1
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Wang JY, Stevens JM, Kariofillis SK, Tom MJ, Golden DL, Li J, Tabora JE, Parasram M, Shields BJ, Primer DN, Hao B, Del Valle D, DiSomma S, Furman A, Zipp GG, Melnikov S, Paulson J, Doyle AG. Identifying general reaction conditions by bandit optimization. Nature 2024; 626:1025-1033. [PMID: 38418912 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Reaction conditions that are generally applicable to a wide variety of substrates are highly desired, especially in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries1-6. Although many approaches are available to evaluate the general applicability of developed conditions, a universal approach to efficiently discover these conditions during optimizations is rare. Here we report the design, implementation and application of reinforcement learning bandit optimization models7-10 to identify generally applicable conditions by efficient condition sampling and evaluation of experimental feedback. Performance benchmarking on existing datasets statistically showed high accuracies for identifying general conditions, with up to 31% improvement over baselines that mimic state-of-the-art optimization approaches. A palladium-catalysed imidazole C-H arylation reaction, an aniline amide coupling reaction and a phenol alkylation reaction were investigated experimentally to evaluate use cases and functionalities of the bandit optimization model in practice. In all three cases, the reaction conditions that were most generally applicable yet not well studied for the respective reaction were identified after surveying less than 15% of the expert-designed reaction space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Y Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason M Stevens
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - Stavros K Kariofillis
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mai-Jan Tom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dung L Golden
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jose E Tabora
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Marvin Parasram
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin J Shields
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Molecular Structure and Design, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David N Primer
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ, USA
- Loxo Oncology at Lilly, Louisville, CO, USA
| | - Bo Hao
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - David Del Valle
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Stacey DiSomma
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ariel Furman
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - G Greg Zipp
- Discovery Synthesis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - James Paulson
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Abigail G Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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2
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Bi C, Chadwick J, Davies ML, DelMonte AJ, Geng P, Glace AW, Green RA, Gurak JA, Haley MW, He BL, Inankur B, Jamison CR, Joe CL, Kolotuchin S, Lin D, Lou S, Nye J, Ortiz A, Purdum GE, Rosso VW, Shah M, Simmons EM, Stevens JM, Strotman NA, Tan Y, Zhang L. Coupling-Condensation Strategy for the Convergent Synthesis of an Imidazole-Fused 2-Aminoquinoline NLRP3 Agonist. J Org Chem 2023; 88:384-394. [PMID: 36516991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of a convergent route to the NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 3) agonist BMS-986299 is reported. The synthesis relies on a key Miyaura borylation and a tandem Suzuki-Miyaura coupling between an iodoimidazole and an o-aminochloroarene, followed by acid-mediated cyclization to afford the aminoquinoline core. The subsequent Boc cleavage and regioselective acylation afford the target compound. Two routes to the iodoimidazole intermediate are presented, along with the synthesis of the o-aminochloroarene via Negishi coupling. The convergent six-step route leads to an 80% reduction in process mass intensity compared to the linear enabling synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Bi
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - James Chadwick
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Reeds Lane, Moreton, Wirral CH46 1QW, U.K
| | - Merrill L Davies
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Albert J DelMonte
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Peng Geng
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Andrew W Glace
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Rebecca A Green
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - John A Gurak
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Matthew W Haley
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Brian L He
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Bahar Inankur
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Christopher R Jamison
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Candice L Joe
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Sergei Kolotuchin
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Dong Lin
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Sha Lou
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Jeffrey Nye
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Adrian Ortiz
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Geoffrey E Purdum
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Victor W Rosso
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Mansi Shah
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Eric M Simmons
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Jason M Stevens
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Neil A Strotman
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Yichen Tan
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Ling Zhang
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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3
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Torres JAG, Lau SH, Anchuri P, Stevens JM, Tabora JE, Li J, Borovika A, Adams RP, Doyle AG. A Multi-Objective Active Learning Platform and Web App for Reaction Optimization. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19999-20007. [PMID: 36260788 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the development of an open-source experimental design via Bayesian optimization platform for multi-objective reaction optimization. Using high-throughput experimentation (HTE) and virtual screening data sets containing high-dimensional continuous and discrete variables, we optimized the performance of the platform by fine-tuning the algorithm components such as reaction encodings, surrogate model parameters, and initialization techniques. Having established the framework, we applied the optimizer to real-world test scenarios for the simultaneous optimization of the reaction yield and enantioselectivity in a Ni/photoredox-catalyzed enantioselective cross-electrophile coupling of styrene oxide with two different aryl iodide substrates. Starting with no previous experimental data, the Bayesian optimizer identified reaction conditions that surpassed the previously human-driven optimization campaigns within 15 and 24 experiments, for each substrate, among 1728 possible configurations available in each optimization. To make the platform more accessible to nonexperts, we developed a graphical user interface (GUI) that can be accessed online through a web-based application and incorporated features such as condition modification on the fly and data visualization. This web application does not require software installation, removing any programming barrier to use the platform, which enables chemists to integrate Bayesian optimization routines into their everyday laboratory practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sii Hong Lau
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States.,Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Pranay Anchuri
- Center of Information Technology Policy, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jason M Stevens
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Jose E Tabora
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Jun Li
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Alina Borovika
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Ryan P Adams
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Abigail G Doyle
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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4
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Stevens JM, Li J, Simmons EM, Wisniewski SR, DiSomma S, Fraunhoffer KJ, Geng P, Hao B, Jackson EW. Advancing Base Metal Catalysis through Data Science: Insight and Predictive Models for Ni-Catalyzed Borylation through Supervised Machine Learning. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Stevens
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 556 Morris Avenue, Summit, New Jersey 07901, United States
| | - Jun Li
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Eric M. Simmons
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Steven R. Wisniewski
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Stacey DiSomma
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Kenneth J. Fraunhoffer
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Peng Geng
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Bo Hao
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Erika W. Jackson
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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5
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Stevens JM, Simmons EM, Tan Y, Borovika A, Fan J, Forest RV, Geng P, Guerrero CA, Lou S, Skliar D, Steinhardt SE, Strotman NA. Leveraging High-Throughput Experimentation to Drive Pharmaceutical Route Invention: A Four-Step Commercial Synthesis of Branebrutinib (BMS-986195). Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Stevens
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 556 Morris Ave, Summit, New Jersey 07901, United States
| | - Eric M. Simmons
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Yichen Tan
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Alina Borovika
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Junying Fan
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Robert V. Forest
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Peng Geng
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Carlos A. Guerrero
- Discovery Process Research, Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Sha Lou
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Dimitri Skliar
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Sarah E. Steinhardt
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Neil A. Strotman
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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6
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Qiu J, Stevens JM. High-Throughput Classical Chiral Resolution Screening of Synthetic Intermediates: Effects of Resolving Agents, Crystallization Solvents, and Other Factors. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Qiu
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Jason M. Stevens
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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7
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Qiu J, Patel A, Stevens JM. High-Throughput Salt Screening of Synthetic Intermediates: Effects of Solvents, Counterions, and Counterion Solubility. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Qiu
- Product Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Anisha Patel
- Product Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Jason M. Stevens
- Product Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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8
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Fraunhoffer KJ, DelMonte AJ, Beutner GL, Bultman MS, Camacho K, Cohen B, Dixon DD, Fan Y, Fanfair D, Freitag AJ, Glace AW, Gonzalez-Bobes F, Gujjar M, Haley MW, Hickey MR, Ho J, Iyer V, Maity P, Patel S, Rosso VW, Schmidt MA, Stevens JM, Tan Y, Wilbert C, Young IS, Yu M. Rapid Development of a Commercial Process for Linrodostat, an Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Inhibitor. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J. Fraunhoffer
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Global Product Development and Supply, One Squibb Drive, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
| | - Albert J. DelMonte
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Global Product Development and Supply, One Squibb Drive, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
| | - Gregory L. Beutner
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Global Product Development and Supply, One Squibb Drive, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
| | - Michael S. Bultman
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Global Product Development and Supply, One Squibb Drive, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
| | - Kathryn Camacho
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Global Product Development and Supply, One Squibb Drive, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
| | - Benjamin Cohen
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Global Product Development and Supply, One Squibb Drive, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
| | - Darryl D. Dixon
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Global Product Development and Supply, One Squibb Drive, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
| | - Yu Fan
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Global Product Development and Supply, One Squibb Drive, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
