1
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Du X, Zhang C, Liu S. Radical-Friedel-Crafts benzylation of arenes with benzyl ethers over 2H-MoS 2: ether cleavage into carbon- and oxygen-centered radicals. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:15322-15329. [PMID: 36102605 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02801h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The selective activation of C-O ether bonds is an essential tool in organic synthesis and natural polymer depolymerization. However, the direct cleavage of the ether bond is still challenging work, especially breaking this inert and redox-neutral bond to provide one active carbon radical and another oxygen-centered fragment with oxidation capacity that can participate in the controllable radical reaction. We herein report that commercial 2H-MoS2 with negligible acidity can efficiently catalyze the benzylation of arenes with benzyl ethers, and a new Radical-Friedel-Crafts mechanism is proposed, which is quite different from the strong acid-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts mechanism. With dibenzyl ether as the model benzylation reagent, 2H-MoS2 can achieve the homolytic cleavage of the Bn-OR bond to generate the benzyl carbon radical and RO˙ species, identified by EPR measurement and radical trap experiments. The following radical-involved benzylation is confirmed by the Hammett results and a plausible pathway is proposed to clarify the Radical-Friedel-Crafts process. Heterogeneous 2H-MoS2 can be consecutively used four times without regeneration and it offers 94-95% yields of 2-benzyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene from dibenzyl ether and p-xylene in 30 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, this mechanism can provide some inspiration to activate the ether bond and to utilize ether as an oxidant in C-H bond activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinze Du
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chaofeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.,College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Shenglin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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2
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Kratish Y, Marks TJ. Efficient Polyester Hydrogenolytic Deconstruction via Tandem Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosi Kratish
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Catalysis in Energy Processes (ICEP) Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 3113 USA
| | - Tobin J. Marks
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Catalysis in Energy Processes (ICEP) Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 3113 USA
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3
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Zhou F, Shi R, Wang Y, Xue Z, Zhang B, Mu T. Acidity Scales of Deep Eutectic Solvents based on IR and NMR. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:16973-16978. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01816k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Acidic deep eutectic solvents (ADESs) have been utilized in various applications. Clearly, it is crucial to obtain acidity information that could reveal the relationship with performance. However, appropriate methods of...
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4
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Peng G, Humblot A, Wischert R, De Oliveira Vigier K, Jiang F, Pera-Titus M, Jérôme F. Selective Acid-Catalyzed Hydroarylation of Nonactivated Alkenes with Aniline Assisted by Hexafluoroisopropanol. J Org Chem 2021; 86:17896-17905. [PMID: 34855400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic hydroarylation of nonactivated alkenes with aniline is a reaction of high interest, aiming at providing C-functionalized aniline derivatives that are important precursors for the fabrication of polyurethanes. However, this reaction remains a longstanding goal of catalysis, as it requires one to simultaneously address two important goals: (1) the very low reactivity of nonactivated alkenes and (2) control of the hydroarylation/hydroamination selectivity. As a result, the hydroarylation of aniline is mostly restricted to activated alkenes (i.e., featuring ring strain, conjugation, or activation with electron-donating or -withdrawing groups). Here we show that the combination of bismuth triflate and hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) leads to the formation of highly active catalytic species capable of promoting the hydroarylation of various nonactivated alkenes, such as 1-octene, 1-heptene, and 1-undecene, among others, with aniline with high selectivity (71-92%). Through a combined experimental and computational investigation, we propose a reaction pathway where HFIP stabilizes the rate-determining transition state through a H-bond interaction with the triflate anion, thus assisting the acid catalyst in the hydroarylation of nonactivated alkenes. From a practical point of view, this work opens a catalytic access to C-functionalized aniline derivatives from two cheap and abundant feedstocks in a 100% atom-economical fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongming Peng
