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Lonardi G, Parolin R, Licini G, Orlandi M. Catalytic Asymmetric Conjugate Reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216649. [PMID: 36757599 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective reduction reactions are privileged transformations for the construction of trisubstituted stereogenic centers. While these include established synthetic strategies, such as asymmetric hydrogenation, methods based on the enantioselective addition of hydridic reagents to electrophilic prochiral substrates have also gained importance. In this context, the asymmetric conjugate reduction (ACR) of α,β-unsaturated compounds has become a convenient approach for the synthesis of chiral compounds with trisubstituted stereocenters in α-, β-, or γ-position to electron-withdrawing functional groups. Because such activating groups are diverse and amenable of further derivatizations, ACRs provide a general and powerful synthetic entry towards a variety of valuable chiral building blocks. This Review provides a comprehensive collection of catalytic ACR methods involving transition-metal, organic, and enzymatic catalysis since its first versions dating back to the late 1970s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Lonardi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Riccardo Parolin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Licini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Manuel Orlandi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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2
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Feng J, Xue Y, Wang J, Xie X, Lu C, Chen H, Lu Y, Zhu L, Chu D, Chen X. Enhancing the asymmetric reduction activity of ene-reductases for the synthesis of a brivaracetam precursor. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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3
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Ding Y, Perez-Ortiz G, Peate J, Barry SM. Redesigning Enzymes for Biocatalysis: Exploiting Structural Understanding for Improved Selectivity. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:908285. [PMID: 35936784 PMCID: PMC9355150 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.908285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of new enzymes, alongside the push to make chemical processes more sustainable, has resulted in increased industrial interest in the use of biocatalytic processes to produce high-value and chiral precursor chemicals. Huge strides in protein engineering methodology and in silico tools have facilitated significant progress in the discovery and production of enzymes for biocatalytic processes. However, there are significant gaps in our knowledge of the relationship between enzyme structure and function. This has demonstrated the need for improved computational methods to model mechanisms and understand structure dynamics. Here, we explore efforts to rationally modify enzymes toward changing aspects of their catalyzed chemistry. We highlight examples of enzymes where links between enzyme function and structure have been made, thus enabling rational changes to the enzyme structure to give predictable chemical outcomes. We look at future directions the field could take and the technologies that will enable it.
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Parmeggiani F, Brenna E, Colombo D, Gatti FG, Tentori F, Tessaro D. "A Study in Yellow": Investigations in the Stereoselectivity of Ene-Reductases. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100445. [PMID: 34586700 PMCID: PMC9292831 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ene‐reductases from the Old Yellow Enzyme (OYE) superfamily are a well‐known and efficient biocatalytic alternative for the asymmetric reduction of C=C bonds. Considering the broad variety of substituents that can be tolerated, and the excellent stereoselectivities achieved, it is apparent why these enzymes are so appealing for preparative and industrial applications. Different classes of C=C bonds activated by at least one electron‐withdrawing group have been shown to be accepted by these versatile biocatalysts in the last decades, affording a vast range of chiral intermediates employed in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, flavours, fragrances and fine chemicals. In order to access both enantiomers of reduced products, stereodivergent pairs of OYEs are desirable, but their natural occurrence is limited. The detailed knowledge of the stereochemical course of the reaction can uncover alternative strategies to orient the selectivity via mutagenesis, evolution, and substrate engineering. An overview of the ongoing studies on OYE‐mediated bioreductions will be provided, with particular focus on stereochemical investigations by deuterium labelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Parmeggiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Brenna
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Danilo Colombo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco G Gatti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Tentori
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Tessaro
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
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5
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Liu G, Li S, Shi Q, Li H, Guo J, Ouyang J, Jia X, Zhang L, You S, Qin B. Engineering of Saccharomyces pastorianus old yellow enzyme 1 for the synthesis of pharmacologically active (S)-profen derivatives. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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6
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A robust and stereocomplementary panel of ene-reductase variants for gram-scale asymmetric hydrogenation. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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7
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Old yellow enzymes: structures and structure-guided engineering for stereocomplementary bioreduction. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:8155-8170. [PMID: 32830294 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10845-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Since the first discovery of old yellow enzyme 1 (OYE1) from Saccharomyces pastorianus in 1932, biocatalytic asymmetric reduction of activated alkenes by OYEs has become a valuable reaction in organic synthesis. To access stereocomplementary C=C-bond bioreduction, the mining of novel OYEs and especially the protein engineering of existing OYEs have been performed, which successfully achieved the stereocomplementary reduction in several cases and further raise the potential of applications. In this review, we analyzed the structures, active sites, and substrate recognition of OYEs, which are the bases for their substrate specificity and stereospecificity. Sequence similarity network of OYEs superfamily was also constructed to investigate the scope of characterized OYEs. The structure-guided engineering to switch the stereoselectivity of OYEs and thus access stereocomplementary bioreduction over the last decade (2009-2020) was then reviewed and discussed, which might give new insights into the mining and engineering of related biocatalysts. KEY POINTS: • The sequence similarity network of OYEs superfamily was constructed and annotated. • The structures and active sites of OYEs from different classes were compared. • "Left/right" binding mode was used to explain the stereopreferences of OYEs. • Structure-guided engineering of OYEs to switch their stereoselectivity was reviewed.
