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Wu T, Cui C, Li Y, Hong Y, Zhang C. Outcome of illuminated microcatheter-assisted circumferential trabeculotomy following failed angle surgery in PAX6 aniridic glaucoma: a case report and literature review. BMC Ophthalmol 2024; 24:157. [PMID: 38594720 PMCID: PMC11005255 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-024-03425-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aniridia is a rare eye disorder with a high incidence of glaucoma, and surgical intervention is often needed to control the intraocular pressure (IOP). Here, we reported a case of illuminated microcatheter-assisted circumferential trabeculotomy (MAT) performed on an aniridic glaucoma patient following a previous failed angle surgery. The surgical procedures for aniridic glaucoma were also reviewed. CASE PRESENTATION A 21-year-old man, diagnosed with aniridic glaucoma, came to our hospital consulting for the poor control of left eye's IOP despite receiving goniotomy surgery 3 years ago. The IOP was 26 mmHg with maximum topical antiglaucoma eyedrops. The central cornea was opaque and the majority of iris was absent. The gonioscopy and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) demonstrated that 360° anterior chamber angle was closed. The whole exome sequencing of peripheral blood confirmed a 13.39 Mb copy number loss at chromosome 11p15.1p13, containing PAX6 and WT1 gene. The 360° MAT surgery was performed on his left eye. At 1-year follow-up, the IOP was 19mmHg with 2 kinds of topical antiglaucoma medications, and the postoperative UBM demonstrated the successful incision of the anterior chamber angle. CONCLUSIONS The case presented here exhibited a case of aniridic glaucoma treated by MAT surgery. The MAT surgery may be an effective option for IOP control in aniridic glaucoma patients following a previous failed angle surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyi Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Cui Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Handan Central Hospital, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Yuanting Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Hong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Zhang J, Gao Q, Hou S, Chi X, Zheng M, Zhang Q, Shan H, Zhang X, Kang C. Role of PAX6, TRPA1, BCL11B, MCOLN2, CUX1, EMX1 in colorectal cancer and osteosarcoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37056. [PMID: 38306561 PMCID: PMC10843516 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a cancer that arises from the abnormal growth of cells in the colon or rectum. Osteosarcoma (OS) is a common primary bone tumor with high degree of malignancy. The configuration files for colorectal cancer dataset GSE142279 and OS datasets GSE197158 and GSE206448 were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database using the platforms GPL20795, GPL20301, and GPL24676. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed. Construction and analysis of protein-protein interactions (PPI) network. Functional enrichment analysis, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were performed. A heat map of gene expression was drawn. The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) was used to find the diseases most associated with the core genes. TargetScan was used to screen miRNAs regulating DEGs. According to the Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, DEGs are mainly enriched in acetylcholine binding receptor activity involved in Wnt signaling pathway, cell polarity pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, receptor regulator activity, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, transcriptional misregulation in cancer, and inflammation-mediated regulation of tryptophan transport. In the Metascape enrichment analysis, GO enrichment items related to the regulation of Wnt signaling pathway, regulation of muscle system process, and regulation of actin filament-based movement. Eight core genes (CUX1, NES, BCL11B, PAX6, EMX1, MCOLN2, TRPA1, TRPC4) were identified. CTD showed that 4 genes (CUX1, EMX1, TRPA1, BCL11B) were associated with colorectal neoplasms, colorectal tumors, colonic diseases, multiple myeloma, OS, and inflammation. PAX6, TRPA1, BCL11B, MCOLN2, CUX1, and EMX1 are highly expressed in colorectal cancer and OS, and the higher the expression level, the worse the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Gastrointestinal Rehabilitation Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Xixiazhuang, Badachu, Shijingshan District, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Gastrointestinal Rehabilitation Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Xixiazhuang, Badachu, Shijingshan District, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shiyang Hou
- Gastrointestinal Rehabilitation Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Xixiazhuang, Badachu, Shijingshan District, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqian Chi
- Gastrointestinal Rehabilitation Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Xixiazhuang, Badachu, Shijingshan District, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Meiliang Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Central Hospital of Baoding, Zhuozhou City, Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Qijun Zhang
- Gastrointestinal Rehabilitation Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Xixiazhuang, Badachu, Shijingshan District, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Haifeng Shan
- Gastrointestinal Rehabilitation Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Xixiazhuang, Badachu, Shijingshan District, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Chang’an District, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Chunbo Kang
- Gastrointestinal Rehabilitation Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Xixiazhuang, Badachu, Shijingshan District, Beijing, P.R. China
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Grainger RM, Lauderdale JD, Collins JL, Trout KL, McCullen Krantz S, Wolfe SS, Netland PA. Report on the 2021 Aniridia North America symposium on PAX6, aniridia, and beyond. Ocul Surf 2023; 29:423-431. [PMID: 37247841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The inaugural Aniridia North America (ANA) Symposium was held on the first weekend in November 2021 in Charlottesville, VA, at the University of Virginia. The purpose of this meeting was to bring together an international group of scientists, physicians, patient advocacy groups, and individuals with aniridia to discuss recent advances in knowledge about aniridia and other congenital eye diseases and the development of potential treatments for congenital eye disorders using personalized medicine. Leaders in several areas of eye research and clinical treatment provided a broad perspective on new research advances that impact an understanding of the causes of the damage to the eye associated with aniridia and the development of novel treatments for this and related disorders. Here we summarize the research discussed at the symposium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Grainger
- Aniridia North America, LaGrange, IL, 60525, USA; Department of Biology, 326 Gilmer Hall University of Virginia 485 McCormick Road P.O. Box 400328 Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
| | - James D Lauderdale
- Aniridia North America, LaGrange, IL, 60525, USA; Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter A Netland
