1
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Shen X, Wu D, Zhang H, Liu X, Cao L, Yao T. Application of Time-Resolved Synchrotron X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy in an Energy Conversion Reaction. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:645-652. [PMID: 36637141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The rational design of high-efficiency catalysts is hindered by the knowledge of active sites, which always experience dynamic transformations within different time scales. In this regard, tracking these time-dependent processes is essential to building the correlation between the active site and catalytic performance. Achieving this goal requires powerful characterization techniques to overcome the obstacle induced by the time mismatch. By virtue of the local structure sensitivity, synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) comprising step-scanning XAS, quick-scanning XAS, and energy-dispersive XAS has been widely applied to record structural evolution events. In this Perspective, we highlight the substantial accomplishments achieved by these time-resolved XAS techniques. Their principles, advantages, and limitations involved in monitoring energy-involving electrocatalysis were also introduced. Meanwhile, the key challenges that we are encountering and the further directions of time-resolved XAS are also provided. We sincerely hope that these insights could offer a reliable guideline for other researchers to design more efficient in situ experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Shen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Dan Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Xiaokang Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Linlin Cao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Tao Yao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
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2
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Kreider ME, Burke Stevens M. Material Changes in Electrocatalysis: An In Situ/Operando Focus on the Dynamics of Cobalt‐Based Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Catalysts. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa E. Kreider
- Department of Chemical Engineering Stanford University 443 Via Ortega, Stanford California 94305 United States
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park California 94025 United States
| | - Michaela Burke Stevens
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park California 94025 United States
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3
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Sato K, Zaitsu S, Kitayama G, Yagi S, Kayada Y, Nishida Y, Wada Y, Nagaoka K. Operando Spectroscopic Study of the Dynamics of Ru Catalyst during Preferential Oxidation of CO and the Prevention of Ammonia Poisoning by Pt. JACS AU 2022; 2:1627-1637. [PMID: 35911446 PMCID: PMC9326823 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen is a promising clean energy source. In domestic polymer electrolyte fuel cell systems, hydrogen is produced by reforming of natural gas; however, the reformate contains carbon monoxide (CO) as a major impurity. This CO is removed from the reformate by a combination of the water-gas shift reaction and preferential oxidation of CO (PROX). Currently, Ru-based catalysts are the most common type of PROX catalyst; however, their durability against ammonia (NH3) as an impurity produced in situ from trace amounts of nitrogen also contained in the reformate is an important issue. Previously, we found that addition of Pt to an Ru catalyst inhibited deactivation by NH3. Here, we conducted operando XAFS and FT-IR spectroscopic analyses with simultaneous gas analysis to investigate the cause of the deactivation of an Ru-based PROX catalyst (Ru/α-Al2O3) by NH3 and the mechanism of suppression of the deactivation by adding Pt (Pt/Ru/α-Al2O3). We found that nitric oxide (NO) produced by oxidation of NH3 induces oxidation of the Ru nanoparticle surface, which deactivates the catalyst via a three-step process: First, NO directly adsorbs on Ru0 to form NO-Ruδ+, which then induces the formation of O-Ru n+ by oxidation of the surrounding Ru0. Then, O-Ru m+ is formed by oxidation of Ru0 starting from the O-Ru n+ nuclei and spreading across the surface of the nanoparticle. Pt inhibits this process by alloying with Ru and inducing the decomposition of adsorbed NO, which keeps the Ru in a metallic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsutoshi Sato
- Department of Chemical Systems Engineering, Graduate school of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries, Kyoto University, 1-30 Goryo-Ohara, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8245, Japan
| | - Shuhei Zaitsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Oita University, 700 Dannoharu, Oita 870-1192, Japan
| | - Godai Kitayama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Oita University, 700 Dannoharu, Oita 870-1192, Japan
| | - Sho Yagi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Oita University, 700 Dannoharu, Oita 870-1192, Japan
| | - Yuto Kayada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Oita University, 700 Dannoharu, Oita 870-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Nishida
- Department of Chemical Systems Engineering, Graduate school of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Wada
- Department of Integrated Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Oita University, 700 Dannoharu, Oita 870-1192, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Nagaoka
- Department of Chemical Systems Engineering, Graduate school of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries, Kyoto University, 1-30 Goryo-Ohara, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8245, Japan
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4
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Engineering d-Band Center of Iron Single Atom Site through Boron Incorporation to Trigger the Efficient Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalysis. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 628:331-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.07.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Matsui H, Takao S, Higashi K, Kaneko T, Samjeské G, Uruga T, Tada M, Iwasawa Y. Operando Imaging of Ce Radical Scavengers in a Practical Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell by 3D Fluorescence CT-XAFS and Depth-Profiling Nano-XAFS-SEM/EDS Techniques. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:6762-6776. [PMID: 35077130 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There is little information on the spatial distribution, migration, and valence of Ce species doped as an efficient radical scavenger in a practical polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) for commercial fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) closely related to a severe reliability issue for long-term PEFC operation. An in situ three-dimensional fluorescence computed tomography-X-ray absorption fine structure (CT-XAFS) imaging technique and an in situ same-view nano-XAFS-scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) combination technique were applied for the first time to perform operando spatial visualization and depth-profiling analysis of Ce radical scavengers in a practical PEFC of Toyota MIRAI FCV under PEFC operating conditions. Using these in situ techniques, we successfully visualized and analyzed the domain, density, valence, and migration of Ce scavengers that were heterogeneously distributed in the components of PEFC, such as anode microporous layer, anode catalyst layer, polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM), cathode catalyst layer, and cathode microporous layer. The average Ce valence states in the whole PEFC and PEM were 3.9+ and 3.4+, respectively, and the Ce3+/Ce4+ ratios in the PEM under H2 (anode)-N2 (cathode) at an open-circuit voltage (OCV), H2-air at 0.2 A cm-2, and H2-air at 0.0 A cm-2 were 70 ± 5:30 ± 5%, as estimated by both in situ fluorescence CT-X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) and nano-XANES-SEM/EDS techniques. The Ce3+ migration rates in the electrolyte membrane toward the anode and cathode electrodes ranged from 0.3 to 3.8 μm h-1, depending on the PEFC operating conditions. Faster Ce3+ migration was not observed with voltage transient response processes by highly time-resolved (100 ms) and spatially resolved (200 nm) nano-XANES imaging. Ce3+ ions were suggested to be coordinated with both Nafion sulfonate (Nfsul) groups and water to form [Ce(Nfsul)x(H2O)y]3+. The Ce migration behavior may also be affected by the spatial density of Ce, interactions of Ce with Nafion, thickness and states of the PEM, and H2O convection, in addition to the PEFC operating conditions. The unprecedented operando imaging of Ce radical scavengers in the practical PEFCs by both in situ three-dimensional (3D) fluorescence CT-XAFS imaging and in situ depth-profiling nano-XAFS-SEM/EDS techniques yields intriguing insights into the spatial distribution, chemical states, and behavior of Ce scavengers under the working conditions for the development of next-generation PEFCs with high long-term reliability and durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirosuke Matsui