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Marín-Valls R, Hernández K, Bolte M, Joglar J, Bujons J, Clapés P. Chemoenzymatic Hydroxymethylation of Carboxylic Acids by Tandem Stereodivergent Biocatalytic Aldol Reaction and Chemical Decarboxylation. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roser Marín-Valls
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña IQAC−CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karel Hernández
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña IQAC−CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, J.-W.-Goethe-Universität, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Jesús Joglar
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña IQAC−CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Bujons
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña IQAC−CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Clapés
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña IQAC−CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Toogood HS, Scrutton NS. Discovery, Characterisation, Engineering and Applications of Ene Reductases for Industrial Biocatalysis. ACS Catal 2019; 8:3532-3549. [PMID: 31157123 PMCID: PMC6542678 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies of multiple enzyme families collectively referred to as ene-reductases (ERs) have highlighted potential industrial application of these biocatalysts in the production of fine and speciality chemicals. Processes have been developed whereby ERs contribute to synthetic routes as isolated enzymes, components of multi-enzyme cascades, and more recently in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology programmes using microbial cell factories to support chemicals production. The discovery of ERs from previously untapped sources and the expansion of directed evolution screening programmes, coupled to deeper mechanistic understanding of ER reactions, have driven their use in natural product and chemicals synthesis. Here we review developments, challenges and opportunities for the use of ERs in fine and speciality chemicals manufacture. The ER research field is rapidly expanding and the focus of this review is on developments that have emerged predominantly over the last 4 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen S. Toogood
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Nigel S. Scrutton
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
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10
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Crotti M, Parmeggiani F, Ferrandi EE, Gatti FG, Sacchetti A, Riva S, Brenna E, Monti D. Stereoselectivity Switch in the Reduction of α-Alkyl-β-Arylenones by Structure-Guided Designed Variants of the Ene Reductase OYE1. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:89. [PMID: 31080798 PMCID: PMC6497740 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ene reductases from the Old Yellow Enzyme (OYE) family are industrially interesting enzymes for the biocatalytic asymmetric reduction of alkenes. To access both enantiomers of the target reduced products, stereocomplementary pairs of OYE enzymes are necessary, but their natural occurrence is quite limited. A library of wild type ene reductases from different sources was screened in the stereoselective reduction of a set of representative α-alkyl-β-arylenones to investigate the naturally available biodiversity. As far as the bioreduction of the ethyl ketone derivatives concerns, the results confirmed the distinctiveness of the OYE3 enzyme in affording the reduced product in the (S) configuration, while all the other tested ene reductases from the Old Yellow Enzymes family showed the same stereoselectivity toward the formation of corresponding (R) enantiomer. A possible determinant role of the "hot spot" residue in position 296 for the stereoselectivity control of these reactions was confirmed by the replacement of Phe296 of OYE1 with Ser as found in OYE3. Further investigations showed that the same stereoselectivity switch in OYE1 could be achieved also by the replacement of Trp116 with Ala and Val, these experimental results being rationalized by structural and docking studies. Moreover, an additive effect on the stereoselectivity of OYE1 was observed when coupling the selected mutations in position 296 and 116, thus providing two extremely enantioselective variants of OYE1 (W116A-F296S, W116V-F296S) showing the opposite stereoselectivity of the wild type enzyme. Lastly, the effects of the mutations on the bioreduction of carvone enantiomers were investigated as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Crotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Parmeggiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Francesco G. Gatti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sacchetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Riva
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, C.N.R., Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Brenna
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Monti
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, C.N.R., Milan, Italy
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11
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Morais ATB, Ferreira IM, Jimenez DE, Porto AL. Synthesis of α-chloroacetophenones with NH4Cl/Oxone® in situ followed by bioreduction with whole cells of marine-derived fungi. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Powell, III RW, Buteler MP, Lenka S, Crotti M, Santangelo S, Burg MJ, Bruner S, Brenna E, Roitberg AE, Stewart JD. Investigating Saccharomyces cerevisiae alkene reductase OYE 3 by substrate profiling, X-ray crystallography and computational methods. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy00440d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae OYE 3 and OYE 1 share 80% sequence identity, but sometimes differ in stereoselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Pilar Buteler