- Aniridia North America, LaGrange, IL, 60525, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
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Brandt JD. Letter to the editor regarding: Congenital aniridia - a comprehensive review of clinical features and therapeutic approaches. Surv Ophthalmol 2021; 67:628. [PMID: 34752787 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hanish AE, Butman JA, Thomas F, Yao J, Han JC. Pineal hypoplasia, reduced melatonin and sleep disturbance in patients with PAX6 haploinsufficiency. J Sleep Res 2016; 25:16-22. [PMID: 26439359 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In rodent studies, paired box 6 (PAX6) appears to play an important role in the development of the pineal, the primary source of the circadian regulating hormone, melatonin. Pineal hypoplasia has been previously reported in patients with PAX6 haploinsufficiency (+/−); however, pineal measurement, melatonin concentrations and sleep quality have not been reported. This cross-sectional descriptive study examined pineal volume, melatonin secretion and sleep disturbance in 37 patients with PAX6+/− (age 15.3 ± 9.9 years) and 17 healthy controls (16.0 ± 7.2 years), within an inpatient setting at the Clinical Research Center of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Pineal volume was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging. Diurnal serum cortisol, serum melatonin and urine 6-sulphatoxymelatonin concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire was administered for patients <13 years old. Pineal volume was fivefold lower in PAX6+/− versus controls (mean ± SD: 25 ± 15 versus 129 ± 50 μL, P < 0.001). Midnight serum cortisol was similar in PAX6+/− versus controls (P = 0.14). Midnight serum melatonin was > twofold lower in PAX6+/− versus controls [median (25th-75 th): 28 (22-42) versus 71 (46-88) pg mL-(1), P < 0.001]. First morning void urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin was fourfold lower in PAX6+/− versus controls [11 (6-26) versus 45 (34-61) ng mg(-1) Cr, P = 0.001]. Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire score was higher in PAX6+/− versus controls (48 ± 6 versus 41 ± 5, P = 0.03). The current findings suggest that PAX6+/− is associated with smaller pineal size, lower melatonin secretion and greater parental report of sleep disturbances in children. Further studies are needed to explore the potential use of melatonin replacement for improving sleep quality in patients with PAX6+/−.
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Chen J, Zhu J. [Analysis of PAX6 gene mutations in a Chinese family affected with congenital aniridia]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi 2016; 33:523-525. [PMID: 27455013 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1003-9406.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mutation of PAX6 gene in a Chinese family affected with congenital aniridia. METHODS Blood samples were drawn from family members, and DNA was analyzed by direct sequencing. RESULTS A heterozygous mutation (c.151 G>A) was identified in the PAX6 gene in the proband and other patients from the family. The same mutation was not found among unaffected family members and 160 unrelated healthy controls. CONCLUSION A novel mutation in the PAX6 gene has been identified in a Chinese family affected with aniridia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, Wuhan Women and Children's Health Center, Wuhan, Hubei 430015, China; Central Laboratory, Union Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China.
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Du L, Kuang L, Tang W, Chen D. [Effects of BDE-209 exposure on differentiation capacity of human embryonic stem cells]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 2016; 45:350-355. [PMID: 27459793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effects of decabrominated biphenyl ether (BDE-209) exposure on differentiation capacity of human embryonic stem cells. METHODS Human embryonic stem cell line FY-hES-10 cells were exposed to the concentrations of 0 (solvent control), 1, 10 to 100 nmol/L BDE-209 for 96 h and then were differentiated into embryoid bodies (EBs) in vitro. The RNA of EBs derived from FY-hES-10 cells at Day 10 was collected. OCT4,three-layer differentiation-related genes (AFP,SMA and PAX6) and oxidative stress-related genes (HIF1a, HIF2a and SOD1) expression was detected by Q-PCR. The contents of SOD was measured by using kit. RESULTS Compared with the solvent control group, the expression levels of OCT4, SMA, HIF1a and HIF2a in BDE-209 exposure groups were increased, the expression levels of AFP, PAX6 and SOD1 were decreased, with statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). With the increase of the BDE-209 dose, the expression levels of OCT4 showed an increasing trend while the expression levels of SOD1 and the activity of the SOD showed a decreasing trend. CONCLUSION BDE-209 may interfere with differentiation capacity of human embryonic stem cells resulting in developmental toxicity.
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Kim SS, Choi KM, Kim S, Park T, Cho IC, Lee JW, Lee CK. Whole-transcriptome analysis of mouse adipose tissue in response to short-term caloric restriction. Mol Genet Genomics 2016; 291:831-47. [PMID: 26606930 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-015-1150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) has been shown to extend the lifespan of many species by improving cellular function and organismal health. Additionally, fat reduction by CR may play an important role in lengthening lifespan and preventing severe age-related diseases. Interestingly, CR induced the greatest transcriptome change in the epididymal fat of mice in our study. In this transcriptome analysis, we identified and categorized 446 genes that correlated with CR level. We observed down-regulation of several signaling pathways, including insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (insulin/IGF-1), epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), and canonical wingless-type mouse mammary tumor virus integration site (Wnt). Many genes related to structural features, including extracellular matrix structure, cell adhesion, and the cytoskeleton, were down-regulated, with a strong correlation to the degree of CR. Furthermore, genes related to the cell cycle and adipogenesis were down-regulated. These biological processes are well-identified targets of insulin/IGF-1, EGF, TGF-β, and Wnt signaling. In contrast, genes involved in specific metabolic processes, including the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the electron transport chain were up-regulated. We performed in silico analysis of the promoter sequences of CR-responsive genes and identified two associated transcription factors, Paired-like homeodomain 2 (Pitx2) and Paired box gene 6 (Pax6). Our results suggest that strict regulation of signaling pathways is critical for creating the optimal energy homeostasis to extend lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Soo Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Mi Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesun Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Cheol Cho
- Subtropical Animal Station, National Institute of Animal Science, Jeju, 690-150, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Lee
- Department of Statistics, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Koo Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Republic of Korea.