| | - Dayne Fanfair
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Global Product Development and Supply, One Squibb Drive, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
| | - Adam J. Freitag
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Global Product Development and Supply, One Squibb Drive, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
| | - Andrew W. Glace
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Global Product Development and Supply, One Squibb Drive, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
| | - Francisco Gonzalez-Bobes
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Global Product Development and Supply, One Squibb Drive, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
| | - Manjunath Gujjar
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Biocon Park, Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra IV, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Matthew W. Haley
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Global Product Development and Supply, One Squibb Drive, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
| | - Matthew R. Hickey
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Global Product Development and Supply, One Squibb Drive, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
| | - Jeanne Ho
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Global Product Development and Supply, One Squibb Drive, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
| | - Vidya Iyer
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Global Product Development and Supply, One Squibb Drive, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
| | - Prantik Maity
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Biocon Park, Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra IV, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Sunil Patel
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Global Product Development and Supply, One Squibb Drive, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
| | - Victor W. Rosso
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Global Product Development and Supply, One Squibb Drive, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
| | - Michael A. Schmidt
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Global Product Development and Supply, One Squibb Drive, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
| | - Jason M. Stevens
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Global Product Development and Supply, One Squibb Drive, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
| | - Yichen Tan
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Global Product Development and Supply, One Squibb Drive, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
| | - Christopher Wilbert
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Global Product Development and Supply, One Squibb Drive, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
| | - Ian S. Young
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Global Product Development and Supply, One Squibb Drive, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
| | - Miao Yu
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Global Product Development and Supply, One Squibb Drive, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
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9
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Gonzalez FL, Wisniewski SR, Katipally K, Stevens JM, Rosso V, Mack B, Razler TM. Systematic Optimization of a Robust Telescoped Process for a BTK Inhibitor with Atropisomer Control by High-Throughput Experimentation, Design of Experiments, and Linear Regression. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Lora Gonzalez
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Steven R. Wisniewski
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Kishta Katipally
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Jason M. Stevens
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Victor Rosso
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Brendan Mack
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Thomas M. Razler
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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10
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Beutner GL, Cohen BM, DelMonte AJ, Dixon DD, Fraunhoffer KJ, Glace AW, Lo E, Stevens JM, Vanyo D, Wilbert C. Revisiting the Cleavage of Evans Oxazolidinones with LiOH/H2O2. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L. Beutner
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Benjamin M. Cohen
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Albert J. DelMonte
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Darryl D. Dixon
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Kenneth J. Fraunhoffer
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Andrew W. Glace
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Ehrlic Lo
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Jason M. Stevens
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Dale Vanyo
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Christopher Wilbert
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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11
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Stevens JM, Shiels S, Chesser T. Technique for contouring the cut end of infix bars and external fixator pins. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2019; 101:438-439. [PMID: 31155891 DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2019.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J M Stevens
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Southmead Hospital , Bristol , UK.,Knox Orthopaedic Group , Melbourne , Australia
| | - S Shiels
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Southmead Hospital , Bristol , UK
| | - Tjs Chesser
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Southmead Hospital , Bristol , UK
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12
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Clark D, Stevens JM, Tortonese D, Whitehouse MR, Simpson D, Eldridge J. Mapping the contact area of the patellofemoral joint: the relationship between stability and joint congruence. Bone Joint J 2019; 101-B:552-558. [PMID: 31038995 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.101b5.bjj-2018-1246.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to determine and compare the congruency of the articular surface contact area of the patellofemoral joint (PFJ) during both active and passive movement of the knee with the use of an MRI mapping technique in both the stable and unstable PFJ. PATIENTS AND METHODS A prospective case-control MRI imaging study of patients with a history of PFJ instability and a control group of volunteers without knee symptoms was performed. The PFJs were imaged with the use of an MRI scan during both passive and active movement from 0° through to 40° of flexion. The congruency through measurement of the contact surface area was mapped in 5-mm intervals on axial slices. In all, 40 patients were studied. The case group included 31 patients with symptomatic patellofemoral instability and the control group of nine asymptomatic volunteers. The ages were well matched between the case and control groups. The mean age was 25 years (16 to 42; sd 6.9) in the case group and 26 years (19 to 32; sd 5.1) in the control group. There were 19 female and 12 male patients in the case group. RESULTS The unstable PFJs were demonstrably less congruent than the stable PFJs throughout the range of knee movement. The greatest mean differences in congruency between unstable and stable PFJ's were observed between 11° and 20° flexion (1.73 cm2 vs 4.00 cm2; p < 0.005). CONCLUSION The unstable PFJ is less congruent than the stable PFJ throughout the range of knee movement studied. This approach to mapping PFJ congruency produces a measurable outcome and will allow the assessment of pre- and postoperative results following surgical intervention. This may facilitate the design of new procedures for patients with PFJ instability. If a single axial series is to be obtained on MRI scan, the authors recommend 11° to 20° of tibiofemoral flexion, as this was shown to have the greatest difference in contact surface area between the case and control groups. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:552-558.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Clark
- Avon Orthopaedic Centre, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - J M Stevens
- Knox Orthopaedic Group, Knox Private Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - D Tortonese
- Centre for Applied Anatomy, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - M R Whitehouse
- Avon Orthopaedic Centre, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK.,Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK.,National Institute for Health Research, Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - D Simpson
- University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - J Eldridge
- Avon Orthopaedic Centre, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
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Mennen SM, Alhambra C, Allen CL, Barberis M, Berritt S, Brandt TA, Campbell AD, Castañón J, Cherney AH, Christensen M, Damon DB, Eugenio de Diego J, García-Cerrada S, García-Losada P, Haro R, Janey J, Leitch DC, Li L, Liu F, Lobben PC, MacMillan DWC, Magano J, McInturff E, Monfette S, Post RJ, Schultz D, Sitter BJ, Stevens JM, Strambeanu II, Twilton J, Wang K, Zajac MA. The Evolution of High-Throughput Experimentation in Pharmaceutical Development and Perspectives on the Future. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Mennen
- Drug Substance Technologies, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Carolina Alhambra
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S. A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - C. Liana Allen
- API Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Mario Barberis
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S. A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Simon Berritt
- Internal Medicine, Applied Synthesis Technology, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Thomas A. Brandt
- Process Chemistry, Chemical R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Andrew D. Campbell
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Jesús Castañón
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S. A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Alan H. Cherney
- Drug Substance Technologies, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Melodie Christensen
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - David B. Damon
- Process Chemistry, Chemical R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - J. Eugenio de Diego
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S. A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Susana García-Cerrada
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S. A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Losada
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S. A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Rubén Haro
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S. A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Jacob Janey
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - David C. Leitch
- API Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Ling Li
- API Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Fangfang Liu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global Supply Statistics, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Paul C. Lobben
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - David W. C. MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Javier Magano
- Process Chemistry, Chemical R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Emma McInturff
- Process Chemistry, Chemical R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sebastien Monfette
- Process Chemistry, Chemical R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ronald J. Post
- Engineering Group, Chemical R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Danielle Schultz
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Barbara J. Sitter
- Process Chemistry, Chemical R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jason M. Stevens
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Iulia I. Strambeanu
- API Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Jack Twilton
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Ke Wang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global Supply Statistics, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Matthew A. Zajac
- API Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
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Liu C, Althof PA, Maroni D, Stevens JM, Grabow CE, VanDyke AZ, Price JD, Sanmann JN, Thayer SP. Abstract P3-01-21: Circulating tumor cells of breast cancer origin identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization and may be an early predictor of therapy failure in early breast cancer. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs18-p3-01-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Most modern methods of detecting circulating tumor cells (CTCs) involve identifying cells with epithelial markers. This approach presents challenges, as not all epithelial cells found in circulation originate from the tumor and not all CTCs express epithelial markers. We propose using a size-exclusion filtration system to enrich for CTCs in peripheral blood followed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of the filtered cells to identify cells of tumor origin in the early-stage breast cancer patients. We further hypothesize that the presence of CTCs may be indicators of therapy failure in early-stage breast cancer patients.