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Shinobu Takao
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Kotaro Higashi
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Takuma Kaneko
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Gabor Samjeské
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tomoya Uruga
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, SPring-8, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Mizuki Tada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
- Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Iwasawa
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
- Department of Engineering Science, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
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6
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Wang X, Zhang Y, Wu J, Zhang Z, Liao Q, Kang Z, Zhang Y. Single-Atom Engineering to Ignite 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Based Catalysis: Fundamentals, Progress, and Beyond. Chem Rev 2021; 122:1273-1348. [PMID: 34788542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Single-atom catalysis has been recognized as a pivotal milestone in the development history of heterogeneous catalysis by virtue of its superior catalytic performance, ultrahigh atomic utilization, and well-defined structure. Beyond single-atom protrusions, two more motifs of single-atom substitutions and single-atom vacancies along with synergistic single-atom motif assemblies have been progressively developed to enrich the single-atom family. On the other hand, besides traditional carbon material based substrates, a wide variety of 2D transitional metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have been emerging as a promising platform for single-atom catalysis owing to their diverse elemental compositions, variable crystal structures, flexible electronic structures, and intrinsic activities toward many catalytic reactions. Such substantial expansion of both single-atom motifs and substrates provides an enriched toolbox to further optimize the geometric and electronic structures for pushing the performance limit. Concomitantly, higher requirements have been put forward for synthetic and characterization techniques with related technical bottlenecks being continuously conquered. Furthermore, this burgeoning single-atom catalyst (SAC) system has triggered serial scientific issues about their changeable single atom-2D substrate interaction, ambiguous synergistic effects of various atomic assemblies, as well as dynamic structure-performance correlations, all of which necessitate further clarification and comprehensive summary. In this context, this Review aims to summarize and critically discuss the single-atom engineering development in the whole field of 2D TMD based catalysis covering their evolution history, synthetic methodologies, characterization techniques, catalytic applications, and dynamic structure-performance correlations. In situ characterization techniques are highlighted regarding their critical roles in real-time detection of SAC reconstruction and reaction pathway evolution, thus shedding light on lifetime dynamic structure-performance correlations which lay a solid theoretical foundation for the whole catalytic field, especially for SACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wu
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Qingliang Liao
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Kang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
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7
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Ahn CY, Park JE, Kim S, Kim OH, Hwang W, Her M, Kang SY, Park S, Kwon OJ, Park HS, Cho YH, Sung YE. Differences in the Electrochemical Performance of Pt-Based Catalysts Used for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells in Liquid Half- and Full-Cells. Chem Rev 2021; 121:15075-15140. [PMID: 34677946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A substantial amount of research effort has been directed toward the development of Pt-based catalysts with higher performance and durability than conventional polycrystalline Pt nanoparticles to achieve high-power and innovative energy conversion systems. Currently, attention has been paid toward expanding the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) of catalysts and increase their intrinsic activity in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, despite innumerable efforts having been carried out to explore this possibility, most of these achievements have focused on the rotating disk electrode (RDE) in half-cells, and relatively few results have been adaptable to membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) in full-cells, which is the actual operating condition of fuel cells. Thus, it is uncertain whether these advanced catalysts can be used as a substitute in practical fuel cell applications, and an improvement in the catalytic performance in real-life fuel cells is still necessary. Therefore, from a more practical and industrial point of view, the goal of this review is to compare the ORR catalyst performance and durability in half- and full-cells, providing a differentiated approach to the durability concerns in half- and full-cells, and share new perspectives for strategic designs used to induce additional performance in full-cell devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yeong Ahn
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, South Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Park
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, South Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Sungjun Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, South Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Ok-Hee Kim
- Department of Science, Republic of Korea Naval Academy, Jinhae-gu, Changwon 51704, South Korea
| | - Wonchan Hwang
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, South Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Min Her
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, South Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Sun Young Kang
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, South Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - SungBin Park
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, South Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Oh Joong Kwon
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
| | - Hyun S Park
- Center for Hydrogen-Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hun Cho
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, South Korea.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25913, South Korea
| | - Yung-Eun Sung
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, South Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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8
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Leach AS, Hack J, Amboage M, Diaz-Moreno S, Huang H, Cullen PL, Wilding M, Magliocca E, Miller TS, Howard CA, Brett DJL, Shearing PR, McMillan PF, Russell AE, Jervis R. A novel fuel cell design for operandoenergy-dispersive x-ray absorption measurements. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:314002. [PMID: 34030140 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A polymer electrolyte fuel cell has been designed to allowoperandox-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements of catalysts. The cell has been developed to operate under standard fuel cell conditions, with elevated temperatures and humidification of the gas-phase reactants, both of which greatly impact the catalyst utilisation. X-ray windows in the endplates of the cell facilitate collection of XAS spectra during fuel cell operation while maintaining good compression in the area of measurement. Results of polarisation curves and cyclic voltammograms showed that theoperandocell performs well as a fuel cell, while also providing XAS data of suitable quality for robust XANES analysis. The cell has produced comparable XAS results when performing a cyclic voltammogram to an establishedin situcell when measuring the Pt LIII edge. Similar trends of Pt oxidation, and reduction of the formed Pt oxide, have been presented with a time resolution of 5 s for each spectrum, paving the way for time-resolved spectral measurements of fuel cell catalysts in a fully-operating fuel cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Leach
