic microreactors and their performance in selected reactions are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Kunz
- Institut für Chemische Verfahrenstechnik, Technische Universität Clausthal, Leibnizstrasse 17, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
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Barner L, Zwaneveld N, Perera S, Pham Y, Davis TP. Reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer graft polymerization of styrene: Solid phases for organic and peptide synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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35
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Lelièvre D, Turpin O, El Kazzouli S, Delmas A. Influence of polar support for the synthesis of large C-terminal peptide aldehyde: application to chemoselective ligation. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00486-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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36
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37
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Kunz U, Altwicker C, Limbeck U, Hoffmann U. Improvement of active site accessibility of resin catalysts by polymer/carrier composites: development and characterisation of monolithic catalytic chromatographic reactors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1169(01)00306-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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Kirschning A, Altwicker C, Dräger G, Harders J, Hoffmann N, Hoffmann U, Schönfeld H, Solodenko W, Kunz U. PASSflow-Synthesen mit funktionalisierten monolithischen Polymer/Glas-Kompositen in Mikroreaktoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20011105)113:21<4118::aid-ange4118>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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39
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Hobbs DW, Guo T. Library design concepts and implementation strategies. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2001; 21:311-56. [PMID: 11789688 DOI: 10.1081/rrs-100107922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D W Hobbs
- Pharmacopeia, Inc, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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40
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Kress J, Rose A, Frey JG, Brocklesby WS, Ladlow M, Mellor GW, Bradley M. Site distribution in resin beads as determined by confocal Raman spectroscopy. Chemistry 2001; 7:3880-3. [PMID: 11596929 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20010917)7:18<3880::aid-chem3880>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Scanning confocal Raman spectroscopy was used to study the distribution of reactive sites within a resin bead used for solid-phase synthesis. The distribution of NH2 groups in aminomethylated polystyrene resin (APS) was determined by doping with varying amounts of 4-cyanobenzoic acid. The extent of loading was determined by both elemental analysis and ninhydrin assays. The spatial distribution of the coupled 4-cyanobenzamide within the bead was determined to an in-plane resolution of 1 microm and depth resolution of about 4 microm, using the strong Raman CN stretching vibrational transition at 2230 cm(-1). Dry and swollen beads were studied and the distribution was found to be essentially uniform throughout the bead in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kress
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Great Britain
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41
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Rademann J, Barth M, Brock R, Egelhaaf HJ, Jung G. Spatially resolved single bead analysis: homogeneity, diffusion, and adsorption in cross-linked polystyrene. Chemistry 2001; 7:3884-9. [PMID: 11596930 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20010917)7:18<3884::aid-chem3884>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Spatially resolved single bead analysis in the micrometer range was employed as a tool for evaluating homogeneity, diffusion, and adsorption in solid-phase supported reactions. Fluorescence microscopy (confocal and non-confocal) as well as IR microscopy were used to detect both the distribution of products and the formation of product gradients in representative reactions. For the first time, the optical slices of whole beads obtained by confocal fluorescence microscopy were compared with the fluorescence images of microtome-sliced beads. The experiments revealed that only physical slices of polystyrene beads deliver realistic representations of the distribution of fluorophores, and confirmed-in contrast to a recent report-the homogeneity of functional site distribution in polystyrene beads. Moreover, the pattern of product formation obtained from an acylation reaction as well as from an alkylation reaction were employed as probes to study the impact of bead size, diffusion, and adsorption on the reaction progress. A simulation of the diffusion process was conducted and compared with the experimental results. Diffusional control was found neither in the case of the alkylation nor in the case of the acylation reaction under investigation. As a consequence, the reaction progress was not a function of the bead sizes as proposed in the literature. Interestingly, in the case of rhodamine acylation with substoichiometric amounts an adsorption-controlled reaction was found. This result highlights the significance of adsorptive effects in solid-phase supported chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rademann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany.
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42
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Abstract
The host of solid supports available to the synthetic chemist adds yet another level of complexity to solid-phase synthesis. Although the selection of the optimal solid support for a specific synthetic transformation is still empirically driven, significant progress has been made in the development of quantitative techniques to compare solid supports, providing new insight into the microenvironment created by the interaction of the solid support with solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Gerritz
- Combichem Technology Team, Glaxo Wellcome, Inc., PO Box 13398, Five Moore Drive, 27709, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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43
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Wenschuh H, Volkmer-Engert R, Schmidt M, Schulz M, Schneider-Mergener J, Reineke U. Coherent membrane supports for parallel microsynthesis and screening of bioactive peptides. Biopolymers 2001; 55:188-206. [PMID: 11074414 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0282(2000)55:3<188::aid-bip20>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Since its invention the SPOT-synthesis methodology has become one of the most efficient strategies for the miniaturized assembly of large numbers of peptides. The combination of a facile synthetic method with high throughput solid- and solution-phase screening assays qualifies the SPOT-technique as a valuable tool in biomedical research. Recent developments such as the introduction of novel polymeric surfaces, new linker and cleavage strategies as well as automated robot systems extended the scope of practical chemical reactions that can be accommodated as well as the numbers of compounds obtainable by this technique. Thus, highly complex spatially addressed compound arrays have become accessible. Together with the introduction of novel screening assays, the method is excellently suited to elucidate recognition events on the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wenschuh
- Jerini Bio Tools GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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44
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Wang B, Chen L, Kim K. Preparation of novel 2-(trialkylsilyl)ethyl linkers and first synthesis of Tryprostatin B on solid phase. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)02312-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Bergbreiter DE. Using polymers to control substrate, ligand, or catalyst solubility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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46
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Relative Reactivities of Activated Carboxylic Acids in Amide-Forming Reactions Employed for the Synthesis of Tetraphenylporphyrin Libraries. Molecules 2000. [DOI: 10.3390/51201265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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47
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Vaino AR, Janda KD. Solid-phase organic synthesis: a critical understanding of the resin. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2000; 2:579-96. [PMID: 11126287 DOI: 10.1021/cc000046o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A R Vaino
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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48
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Bui CT, Ercole F, Pham Y, Campbell R, Rasoul FA, Maeji NJ, Ede NJ. Improving the performance of an acid-labile 4-hydroxymethyl phenoxyacetic acid (HMP) linker on resin and SynPhase grafted solid-supports. J Pept Sci 2000; 6:534-8. [PMID: 11071267 DOI: 10.1002/1099-1387(200010)6:10<534::aid-psc288>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A replacement of the acetic acid moiety by valeric acid within the 4-hydroxymethylphenoxyacetic acid (HMP) linker (Sheppard RC, Williams BJ. Acid-labile resin linkage agents for use in solid phase peptide synthesis. Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 1982; 20: 451-454) significantly improved its performance in terms of loading capacity, yield and purity of the final products. The results indicated the spacer-linker combination and type of solid supports are important factors for solid-phase synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Bui
- Mimotopes Pty. Ltd., Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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49
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Gerritz SW, Trump RP, Zuercher WJ. Probing the Reactivity of Solid Supports via Hammett Relationships. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9943187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W. Gerritz
- Contribution from the Combichem Technology Team, Glaxo Wellcome, Inc., Five Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Ryan P. Trump
- Contribution from the Combichem Technology Team, Glaxo Wellcome, Inc., Five Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - William J. Zuercher
- Contribution from the Combichem Technology Team, Glaxo Wellcome, Inc., Five Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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