Methods: Patients diagnosed with breast cancer (n = 9) were consented for CTC evaluation. Primary tumor DNA was analyzed by the Affymetrix OncoscanTM genome-wide microarray platform and investigated for somatic copy-number alterations (SCNAs). For each patient, two FISH probes were then identified for two regions of gain or a region of gain and a region of loss from the microarray results. Blood samples from patients were obtained before surgery, radiation therapy, endocrine therapy, and at 6-month or 1-year follow-up visits. Blood samples were filtered using ScreenCell® Cyto V2 devices, and FISH was performed. Cells were categorized as normal (diploid for all FISH probes), suspicious (single SCNA detected by FISH), or CTC (two SCNAs detected by FISH). Patients were identified as having CTCs present in their circulation when ≥2 CTCs were observed or when one CTC and >15 suspicious cells were observed.
Results: The microarray data revealed that luminal A tumors ranged from 2-43 SCNAs; luminal B tumors ranged from 15-20 SCNAs; and ER+, PR+, HER2+ tumors ranged from 46-98 SCNAs. Although a correlation appears to exist between tumor genetic complexity and molecular subtype, the degree of complexity was highly varied within each subtype. We found that neither complexity of tumor profile, molecular subtype, nor stage could predict the presence of CTCs in patients.
Molecular SubtypeSCNAsCTCsSuspicious Cells OnlyLuminal A2-433/52/5Luminal B15-200/21/2ER+, PR+, HER2+46-982/20/2
In pre-surgical blood samples, we detected CTCs in 63% of patients with stage 1 disease and in 60% of patients with luminal A tumors, 0% of patients with luminal B tumors, and 100% of patients with triple-positive tumors.
StageCTCsSuspicious Cells OnlyIA/B5/82/8IIA0/11/1
Although limited in number, ongoing investigation revealed that one of our patients in early follow-up with a luminal A, stage IB tumor was identified to have persistent CTCs at 1-year after starting hormonal adjuvant therapy, suggesting residual tumor burden not detected by standard clinical modalities; this finding also suggests that this patient may be at highest risk for relapse and should be considered for additional therapies.
Conclusion: Size-exclusion filtration followed by FISH analysis can accurately identify CTCs in early-stage breast cancer patients. Tumor complexity, molecular subtype, and stage did not predict the presence of CTCs in circulation. Our method for CTC detection may be able to serve as a diagnostic tool for treatment failure.
Citation Format: Liu C, Althof PA, Maroni D, Stevens JM, Grabow CE, VanDyke AZ, Price JD, Sanmann JN, Thayer SP. Circulating tumor cells of breast cancer origin identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization and may be an early predictor of therapy failure in early breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-01-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Liu
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE; Human Genetics Laboratory, Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - PA Althof
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE; Human Genetics Laboratory, Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - D Maroni
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE; Human Genetics Laboratory, Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - JM Stevens
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE; Human Genetics Laboratory, Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - CE Grabow
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE; Human Genetics Laboratory, Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - AZ VanDyke
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE; Human Genetics Laboratory, Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - JD Price
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE; Human Genetics Laboratory, Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - JN Sanmann
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE; Human Genetics Laboratory, Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - SP Thayer
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE; Human Genetics Laboratory, Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
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Stevens JM, Parra-Rivera AC, Dixon DD, Beutner GL, DelMonte AJ, Frantz DE, Janey JM, Paulson J, Talley MR. Direct Lewis Acid Catalyzed Conversion of Enantioenriched N-Acyloxazolidinones to Chiral Esters, Amides, and Acids. J Org Chem 2018; 83:14245-14261. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Stevens
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Ana Cristina Parra-Rivera
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Darryl D. Dixon
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Gregory L. Beutner
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Albert J. DelMonte
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Doug E. Frantz
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Jacob M. Janey
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - James Paulson
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Michael R. Talley
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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16
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Wisniewski SR, Stevens JM, Yu M, Fraunhoffer KJ, Romero EO, Savage SA. Utilizing Native Directing Groups: Synthesis of a Selective IKur Inhibitor, BMS-919373, via a Regioselective C–H Arylation. J Org Chem 2018; 84:4704-4714. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven R. Wisniewski
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Jason M. Stevens
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Miao Yu
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Kenneth J. Fraunhoffer
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Evan O. Romero
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Scott A. Savage
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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17
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Coombs JR, Green RA, Roberts F, Simmons EM, Stevens JM, Wisniewski SR. Advances in Base-Metal Catalysis: Development of a Screening Platform for Nickel-Catalyzed Borylations of Aryl (Pseudo)halides with B2(OH)4. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John R. Coombs
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Rebecca A. Green
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Frederick Roberts
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Eric M. Simmons
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Jason M. Stevens
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Steven R. Wisniewski
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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18
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Beutner GL, Young IS, Davies ML, Hickey MR, Park H, Stevens JM, Ye Q. TCFH-NMI: Direct Access to N-Acyl Imidazoliums for Challenging Amide Bond Formations. Org Lett 2018; 20:4218-4222. [PMID: 29956545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Challenging couplings of hindered carboxylic acids with non-nucleophilic amines to form amide bonds can be accomplished in high yields, and in many cases, with complete retention of the adjacent stereogenic centers using the combination of N, N, N', N'-tetramethylchloroformamidinium hexafluorophosphate (TCFH) and N-methylimidazole (NMI). This method allows for in situ generation of highly reactive acyl imidazolium ions, which have been demonstrated to be intermediates in the reaction. The reagent delivers high reactivity similar to acid chlorides with the ease of use of modern uronium reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Beutner
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08903 , United States
| | - Ian S Young
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08903 , United States
| | - Merrill L Davies
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08903 , United States
| | - Matthew R Hickey
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08903 , United States
| | - Hyunsoo Park
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08903 , United States
| | - Jason M Stevens
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08903 , United States
| | - Qingmei Ye
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08903 , United States
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Lester SE, Stevens JM, Gentry RR, Kappel CV, Bell TW, Costello CJ, Gaines SD, Kiefer DA, Maue CC, Rensel JE, Simons RD, Washburn L, White C. Marine spatial planning makes room for offshore aquaculture in crowded coastal waters. Nat Commun 2018; 9:945. [PMID: 29507321 PMCID: PMC5838171 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine spatial planning (MSP) seeks to reduce conflicts and environmental impacts, and promote sustainable use of marine ecosystems. Existing MSP approaches have successfully determined how to achieve target levels of ocean area for particular uses while minimizing costs and impacts, but they do not provide a framework that derives analytical solutions in order to co-ordinate siting of multiple uses while balancing the effects of planning on each sector in the system. We develop such a framework for guiding offshore aquaculture (bivalve, finfish, and kelp farming) development in relation to existing sectors and environmental concerns (wild-capture fisheries, viewshed quality, benthic pollution, and disease spread) in California, USA. We identify > 250,000 MSP solutions that generate significant seafood supply and billions of dollars in revenue with minimal impacts (often < 1%) on existing sectors and the environment. We filter solutions to identify candidate locations for high-value, low-impact aquaculture development. Finally, we confirm the expectation of substantial value of our framework over conventional planning focused on maximizing individual objectives. Marine spatial planning is used to co-ordinate multiple ocean uses, and is frequently informed by tradeoffs and composite metrics. Here, Lester et al. introduce an approach that plans for multiple uses simultaneously whilst balancing individual objectives, using a case study of aquaculture development in California.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Lester
- Department of Geography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-2190, USA.