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, UCL, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - J Hack
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, UCL, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - M Amboage
- Diamond Light Source, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - S Diaz-Moreno
- Diamond Light Source, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - H Huang
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - P L Cullen
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, UCL, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
- School of Engineering and Materials Science (SEMS) and Material Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - M Wilding
- UK Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Campus, OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - E Magliocca
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, UCL, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - T S Miller
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, UCL, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - C A Howard
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - D J L Brett
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, UCL, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - P R Shearing
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, UCL, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - P F McMillan
- Department of Chemistry, Christopher Ingold Laboratory, University College London, 20 Gordon St., London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - A E Russell
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - R Jervis
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, UCL, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
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9
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Timoshenko J, Roldan Cuenya B. In Situ/ Operando Electrocatalyst Characterization by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. Chem Rev 2021; 121:882-961. [PMID: 32986414 PMCID: PMC7844833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has become an indispensable method for probing the structure and composition of heterogeneous catalysts, revealing the nature of the active sites and establishing links between structural motifs in a catalyst, local electronic structure, and catalytic properties. Here we discuss the fundamental principles of the XAS method and describe the progress in the instrumentation and data analysis approaches undertaken for deciphering X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra. Recent usages of XAS in the field of heterogeneous catalysis, with emphasis on examples concerning electrocatalysis, will be presented. The latter is a rapidly developing field with immense industrial applications but also unique challenges in terms of the experimental characterization restrictions and advanced modeling approaches required. This review will highlight the new insight that can be gained with XAS on complex real-world electrocatalysts including their working mechanisms and the dynamic processes taking place in the course of a chemical reaction. More specifically, we will discuss applications of in situ and operando XAS to probe the catalyst's interactions with the environment (support, electrolyte, ligands, adsorbates, reaction products, and intermediates) and its structural, chemical, and electronic transformations as it adapts to the reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Timoshenko
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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10
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Yang Y, Xiong Y, Zeng R, Lu X, Krumov M, Huang X, Xu W, Wang H, DiSalvo FJ, Brock JD, Muller DA, Abruña HD. Operando Methods in Electrocatalysis. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yin Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Rui Zeng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Xinyao Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Mihail Krumov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Xin Huang
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Weixuan Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Hongsen Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Francis J. DiSalvo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Joel. D. Brock
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - David A. Muller
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Héctor D. Abruña
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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11
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Samjeské G, Kaneko T, Gunji T, Higashi K, Uruga T, Tada M, Iwasawa Y. Feed gas exchange (startup/shutdown) effects on Pt/C cathode electrocatalysis and surface Pt-oxide behavior in polymer electrolyte fuel cells as revealed using in situ real-time XAFS and high-resolution STEM measurements. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:9424-9437. [PMID: 32314748 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06895c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synchronizing measurements of both cyclic voltammograms (CVs) and real-time quick XAFSs (QXAFSs) for Pt/C cathode electrocatalysts in a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) treated by anode-gas exchange (AGEX) and cathode-gas exchange (CGEX) cycles (startup/shutdown conditions of FC vehicles) were performed for the first time to understand the opposite effects of the AGEX and CGEX treatments on the Pt/C performance and durability and also the contradiction between the electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) decrease and the performance increase by CGEX treatment. While the AGEX treatment decreased both the ECSA and performance of MEA Pt/C due to carbon corrosion, it was found that the CGEX treatment decreased the ECSA but increased the Pt/C performance significantly due to high-index (331) facet formation (high-resolution STEM) and hence the suppression of strongly bound Pt-oxide formation at cathode Pt nanoparticle surfaces. Transient QXAFS time-profile analysis for the MEA Pt/C also revealed a direct relationship between the electrochemical performance or durability and transient kinetics of the Pt/C cathode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Samjeské
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
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12
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Takao S, Sekizawa O, Higashi K, Samjeské G, Kaneko T, Sakata T, Yamamoto T, Uruga T, Iwasawa Y. Visualization Analysis of Pt and Co Species in Degraded Pt 3Co/C Electrocatalyst Layers of a Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Using a Same-View Nano-XAFS/STEM-EDS Combination Technique. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:2299-2312. [PMID: 31841306 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to obtain a suitable design policy for the development of a next-generation polymer electrolyte fuel cell, we performed a visualization analysis of Pt and Co species following aging and degradation processes in membrane-electrode assembly (MEA), using a same-view. Nano-X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS)/Scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM)-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) technique that we developed to elucidate durability factors and degradation mechanisms of a MEA Pt3Co/C cathode electrocatalyst with higher activity and durability than a MEA Pt/C. In the MEA Pt3Co/C, after 5000 ADT-rec (rectangle accelerated durability test) cycles, unlike the MEA Pt/C, there was no oxidation of Pt. In contrast, Co oxidized and dissolved over a wide range of the cathode layer (∼70% of the initial Co amount). The larger the size of the cracks and pores in the MEA Pt/C and the smaller the ratio of Pt/ionomer of cracks and pores, the faster the rate of catalyst degradation. In contrast, there was no correlation between the size or Co/ionomer ratio of the cracks and pores and the Co dissolution of the MEA Pt3Co/C. It was shown that Co dissolved in the electrolyte region had an octahedral Co2+-O6 structure, based on a 150 nm × 150 nm nano-XAFS analysis. It was also shown that its existence suppressed the oxidation and dissolution of Pt. The MEA Pt3Co/C after 10,000 ADT-rec cycles had many cracks and pores in the cathode electrocatalyst layer, and about 90% of Co had been dissolved and removed from the cathode layer. We discovered a metallic Pt-Co alloy band in the electrolyte region of 300-400 nm from the cathode edge and square planar Pt2+-O4 species and octahedral Co2+-O6 species in the area between the cathode edge and the Pt-Co band. The transition of Pt and Co chemical species in the Pt3Co/C cathode electrocatalyst in the MEA during the degradation process, as well as a fuel cell deterioration suppression process by Co were visualized for the first time at the nano scale using the same-view nano-XAFS/STEM-EDS combination technique that can measure the MEA under a humid N2 atmosphere while maintaining the working environment for a fuel cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Takao