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Call M, Fischesser K, Lunn MO, Kao WWY. A unique lineage gives rise to the meibomian gland. Mol Vis 2016; 22:168-76. [PMID: 26957900 PMCID: PMC4764607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the lineage that contributes to the morphogenesis of the meibomian gland. METHODS To examine which cell lineage gives rise to the meibomian gland, the expression of Pax6 as well as that of various cytokeratin markers, including keratin 14 (Krt14), Krt15, Krt4, and Krt10, was examined with immunofluorescent staining of C57BL/6J mouse eyelids from P2 to P11 pups and adult mice. RESULTS Pax6 was localized to the cytoplasm within the acinar region of the meibomian glands during morphogenesis but was absent in the fully developed gland. Keratin 14 was expressed throughout the gland at all stages whereas keratin 15 was absent at all stages. Keratin 4, a marker of mucosal lineage, was present throughout the gland and was colocalized with keratin 10 (epidermal lineage marker) in the developing duct at P4. This colocalization region decreased as the gland developed becoming restricted to the central duct near the opening to the acini in the fully developed gland. CONCLUSIONS We identified a unique cell lineage that expresses markers characteristic of mucosal and epidermal epithelia during meibomian gland morphogenesis. This unique group of cells was located in the central duct with a concentration near the ductule orifice. The expression of these cells reduced during meibomian gland morphogenesis and may play a role in the development and homeostasis of the gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindy Call
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH
| | - Katy Fischesser
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH
| | - Matthew O Lunn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH
| | - Winston W-Y Kao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH
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Abstract
Impaired axonal development and degeneration are implicated in many debilitating disorders, such as hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and periphery neuropathy. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have provided researchers with an excellent resource for modeling human neuropathologic processes including axonal defects in vitro. There are a number of steps that are crucial when developing an hPSC-based model of a human disease, including generating induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), differentiating those cells to affected cell types, and identifying disease-relevant phenotypes. Here, we describe these steps in detail, focusing on the neurodegenerative disorder HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Denton
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Chong-Chong Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Xue-Jun Li
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
- The Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA.
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Ahmad Z, Rafeeq M, Collombat P, Mansouri A. Pax6 Inactivation in the Adult Pancreas Reveals Ghrelin as Endocrine Cell Maturation Marker. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144597. [PMID: 26658466 PMCID: PMC4676685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Pax6 is an important regulator of development and cell differentiation in various organs. Thus, Pax6 was shown to promote neural development in the cerebral cortex and spinal cord, and to control pancreatic endocrine cell genesis. However, the role of Pax6 in distinct endocrine cells of the adult pancreas has not been addressed. We report the conditional inactivation of Pax6 in insulin and glucagon producing cells of the adult mouse pancreas. In the absence of Pax6, beta- and alpha-cells lose their molecular maturation characteristics. Our findings provide strong evidence that Pax6 is responsible for the maturation of beta-, and alpha-cells, but not of delta-, and PP-cells. Moreover, lineage-tracing experiments demonstrate that Pax6-deficient beta- and alpha-cells are shunted towards ghrelin marked cells, sustaining the idea that ghrelin may represent a marker for endocrine cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Ahmad
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, RG Molecular Cell Differentiation, Goettingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (AM); (ZA)
| | - Maria Rafeeq
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, RG Molecular Cell Differentiation, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Collombat
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
- Inserm U1091, IBV, Diabetes Genetics Team, Nice, France
- JDRF, New York, NY, United States of America
- Genome and Stem Cell Center, GENKOK, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ahmed Mansouri
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, RG Molecular Cell Differentiation, Goettingen, Germany
- JDRF, New York, NY, United States of America
- University of Goettingen, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Goettingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (AM); (ZA)
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Miyamoto K, Suzuki KIT, Suzuki M, Sakane Y, Sakuma T, Herberg S, Simeone A, Simpson D, Jullien J, Yamamoto T, Gurdon JB. The Expression of TALEN before Fertilization Provides a Rapid Knock-Out Phenotype in Xenopus laevis Founder Embryos. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142946. [PMID: 26580070 PMCID: PMC4651567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in genome editing using programmable nucleases have revolutionized gene targeting in various organisms. Successful gene knock-out has been shown in Xenopus, a widely used model organism, although a system enabling less mosaic knock-out in founder embryos (F0) needs to be explored in order to judge phenotypes in the F0 generation. Here, we injected modified highly active transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) mRNA to oocytes at the germinal vesicle (GV) stage, followed by in vitro maturation and intracytoplasmic sperm injection, to achieve a full knock-out in F0 embryos. Unlike conventional injection methods to fertilized embryos, the injection of TALEN mRNA into GV oocytes allows expression of nucleases before fertilization, enabling them to work from an earlier stage. Using this procedure, most of developed embryos showed full knock-out phenotypes of the pigmentation gene tyrosinase and/or embryonic lethal gene pax6 in the founder generation. In addition, our method permitted a large 1 kb deletion. Thus, we describe nearly complete gene knock-out phenotypes in Xenopus laevis F0 embryos. The presented method will help to accelerate the production of knock-out frogs since we can bypass an extra generation of about 1 year in Xenopus laevis. Meantime, our method provides a unique opportunity to rapidly test the developmental effects of disrupting those genes that do not permit growth to an adult able to reproduce. In addition, the protocol shown here is considerably less invasive than the previously used host transfer since our protocol does not require surgery. The experimental scheme presented is potentially applicable to other organisms such as mammals and fish to resolve common issues of mosaicism in founders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Miyamoto