| | - J M Stevens
- Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, 1 Grand Avenue, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - R R Gentry
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, 2400 Bren Hall, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - C V Kappel
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State Street, Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA
| | - T W Bell
- Earth Research Institute, 5843 Ellison Hall, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - C J Costello
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, 2400 Bren Hall, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - S D Gaines
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, 2400 Bren Hall, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - D A Kiefer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - C C Maue
- School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 93405, USA
| | - J E Rensel
- Rensel Associates Aquatic Sciences, 4209 234th Street NE, Arlington, WA, 98223, USA
| | - R D Simons
- Earth Research Institute, 5843 Ellison Hall, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - L Washburn
- Marine Science Institute & Department of Geography, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-6150, USA
| | - C White
- Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, 1 Grand Avenue, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
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deGruyter JN, Malins LR, Wimmer L, Clay KJ, Lopez-Ogalla J, Qin T, Cornella J, Liu Z, Che G, Bao D, Stevens JM, Qiao JX, Allen MP, Poss MA, Baran PS. CITU: A Peptide and Decarboxylative Coupling Reagent. Org Lett 2017; 19:6196-6199. [PMID: 29115835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tetrachloro-N-hydroxyphthalimide tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (CITU) is disclosed as a convenient and economical reagent for both acylation and decarboxylative cross-coupling chemistries. Within the former set of reactions, CITU displays reactivity similar to that of common coupling reagents, but with increased safety and reduced cost. Within the latter, increased yields, more rapid conversion, and a simplified procedure are possible across a range of reported decarboxylative transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine N deGruyter
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lara R Malins
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Laurin Wimmer
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Khalyd J Clay
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Javier Lopez-Ogalla
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Josep Cornella
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Zhiqing Liu
- Asymchem Laboratories, (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. , TEDA, Tianjin 200457, P. R. China
| | - Guanda Che
- Asymchem Laboratories, (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. , TEDA, Tianjin 200457, P. R. China
| | - Denghui Bao
- Asymchem Laboratories, (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. , TEDA, Tianjin 200457, P. R. China
| | - Jason M Stevens
- Chemistry and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Jennifer X Qiao
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb , P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Martin P Allen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb , P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Michael A Poss
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb , P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Coombs JR, Fraunhoffer KJ, Simmons EM, Stevens JM, Wisniewski SR, Yu M. Improving Robustness: In Situ Generation of a Pd(0) Catalyst for the Cyanation of Aryl Bromides. J Org Chem 2017; 82:7040-7044. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John R. Coombs
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Kenneth J. Fraunhoffer
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Eric M. Simmons
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Jason M. Stevens
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Steven R. Wisniewski
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Miao Yu
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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22
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Hughes RT, Cotes PM, Oliver DO, Pippard MJ, Royston P, Stevens JM, Strong CA, Tam RC, Winearls CG. Correction of the anaemia of chronic renal failure with erythropoietin: pharmacokinetic studies in patients on haemodialysis and CAPD. Contrib Nephrol 2015; 76:122-30. [PMID: 2582777 DOI: 10.1159/000417888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R T Hughes
- Section of Haematology, Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, Middx
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23
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Stevens JM, MacMillan DWC. Enantioselective α-alkenylation of aldehydes with boronic acids via the synergistic combination of copper(II) and amine catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:11756-9. [PMID: 23889497 DOI: 10.1021/ja406356c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The enantioselective α-alkenylation of aldehydes has been accomplished using boronic acids via the synergistic combination of copper and chiral amine catalysis. The merger of two highly utilized and robust catalytic systems has allowed for the development of a mild and operationally trivial protocol for the direct formation of α-formyl olefins employing common building blocks for organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Stevens
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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24
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Forman EJ, Treff NR, Stevens JM, Garnsey HM, Katz-Jaffe MG, Scott RT, Schoolcraft WB. Embryos whose polar bodies contain isolated reciprocal chromosome aneuploidy are almost always euploid. Hum Reprod 2012; 28:502-8. [PMID: 23169867 PMCID: PMC3545638 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/des393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION When a chromosome aneuploidy is detected in the first polar body and a reciprocal loss or gain of the same chromosome is detected in the second polar body, is the resulting embryo usually aneuploid for that chromosome? SUMMARY ANSWER When reciprocal aneuploidy occurs in polar bodies, the resulting embryo is usually normal for that chromosome, indicating that premature separation of sister chromatids (PSSC)—not non-disjunction—likely occurred in meiosis I. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Single-nucleotide polymorphism-based microarray analysis can be used to accurately determine the chromosomal status of polar bodies and embryos. Sometimes, the only abnormality found is a reciprocal gain or loss of one or two chromosomes in the two polar bodies. Prediction of the status of the resulting embryo in these cases is problematic. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Blinded microarray analysis of previously diagnosed aneuploid embryos that had reciprocal polar body aneuploidy. MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS IVF cycles were performed between 2008 and 2011 in patients aged 40 ± 3 years (range 35–47 years) with an indication for polar body-based aneuploidy screening. Thirty-five aneuploid vitrified Day 3 embryos were warmed, cultured to Day 5 and biopsied for microarray analysis. Predictions were made for the ploidy status of the embryo if PSSC or non-disjunction had occurred. The signal intensity for the aneuploid chromosome in the first polar body was compared between those that resulted in euploid and aneuploid embryos. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Among 34 embryos with evaluable results, 31 were euploid on re-analysis. Of 43 chromosomes that had reciprocal aneuploidy in the polar bodies, 41 were disomic in the embryo, indicating that PSSC was likely to have occurred 95% (95% confidence interval 85–99%) of the time. The log 2 ratio signal intensity from the chromosomes that underwent non-disjunction, resulting in unbalanced embryos, were outliers when compared with those that underwent PSSC. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Although most embryos with reciprocal aneuploid polar bodies were euploid, it is unknown whether they maintain equivalent reproductive potential when transferred. Further study is needed to determine whether these embryos should be re-biopsied and considered for transfer. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This study is consistent with increasing evidence that PSSC is the primary cause of meiosis I errors in embryos from women of advanced reproductive age. Clinicians should be cautious in interpreting results from polar body aneuploidy screening, especially when only the first polar body is tested. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) None.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Forman
- Reproductive Medicine Associates of New Jersey, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA.