- Eco-Efficient Products and Process Laboratory, SOLVAY/CNRS 3966 Jin Du Road, Xin Zhuang Industrial Zone, Shanghai 201108, China
| | - Anaelle Humblot
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers, University of Poitiers-CNRS 1 rue Marcel Doré, TSA 41105, 86073 Poitiers, France
| | - Raphael Wischert
- Eco-Efficient Products and Process Laboratory, SOLVAY/CNRS 3966 Jin Du Road, Xin Zhuang Industrial Zone, Shanghai 201108, China
| | - Karine De Oliveira Vigier
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers, University of Poitiers-CNRS 1 rue Marcel Doré, TSA 41105, 86073 Poitiers, France
| | - Fan Jiang
- Eco-Efficient Products and Process Laboratory, SOLVAY/CNRS 3966 Jin Du Road, Xin Zhuang Industrial Zone, Shanghai 201108, China
| | - Marc Pera-Titus
- Eco-Efficient Products and Process Laboratory, SOLVAY/CNRS 3966 Jin Du Road, Xin Zhuang Industrial Zone, Shanghai 201108, China
| | - François Jérôme
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers, University of Poitiers-CNRS 1 rue Marcel Doré, TSA 41105, 86073 Poitiers, France
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5
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Kratish Y, Marks TJ. Efficient Polyester Hydrogenolytic Deconstruction via Tandem Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202112576. [PMID: 34845815 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Using a mechanism-based solvent-free tandem catalytic approach, commodity polyester plastics such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) are rapidly and selectively deconstructed by combining the two air- and moisture-stable catalysts, Hf(OTf)4 and Pd/C, under 1 atm H2 , affording terephthalic acid (or naphthalene dicarboxylic acid for PEN) and ethane (or butane for PBT) in essentially quantitative yield. This process is effective for both laboratory grade and waste plastics, and comingled polypropylene remains unchanged. Combined experimental and DFT mechanistic analyses indicate that Hf(OTf)4 catalyzes a mildly exergonic retro-hydroalkoxylation reaction in which an alkoxy C-O bond is first cleaved, yielding a carboxylic acid and alkene, and this process is closely coupled to an exergonic olefin hydrogenation step, driving the overall reaction forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosi Kratish
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Catalysis in Energy Processes (ICEP), Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208 3113, USA
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Catalysis in Energy Processes (ICEP), Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208 3113, USA
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6
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Kumar A, Daw P, Milstein D. Homogeneous Catalysis for Sustainable Energy: Hydrogen and Methanol Economies, Fuels from Biomass, and Related Topics. Chem Rev 2021; 122:385-441. [PMID: 34727501 PMCID: PMC8759071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
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As the world pledges
to significantly cut carbon emissions, the
demand for sustainable and clean energy has now become more important
than ever. This includes both production and storage of energy carriers,
a majority of which involve catalytic reactions. This article reviews
recent developments of homogeneous catalysts in emerging applications
of sustainable energy. The most important focus has been on hydrogen
storage as several efficient homogeneous catalysts have been reported
recently for (de)hydrogenative transformations promising to the hydrogen
economy. Another direction that has been extensively covered in this
review is that of the methanol economy. Homogeneous catalysts investigated
for the production of methanol from CO2, CO, and HCOOH
have been discussed in detail. Moreover, catalytic processes for the
production of conventional fuels (higher alkanes such as diesel, wax)
from biomass or lower alkanes have also been discussed. A section
has also been dedicated to the production of ethylene glycol from
CO and H2 using homogeneous catalysts. Well-defined transition
metal complexes, in particular, pincer complexes, have been discussed
in more detail due to their high activity and well-studied mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, Fife, U.K., KY16 9ST
| | - Prosenjit Daw
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur, Govt. ITI (transit Campus), Berhampur 760010, India
| | - David Milstein
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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7
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Dicken RD, Motta A, Marks TJ. Homoleptic Lanthanide Amide Catalysts for Organic Synthesis: Experiment and Theory. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel D. Dicken
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Alessandro Motta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Roma “La Sapienza” and INSTM, UdR Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Tobin J. Marks
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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8