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (KM); (KTS)
| | - Ken-ichi T. Suzuki
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail: (KM); (KTS)
| | - Miyuki Suzuki
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuto Sakane
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Sakuma
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Sarah Herberg
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Simeone
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Simpson
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome Jullien
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - J. B. Gurdon
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Wong FK, Fei JF, Mora-Bermúdez F, Taverna E, Haffner C, Fu J, Anastassiadis K, Stewart AF, Huttner WB. Sustained Pax6 Expression Generates Primate-like Basal Radial Glia in Developing Mouse Neocortex. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002217. [PMID: 26252244 PMCID: PMC4529158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary expansion of the neocortex in mammals has been linked to enlargement of the subventricular zone (SVZ) and increased proliferative capacity of basal progenitors (BPs), notably basal radial glia (bRG). The transcription factor Pax6 is known to be highly expressed in primate, but not mouse, BPs. Here, we demonstrate that sustaining Pax6 expression selectively in BP-genic apical radial glia (aRG) and their BP progeny of embryonic mouse neocortex suffices to induce primate-like progenitor behaviour. Specifically, we conditionally expressed Pax6 by in utero electroporation using a novel, Tis21–CreERT2 mouse line. This expression altered aRG cleavage plane orientation to promote bRG generation, increased cell-cycle re-entry of BPs, and ultimately increased upper-layer neuron production. Upper-layer neuron production was also increased in double-transgenic mouse embryos with sustained Pax6 expression in the neurogenic lineage. Strikingly, increased BPs existed not only in the SVZ but also in the intermediate zone of the neocortex of these double-transgenic mouse embryos. In mutant mouse embryos lacking functional Pax6, the proportion of bRG among BPs was reduced. Our data identify specific Pax6 effects in BPs and imply that sustaining this Pax6 function in BPs could be a key aspect of SVZ enlargement and, consequently, the evolutionary expansion of the neocortex. "Humanizing" the expression of the transcription factor Pax6 in cortical progenitors in the developing mouse brain is sufficient to endow these progenitors with a primate-like proliferative capacity. During development, neural progenitors generate all cells that make up the mammalian brain. Differences in brain size among the various mammalian species are attributed to differences in the abundance and proliferative capacity of a specific class of neural progenitors called basal progenitors. Among these, a specific progenitor type called basal radial glia is thought to have played an important role during evolution in the expansion of the neocortex, the part of the brain associated with higher cognitive functions like conscious thought and language. In the neocortex, the expression of the transcription factor Pax6 in basal progenitors is low in rodents, but high in primates, including humans. In this study, we aimed to mimic the elevated expression pattern of Pax6 seen in humans in basal progenitors of the embryonic mouse neocortex. To this end, we generated a novel, transgenic mouse line that allows sustained expression of the Pax6 gene in basal progenitors. This elevated expression resulted in an increase in the generation of basal radial glia, in the proliferative capacity of basal progenitors, and, ultimately, in the number of neurons produced. Our findings demonstrate that altering the expression of a single transcription factor from a mouse to a human-like pattern suffices to induce a primate-like proliferative behaviour in neural progenitors, which is thought to underlie the evolutionary expansion of the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fong Kuan Wong
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ji-Feng Fei
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Elena Taverna
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christiane Haffner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jun Fu
- Biotechnology Center of the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - A. Francis Stewart
- Biotechnology Center of the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wieland B. Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail:
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14
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Tan RR, Zhang SJ, Li YF, Tsoi B, Huang WS, Yao N, Hong M, Zhai YJ, Mao ZF, Tang LP, Kurihara H, Wang Q, He RR. Proanthocyanidins Prevent High Glucose-Induced Eye Malformation by Restoring Pax6 Expression in Chick Embryo. Nutrients 2015; 7:6567-81. [PMID: 26262640 PMCID: PMC4555138 DOI: 10.3390/nu7085299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the leading causes of offspring malformations, in which eye malformation is an important disease. It has raised demand for therapy to improve fetal outcomes. In this study, we used chick embryo to establish a GDM model to study the protective effects of proanthocyanidins on eye development. Chick embryos were exposed to high glucose (0.2 mmol/egg) on embryo development day (EDD) 1. Proanthocyanidins (1 and 10 nmol/egg) were injected into the air sac on EDD 0. Results showed that both dosages of proanthocyanidins could prevent the eye malformation and rescue the high glucose-induced oxidative stress significantly, which the similar effects were showed in edaravone. However, proanthocyanidins could not decrease the glucose concentration of embryo eye. Moreover, the key genes regulating eye development, Pax6, was down-regulated by high glucose. Proanthocyanidins could restore the suppressed expression of Pax6. These results indicated proanthocyanidins might be a promising natural agent to prevent high glucose-induced eye malformation by restoring Pax6 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Rong Tan
- Anti-stress and Health Center, Pharmacy College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Shi-Jie Zhang
- Anti-stress and Health Center, Pharmacy College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yi-Fang Li
- Anti-stress and Health Center, Pharmacy College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Bun Tsoi
- Anti-stress and Health Center, Pharmacy College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Wen-Shan Huang
- Anti-stress and Health Center, Pharmacy College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Nan Yao
- Guangdong Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Manufacturing Technology, Guangzhou 510095, Guangdong, China.