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25
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26
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Abstract
The total synthesis of (+)-iriciniastatin A (psymberin) is reported in 19 steps and 6% overall yield. Key reactions include a highly convergent enolsilane-oxocarbenium ion union to generate the C8-C25 fragment and a late-stage coupling of a hemiaminal and acid chloride to complete the synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Crimmins
- Kenan and Caudill Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
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27
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Voss ME, Ralph JM, Xie D, Manning DD, Chen X, Frank AJ, Leyhane AJ, Liu L, Stevens JM, Budde C, Surman MD, Friedrich T, Peace D, Scott IL, Wolf M, Johnson R. Synthesis and SAR of vinca alkaloid analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 19:1245-9. [PMID: 19147348 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Versatile intermediates 12'-iodovinblastine, 12'-iodovincristine and 11'-iodovinorelbine were utilized as substrates for transition metal based chemistry which led to the preparation of novel analogues of the vinca alkaloids. The synthesis of key iodo intermediates, their transformation into final products, and the SAR based upon HeLa and MCF-7 cell toxicity assays is presented. Selected analogues 27 and 36 show promising anticancer activity in the P388 murine leukemia model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Voss
- Albany Molecular Research, Inc., 26 Corporate Circle, PO Box 15098, Albany, NY 12212-5098, USA.
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28
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Kakkos SK, Stevens JM, Nicolaides AN, Kyriacou E, Pattichis CS, Geroulakos G, Thomas D. Texture Analysis of Ultrasonic Images of Symptomatic Carotid Plaques can Identify Those Plaques Associated with Ipsilateral Embolic Brain Infarction. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2007; 33:422-9. [PMID: 17161964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2006.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of our study was to determine the association between objective, computerised texture analysis of carotid plaque ultrasonic images and embolic CT-brain infarction in patients presenting with hemispheric neurological symptoms. DESIGN Cross-sectional study in patients with 50%-99% (ECST) carotid stenosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS Carotid plaque ultrasonic images (n=54, 26 with TIAs and 28 with stroke) obtained during carotid ultrasound were normalised and standardised for resolution and subsequently assessed visually for the presence of discrete echogenic or juxtaluminal echolucent components and overall echogenicity (plaque type). Using computer software, 51 histogram/textural features of the plaque outlines were calculated. Factor analysis was subsequently applied to eliminate redundant variables. Small cortical, large cortical and discrete subcortical infarcts on CT-brain scan were considered as being embolic. RESULTS Twenty-five cases (46%) had embolic infarcts. On logistic regression, grey-scale median (GSM), a measure of echolucency, spatial grey level dependence matrices (SGLDM) correlation and SGLDM information measure of correlation-1, measures of homogeneity were significant (p<0.05), but not grey level runlength statistics (RUNL) Run Percentage (RP), stenosis severity, type of symptoms or echolucent juxtaluminal components. Using ROC curves methodology, SGLDM information measure of correlation-1 improved the value of GSM in distinguishing embolic from non-embolic CT-brain infarction. CONCLUSION Computerised texture analysis of ultrasonic images of symptomatic carotid plaques can identify those that are associated with brain infarction, improving the results achieved by GSM alone. This methodology could be applied to prospective natural history studies of symptomatic patients not operated on or randomised trials of patients undergoing carotid angioplasty and stenting in order to identify high-risk subgroups for cerebral infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Kakkos
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Imperial College, London, UK
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Jinks
- A.R.C. Unit of Biometrical Genetics, Department of Genetics, University of Birmingham
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30
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Abstract
Haem (Fe-protoporphyrin IX) is a cofactor found in a wide variety of proteins. It confers diverse functions, including electron transfer, the binding and sensing of gases, and many types of catalysis. The majority of cofactors are non-covalently attached to proteins. There are, however, some proteins in which the cofactor binds covalently and one of the major protein classes characterized by covalent cofactor attachment is the c-type cytochromes. The characteristic haem-binding mode of c-type cytochromes requires the formation of two covalent bonds between two cysteine residues in the protein and the two vinyl groups of haem. Haem attachment is a complex post-translational process that, in bacteria such as Escherichia coli, occurs in the periplasmic space and involves the participation of many proteins. Unexpectedly, it has been found that the haem chaperone CcmE (cytochrome c maturation), which is an essential intermediate in the process, also binds haem covalently before transferring the haem to apocytochromes. A single covalent bond is involved and occurs between a haem vinyl group and a histidine residue of CcmE. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have provided insight into the function of this protein and into the overall process of cytochrome c biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Stevens
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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31
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Postmortem studies have shown atrophy of the superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP) to distinguish progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) from other neurodegenerative diseases. It is not clear whether MRI-based measurements can differentiate this relative atrophy of the SCP during life. METHODS Volumetric MRI was acquired prospectively in 53 subjects: 19 with PSP, 10 with multiple system atrophy (MSA), 12 with Parkinson disease (PD), and 12 healthy controls. SCP volume was assessed by detailed quantitative volumetric measurement and independently by blinded visual rating of SCP atrophy. RESULTS The mean SCP volume, corrected for total intracranial volume, was lower in patients with PSP than controls (p < 0.001), patients with MSA (p = 0.001), and patients with PD (p = 0.003). There was an overlap between individual SCP volume measurements in the PSP subjects and the other groups. Neuroradiologic rating correctly identified PSP cases based on the presence of SCP atrophy with a sensitivity of 74% and a specificity of 94%. CONCLUSIONS The authors propose that together with other radiologic features of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) such as midbrain atrophy, a visual assessment of the superior cerebellar peduncle may help increase the clinical diagnostic accuracy in PSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Paviour
- Dementia Research Centre (UCL), Institute of Neurology UCL, London, UK.