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells , The University of Electro-Communications , Chofugaoka, Chofu , Tokyo 182-8585 , Japan
| | - Oki Sekizawa
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells , The University of Electro-Communications , Chofugaoka, Chofu , Tokyo 182-8585 , Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute , Spring-8 , Sayo , Hyogo 679-5198 , Japan
| | - Kotaro Higashi
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells , The University of Electro-Communications , Chofugaoka, Chofu , Tokyo 182-8585 , Japan
| | - Gabor Samjeské
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya , Aichi 464-8602 , Japan
| | - Takuma Kaneko
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells , The University of Electro-Communications , Chofugaoka, Chofu , Tokyo 182-8585 , Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sakata
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells , The University of Electro-Communications , Chofugaoka, Chofu , Tokyo 182-8585 , Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Mathematical and Material Sciences, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences , The University of Tokushima , Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8502 , Japan
| | - Tomoya Uruga
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells , The University of Electro-Communications , Chofugaoka, Chofu , Tokyo 182-8585 , Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute , Spring-8 , Sayo , Hyogo 679-5198 , Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Iwasawa
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells , The University of Electro-Communications , Chofugaoka, Chofu , Tokyo 182-8585 , Japan
- Department of Engineering Science, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering , The University of Electro-Communications , Chofugaoka, Chofu , Tokyo 182-8585 , Japan
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13
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Higashi K, Takao S, Samjeské G, Matsui H, Tada M, Uruga T, Iwasawa Y. Visualization and understanding of the degradation behaviors of a PEFC Pt/C cathode electrocatalyst using a multi-analysis system combining time-resolved quick XAFS, three-dimensional XAFS-CT, and same-view nano-XAFS/STEM-EDS techniques. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:18919-18931. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01356k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We developed a multi-analysis system that can measure in situ time-resolved quick XAFS and in situ three-dimensional XAFS-CT in the same area of a cathode electrocatalyst layer in a membrane-electrode assembly of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Higashi
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells
- The University of Electro-Communications
- Tokyo 182-8585
- Japan
| | - Shinobu Takao
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells
- The University of Electro-Communications
- Tokyo 182-8585
- Japan
| | - Gabor Samjeské
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells
- The University of Electro-Communications
- Tokyo 182-8585
- Japan
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Hirosuke Matsui
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya
- Japan
| | - Mizuki Tada
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya
- Japan
| | - Tomoya Uruga
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells
- The University of Electro-Communications
- Tokyo 182-8585
- Japan
- JASRI/SPring-8
| | - Yasuhiro Iwasawa
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells
- The University of Electro-Communications
- Tokyo 182-8585
- Japan
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering
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14
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Meyer Q, Zeng Y, Zhao C. In Situ and Operando Characterization of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1901900. [PMID: 31373051 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
For proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) to become a mainstream energy source, significant improvements in their performance, durability, and efficiency are necessary. To improve their durability, there must be a solid understanding of how the structural and electrochemical processes are affected during operation to propose mitigation strategies. To this aim, in situ and operando characterization techniques can locally identify structural and electrochemical processes, which cannot be captured using conventional techniques. Linking these properties in the same geometric area has been challenging due to its inherent limitations, such as sample size and imaging resolution. This has created a knowledge gap in structure-to-electrochemical performance relationships as operation and degradation unevenly affect different areas of the cell. In the recent past, catalyst layer degradation, hot spots, and water management have been structurally and electrochemically visualized in the same geometric area, revealing new interactions. To further the research in this direction, these interconnected fields are reviewed, followed by a roadmap for in situ characterization of PEMFCs, treating structural and electrochemical processes as a unified subject. With this approach, the knowledge of the degradation of PEMFCs will be significantly improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Meyer
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Yachao Zeng
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Chuan Zhao
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
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15
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Lee JD, Jishkariani D, Zhao Y, Najmr S, Rosen D, Kikkawa JM, Stach EA, Murray CB. Tuning the Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity of Pt-Co Nanocrystals by Cobalt Concentration with Atomic-Scale Understanding. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:26789-26797. [PMID: 31283175 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b06346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The development of a suitable catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), the cathode reaction of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), is necessary to push this technology toward widespread adoption. There have been substantial efforts to utilize bimetallic Pt-M alloys that adopt the ordered face-centered tetragonal (L10) phase in order to reduce the usage of precious metal, enhance the ORR performance, and improve catalyst stability. In this work, monodisperse Pt-Co nanocrystals (NCs) with well-defined size (4-5 nm) and cobalt composition (25-75 at%) were synthesized via colloidal synthesis. The transformation from the chemically disordered A1 (face-centered cubic, fcc) to the L10 phase was achieved via thermal annealing using both a conventional oven and a rapid thermal annealing process. The structure of the Pt-Co catalysts was characterized by a variety of techniques, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM-EDS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The effects of annealing temperature on the composition-dependent degree of ordering and subsequent effect on ORR activity is described. This work provides insights regarding the optimal spatial distribution of elements at the atomic level to achieve enhanced ORR activity and stability.
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Abstract
This minireview aims at providing a complete survey concerning the use of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) for time-resolved studies of electrochemical and photoelectrochemical phenomena. We will see that time resolution can range from the femto-picosecond to the second (or more) scale and that this joins the valuable throughput typical of XAS, which allows for determining the oxidation state of the investigated element, together with its local structure. We will analyze four different techniques that use different approaches to exploit the in real time capabilities of XAS. These are quick-XAS, energy dispersive XAS, pump & probe XAS and fixed-energy X-ray absorption voltammetry. In the conclusions, we will analyze possible future perspectives for these techniques.