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Kaithal A, Kalsi D, Krishnakumar V, Pattanaik S, Bordet A, Leitner W, Gunanathan C. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Selective Hydroboronolysis of Ethers. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akash Kaithal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar752050, India
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Deepti Kalsi
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Varadhan Krishnakumar
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar752050, India
| | - Sandip Pattanaik
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar752050, India
| | - Alexis Bordet
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Walter Leitner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Chidambaram Gunanathan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar752050, India
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9
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Song Y, Feng X, Chen JS, Brzezinski C, Xu Z, Lin W. Multistep Engineering of Synergistic Catalysts in a Metal–Organic Framework for Tandem C–O Bond Cleavage. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:4872-4882. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Xuanyu Feng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Justin S. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Carter Brzezinski
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Ziwan Xu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Wenbin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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10
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Niu F, Wang Q, Yan Z, Kusema BT, Khodakov AY, Ordomsky VV. Highly Efficient and Selective N-Alkylation of Amines with Alcohols Catalyzed by in Situ Rehydrated Titanium Hydroxide. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b05525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Niu
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181-Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide (UCCS), F-59000 Lille, France
- E2P2L, UMI 3464 CNRS−Solvay, 3966 Jin Du Road, 201108 Shanghai, China
| | - Qiyan Wang
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181-Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide (UCCS), F-59000 Lille, France
- E2P2L, UMI 3464 CNRS−Solvay, 3966 Jin Du Road, 201108 Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Yan
- E2P2L, UMI 3464 CNRS−Solvay, 3966 Jin Du Road, 201108 Shanghai, China
| | - Bright T. Kusema
- E2P2L, UMI 3464 CNRS−Solvay, 3966 Jin Du Road, 201108 Shanghai, China
| | - Andrei Y. Khodakov
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181-Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide (UCCS), F-59000 Lille, France
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11
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Guan W, Tsang CW, Lin CSK, Len C, Hu H, Liang C. A review on high catalytic efficiency of solid acid catalysts for lignin valorization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 298:122432. [PMID: 31767425 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
It is imminent to develop renewable resources to replace fossil-derived energies as fossil resources are on the brink of exhaustion. Lignin is one of the major components of lignocellulosic biomass, which is a natural amorphous three-dimensional polymer with abundant C-O bonds and aromatic structure. Hence, valorization of lignin into high value-added liquid fuels and chemicals is regarded as a promising strategy to mitigate fossil resource shortages. Solid acid catalysts are extensively studied due to environmentally friendly in terms of the ease of separation, recovery and reduced amount of wastes. Hence, this review focuses on summarizing the recent progress of catalytic valorization of lignin over different kinds of solid acid catalysts including zeolites, heteropolyacids, metal oxides, amorphous SiO2-Al2O3, metal phosphates, and Lewis acid. Based on reviewing of current progress of lignin conversion, the challenges and future prospects are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiang Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Catalytic Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chi-Wing Tsang
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong, 20A Tsing Yi Road, Tsing Yi, Hong Kong China
| | - Carol Sze Ki Lin
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
| | - Christophe Len
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Haoquan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Catalytic Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Changhai Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Catalytic Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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12
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Becica J, Dobereiner GE. The roles of Lewis acidic additives in organotransition metal catalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:2055-2069. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02856g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We present recent advances in prominent organotransition metal-catalysed reactions in which Lewis acid cocatalysts are employed to increase catalyst activity or selectivity. The roles of Lewis acids are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Becica