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32
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Janssen JC, Schott JM, Cipolotti L, Fox NC, Scahill RI, Josephs KA, Stevens JM, Rossor MN. Mapping the onset and progression of atrophy in familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005; 76:162-8. [PMID: 15654025 PMCID: PMC1739516 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2003.032201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) may be inherited as an autosomal dominant disease. Studying patients "at risk" for developing FTLD can provide insights into the earliest onset and evolution of the disease. METHOD We carried out approximately annual clinical, MRI, and neuropsychological assessments on an asymptomatic 51 year old "at risk" family member from a family with FTLD associated with ubiquitin-positive and tau-negative inclusion bodies. We used non-linear (fluid) registration of serial MRI to determine areas undergoing significant regional atrophy at different stages of the disease. RESULTS Over the first 26 months of the study, the patient remained asymptomatic, but subsequently developed progressive speech production difficulties, and latterly severe orofacial dyspraxia, dyscalculia, frontal executive impairment, and limb dyspraxia. Regional atrophy was present prior to the onset of symptoms, and was initially centred on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the left middle frontal gyrus. Latterly, there was increasing asymmetric left frontal and parietal atrophy. Imaging revealed excess and increasing global atrophy throughout the study. Neuropsychological evaluation revealed mild intellectual impairment prior to the onset of these clinical symptoms; frontal executive and left parietal impairment subsequently emerged, culminating in widespread cognitive impairment. Fluid registered MRI allowed the emerging atrophy patterns to be delineated. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated the onset and progressive pattern of in vivo atrophy in familial FTLD using fluid registered MRI and correlated this with the clinical features. Fluid registered MRI may be a useful technique in assessing patterns of focal atrophy in vivo and demonstrating the progression of degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Janssen
- Dementia Research Group, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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33
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Paviour DC, Schott JM, Stevens JM, Revesz T, Holton JL, Rossor MN, Lees AJ, Fox NC. Pathological substrate for regional distribution of increased atrophy rates in progressive supranuclear palsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75:1772-5. [PMID: 15548504 PMCID: PMC1738856 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2003.033472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) are cross-sectional and lack post mortem confirmation of the diagnosis. MRI features described previously in PSP correspond to regions of pathological involvement demonstrated in separate studies, but serial MRI with pathological follow up has not been undertaken. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether regions of increased atrophy rates demonstrated in PSP during life using fluid registered serial MRI correspond with pathological findings in confirmed PSP. METHODS A 59 year old male presented with a six month history of balance problems and dysarthria. He had a symmetrical, levodopa unresponsive akinetic-rigid syndrome with a vertical supranuclear gaze palsy. A clinical diagnosis of probable PSP was made. His disease progressed relentlessly and he died five years after onset. Two serial MRI scans undertaken during life were reviewed and fluid (non-linear) registration of the images carried out. Post mortem histopathological analysis of the brain was undertaken to definitively confirm the diagnosis and compare regional pathology with the serial imaging. RESULTS Fluid registration demonstrated greatest rates of atrophy in the brainstem and frontal cortex, in keeping with the distribution of pathology seen at autopsy. CONCLUSION Fluid registration of serial MRI allows the topography and rates of regional atrophy in PSP to be delineated in life. Atrophy patterns correlated well with regional pathological load. These observations suggest that serial MRI with registration may help differentiate PSP from clinically similar conditions and supports its use as a surrogate marker of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Paviour
- The Sara Koe PSP Research Centre, Institute of Neurology UCL, London, UK.
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- D L H Bennett
- Department of Neurology, Kings College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK.
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35
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Stevens JM, Jordan PA, Sage T, Gibbins JM. The regulation of integrin-linked kinase in human platelets: evidence for involvement in the regulation of integrin alpha 2 beta 1. J Thromb Haemost 2004; 2:1443-52. [PMID: 15304053 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2004.00870.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of the platelet integrin alpha 2 beta 1 is closely regulated due to the high thrombogenicity of its ligand. As a beta 1 interacting kinase, ILK represents a candidate intracellular regulator of alpha 2 beta 1 in human platelets. OBJECTIVES We investigated the regulation of ILK in human platelets and the role of ILK in regulating alpha 2 beta 1 activation in HEL cells, a megakaryocytic cell line. METHODS An in-vitro kinase assay was used to determine the effect of platelet agonists on ILK kinase activity together with the contribution of PI3K and PKC on ILK activation. Interaction of ILK with beta 1-integrin subunits was investigated by coimmunoprecipitation and the role of ILK in regulating alpha 2 beta 1 function assessed by overexpression studies in HEL cells. RESULTS We report that collagen and thrombin modulate ILK kinase activity in human platelets in an aggregation-independent manner. Furthermore, ILK activity is dually regulated by PI3K and PKC in thrombin-stimulated platelets and regulated by PI3K in collagen-stimulated cells. ILK associates with the beta 1-integrin subunits immunoprecipitated from platelet cell lysates, an association which increased upon collagen stimulation. Overexpression of ILK in HEL cells enhanced alpha 2 beta 1-mediated adhesion whereas overexpression of kinase-dead ILK reduced adhesion, indicating a role for this kinase in the positive regulation of alpha 2 beta 1. CONCLUSIONS Our findings that ILK regulates alpha 2 beta 1 in HEL cells, is activated in platelets and associates with beta 1-integrins, raise the possibility that it may play a key role in adhesion events upon agonist stimulation of platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Stevens
- School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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36
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Scotter JM, Stevens JM, Chambers ST, Lynn KL, Patton WN. Diagnosis of aspergillus peritonitis in a renal dialysis patient by PCR and galactomannan detection. J Clin Pathol 2004; 57:662-4. [PMID: 15166279 PMCID: PMC1770331 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2003.015636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and galactomannan detection to detect aspergillus in the continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) fluid and blood of a patient with multiple myeloma on CAPD and immunosuppressive treatment. Diagnosis of aspergillosis was initially made by conventional culture of CAPD fluid, but the PCR and galactomannan assays also detected aspergillus DNA and antigen in the blood, respectively. This suggests that the PCR and galactomannan assays, previously suggested as useful in the management of invasive fungal infections in neutropenic haematological patients, may be suitable for application to a broad range of clinical situations and sample types.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Scotter
- Department of Pathology, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Christchurch, New Zealand
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37
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Most positive antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) results are associated with non-vasculitic conditions, and guidelines have been proposed for the judicious use of this test. The outcome of applying similar guidelines in a routine laboratory is reported. METHODS All immunology requests (6500) over six months were selected, and those requesting ANCA were studied for the appropriateness of the clinical data supporting the request, the presence of ANCA in those samples tested, and the final diagnosis. Antibodies were detected by indirect immunofluorescence. RESULTS ANCA testing was requested in 287 samples. Application of a "gating policy", which refuses analysis on requests that are not supported by clinical data suggestive of systemic vasculitis, made clinicians more selective about the patients for whom they requested ANCA testing. The percentage of "appropriate" screens for systemic vasculitis was relatively high (212 of 287 requests: 72.5%). Only one of the remainder, for whom ANCA testing was initially refused, developed an ANCA related systemic vasculitis in the two years after the study, but the delay in reporting her positive ANCA was only two days. Most of the samples tested were negative (155 of 212), but most (42 of 57) of the patients with positive ANCA results were found to have a systemic vasculitis. CONCLUSIONS A gating policy to select requests supported by clinical data suggestive of systemic vasculitis makes ANCA testing more clinically relevant and cost effective. Studies where guidelines can be proposed and their effects measured are important in the light of clinical governance and evidence based medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sinclair
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth PO6 3 LY, UK.
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38
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Nicolaides A, Sabetai M, Kakkos SK, Dhanjil S, Tegos T, Stevens JM, Thomas DJ, Francis S, Griffin M, Geroulakos G, Ioannidou E, Kyriacou E. The Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis and Risk of Stroke (ACSRS) study. Aims and results of quality control. INT ANGIOL 2003; 22:263-72. [PMID: 14612853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM The results of the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study (ACAS) study have provided the first scientific evidence that in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis greater than 60% carotid endarterectomy reduces the risk of stroke from 2% to 1% per year. The implications are that approximately 20 operations need to be performed in order to prevent 1 stroke in 5 years. The aims of the Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis and Risk of Stroke (ACSRS) study are to identify a subgroup or subgroups at a risk for stroke higher than 4% and a group at a risk for stroke less than 1% per year using systemic and local risk factors (plaque characterization) in addition to the degree of stenosis. The aim of this paper is to present the protocol and the results of the quality control. METHODS The ACSRS is a multicentre natural history study of patients with asymptomatic internal carotid diameter stenosis greater than 50% in relation to the bulb. The degree of stenosis is graded using multiple established ultrasonic duplex criteria. In addition, ultrasonic plaque characterization is performed and clinical risk factors and medications are recorded. Training is provided centrally. All carotid ultrasound examinations are recorded on video-tape which together with CT-brain scans and ECG are analysed at the coordinating centre with feedback information to partner centres. RESULTS The video recordings and analysis of data centrally with feed back information have provided quality control with a significant improvement not only in the completion of data forms but also in the grading of internal carotid stenosis and plaque recordings using ultrasound. CONCLUSION The high level of quality of data collected will add credibility to the results of the ACSRS study and may eventually promote the development of international standards of plaque imaging and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nicolaides
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Imperial College, London, UK.