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17
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Matsui H, Maejima N, Ishiguro N, Tan Y, Uruga T, Sekizawa O, Sakata T, Tada M. Operando XAFS Imaging of Distribution of Pt Cathode Catalysts in PEFC MEA. CHEM REC 2018; 19:1380-1392. [PMID: 30375154 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional imaging using X-ray as a probe is state-of-the-art for the characterization of heterogeneous materials. In addition to simple imaging of sample morphology, imaging of elemental distribution and chemical states provides advanced maps of key structural parameters of functional materials. The combination of X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy and three-dimensional imaging such as computed tomography (CT) can visualize the three-dimensional distribution of target elements, their valence states, and local structures in a non-destructive manner. In this personal account, our recent results on the three-dimensional XAFS imaging for Pt cathode catalysts in the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) of polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) are introduced. The distribution and chemical states of Pt cathode catalysts in MEAs remarkably change under PEFC operating conditions, and the 3D XAFS imaging revealed essential events in PEFC MEAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirosuke Matsui
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science & Research Center for Materials Science & Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science, Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan.,RIKEN SPring-8 Center Koto, Sayo Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Maejima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science & Research Center for Materials Science & Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science, Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
| | | | - Yuanyuan Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science & Research Center for Materials Science & Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science, Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tomoya Uruga
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications Chofu, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan.,Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, SPring-8 Koto, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Oki Sekizawa
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications Chofu, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan.,Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, SPring-8 Koto, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sakata
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications Chofu, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan
| | - Mizuki Tada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science & Research Center for Materials Science & Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science, Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan.,RIKEN SPring-8 Center Koto, Sayo Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
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18
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Zhao X, Takao S, Kaneko T, Iwasawa Y. Key Factors for Simultaneous Improvements of Performance and Durability of Core-Shell Pt 3 Ni/Carbon Electrocatalysts Toward Superior Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell. CHEM REC 2018; 19:1337-1353. [PMID: 30338915 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It remains a big challenge to remarkably improve both oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and long-term durability of Pt-M bimetal electrocatalysts simultaneously in the harsh cathode environment toward widespread commercialization of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC). In this account we found double-promotional effects of carbon micro coil (CMC) support on ORR performance and durability of octahedral Pt3 Ni nanoparticles (Oh Pt3 Ni/CMC). The Oh Pt3 Ni/CMC displayed remarkable improvements of mass activity (MA; 13.6 and 34.1 times) and surface specific activity (SA; 31.3 and 37.0 times) compared to those of benchmark Pt/C (TEC10E20E) and Pt/C (TEC10E50E-HT), respectively. Notably, the Oh Pt3 Ni/CMC revealed a negligible MA loss after 50,000 triangular-wave 1.0-1.5 VRHE (startup/shutdown) load cycles, contrasted to MA losses of 40 % (TEC10E20E) and 21.5 % (TEC10E50E-HT) by only 10,000 load cycles. It was also found that the SA increased exponentially with the decrease in the CO stripping peak potential in a series of Pt-M/carbon (M: Ni and Co), which predicts a maximum SA at the curve asymptote. Key factors for simultaneous improvements of performance and durability of core-shell Pt3 Ni/carbon electrocatalysts toward superior PEFC is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhao
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications Chofu, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan
| | - Shinobu Takao
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications Chofu, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan
| | - Takuma Kaneko
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications Chofu, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Iwasawa
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications Chofu, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan
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19
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Takao S, Sekizawa O, Samjeské G, Kaneko T, Higashi K, Yoshida Y, Zhao X, Sakata T, Yamamoto T, Gunji T, Uruga T, Iwasawa Y. Observation of Degradation of Pt and Carbon Support in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Using Combined Nano-X-ray Absorption Fine Structure and Transmission Electron Microscopy Techniques. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:27734-27744. [PMID: 30044074 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b04407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is hard to directly visualize spectroscopic and atomic-nanoscopic information on the degraded Pt/C cathode layer inside polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC). However, it is mandatory to understand the preferential area, sequence, and relationship of the degradations of Pt nanoparticles and carbon support in the Pt/C cathode layer by directly observing the Pt/C cathode catalyst for the development of next-generation PEFC cathode catalysts. Here, the spectroscopic, chemical, and morphological visualization of the degradation of Pt/C cathode electrocatalysts in PEFC was performed successfully by a same-view combination technique of nano-X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)/scanning TEM-energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) under a humid N2 atmosphere. The same-view nano-XAFS and TEM/STEM-EDS imaging of the Pt/C cathode of PEFC after triangular-wave 1.0-1.5 VRHE (startup/shutdown) accelerated durability test (tri-ADT) cycles elucidated the site-selective area, sequence, and relationship of the degradations of Pt nanoparticles and carbon support in the Pt/C cathode layer. The 10 tri-ADT cycles caused a carbon corrosion to reduce the carbon size preferentially in the boundary regions of the cathode layer with both electrolyte and holes/cracks, accompanied with detachment of Pt nanoparticles from the degraded carbon. After the decrease in the carbon size to less than 8 nm by the 20 tri-ADT cycles, Pt nanoparticles around the extremely corroded carbon areas were found to transform and dissolve into oxidized Pt2+-O4 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Takao
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells , The University of Electro-Communications , Chofu , Tokyo 182-8585 , Japan
| | - Oki Sekizawa
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells , The University of Electro-Communications , Chofu , Tokyo 182-8585 , Japan
| | - Gabor Samjeské
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells , The University of Electro-Communications , Chofu , Tokyo 182-8585 , Japan
| | - Takuma Kaneko
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells , The University of Electro-Communications , Chofu , Tokyo 182-8585 , Japan
| | - Kotaro Higashi
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells , The University of Electro-Communications , Chofu , Tokyo 182-8585 , Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoshida
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells , The University of Electro-Communications , Chofu , Tokyo 182-8585 , Japan
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells , The University of Electro-Communications , Chofu , Tokyo 182-8585 , Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sakata
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells , The University of Electro-Communications , Chofu , Tokyo 182-8585 , Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Mathematical and Material Sciences, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences , The University of Tokushima , Minamijosanjima , Tokushima 770-8502 , Japan
| | - Takao Gunji
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells , The University of Electro-Communications , Chofu , Tokyo 182-8585 , Japan
| | - Tomoya Uruga
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells , The University of Electro-Communications , Chofu , Tokyo 182-8585 , Japan
- SPring-8, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute , Sayo , Hyogo 679-5198 , Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Iwasawa
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells , The University of Electro-Communications , Chofu , Tokyo 182-8585 , Japan
- Department of Engineering Science, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering , The University of Electro-Communications , Chofu , Tokyo 182-8585 , Japan
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20
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Structural Kinetics of Cathode Events on Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Catalysts Studied by Operando Time-Resolved XAFS. Catal Letters 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-018-2383-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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21
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Yu L, Takagi Y, Nakamura T, Sekizawa O, Sakata T, Uruga T, Tada M, Iwasawa Y, Samjeské G, Yokoyama T. Non-contact electric potential measurements of electrode components in an operating polymer electrolyte fuel cell by near ambient pressure XPS. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:30798-30803. [PMID: 29134220 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05436j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photoelectron spectroscopy has the advantage of providing electric potentials by non-contact measurements based on the kinetic energy shift in component potential. We performed operando hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) measurements with an 8 keV excitation source to measure the shift in electron kinetic energies as a function of the voltages of all the components at the anode and cathode electrodes of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC). At the cathode electrode, when we increase the voltage between the cathode and anode from 0.2 to 1.2 V, the O 1s and F 1s peaks shift to a lower binding energy and the magnitude of the energy shift is equal to the voltage. The Pt 3d and C 1s peaks do not shift with the voltage since platinum nanoparticles and carbon supports at the cathode electrode have ground contact. In contrast to the cathode electrode, the peak shifts of all the components at the anode electrode show the same amount of shift as the voltages. It is clear that the change in the potential difference occurs only in an electrical double layer at the interface between the cathode electrode (Pt/C) and the electrolyte (Nafion and water), and that the anode electrode is in equilibrium as a pseudo-hydrogen electrode. Moreover, the electric potential variation of the cathode electrode in a PEFC under a power generation condition was also directly detected by operando HAXPES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Yu
- Department of Materials Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.