- Department of Chemistry
- 126 Sisler Hall
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
- USA
| | - Sunidhi Lenka
- Department of Chemistry
- 126 Sisler Hall
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
- USA
| | - Michele Crotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano
- Milano
- Italy
| | - Sara Santangelo
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano
- Milano
- Italy
| | - Matthew J. Burg
- Department of Chemistry
- 126 Sisler Hall
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
- USA
| | - Steven Bruner
- Department of Chemistry
- 126 Sisler Hall
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
- USA
| | - Elisabetta Brenna
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano
- Milano
- Italy
| | - Adrian E. Roitberg
- Department of Chemistry
- 126 Sisler Hall
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
- USA
| | - Jon D. Stewart
- Department of Chemistry
- 126 Sisler Hall
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
- USA
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Sun Z, Wu L, Bocola M, Chan HCS, Lonsdale R, Kong XD, Yuan S, Zhou J, Reetz MT. Structural and Computational Insight into the Catalytic Mechanism of Limonene Epoxide Hydrolase Mutants in Stereoselective Transformations. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 140:310-318. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhoutong Sun
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Lian Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Marco Bocola
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Fachbereich Chemie der Philipps Universität, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - H. C. Stephen Chan
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry of Polymers and Membranes, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH B3 495 (Bâtiment CH) Station
6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard Lonsdale
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Fachbereich Chemie der Philipps Universität, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Xu-Dong Kong
- State
Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shuguang Yuan
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry of Polymers and Membranes, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH B3 495 (Bâtiment CH) Station
6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jiahai Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Manfred T. Reetz
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Fachbereich Chemie der Philipps Universität, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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14
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Old Yellow Enzyme-Catalysed Asymmetric Hydrogenation: Linking Family Roots with Improved Catalysis. Catalysts 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/catal7050130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Nett N, Duewel S, Richter AA, Hoebenreich S. Revealing Additional Stereocomplementary Pairs of Old Yellow Enzymes by Rational Transfer of Engineered Residues. Chembiochem 2017; 18:685-691. [PMID: 28107586 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Every year numerous protein engineering and directed evolution studies are published, increasing the knowledge that could be used by protein engineers. Here we test a protein engineering strategy that allows quick access to improved biocatalysts with very little screening effort. Conceptually it is assumed that engineered residues previously identified by rational and random methods induce similar improvements when transferred to family members. In an application to ene-reductases from the Old Yellow Enzyme (OYE) family, the newly created variants were tested with three compounds, revealing more stereocomplementary OYE pairs with potent turnover frequencies (up to 660 h-1 ) and excellent stereoselectivities (up to >99 %). Although systematic prediction of absolute enantioselectivity of OYE variants remains a challenge, "scaffold sampling" was confirmed as a promising addition to protein engineers' collection of strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Nett
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Duewel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Annelis Richter
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Hoebenreich
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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17
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Applications of protein engineering to members of the old yellow enzyme family. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:624-31. [PMID: 25940546 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the 20 years since Massey's initial report in 1995, interest in using alkene reductases to prepare chiral intermediates for synthesis has grown rapidly. While native alkene reductases often show very high stereoselectivities toward favorable substrates, these enzymes have somewhat size-restricted active sites that limit their substrate ranges to small alkenes. In addition, most alkene reductases have the same stereoselectivities, which makes it difficult to access the "other" product enantiomers. Protein engineering strategies have been used to address both of these issues and good progress has been made in several cases. This review summarizes published examples through late 2014 and focuses on studies of six enzymes: Saccharomyces pastorianus OYE 1, tomato OPR1, Zymomonas mobilis NCR, Enterobacter cloacae PB2 PETN reductase, Bacillus subtilis YqjM and Pichia stipitis OYE 2.6.