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39
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Hubbard GP, Stevens JM, Cicmil M, Sage T, Jordan PA, Williams CM, Lovegrove JA, Gibbins JM. Quercetin inhibits collagen-stimulated platelet activation through inhibition of multiple components of the glycoprotein VI signaling pathway. J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1:1079-88. [PMID: 12871380 DOI: 10.1046/j.1538-7836.2003.00212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regulation of platelet function by pharmacological agents that modulate platelet signaling has proven a successful approach to the prevention of thrombosis. A variety of molecules present in the diet have been shown to inhibit platelet activation, including the antioxidant quercetin. OBJECTIVES In this report we investigate the molecular mechanisms through which quercetin inhibits collagen-stimulated platelet aggregation. METHODS The effect of quercetin on platelet aggregation, intracellular calcium release, whole cell tyrosine phosphorylation and intracellular signaling events including tyrosine phosphorylation and kinase activity of proteins involved in the collagen-stimulated glycoprotein (GP) signaling pathway were investigated. RESULTS We report that quercetin inhibits collagen-stimulated whole cell protein tyrosine phosphorylation and intracellular mobilization of calcium, in a concentration-dependent manner. Quercetin was also found to inhibit various events in signaling generated by the collagen receptor GPVI. This includes collagen-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of the Fc receptor gamma-chain, Syk, LAT and phospholipase Cgamma2. Inhibition of phosphorylation of the Fc receptor gamma-chain suggests that quercetin inhibits early signaling events following stimulation of platelets with collagen. The activity of the kinases that phosphorylate the Fc receptor gamma-chain, Fyn and Lyn, as well as the tyrosine kinase Syk and phosphoinositide 3-kinase was also inhibited by quercetin in a concentration-dependent manner, both in whole cells and in isolation. CONCLUSIONS The present results provide a molecular basis for the inhibition by quercetin of collagen-stimulated platelet activation, through inhibition of multiple components of the GPVI signaling pathway, and may begin to explain the proposed health benefits of high quercetin intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Hubbard
- School of Food Biosciences and School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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40
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Walters RJL, Fox NC, Schott JM, Crum WR, Stevens JM, Rossor MN, Thomas DJ. Transient ischaemic attacks are associated with increased rates of global cerebral atrophy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74:213-6. [PMID: 12531953 PMCID: PMC1738265 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.74.2.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether patients presenting with a first transient ischaemic attack (TIA) subsequently show increased rates of brain atrophy compared with age matched controls; and to assess potential risk factors for brain atrophy in this group. METHODS 60 patients with a first, isolated TIA and 26 age and sex matched controls were recruited. None had evidence of cognitive impairment. Vascular risk factors were treated appropriately. All subjects had volumetric imaging at the start of the study and one year later, when they were clinically reassessed. TIA patients also had serial dual echo brain imaging. Rates of whole brain atrophy were calculated from the registered volumetric scans, as was the incidence of new ischaemic lesions. In the TIA group, the degree of white matter disease was assessed. Atrophy rates and blood pressure were compared between patients and controls. RESULTS 22 patients (37%) developed new "clinically silent" infarcts during follow up. The mean (SD) annualised percentage atrophy rate in the TIA group was significantly higher than in the controls, at 0.82 (0.39)% v 0.33 (0.3)% (p < 0.0001). In the TIA group, diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.004) and white matter disease severity (p < 0.001) were correlated with cerebral atrophy rate. Increased white matter disease was found in patients in whom new ischaemic lesions developed (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Patients presenting with a first TIA have excess global brain atrophy compared with age matched controls over the subsequent year. Increased atrophy rates following a TIA may be directly or indirectly related to increasing white matter disease and diastolic hypertension. Future studies should assess whether this atrophy inevitably leads to cognitive decline, and whether aggressive treatment of risk factors for cerebrovascular disease (particularly hypertension) after a TIA can influence outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J L Walters
- Department of Clinical Neurology, St Mary's Hospital, London W2 1NY, UK
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41
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Abstract
Cerebellar atrophy is assumed to be a common finding in patients suffering from epilepsy. Anticonvulsants as well as seizure activity itself have been considered to be responsible for it but many studies have addressed these questions in specialised centres for epilepsy thus having a referral bias towards patients with severe epileptic syndromes. The purpose of this study was: 1. To develop a quantitative method on 3D-MRI data to achieve volume or planimetric measurements (of cerebrum, cerebellum and cerebellar substructures). 2. To investigate the prevalence of cerebellar atrophy (and substructure atrophy) in a prospectively investigated population-based cohort of patients with newly diagnosed and chronic epilepsy. 3. To quantify cerebellar atrophy in clinic-based patients, who had had atrophy previously diagnosed on routine visual MRI assessment. 4. To correlate the measures of atrophy with clinical features in both patient groups. A total of 57 patients with either newly diagnosed or chronic active epilepsy and 36 control subjects were investigated with a newly developed semiautomated method for cerebral as well as cerebellar volume measurements and substructure planimetry, corrected for intracranial volume. We did not find any significant atrophy in the population-based cohort of patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy or with chronic epilepsy. Visually diagnosed cerebellar atrophy was mostly confirmed and quantified by volumetric analysis. The clinical data suggested a correlation between cerebellar atrophy and the duration of the seizure disorder and also the total number of lifetime seizures experienced and the frequency of generalised tonic-clonic seizures per year. Volumetry on 3D-MRI yields reliable quantitative data which shows that cerebellar atrophy might be common in severe and/or longstanding epilepsy but not necessarily in unselected patient groups. The results do not support the proposition that cerebellar atrophy is a predisposing factor for epilepsy but rather are consistent with the view that cerebellar atrophy is the aftermath of epileptic seizures or anticonvulsant medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hagemann
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
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42
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Sutton D, Talbot ST, Stevens JM. Is there a relationship between diet and nutrition status in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients? Perit Dial Int 2002; 21 Suppl 3:S168-73. [PMID: 11887814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D Sutton
- Wessex Renal and Transplant Unit, Portsmouth, UK.