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22
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Takagi Y, Wang H, Uemura Y, Nakamura T, Yu L, Sekizawa O, Uruga T, Tada M, Samjeské G, Iwasawa Y, Yokoyama T. In situ study of oxidation states of platinum nanoparticles on a polymer electrolyte fuel cell electrode by near ambient pressure hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:6013-6021. [PMID: 28184398 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06634h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We performed in situ hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) measurements of the electronic states of platinum nanoparticles on the cathode electrocatalyst of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) using a near ambient pressure (NAP) HAXPES instrument having an 8 keV excitation source. We successfully observed in situ NAP-HAXPES spectra of the Pt/C cathode catalysts of PEFCs under working conditions involving water, not only for the Pt 3d states with large photoionization cross-sections in the hard X-ray regime but also for the Pt 4f states and the valence band with small photoionization cross-sections. Thus, this setup allowed in situ observation of a variety of hard PEFC systems under operating conditions. The Pt 4f spectra of the Pt/C electrocatalysts in PEFCs clearly showed peaks originating from oxidized Pt(ii) at 1.4 V, which unambiguously shows that Pt(iv) species do not exist on the Pt nanoparticles even at such large positive voltages. The water oxidation reaction might take place at that potential (the standard potential of 1.23 V versus a standard hydrogen electrode) but such a reaction should not lead to a buildup of detectable Pt(iv) species. The voltage-dependent NAP-HAXPES Pt 3d spectra revealed different behaviors with increasing voltage (0.6 → 1.0 V) compared with decreasing voltage (1.0 → 0.6 V), showing a clear hysteresis. Moreover, quantitative peak-fitting analysis showed that the fraction of non-metallic Pt species matched the ratio of the surface to total Pt atoms in the nanoparticles, which suggests that Pt oxidation only takes place at the surface of the Pt nanoparticles on the PEFC cathode, and the inner Pt atoms do not participate in the reaction. In the valence band spectra, the density of electronic states near the Fermi edge reduces with decreasing particle size, indicating an increase in the electrocatalytic activity. Additionally, a change in the valence band structure due to the oxidation of platinum atoms was also observed at large positive voltages. The developed apparatus is a valuable in situ tool for the investigation of the electronic states of PEFC electrocatalysts under working conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Takagi
- Department of Materials Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan. and SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Heng Wang
- Department of Materials Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Yohei Uemura
- Department of Materials Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan. and SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakamura
- Department of Materials Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Liwei Yu
- Department of Materials Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Oki Sekizawa
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoya Uruga
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan and Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, SPring-8, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Mizuki Tada
- Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Gabor Samjeské
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Iwasawa
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yokoyama
- Department of Materials Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan. and SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
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23
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Zhao X, Takao S, Higashi K, Kaneko T, Samjeskè G, Sekizawa O, Sakata T, Yoshida Y, Uruga T, Iwasawa Y. Simultaneous Improvements in Performance and Durability of an Octahedral PtNix/C Electrocatalyst for Next-Generation Fuel Cells by Continuous, Compressive, and Concave Pt Skin Layers. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhao
- Innovation Research
Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Shinobu Takao
- Innovation Research
Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Kotaro Higashi
- Innovation Research
Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Takuma Kaneko
- Innovation Research
Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Gabor Samjeskè
- Innovation Research
Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Oki Sekizawa
- Innovation Research
Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sakata
- Innovation Research
Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoshida
- Innovation Research
Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoya Uruga
- Innovation Research
Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, SPring-8, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Iwasawa
- Innovation Research
Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
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24
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Spatially Non-Uniform Degradation of Pt/C Cathode Catalysts in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Imaged by Combination of Nano XAFS and STEM-EDS Techniques. Top Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-016-0691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Okumura T, Yamaguchi Y, Kobayashi H. X-ray absorption near-edge structures of LiMn2O4 and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel oxides for lithium-ion batteries: the first-principles calculation study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:17827-30. [PMID: 27333155 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01756h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Experimental Mn and Ni K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra were well reproduced for 5 V-class LixNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinels as well as 4 V-class LixMn2O4 spinels using density functional theory. Local environmental changes around the Mn or Ni centres due to differences in the locations of Li ions and/or phase transitions in the spinel oxides were found to be very important contributors to the XANES shapes, in addition to the valence states of the metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyoki Okumura
- Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan.