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18
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Rüthlein E, Classen T, Dobnikar L, Schölzel M, Pietruszka J. Finding the Selectivity Switch - A Rational Approach towards Stereocomplementary Variants of the Ene Reductase YqjM. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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19
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Reß T, Hummel W, Hanlon SP, Iding H, Gröger H. The Organic-Synthetic Potential of Recombinant Ene Reductases: Substrate-Scope Evaluation and Process Optimization. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Brenna E, Fronza G, Fuganti C, Parmeggiani F. Investigation of the stereochemical course of ene reductase-catalysed reactions by deuterium labelling. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2015; 51:24-32. [PMID: 25675259 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2015.1009909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The stereoselective reduction of suitably substituted C═C bonds mediated by enzymes, called ene reductases, has received great attention in the last decade. Some successful applications of this biocatalysed procedure to the synthesis of chiral active pharmaceutical ingredients have been reported in the literature. The generation of suitable models to be used for predicting the stereochemical outcome of this kind of reductions is a challenging task. In the last years we have exploited deuterium labelling to investigate the stereochemical course of the enzyme-mediated reductions of a wide collection of substrates belonging to well-defined chemical classes. The results of this research have allowed us to draw conclusions on the relationship between the structural characteristics of the substrate and the binding mode it adopts in the enzyme active site. The collected data can be exploited to create an empirical model to rationalise and predict the stereoselectivity of old yellow enzyme (OYE)-catalysed reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Brenna
- a Dipartimento di Chimica , Politecnico di Milano , Materiali, Ingegneria Chimica, Milano , Italy
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Patterson-Orazem A, Sullivan B, Stewart JD. Pichia stipitis OYE 2.6 variants with improved catalytic efficiencies from site-saturation mutagenesis libraries. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:5628-32. [PMID: 25087048 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
An earlier directed evolution project using alkene reductase OYE 2.6 from Pichia stipitis yielded 13 active site variants with improved properties toward three homologous Baylis-Hillman adducts. Here, we probed the generality of these improvements by testing the wild-type and all 13 variants against a panel of 16 structurally-diverse electron-deficient alkenes. Several substrates were sterically demanding, and as hoped, creating additional active site volume yielded better conversions for these alkenes. The most impressive improvement was found for 2-butylidenecyclohexanone. The wild-type provided less than 20% conversion after 24h; a triple mutant afforded more than 60% conversion in the same time period. Moreover, even wild-type OYE 2.6 can reduce cyclohexenones with very bulky 4-substituents efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bradford Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 126 Sisler Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jon D Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 126 Sisler Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Walton AZ, Sullivan B, Patterson-Orazem AC, Stewart JD. Residues Controlling Facial Selectivity in an Alkene Reductase and Semirational Alterations to Create Stereocomplementary Variants. ACS Catal 2014; 4:2307-2318. [PMID: 25068071 PMCID: PMC4105185 DOI: 10.1021/cs500429k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
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A systematic
saturation mutagenesis campaign was carried out on
an alkene reductase from Pichia stipitis (OYE 2.6) to develop variants with reversed stereoselectivities.
Wild-type OYE 2.6 reduces three representative Baylis–Hillman
adducts to the corresponding S products with almost
complete stereoselectivities and good catalytic efficiencies. We created
and screened 13 first-generation, site-saturation mutagenesis libraries,
targeting residues found near the bound substrate. One variant (Tyr78Trp)
showed high R selectivity
toward one of the three substrates, but no change (cyclohexenone derivative)
and no catalytic activity (acrylate derivative) for the other two.
Subsequent rounds of mutagenesis retained the Tyr78Trp mutation and
explored other residues that impacted stereoselectivity when altered
in a wild-type background. These efforts yielded double and triple
mutants that possessed inverted stereoselectivities for two of the
three substrates (conversions >99% and at least 91% ee (R)). To understand the reasons underlying the stereochemical
changes,
we solved crystal structures of two key mutants: Tyr78Trp and Tyr78Trp/Ile113Cys,
the latter with substrate partially occupying the active site. By
combining these experimental data with modeling studies, we have proposed
a rationale that explains the impacts of the most useful mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Z. Walton
- Department of Chemistry, 126 Sisler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 United States
| | - Bradford Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry, 126 Sisler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 United States
| | - Athéna C. Patterson-Orazem
- Department of Chemistry, 126 Sisler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 United States
| | - Jon D. Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, 126 Sisler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 United States
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Litthauer S, Gargiulo S, van Heerden E, Hollmann F, Opperman D. Heterologous expression and characterization of the ene-reductases from Deinococcus radiodurans and Ralstonia metallidurans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Pompeu YA, Sullivan B, Stewart JD. X-ray Crystallography Reveals How Subtle Changes Control the Orientation of Substrate Binding in an Alkene Reductase. ACS Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/cs400622e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri A. Pompeu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Florida, 126 Sisler Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Bradford Sullivan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Florida, 126 Sisler Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Jon D. Stewart