| | - Mo Hong
- Anti-stress and Health Center, Pharmacy College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Yu-Jia Zhai
- Anti-stress and Health Center, Pharmacy College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Zhong-Fu Mao
- Anti-stress and Health Center, Pharmacy College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Lu-Ping Tang
- Anti-stress and Health Center, Pharmacy College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Hiroshi Kurihara
- Anti-stress and Health Center, Pharmacy College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Rong-Rong He
- Anti-stress and Health Center, Pharmacy College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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15
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Zhang P, Ha T, Larouche M, Swanson D, Goldowitz D. Kruppel-Like Factor 4 Regulates Granule Cell Pax6 Expression and Cell Proliferation in Early Cerebellar Development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134390. [PMID: 26226504 PMCID: PMC4520560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Kruppel-like factor 4 (Klf4) is a transcription factor that regulates many important cellular processes in stem cell biology, cancer, and development. We used histological and molecular methods to study the expression of Klf4 in embryonic development of the normal and Klf4 knockout cerebellum. We find that Klf4 is expressed strongly in early granule cell progenitor development but tails-off considerably by the end of embryonic development. Klf4 is also co-expressed with Pax6 in these cells. In the Klf4-null mouse, which is perinatal lethal, Klf4 positively regulates Pax6 expression and regulates the proliferation of neuronal progenitors in the rhombic lip, external granular layer and the neuroepithelium. This paper is the first to describe a role for Klf4 in the cerebellum and provides insight into this gene’s function in neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Zhang
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Thomas Ha
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Matt Larouche
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Douglas Swanson
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Dan Goldowitz
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- * E-mail:
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16
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Nakanishi N, Camara AC, Yuan DC, Gold DA, Jacobs DK. Gene Expression Data from the Moon Jelly, Aurelia, Provide Insights into the Evolution of the Combinatorial Code Controlling Animal Sense Organ Development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132544. [PMID: 26225420 PMCID: PMC4520661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In Bilateria, Pax6, Six, Eya and Dach families of transcription factors underlie the development and evolution of morphologically and phyletically distinct eyes, including the compound eyes in Drosophila and the camera-type eyes in vertebrates, indicating that bilaterian eyes evolved under the strong influence of ancestral developmental gene regulation. However the conservation in eye developmental genetics deeper in the Eumetazoa, and the origin of the conserved gene regulatory apparatus controlling eye development remain unclear due to limited comparative developmental data from Cnidaria. Here we show in the eye-bearing scyphozoan cnidarian Aurelia that the ectodermal photosensory domain of the developing medusa sensory structure known as the rhopalium expresses sine oculis (so)/six1/2 and eyes absent/eya, but not optix/six3/6 or pax (A&B). In addition, the so and eya co-expression domain encompasses the region of active cell proliferation, neurogenesis, and mechanoreceptor development in rhopalia. Consistent with the role of so and eya in rhopalial development, developmental transcriptome data across Aurelia life cycle stages show upregulation of so and eya, but not optix or pax (A&B), during medusa formation. Moreover, pax6 and dach are absent in the Aurelia genome, and thus are not required for eye development in Aurelia. Our data are consistent with so and eya, but not optix, pax or dach, having conserved functions in sensory structure specification across Eumetazoa. The lability of developmental components including Pax genes relative to so-eya is consistent with a model of sense organ development and evolution that involved the lineage specific modification of a combinatorial code that specifies animal sense organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagayasu Nakanishi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Anthony C. Camara
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David C. Yuan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David A. Gold
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David K. Jacobs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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17
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Okamoto M, Shinoda T, Kawaue T, Nagasaka A, Miyata T. Ferret-mouse differences in interkinetic nuclear migration and cellular densification in the neocortical ventricular zone. Neurosci Res 2015; 86:88-95. [PMID: 24780233 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The thick outer subventricular zone (OSVZ) is characteristic of the development of human neocortex. How this region originates from the ventricular zone (VZ) is largely unknown. Recently, we showed that over-proliferation-induced acute nuclear densification and thickening of the VZ in neocortical walls of mice, which lack an OSVZ, causes reactive delamination of undifferentiated progenitors and invasion by these cells of basal areas outside the VZ. In this study, we sought to determine how VZ cells behave in non-rodent animals that have an OSVZ. A comparison of mid-embryonic mice and ferrets revealed: (1) the VZ is thicker and more pseudostratified in ferrets. (2) The soma and nuclei of VZ cells were horizontally and apicobasally denser in ferrets. (3) Individual endfeet were also denser on the apical (ventricular) surface in ferrets. (4) In ferrets, apicalward nucleokinesis was less directional, whereas basalward nucleokinesis was more directional; consequently, the nuclear density in the periventricular space (within 16 μm of the apical surface) was smaller in ferrets than in mice, despite the nuclear densification seen basally in ferrets. These results suggest that species-specific differences in nucleokinesis strategies may have evolved in close association with the magnitudes and patterns of nuclear stratification in the VZ.
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18
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Das Gupta M, Chan SKS, Monteiro A. Natural Loss of eyeless/Pax6 Expression in Eyes of Bicyclus anynana Adult Butterflies Likely Leads to Exponential Decrease of Eye Fluorescence in Transgenics. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132882. [PMID: 26173066 PMCID: PMC4501736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Commonly used visible markers for transgenesis use fluorescent proteins expressed at the surface of the body, such as in eyes. One commonly used marker is the 3xP3-EGFP cassette containing synthetic binding sites for the eyeless/Pax6 conserved transcription factor. This marker cassette leads to fluorescent eyes in a variety of animals tested so far. Here we show that upon reaching adulthood, transgenic Bicyclus anynana butterflies containing this marker cassette exponentially loose fluorescence in their eyes. After 12 days, transgenic individuals are no longer distinguishable from wild type individuals. The decreased eye fluorescence is likely due to significantly decreased or halted eyeless/Pax6 expression observed in wild type animals upon adult emergence. Implications from these findings include care in screening transgenic animals before these reach adulthood, or shortly thereafter, and in using adult animals of the same age for quantitative screening of likely homozygote and heterozygote individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mainak Das Gupta
- Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sam Kok Sim Chan
- Biological Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Antónia Monteiro
- Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Yale-NUS College, Singapore
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19