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26
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Mezzavilla S, Cherevko S, Baldizzone C, Pizzutilo E, Polymeros G, Mayrhofer KJJ. Experimental Methodologies to Understand Degradation of Nanostructured Electrocatalysts for PEM Fuel Cells: Advances and Opportunities. ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mezzavilla
- Department of Electrocatalysis; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH; Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11); Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Department of Electrocatalysis; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH; Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11); Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering; Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH; Max-Planck-Straße 1 40237 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Claudio Baldizzone
- Department of Electrocatalysis; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH; Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11); Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Enrico Pizzutilo
- Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering; Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH; Max-Planck-Straße 1 40237 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - George Polymeros
- Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering; Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH; Max-Planck-Straße 1 40237 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Karl J. J. Mayrhofer
- Department of Electrocatalysis; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH; Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11); Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering; Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH; Max-Planck-Straße 1 40237 Düsseldorf Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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27
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Synthesis and Electrochemical Evaluation of Carbon Supported Pt-Co Bimetallic Catalysts Prepared by Electroless Deposition and Modified Charge Enhanced Dry Impregnation. Catalysts 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/catal6060083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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28
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Willinger E, Yi Y, Tarasov A, Blume R, Massué C, Girgsdies F, Querner C, Schwab E, Schlögl R, Willinger MG. Atomic-Scale Insight on the Increased Stability of Tungsten-Modified Platinum/Carbon Fuel Cell Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201600068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Willinger
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry; Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society; Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion; Stiftstrasse 34-36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Youngmi Yi
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion; Stiftstrasse 34-36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Andrey Tarasov
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry; Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society; Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Raoul Blume
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion; Stiftstrasse 34-36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Cyriac Massué
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion; Stiftstrasse 34-36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Frank Girgsdies
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry; Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society; Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | | | | | - Robert Schlögl
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry; Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society; Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion; Stiftstrasse 34-36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Marc-Georg Willinger
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry; Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society; Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion; Stiftstrasse 34-36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
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29
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Isegawa K, Nagami T, Jomori S, Yoshida M, Kondoh H. In situ S-K XANES study of polymer electrolyte fuel cells: changes in the chemical states of sulfonic groups depending on humidity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:25183-25190. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04052g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the chemical states of sulfonic groups of Nafion in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) under gas-flowing conditions were studied using in situ S-K XANES spectroscopy.
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30
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Nagasawa K, Takao S, Nagamatsu SI, Samjeské G, Sekizawa O, Kaneko T, Higashi K, Yamamoto T, Uruga T, Iwasawa Y. Surface-Regulated Nano-SnO2/Pt3Co/C Cathode Catalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Fabricated by a Selective Electrochemical Sn Deposition Method. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:12856-64. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b04256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Faculty
for Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
| | - Tomoya Uruga
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, SPring-8, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
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31
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Takao S, Sekizawa O, Samjeské G, Nagamatsu SI, Kaneko T, Yamamoto T, Higashi K, Nagasawa K, Uruga T, Iwasawa Y. Same-View Nano-XAFS/STEM-EDS Imagings of Pt Chemical Species in Pt/C Cathode Catalyst Layers of a Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:2121-2126. [PMID: 26266513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have made the first success in the same-view imagings of 2D nano-XAFS and TEM/STEM-EDS under a humid N2 atmosphere for Pt/C cathode catalyst layers in membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) with Nafion membrane to examine the degradation of Pt/C cathodes by anode gas exchange cycles (start-up/shut-down simulations of PEFC vehicles). The same-view imaging under the humid N2 atmosphere provided unprecedented spatial information on the distribution of Pt nanoparticles and oxidation states in the Pt/C cathode catalyst layer as well as Nafion ionomer-filled nanoholes of carbon support in the wet MEA, which evidence the origin of the formation of Pt oxidation species and isolated Pt nanoparticles in the nanohole areas of the cathode layer with different Pt/ionomer ratios, relevant to the degradation of PEFC catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Takao
- †Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Oki Sekizawa
- †Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Gabor Samjeské
- †Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Nagamatsu
- †Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Takuma Kaneko
- †Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- ‡Department of Mathematical and Material Sciences, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
| | - Kotaro Higashi
- †Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Kensaku Nagasawa
- †Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoya Uruga
- †Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
- §Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Spring-8, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Iwasawa
- †Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
- ∥Department of Engineering Science, Graduate School of Information Engineering Science, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
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32
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Samjeské G, Higashi K, Takao S, Nagamatsu SI, Nagasawa K, Sekizawa O, Kaneko T, Uruga T, Iwasawa Y. In Situ Techniques to Study the Effects of Anode or Cathode Gas-Exchange Cycles on the Deterioration of Pt/C Cathode Catalysts in PEFCs. ChemElectroChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201500099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Samjeské
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel-Cells; The University of Electro-Communications; Chofu Tokyo 182-8585 Japan
| | - Kotaro Higashi
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel-Cells; The University of Electro-Communications; Chofu Tokyo 182-8585 Japan
| | - Shinobu Takao
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel-Cells; The University of Electro-Communications; Chofu Tokyo 182-8585 Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Nagamatsu
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel-Cells; The University of Electro-Communications; Chofu Tokyo 182-8585 Japan
| | - Kensaku Nagasawa
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel-Cells; The University of Electro-Communications; Chofu Tokyo 182-8585 Japan
| | - Oki Sekizawa
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel-Cells; The University of Electro-Communications; Chofu Tokyo 182-8585 Japan
| | - Takuma Kaneko
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel-Cells; The University of Electro-Communications; Chofu Tokyo 182-8585 Japan
| | - Tomoya Uruga
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel-Cells; The University of Electro-Communications; Chofu Tokyo 182-8585 Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute; SPring-8 Sayo Hyogo 679-5198 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Iwasawa
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel-Cells; The University of Electro-Communications; Chofu Tokyo 182-8585 Japan
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33