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Florida, 126 Sisler Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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Brenna E, Gatti FG, Malpezzi L, Monti D, Parmeggiani F, Sacchetti A. Synthesis of robalzotan, ebalzotan, and rotigotine precursors via the stereoselective multienzymatic cascade reduction of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. J Org Chem 2013; 78:4811-22. [PMID: 23611252 DOI: 10.1021/jo4003097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A stereoselective synthesis of bicyclic primary or secondary amines, based on tetralin or chroman structural moieties, is reported. These amines are precursors of important active pharmaceutical ingredients such as rotigotine (Neupro), robalzotan, and ebalzotan. The key step is based on a multienzymatic reduction of an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde or ketone to give the saturated primary or secondary alcohol, in a high yield and with a high ee. The catalytic system consists of the combination of an ene-reductase (ER; i.e., OYE2 or OYE3 belonging to the Old Yellow Enzyme family) with an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), applying the in situ substrate feeding product removal technology. By this system the formation of the allylic alcohol side product and the racemization of the chirally unstable α-substituted aldehyde intermediate are minimized. The primary alcohols were elaborated via a Curtius rearrangement. The combination of OYE2 with a Prelog or an anti-Prelog ADH allowed the preparation of the secondary alcohols with ee > 99% and de > 87%. The absolute configuration of the primary amines was unambiguously assigned by comparison with authentic samples. The stereochemistry of secondary alcohols was assigned by X-ray crystal structure and NMR analysis of Mosher esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Brenna
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Sullivan B, Walton AZ, Stewart JD. Library construction and evaluation for site saturation mutagenesis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2013; 53:70-7. [PMID: 23683706 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We developed a method for creating and evaluating site-saturation libraries that consistently yields an average of 27.4±3.0 codons of the 32 possible within a pool of 95 transformants. This was verified by sequencing 95 members from 11 independent libraries within the gene encoding alkene reductase OYE 2.6 from Pichia stipitis. Correct PCR primer design as well as a variety of factors that increase transformation efficiency were critical contributors to the method's overall success. We also developed a quantitative analysis of library quality (Q-values) that defines library degeneracy. Q-values can be calculated from standard fluorescence sequencing data (capillary electropherograms) and the degeneracy predicted from an early stage of library construction (pooled plasmids from the initial transformation) closely matched that observed after ca. 1000 library members were sequenced. Based on this experience, we suggest that this analysis can be a useful guide when applying our optimized protocol to new systems, allowing one to focus only on good-quality libraries and reject substandard libraries at an early stage. This advantage is particularly important when lower-throughput screening techniques such as chiral-phase GC must be employed to identify protein variants with desirable properties, e.g., altered stereoselectivities or when multiple codons are targeted for simultaneous randomization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 126 Sisler Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Brenna E, Gatti FG, Manfredi A, Monti D, Parmeggiani F. Old Yellow Enzyme-mediated reduction of β-cyano-α,β-unsaturated esters for the synthesis of chiral building blocks: stereochemical analysis of the reaction. Catal Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cy20804d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Brenna E, Gatti FG, Manfredi A, Monti D, Parmeggiani F. Steric Effects on the Stereochemistry of Old Yellow Enzyme-Mediated Reductions of Unsaturated Diesters: Flipping of the Substrate within the Enzyme Active Site Induced by Structural Modifications. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Pompeu YA, Sullivan B, Walton AZ, Stewart JD. Structural and Catalytic Characterization of Pichia stipitis OYE 2.6, a Useful Biocatalyst for Asymmetric Alkene Reductions. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lima-Junior CG, Vasconcellos MLAA. Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts: biological activities and potentialities to the discovery of new cheaper drugs. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:3954-71. [PMID: 22632793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to present by the first time the Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts (MBHA) as a new class of bioactive compounds and highlight its potentialities to the discovery of new cheaper and efficient drugs. Now, most these compounds can be prepared fast and on a single synthetic step (one-pot reaction) in high yields and using ecofriendly synthetic protocols. We highlight here the aromatic MBHA, which have shown diverse biological activities as anti-Leishmania chagasi and Leishmania amazonensis (parasites that cause cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis), anti-Trypanosoma cruzi (parasite that cause Chagas disease), anti-Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium berghei (parasites that cause malaria), lethal against Biomphalaria glabrata (the snail transmitter of schistosomiasis), antibacterial, antifungal, herbicide and actives against some human tumor cell lines. Understanding of the biological mechanisms of action of this new class of molecules is still in the infancy stage. However, we report here which has been described to date on the possibilities of biological mechanisms of action, and we present new analyzes based on literature in this area. The academic and industrial interest in selecting green and cheaper experiments to the drugs development has been the prime mover of the growth on the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio G Lima-Junior
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Medicinal da Paraíba (LASOM-PB), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Campus I, João Pessoa PB 58059-900, Brazil
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