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43
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Leach TD, Kitiyakara C, Price CP, Stevens JM, Newman DJ. Prognostic significance of serum cystatin c concentrations in renal transplant recipients: 5-year follow-up. Transplant Proc 2002; 34:1152-8. [PMID: 12072302 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(02)02818-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T D Leach
- Wessex Renal & Transplant Unit St Mary's Hospital, Portsmouth, UK
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44
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Mitchell TN, Stevens JM, Free SL, Sander JW, Shorvon SD, Sisodiya SM. Anterior commissure absence without callosal agenesis: a new brain malformation. Neurology 2002; 58:1297-9. [PMID: 11971106 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.58.8.1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors report a novel human brain malformation characterized by the absence of the anterior commissure without callosal agenesis, but associated with gross unilateral panhemispheric malformation incorporating subependymal heterotopia, subcortical heterotopia, and gyral abnormalities including temporal malformation and polymicrogyria. In contrast, a normal anterior commissure was found in 125 control subjects and in 113 other subjects with a range of brain malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Mitchell
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, and National Society for Epilepsy, Chalfont-St-Peter, UK
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45
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Van Paesschen W, Sisodiya S, Connelly A, Duncan JS, Free SL, Raymond AA, Grünewald RA, Revesz T, Shorvon SD, Fish DR, Stevens JM, Johnson CL, Scaravilli F, Harkness WF, Jackson GD. Quantitative hippocampal MRI and intractable temporal lobe epilepsy. 1995. Neurology 2001; 57:S5-12. [PMID: 11775610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
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46
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Eriksson SH, Stepney A, Symms MR, Woermann FG, Niendorf T, Barker GJ, Kendall B, Stevens JM. Ultra-fast low-angle rapid acquisition and relaxation enhancement (UFLARE) in patients with epilepsy. Neuroradiology 2001; 43:1040-5. [PMID: 11792041 DOI: 10.1007/s002340100647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
MRI is an important diagnostic tool in patients with epilepsy, but patient motion during long scans may result in image artefacts. We studied the utility of an ultra-fast MR sequence in patients with epilepsy. Ultra-fast low-angle rapid acquisition and relaxation enhancement (UFLARE) images were acquired for 100 consecutive patients and nine control subjects. Scans were compared with routine T2-weighted spin echo images for signal-to-noise ratio, contrast, and conspicuity, followed by a blind review of lesion detectability. UFLARE scans were also acquired for 15 patients who moved during conventional scans. All UFLARE scans had lower signal-to-noise ratios and lower contrast than the T2-weighted images. Compared with T1- and T2-weighted, PD and FLAIR images, 86% of hippocampal sclerosis (HS), 92% of large but only 24% of small white-matter lesions were detected on the blind review of the UFLARE images. Reduced motion artefacts were seen on the UFLARE images in all 15 patients who moved during the conventional scans, and in three patients UFLARE was the only sequence we were able to obtain. Despite the lower lesion detectability for smaller lesions, the use of an ultra-fast MRI sequence such as UFLARE may be very useful in patients who are not able to co-operate during conventional MRI examinations, if a general anaesthetic is to be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Eriksson
- The MRI Unit, National Society for Epilepsy and Epilepsy Research Group, Bucks, UK
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47
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Abstract
There is growing evidence in the literature emphasizing the significance of the post-translational modification of cysteine thiols to sulfenic acids (SOH), which have been found in a number of proteins. Crystallographic and mass spectrometric evidence has shown the presence of this group in an inactive form of the industrially important enzyme nitrile hydratase (NHase). This oxidized cysteine is unique in that it forms part of the coordination sphere of the low-spin iron III at the active site of the enzyme. The presence of this unstable sulfenic group in the active form of NHase is the subject of some controversy. To try to detect this function in NHase, we have studied the inhibitory effect on nitrile hydration of reagents known to react with sulfenic acids. Two NHases were studied, namely, Rhodococcus rhodochrous R312 NHase and Comamonas testosteroni NI1 NHase, and the reagents used were meta-chlorocarbonyldicyano-phenylhydrazone (m-ClCP), 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl), and 2-nitro-5-thiocyanato-benzoic acid (NTBA). Following this approach we report three novel inhibitors of NHases. In addition, we report thiocyanate reagents that can be used to monitor NHase activity spectroscopically.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bonnet
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques (UMR CNRS), Université Paris V, rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
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48
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Fox NC, Crum WR, Scahill RI, Stevens JM, Janssen JC, Rossor MN. Imaging of onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease with voxel-compression mapping of serial magnetic resonance images. Lancet 2001; 358:201-5. [PMID: 11476837 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(01)05408-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early diagnosis and monitoring of the progression of Alzheimer's disease is important for the development of therapeutic strategies. To detect the earliest structural brain changes, individuals need to be studied before symptom onset. We used an imaging technique known as voxel-compression mapping to localise progressive atrophy in patients with preclinical Alzheimer's disease. METHODS Four symptom-free individuals from families with early-onset Alzheimer's disease with known autosomal dominant mutations underwent serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) over 5-8 years. All four became symptomatic during follow-up. 20 individuals with a clinical diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's disease and 20 control participants also underwent serial MR imaging. A non-linear fluid matching algorithm was applied to register repeat scans onto baseline imaging. Jacobian determinants were used to create the voxel-compression maps. FINDINGS Progressive atrophy was revealed in presymptomatic individuals, with posterior cingulate and neocortical temporoparietal cortical losses, and medial temporal-lobe atrophy. In patients with known Alzheimer's disease, atrophy was widespread apart from in the primary motor and sensory cortices and cerebellum, reflecting the clinical phenomenology. INTERPRETATION Voxel-compression maps confirmed early involvement of the medial temporal lobes, but also showed posterior cingulate and temporoparietal cortical losses at presymptomatic stage. This technique could be applied diagnostically and used to monitor the effects of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Fox
- Dementia Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurology, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
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49
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Sisodiya SM, Free SL, Williamson KA, Mitchell TN, Willis C, Stevens JM, Kendall BE, Shorvon SD, Hanson IM, Moore AT, van Heyningen V. PAX6 haploinsufficiency causes cerebral malformation and olfactory dysfunction in humans. Nat Genet 2001; 28:214-6. [PMID: 11431688 DOI: 10.1038/90042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
PAX6 is widely expressed in the central nervous system. Heterozygous PAX6 mutations in human aniridia cause defects that would seem to be confined to the eye. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and smell testing reveal the absence or hypoplasia of the anterior commissure and reduced olfaction in a large proportion of aniridia cases, which shows that PAX6 haploinsuffiency causes more widespread human neuro developmental anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Sisodiya
- Epilepsy Research Group, University Department of Clinical Neurology, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
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50
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Radtke A, Bronstein AM, Gresty MA, Faldon M, Taylor W, Stevens JM, Rudge P. Paroxysmal alternating skew deviation and nystagmus after partial destruction of the uvula. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001; 70:790-3. [PMID: 11385016 PMCID: PMC1737375 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.70.6.790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A patient with suspected brain stem glioma involving the area of the left vestibular nuclei and cerebellar peduncle, developed paroxysmal alternating skew deviation and direction changing nystagmus after biopsy of the inferior cerebellar vermis resulting in destruction of the uvula. Between attacks she had right over left skew deviation with asymptomatic right beating horizontal nystagmus. Slow phases of the resting nystagmus showed increasing velocity, similar to congenital nystagmus. At intervals of 40-50 seconds, paroxysmal reversal of her skew deviation occurred, accompanied by violent left beating horizontal torsional nystagmus lasting 10-12 seconds and causing severe oscillopsia. It is proposed that this complex paroxysmal eye movement disorder results from (1) a lesion in the left vestibular nuclei causing right over left skew and right beating resting nystagmus and (2) a disruption of cerebellar inhibition of vestibular nuclei, causing alternating activity in the vestibular system with intermittent reversal of the skew deviation and paroxysmal nystagmus towards the side of the lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Radtke
- MRC Human Movement and Balance Unit, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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