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Bhatia S, Gordon CT, Foster RG, Melin L, Abadie V, Baujat G, Vazquez MP, Amiel J, Lyonnet S, van Heyningen V, Kleinjan DA. Functional assessment of disease-associated regulatory variants in vivo using a versatile dual colour transgenesis strategy in zebrafish. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005193. [PMID: 26030420 PMCID: PMC4452300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of gene regulation by sequence variation in non-coding regions of the genome is now recognised as a significant cause of human disease and disease susceptibility. Sequence variants in cis-regulatory elements (CREs), the primary determinants of spatio-temporal gene regulation, can alter transcription factor binding sites. While technological advances have led to easy identification of disease-associated CRE variants, robust methods for discerning functional CRE variants from background variation are lacking. Here we describe an efficient dual-colour reporter transgenesis approach in zebrafish, simultaneously allowing detailed in vivo comparison of spatio-temporal differences in regulatory activity between putative CRE variants and assessment of altered transcription factor binding potential of the variant. We validate the method on known disease-associated elements regulating SHH, PAX6 and IRF6 and subsequently characterise novel, ultra-long-range SOX9 enhancers implicated in the craniofacial abnormality Pierre Robin Sequence. The method provides a highly cost-effective, fast and robust approach for simultaneously unravelling in a single assay whether, where and when in embryonic development a disease-associated CRE-variant is affecting its regulatory function. Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) play a vital role in gene regulation by providing spatial and temporal specificity to the expression of their target genes. Understanding how these regions of the genome work is of vital importance for human health as it has been demonstrated that genetic changes in these regions can result in incorrect gene expression, leading to a variety of human diseases. Functional characterization of putative CREs and the effects of mutations on their activity is currently a major bottleneck in many studies towards understanding the causes and mechanisms of disease and disease susceptibility. We describe a robust in-vivo approach using dual-colour reporter transgenesis in zebrafish for unambiguous assessment of the effects of disease-associated CRE mutations on CRE activity during the entire time-course of embryonic development. The highly efficient, cost-effective and modular design of the assay allows rapid analysis of several CRE-variants in parallel. We illustrate the robustness of our approach using examples of CRE-variants associated with a broad spectrum of genetic diseases including brain, limb, eye and jaw disorders. In a single assay the method can address where and when in development the CRE variant affects its activity, what potential target genes are misregulated by the change and what upstream trans-acting factors are likely to mediate this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Bhatia
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SB); (VvH); (DAK)
| | - Christopher T. Gordon
- INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institute Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Robert G. Foster
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lucie Melin
- INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institute Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Abadie
- Service de Pédiatrie Générale, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Geneviève Baujat
- Departement de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris France
| | - Marie-Paule Vazquez
- Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale et Plastique, CRMR des Malformations de la Face et de la Cavité Buccale, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institute Imagine, Paris, France
- Departement de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris France
| | - Stanislas Lyonnet
- INSERM U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institute Imagine, Paris, France
- Departement de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris France
| | - Veronica van Heyningen
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SB); (VvH); (DAK)
| | - Dirk A. Kleinjan
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SB); (VvH); (DAK)
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20
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Sebeson A, Xi L, Zhang Q, Sigmund A, Wang JP, Widom J, Wang X. Differential Nucleosome Occupancies across Oct4-Sox2 Binding Sites in Murine Embryonic Stem Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127214. [PMID: 25992972 PMCID: PMC4436218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding sequence for any transcription factor can be found millions of times within a genome, yet only a small fraction of these sequences encode functional transcription factor binding sites. One of the reasons for this dichotomy is that many other factors, such as nucleosomes, compete for binding. To study how the competition between nucleosomes and transcription factors helps determine a functional transcription factor site from a predicted transcription factor site, we compared experimentally-generated in vitro nucleosome occupancy with in vivo nucleosome occupancy and transcription factor binding in murine embryonic stem cells. Using a solution hybridization enrichment technique, we generated a high-resolution nucleosome map from targeted regions of the genome containing predicted sites and functional sites of Oct4/Sox2 regulation. We found that at Pax6 and Nes, which are bivalently poised in stem cells, functional Oct4 and Sox2 sites show high amounts of in vivo nucleosome displacement compared to in vitro. Oct4 and Sox2, which are active, show no significant displacement of in vivo nucleosomes at functional sites, similar to nonfunctional Oct4/Sox2 binding. This study highlights a complex interplay between Oct4 and Sox2 transcription factors and nucleosomes among different target genes, which may result in distinct patterns of stem cell gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Sebeson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Liqun Xi
- Department of Statistics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Quanwei Zhang
- Department of Statistics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Audrey Sigmund
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ji-Ping Wang
- Department of Statistics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XW); (J-PW)
| | - Jonathan Widom
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Xiaozhong Wang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XW); (J-PW)
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21
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Knock E, Pereira J, Lombard PD, Dimond A, Leaford D, Livesey FJ, Hendrich B. The methyl binding domain 3/nucleosome remodelling and deacetylase complex regulates neural cell fate determination and terminal differentiation in the cerebral cortex. Neural Dev 2015; 10:13. [PMID: 25934499 PMCID: PMC4432814 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-015-0040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromatin-modifying complexes have key roles in regulating various aspects of neural stem cell biology, including self-renewal and neurogenesis. The methyl binding domain 3/nucleosome remodelling and deacetylation (MBD3/NuRD) co-repressor complex facilitates lineage commitment of pluripotent cells in early mouse embryos and is important for stem cell homeostasis in blood and skin, but its function in neurogenesis had not been described. Here, we show for the first time that MBD3/NuRD function is essential for normal neurogenesis in mice. RESULTS Deletion of MBD3, a structural component of the NuRD complex, in the developing mouse central nervous system resulted in reduced cortical thickness, defects in the proper specification of cortical projection neuron subtypes and neonatal lethality. These phenotypes are due to alterations in PAX6+ apical progenitor cell outputs, as well as aberrant terminal neuronal differentiation programmes of cortical plate neurons. Normal numbers of PAX6+ apical neural progenitor cells were generated in the MBD3/NuRD-mutant cortex; however, the PAX6+ apical progenitor cells generate EOMES+ basal progenitor cells in reduced numbers. Cortical progenitor cells lacking MBD3/NuRD activity generate neurons that express both deep- and upper-layer markers. Using laser capture microdissection, gene expression profiling and chromatin immunoprecipitation, we provide evidence that MBD3/NuRD functions to control gene expression patterns during neural development. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that although MBD3/NuRD is not required for neural stem cell lineage commitment, it is required to repress inappropriate transcription in both progenitor cells and neurons to facilitate appropriate cell lineage choice and differentiation programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Knock
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK.