- Department of Chemistry
- Temple University
- Philadelphia
- USA
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13
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Stevens JM, Parra-Rivera AC, Dixon DD, Beutner GL, DelMonte AJ, Frantz DE, Janey JM, Paulson J, Talley MR. Direct Lewis Acid Catalyzed Conversion of Enantioenriched N-Acyloxazolidinones to Chiral Esters, Amides, and Acids. J Org Chem 2018; 83:14245-14261. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Stevens
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Ana Cristina Parra-Rivera
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Darryl D. Dixon
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Gregory L. Beutner
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Albert J. DelMonte
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Doug E. Frantz
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Jacob M. Janey
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - James Paulson
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Michael R. Talley
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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14
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Ehni P, Guy K, Ebert M, Beardsworth S, Bader K, Forschner R, Bühlmeyer A, Dumait N, Roiland C, Molard Y, Laschat S. Luminescent liquid crystalline hybrid materials by embedding octahedral molybdenum cluster anions with soft organic shells derived from tribenzo[18]crown-6. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:14340-14351. [PMID: 30187902 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt03254h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Crown ethers and their derivatives are versatile building blocks for the design of supramolecular materials. They can be functionalized at will and are well known for their abilities to complex with alkali cations. Here, we show that emissive lanthanide free hybrid materials can be generated by using such building blocks. The organic tribenzo[18]crown-6 central core was functionalized via six-fold Suzuki cross-coupling as a key reaction with three o-terphenyl units which could be converted into their corresponding triphenylenes by the Scholl reaction, leading to novel liquid-crystalline columnar materials. Selected tribenzo[18]crown-6 o-terphenyls could interact with emissive ternary metal cluster compound salts to generate hybrid materials combining the properties of both moieties. Due to synergistic effects and despite the anisometry of the cluster compounds, individual properties such as liquid-crystalline phase stability of the organic part and emission abilities of its inorganic counter-part are enhanced in the hybrid compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Ehni
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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15
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Payard PA, Gu Q, Guo W, Wang Q, Corbet M, Michel C, Sautet P, Grimaud L, Wischert R, Pera-Titus M. Direct Amination of Alcohols Catalyzed by Aluminum Triflate: An Experimental and Computational Study. Chemistry 2018; 24:14146-14153. [PMID: 29882367 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Among the best-performing homogeneous catalysts for the direct amination of activated secondary alcohols with electron-poor amine derivatives, metal triflates, such as aluminum triflate, Al(OTf)3 , stand out. Herein we report the extension of this reaction to electron-rich amines and activated primary alcohols. We provide detailed insight into the structure and reactivity of the catalyst under working conditions in both nitromethane and toluene solvent, through experiment (cyclic voltammetry, conductimetry, NMR spectroscopy), and density functional theory (DFT) simulations. Competition between aniline and benzyl alcohol for Al in the two solvents explains the different reactivities. The catalyst structures predicted from the DFT calculations were validated by the experiments. Whereas a SN 1-type mechanism was found to be active in nitromethane, we propose a SN 2 mechanism in toluene to rationalize the much higher selectivity observed when using this solvent. Also, unlike what is commonly assumed in homogeneous catalysis, we show that different active species may be active instead of only one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Adrien Payard
- Eco-Efficient Products and Processes Laboratory (E2P2L), UMI 3464 CNRS-Solvay, 3966 Jin Du Road, Xin Zhuang Ind. Zone, 201108, Shanghai, China.,PASTEUR, Département de chimie, École normale supérieure, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Qingyi Gu
- Eco-Efficient Products and Processes Laboratory (E2P2L), UMI 3464 CNRS-Solvay, 3966 Jin Du Road, Xin Zhuang Ind. Zone, 201108, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenping Guo
- Eco-Efficient Products and Processes Laboratory (E2P2L), UMI 3464 CNRS-Solvay, 3966 Jin Du Road, Xin Zhuang Ind. Zone, 201108, Shanghai, China.,Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie, F69342, Lyon, France.,Present addresses: National Energy Center for Coal to Liquids, Synfuels China Co., Ltd., Huairou District, Beijing, 101400, China
| | - Qianran Wang