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Bandarenka AS, Ventosa E, Maljusch A, Masa J, Schuhmann W. Techniques and methodologies in modern electrocatalysis: evaluation of activity, selectivity and stability of catalytic materials. Analyst 2015; 139:1274-91. [PMID: 24418971 DOI: 10.1039/c3an01647a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development and optimisation of materials that promote electrochemical reactions have recently attracted attention mainly due to the challenge of sustainable provision of renewable energy in the future. The need for better understanding and control of electrode-electrolyte interfaces where these reactions take place, however, implies the continuous need for development of efficient analytical techniques and methodologies capable of providing detailed information about the performance of electrocatalysts, especially in situ, under real operational conditions of electrochemical systems. During the past decade, significant efforts in the fields of electrocatalysis and (electro)analytical chemistry have resulted in the evolution of new powerful methods and approaches providing ever deeper and unique insight into complex and dynamic catalytic systems. The combination of various electrochemical and non-electrochemical methods as well as the application of quantum chemistry calculations has become a viable modern approach in the field. The focus of this critical review is primarily set on discussion of the most recent cutting-edge achievements in the development of analytical techniques and methodologies designed to evaluate three key constituents of the performance of electrocatalysts, namely, activity, selectivity and stability. Possible directions and future challenges in the design and elaboration of analytical methods for electrocatalytic research are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliaksandr S Bandarenka
- Center for Electrochemical Sciences - CES, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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34
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Impact of iron precursors on the properties and activities of carbon-supported Fe-N oxygen reduction catalysts. J Solid State Electrochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-015-2759-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Shi H, Lercher JA, Yu XY. Sailing into uncharted waters: recent advances in the in situ monitoring of catalytic processes in aqueous environments. Catal Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cy01720j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review presents recent advances inin situstudies of catalytic processes in the aqueous environment with an outlook of mesoscale imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- Fundamental and Computer Sciences Directorate
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)
- Richland
- USA
| | - Johannes A. Lercher
- Fundamental and Computer Sciences Directorate
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)
- Richland
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Xiao-Ying Yu
- Fundamental and Computer Sciences Directorate
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)
- Richland
- USA
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36
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Tada M, Uruga T, Iwasawa Y. Key Factors Affecting the Performance and Durability of Cathode Electrocatalysts in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Characterized by In Situ Real Time and Spatially Resolved XAFS Techniques. Catal Letters 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-014-1428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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37
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Takao S, Sekizawa O, Nagamatsu SI, Kaneko T, Yamamoto T, Samjeské G, Higashi K, Nagasawa K, Tsuji T, Suzuki M, Kawamura N, Mizumaki M, Uruga T, Iwasawa Y. Mapping Platinum Species in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells by Spatially Resolved XAFS Techniques. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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38
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Takao S, Sekizawa O, Nagamatsu SI, Kaneko T, Yamamoto T, Samjeské G, Higashi K, Nagasawa K, Tsuji T, Suzuki M, Kawamura N, Mizumaki M, Uruga T, Iwasawa Y. Mapping Platinum Species in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells by Spatially Resolved XAFS Techniques. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:14110-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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39
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Liu SH, Wu JR. Influence of nitrogen and iron precursors on the synthesis of FeNx/carbons electrocatalysts toward oxygen reduction reaction in acid solution. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.04.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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40
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In Situ Time-Resolved XAFS of Transitional States of Pt/C Cathode Electrocatalyst in an MEA During PEFC Loading with Transient Voltages. Top Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-014-0250-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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41
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Nagasawa K, Takao S, Higashi K, Nagamatsu SI, Samjeské G, Imaizumi Y, Sekizawa O, Yamamoto T, Uruga T, Iwasawa Y. Performance and durability of Pt/C cathode catalysts with different kinds of carbons for polymer electrolyte fuel cells characterized by electrochemical and in situ XAFS techniques. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:10075-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54457e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Uehara H, Uemura Y, Ogawa T, Kono K, Ueno R, Niwa Y, Nitani H, Abe H, Takakusagi S, Nomura M, Iwasawa Y, Asakura K. In situ back-side illumination fluorescence XAFS (BI-FXAFS) studies on platinum nanoparticles deposited on a HOPG surface as a model fuel cell: a new approach to the Pt-HOPG electrode/electrolyte interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:13748-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00265b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We measured the in situ polarization-dependent X-ray absorption fine structure of PtNPs deposited on a flat HOPG substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yohei Uemura
- Catalysis Research Center
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ogawa
- Catalysis Research Center
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kono
- Catalysis Research Center
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Ueno
- Catalysis Research Center
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Niwa
- Photon Factory
- Institute of Materials Structure Science
- High-Energy Accelerator Research Organization
- Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nitani
- Photon Factory
- Institute of Materials Structure Science
- High-Energy Accelerator Research Organization
- Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Abe
- Photon Factory
- Institute of Materials Structure Science
- High-Energy Accelerator Research Organization
- Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Masaharu Nomura
- Photon Factory
- Institute of Materials Structure Science
- High-Energy Accelerator Research Organization
- Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Iwasawa
- Department of Engineering Science
- The University of Electro-Communications
- Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
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43
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Dependences of the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity of Pd–Co/C and Pd–Ni/C Alloy Electrocatalysts on the Nanoparticle Size and Lattice Constant. Top Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-013-0216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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44
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Niwa H, Kiuchi H, Miyawaki J, Harada Y, Oshima M, Nabae Y, Aoki T. Operando soft X-ray emission spectroscopy of iron phthalocyanine-based oxygen reduction catalysts. Electrochem commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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45
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Theoretical considerations on fuel cell electrodes design for in operando transmission X-ray absorption spectroscopy of the cell cathode. J Solid State Electrochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-013-2188-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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46
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Maclennan A, Banerjee A, Hu Y, Miller JT, Scott RWJ. In Situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopic Analysis of Gold–Palladium Bimetallic Nanoparticle Catalysts. ACS Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/cs400230t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aimee Maclennan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Abhinandan Banerjee
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Yongfeng Hu
- Canadian Light Source, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X4, Canada
| | - Jeffrey T. Miller
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439-4837,
United States
| | - Robert W. J. Scott
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
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47
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Lee Y, Hsu I. Theoretical Analysis of Fe K‐edge XANES on Mononitrosyl Iron Complex [(NO)Fe(S
2
C
6
H
4
)
2
][PPN]. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201300168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya‐Wen Lee
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - I‐Jui Hsu
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
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48
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Samjeské G, Nagamatsu SI, Takao S, Nagasawa K, Imaizumi Y, Sekizawa O, Yamamoto T, Uemura Y, Uruga T, Iwasawa Y. Performance and characterization of a Pt–Sn(oxidized)/C cathode catalyst with a SnO2-decorated Pt3Sn nanostructure for oxygen reduction reaction in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:17208-18. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52323c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Ishiguro N, Saida T, Uruga T, Sekizawa O, Nagasawa K, Nitta K, Yamamoto T, Ohkoshi SI, Yokoyama T, Tada M. Structural kinetics of a Pt/C cathode catalyst with practical catalyst loading in an MEA for PEFC operating conditions studied by in situ time-resolved XAFS. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:18827-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52578c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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