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Krembil Discovery Tower, 6KD-404, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - João Pereira
- Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK.
| | - Patrick D Lombard
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK.
| | - Andrew Dimond
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK.
| | - Donna Leaford
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK.
| | - Frederick J Livesey
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK.
- Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK.
| | - Brian Hendrich
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK.
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22
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Wu H, Liu Y, Wang H, Xu X. High-fat diet induced insulin resistance in pregnant rats through pancreatic pax6 signaling pathway. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015; 8:5196-5202. [PMID: 26191217 PMCID: PMC4503089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the changes in pancreas islet function of pregnant rats after consumption of high-fat diet and the underlying mechanism. METHODS Thirty pregnant Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: high-fat diet group and normal control group. Twenty days after gestation, fasting blood glucose concentration (FBG) and fasting serum insulin concentration (FINS) were measured. Then, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and insulin release test (IRT) were performed. Finally, all the rats were sacrificed and pancreas were harvested. Insulin sensitivity index (ISI) and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) were calculated according to FBG and FINS. RT-PCR and Real-time PCR were performed to study the expression of paired box 6 transcription factor (Pax6) and its target genes in pancreatic tissues. RESULTS The body weight was significantly increased in the high-fat diet group compared with that of normal control rats (P<0.05). The fasting plasma glucose of rats in high-fat diet group was significantly increased compared with that of normal control rats (6.62 mmol/L vs. 4.96 mmol/L, P<0.05), however there was no significant difference in fasting serum insulin concentration between the two groups. OGTT and IRT were abnormal in the high-fat diet group. The high-fat diet rats were more prone to impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. The level of the expression of Pax6 transcription factor and its target genes in pancreas, such as pancreatic and duodenal homeobox factor-1 (Pdx1), v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A (MafA) and glucose transporter 2 (Glut2) were decreased significantly compared with those of normal control group. CONCLUSION High-fat diet feeding during pregnancy may induce insulin resistance in maternal rats by inhibiting pancreatic Pax6 and its target genes expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gyencology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Yunyun Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gyencology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Hongkun Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gyencology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Xianming Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gyencology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
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Liu Q, Wan W, Liu Y, Liu Y, Hu Z, Guo H, Xia K, Jin X. A novel PAX6 deletion in a Chinese family with congenital aniridia. Gene 2015; 563:41-4. [PMID: 25746674 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aniridia is a rare, congenital ocular disorder with the characteristics of incomplete formation of the iris caused by the mutations of the paired box gene-6 (PAX6). To investigate the clinical characterization and the underlying genetic defect in a Chinese family with autosomal dominant aniridia, we recruited the family members who underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examination. A novel heterozygous PAX6 deletion mutation c.796 del G (p.A266 fs) (GenBank ID: KP255960) in exon 10 was exclusively observed in all affected individuals but not in any of the unaffected family members or unrelated controls. The PAX6 mRNA level was about 50% lower in patients with aniridia than in unaffected family members, indicating that this mutation caused nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. In conclusion, we identified a novel deletion mutation in the PAX6 gene resulting in an abnormal PAX6 COOH-terminal extension in the Chinese family with aniridia. Our study further expands the mutation spectrum of PAX6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wencui Wan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yaning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuying Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhengmao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Information Research, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Xueming Jin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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Lai JP, Mertens RB, Mirocha J, Koo J, Venturina M, Chung F, Mendez AB, Kahn M, Dhall D. Comparison of PAX6 and PAX8 as immunohistochemical markers for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Endocr Pathol 2015; 26:54-62. [PMID: 25433656 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-014-9346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To compare the utility of PAX6 and PAX8 as immunohistochemical markers for neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of pancreatic origin, we performed PAX6 and PAX8 immunostains on 178 NETs, including 110 primary NETs (26 pancreatic, 10 gastric, 12 duodenal, 22 jejuno-ileal, 10 rectal, 30 pulmonary) and 68 NETs metastatic to the liver (24 pancreatic, 1 duodenal, 37 jejuno-ileal, 1 rectal, 5 pulmonary). Among primary NETs, PAX6 and PAX8 were positive in 65 % (17/26) and 73 % (19/26) of pancreatic, 0 % (0/10) and 10 % (1/10) of gastric, 92 % (11/12) and 92 % (11/12) of duodenal, 0 % (0/22) and 0 % (0/22) of jejuno-ileal, 90 % (9/10) and 80 % (8/10) of rectal, and 0 % (0/30) and 23 % (7/30) of pulmonary NETs, respectively. PAX6 and PAX8 positivity was seen in 46 % (11/24) and 50 % (12/24) of metastatic pancreatic NETs to the liver, respectively. None of the nonpancreatic NETs metastatic to the liver were immunoreactive for either PAX6 or PAX8. PAX6 showed a slightly but statistically significant higher specificity for pancreatic NETs than did PAX8 (P = 0.039), while the sensitivities were similar (P = 0.51). PAX6 had the additional advantages over PAX8 of not exhibiting nonspecific cytoplasmic staining of tumor cells and only infrequently staining background lymphocytes. Since rectal NETs rarely present with metastatic disease, positive staining of a metastatic NET of unknown primary origin for PAX6 and/or PAX8 favors a pancreatic or duodenal origin. This information may be helpful in directing further diagnostic studies to identify the primary site of the metastatic tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ping Lai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA,
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25
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Panova IG, Markitantova YV, Smirnova YA, Zinovieva RD. [Molecular-genetic mechanisms of cornea morphogenesis]. Izv Akad Nauk Ser Biol 2015:117-26. [PMID: 26021153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we analyzed our own results and published data on the expression of regulatory genes encoding transcription factors Pax6/PAX6, Pitx2/PITX2, Fox1/FOXC1, Prox1/PROX1, Oct4/OCT4, Nanog/NANOG, and TGFβ2 signaling protein during morphogenesis of the cornea in vertebrates. We considered the results obtained for the cornea of model animals, primarily mice, and human fetal cornea. The main possibility of establishing common mechanisms of eye development in vertebrates in health and disease is comparative studies of eye morphogenesis of humans and animal models.