- Eco-Efficient Products and Processes Laboratory (E2P2L), UMI 3464 CNRS-Solvay, 3966 Jin Du Road, Xin Zhuang Ind. Zone, 201108, Shanghai, China
| | - Matthieu Corbet
- Eco-Efficient Products and Processes Laboratory (E2P2L), UMI 3464 CNRS-Solvay, 3966 Jin Du Road, Xin Zhuang Ind. Zone, 201108, Shanghai, China
| | - Carine Michel
- Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie, F69342, Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Sautet
- Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie, F69342, Lyon, France.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Laurence Grimaud
- PASTEUR, Département de chimie, École normale supérieure, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Raphael Wischert
- Eco-Efficient Products and Processes Laboratory (E2P2L), UMI 3464 CNRS-Solvay, 3966 Jin Du Road, Xin Zhuang Ind. Zone, 201108, Shanghai, China
| | - Marc Pera-Titus
- Eco-Efficient Products and Processes Laboratory (E2P2L), UMI 3464 CNRS-Solvay, 3966 Jin Du Road, Xin Zhuang Ind. Zone, 201108, Shanghai, China
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16
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Wang H, Wang H, Kuhn E, Tucker MP, Yang B. Production of Jet Fuel-Range Hydrocarbons from Hydrodeoxygenation of Lignin over Super Lewis Acid Combined with Metal Catalysts. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:285-291. [PMID: 29136337 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201701567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Super Lewis acids containing the triflate anion [e.g., Hf(OTf)4 , Ln(OTf)3 , In(OTf)3 , Al(OTf)3 ] and noble metal catalysts (e.g., Ru/C, Ru/Al2 O3 ) formed efficient catalytic systems to generate saturated hydrocarbons from lignin in high yields. In such catalytic systems, the metal triflates mediated rapid ether bond cleavage through selective bonding to etheric oxygens while the noble metal catalyzed subsequent hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) reactions. Near theoretical yields of hydrocarbons were produced from lignin model compounds by the combined catalysis of Hf(OTf)4 and ruthenium-based catalysts. When a technical lignin derived from a pilot-scale biorefinery was used, more than 30 wt % of the hydrocarbons produced with this catalytic system were cyclohexane and alkylcyclohexanes in the jet fuel range. Super Lewis acids are postulated to strongly interact with lignin substrates by protonating hydroxyl groups and ether linkages, forming intermediate species that enhance hydrogenation catalysis by supported noble metal catalysts. Meanwhile, the hydrogenation of aromatic rings by the noble metal catalysts can promote deoxygenation reactions catalyzed by super Lewis acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Wang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
- Current address: Center of Biomass Engineering/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Huamin Wang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Eric Kuhn
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Melvin P Tucker
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
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17
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Dutta S, Saha B. Hydrodeoxygenation of Furylmethane Oxygenates to Jet and Diesel Range Fuels: Probing the Reaction Network with Supported Palladium Catalyst and Hafnium Triflate Promoter. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Dutta
- Catalysis Center for Energy
Innovation and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Basudeb Saha
- Catalysis Center for Energy
Innovation and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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18
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Chatterjee M, Ishizaka T, Kawanami H. Hydrogenolysis/hydrogenation of diphenyl ether as a model decomposition reaction of lignin from biomass in pressurized CO2/water condition. Catal Today 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2016.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Wang R, Li R, Jiang H, Gong H, Bi Y. Crystal structure, thermal decomposition mechanism and catalytic performance of hexaaquaaluminum methanesulfonate. J COORD CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2017.1287907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, China
| | - Rongrong Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, China
| | - Heng Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, China
| | - Hong Gong
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, China
| | - Yanfeng Bi
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, China
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20
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Cui X, Junge K, Beller M. Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Alkylated Amines from Aryl Ethers or Phenols. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b01687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinjiang Cui
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Str.
29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Kathrin Junge
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Str.
29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Str.
29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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21
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Lohr TL, Li Z, Marks TJ. Thermodynamic Strategies for C-O Bond Formation and Cleavage via Tandem Catalysis. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:824-34. [PMID: 27078085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To reduce global reliance on fossil fuels, new renewable sources of energy that can be used with the current infrastructure are required. Biomass represents a major source of renewable carbon based fuel; however, the high oxygen content (∼40%) limits its use as a conventional fuel. To utilize biomass as an energy source, not only with current infrastructure, but for maximum energy return, the oxygen content must be reduced. One method to achieve this is to develop selective catalytic methods to cleave C-O bonds commonly found in biomass (aliphatic and aromatic ethers and esters) for the eventual removal of oxygen in the form of volatile H2O or carboxylic acids. Once selective methods of C-O cleavage are understood and perfected, application to processing real biomass feedstocks such as lignin can be undertaken. This Laboratory previously reported that recyclable "green" lanthanide triflates are excellent catalysts for C-O bond-forming hydroalkoxylation reactions. Based on the virtues of microscopic reversibility, the same lanthanide triflate catalyst should catalyze the reverse C-O cleavage process, retrohydroalkoxylation, to yield an alcohol and an alkene. However, ether C-O bond-forming (retrohydroalkoxylation) to form an alcohol and alkene is endothermic. Guided by quantum chemical analysis, our strategy is to couple endothermic, in tandem, ether C-O bond cleavage with exothermic alkene hydrogenation, thereby leveraging the combined catalytic cycles thermodynamically to form an overall energetically favorable C-O cleavage reaction. This Account reviews recent developments on thermodynamically leveraged tandem catalysis for ether and more recently, ester C-O bond cleavage undertaken at Northwestern University. First, the fundamentals of lanthanide-catalyzed hydroelementation are reviewed, with particular focus on ether C-O bond formation (hydroalkoxylation). Next, the reverse C-O cleavage/retrohydroalkoxylation processes enabled by tandem catalysis are discussed for both ether and ester C-O bond cleavage, including mechanistic and computational analysis. This is followed by recent results using this tandem catalytic strategy toward biomass relevant substrates, including work deconstructing acetylated lignin models, and the production of biodiesel from triglycerides, while bypassing the production of undesired glycerol for more valuable C3 products such as diesters (precursors to diols) in up to 47% selectivity. This Account concludes with future prospects for using this tandem catalytic system under real biomass processing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L. Lohr
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Tobin J. Marks
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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22
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Radkov V, Roisnel T, Trifonov A, Carpentier JF, Kirillov E. Tandem C(sp2)–OMe Activation/C(sp2)–C(sp2) Coupling in Early Transition-Metal Complexes: Aromatic C–O Activation beyond Late Transition Metals. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:4350-3. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b01877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vasily Radkov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of RAS, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | | | - Alexander Trifonov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of RAS, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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23
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24
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Song HJ, Deng J, Cui MS, Li XL, Liu XX, Zhu R, Wu WP, Fu Y. Alkanes from Bioderived Furans by using Metal Triflates and Palladium-Catalyzed Hydrodeoxygenation of Cyclic Ethers. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:4250-4255. [PMID: 26611542 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201500907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Using a metal triflate and Pd/C as catalysts, alkanes were prepared from bioderived furans in a one-pot hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) process. During the reaction, the metal triflate plays a crucial role in the ring-opening HDO of furan compounds. The entire reaction process has goes through two major phases: at low temperatures, saturation of the exocyclic double bond and furan ring are catalyzed by Pd/C; at high temperatures, the HDO of saturated furan compounds is catalyzed by the metal triflate. The reaction mechanism was verified by analyzing the changes of the intermediates during the reaction. In addition, different metal triflates, solvents, and catalyst recycling were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jie Song
- iChEM, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Jin Deng
- iChEM, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China.
| | - Min-Shu Cui
- iChEM, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
- Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Xing-Long Li
- iChEM, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
- School of Medical Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, PR China
| | - Xin-Xin Liu
- iChEM, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Rui Zhu
- iChEM, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Wei-Peng Wu
- iChEM, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Yao Fu
- iChEM, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China.
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25
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Lohr TL, Li Z, Marks TJ. Selective Ether/Ester C–O Cleavage of an Acetylated Lignin Model via Tandem Catalysis. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b01972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L. Lohr
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Tobin J. Marks
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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26
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27
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Lohr TL, Marks TJ. Orthogonal tandem catalysis. Nat Chem 2015; 7:477-82. [PMID: 25991525 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tandem catalysis is a growing field that is beginning to yield important scientific and technological advances toward new and more efficient catalytic processes. 'One-pot' tandem reactions, where multiple catalysts and reagents, combined in a single reaction vessel undergo a sequence of precisely staged catalytic steps, are highly attractive from the standpoint of reducing both waste and time. Orthogonal tandem catalysis is a subset of one-pot reactions in which more than one catalyst is used to promote two or more mechanistically distinct reaction steps. This Perspective summarizes and analyses some of the recent developments and successes in orthogonal tandem catalysis, with particular focus on recent strategies to address catalyst incompatibility. We also highlight the concept of thermodynamic leveraging by coupling multiple catalyst cycles to effect challenging transformations not observed in single-step processes, and to encourage application of this technique to energetically unfavourable or demanding reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Lohr
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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28
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Lohr TL, Li Z, Assary RS, Curtiss LA, Marks TJ. Thermodynamically Leveraged Tandem Catalysis for Ester RC(O)O–R′ Bond Hydrogenolysis. Scope and Mechanism. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L. Lohr
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhi Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Rajeev S. Assary
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Larry A. Curtiss
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Tobin J. Marks
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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29
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Zaheer M, Kempe R. Catalytic Hydrogenolysis of Aryl Ethers: A Key Step in Lignin Valorization to Valuable Chemicals. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/cs501498f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zaheer
- Department
of Chemistry, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering (SBASSE), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore 54792, Pakistan
| | - Rhett Kempe
- Lehrstuhl
Anorganische Chemie II - Catalyst Design, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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30
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Haibach MC, Lease N, Goldman AS. Catalytic Cleavage of Ether CO Bonds by Pincer Iridium Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Haibach MC, Lease N, Goldman AS. Catalytic Cleavage of Ether CO Bonds by Pincer Iridium Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:10160-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Adduci LL, McLaughlin MP, Bender TA, Becker JJ, Gagné MR. Metal-Free Deoxygenation of Carbohydrates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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33
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Adduci LL, McLaughlin MP, Bender TA, Becker JJ, Gagné MR. Metal-Free Deoxygenation of Carbohydrates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:1646-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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34
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Deuss PJ, Barta K, de Vries JG. Homogeneous catalysis for the conversion of biomass and biomass-derived platform chemicals. Catal Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cy01058a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This perspective highlights the importance of homogeneous catalysis in the selective and efficient transformation of various types of biomass and platform chemicals to useful chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Deuss
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katalin Barta
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes G. de Vries
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V
- 18059 Rostock, Germany
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35
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Li Z, Assary RS, Atesin AC, Curtiss LA, Marks TJ. Rapid ether and alcohol C-O bond hydrogenolysis catalyzed by tandem high-valent metal triflate + supported Pd catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 136:104-7. [PMID: 24354599 DOI: 10.1021/ja411546r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The thermodynamically leveraged conversion of ethers and alcohols to saturated hydrocarbons is achieved efficiently with low loadings of homogeneous M(OTf)n + heterogeneous Pd tandem catalysts (M = transition metal; OTf = triflate; n = 4). For example, Hf(OTf)4 mediates rapid endothermic ether ⇌ alcohol and alcohol ⇌ alkene equilibria, while Pd/C catalyzes the subsequent, exothermic alkene hydrogenation. The relative C-O cleavage rates scale as 3° > 2° > 1°. The reaction scope extends to efficient conversion of biomass-derived ethers, such as THF derivatives, to the corresponding alkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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