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Abstract
Organ-selector transcription factors control simultaneously cell differentiation and proliferation, ensuring the development of functional organs and their homeostasis. How this is achieved at the molecular level is still unclear. Here we have investigated how the transcriptional pulse of string/cdc25 (stg), the universal mitotic trigger, is regulated during Drosophila retina development as an example of coordinated deployment of differentiation and proliferation programs. We identify the eye specific stg enhancer, stg-FMW, and show that Pax6 selector genes, in cooperation with Eya and So, two members of the retinal determination network, activate stg-FMW, establishing a positive feed-forward loop. This loop is negatively modulated by the Meis1 protein, Hth. This regulatory logic is reminiscent of that controlling the expression of differentiation transcription factors. Our work shows that subjecting transcription factors and key cell cycle regulators to the same regulatory logic ensures the coupling between differentiation and proliferation programs during organ development. Organs develop from groups of undifferentiated cells that proliferate and differentiate into specific cell types. During development, the coupling between proliferation and differentiation programs ensures that enough cells of the different cell types are generated. This is critical for proper organ formation and function. Here, we use the developing Drosophila eye to examine how the coupling between these two programs is achieved. During eye development, progenitors are amplified before they exit the cell cycle and enter the differentiation program. This amplification step depends on an expression burst of the mitotic trigger string/cdc25, which, by forcing cells into mitosis, synchronizes cells in G1 just before differentiation onset. Thus string regulation acts as a hub where differentiation and proliferation programs are integrated. We identify a DNA element that controls the burst of string expression prior to differentiation, and show that it is regulated by the same gene network that triggers eye development. The transcription factor Pax6/Eyeless is a key regulator in this network. Eyeless acts cooperatively with Sine oculis and Eyes absent to regulate string, through a positive feed-forward loop. This loop is negatively modulated by the progenitor-specific transcription factor Homothorax/Meis1. This work shows that transcription factors that instruct cells to acquire an eye fate also control their proliferation regime, thus guaranteeing the coupling between proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla S. Lopes
- CABD (Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology), C.S.I.C.-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, Seville, Spain
- * E-mail: (FC); (CSL)
| | - Fernando Casares
- CABD (Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology), C.S.I.C.-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, Seville, Spain
- * E-mail: (FC); (CSL)
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Takamiya M, Weger BD, Schindler S, Beil T, Yang L, Armant O, Ferg M, Schlunck G, Reinhard T, Dickmeis T, Rastegar S, Strähle U. Molecular description of eye defects in the zebrafish Pax6b mutant, sunrise, reveals a Pax6b-dependent genetic network in the developing anterior chamber. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117645. [PMID: 25692557 PMCID: PMC4334901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cornea is a central component of the camera eye of vertebrates and even slight corneal disturbances severely affect vision. The transcription factor PAX6 is required for normal eye development, namely the proper separation of the lens from the developing cornea and the formation of the iris and anterior chamber. Human PAX6 mutations are associated with severe ocular disorders such as aniridia, Peters anomaly and chronic limbal stem cell insufficiency. To develop the zebrafish as a model for corneal disease, we first performed transcriptome and in situ expression analysis to identify marker genes to characterise the cornea in normal and pathological conditions. We show that, at 7 days post fertilisation (dpf), the zebrafish cornea expresses the majority of marker genes (67/84 tested genes) found also expressed in the cornea of juvenile and adult stages. We also characterised homozygous pax6b mutants. Mutant embryos have a thick cornea, iris hypoplasia, a shallow anterior chamber and a small lens. Ultrastructure analysis revealed a disrupted corneal endothelium. pax6b mutants show loss of corneal epithelial gene expression including regulatory genes (sox3, tfap2a, foxc1a and pitx2). In contrast, several genes (pitx2, ctnnb2, dcn and fabp7a) were ectopically expressed in the malformed corneal endothelium. Lack of pax6b function leads to severe disturbance of the corneal gene regulatory programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanari Takamiya
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Benjamin D. Weger
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Simone Schindler
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tanja Beil
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lixin Yang
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Olivier Armant
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marco Ferg
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Günther Schlunck
- Eye Center, Freiburg University Medical Center, Killianstr. 5, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinhard
- Eye Center, Freiburg University Medical Center, Killianstr. 5, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dickmeis
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sepand Rastegar
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Uwe Strähle
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Maldonado M, Wong LY, Echeverria C, Ico G, Low K, Fujimoto T, Johnson JK, Nam J. The effects of electrospun substrate-mediated cell colony morphology on the self-renewal of human induced pluripotent stem cells. Biomaterials 2015; 50:10-9. [PMID: 25736491 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of xeno-free, chemically defined stem cell culture systems has been a primary focus in the field of regenerative medicine to enhance the clinical application of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). In this regard, various electrospun substrates with diverse physiochemical properties were synthesized utilizing various polymer precursors and surface treatments. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) cultured on these substrates were characterized by their gene and protein expression to determine the effects of the substrate physiochemical properties on the cells' self-renewal, i.e., proliferation and the maintenance of pluripotency. The results showed that surface chemistry significantly affected cell colony formation via governing the colony edge propagation. More importantly, when surface chemistry of the substrates was uniformly controlled by collagen conjugation, the stiffness of substrate was inversely related to the sphericity, a degree of three dimensionality in colony morphology. The differences in sphericity subsequently affected spontaneous differentiation of IPSCs during a long-term culture, implicating that the colony morphology is a deciding factor in the lineage commitment of PSCs. Overall, we show that the capability of controlling IPSC colony morphology by electrospun substrates provides a means to modulate IPSC self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricela Maldonado
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Lauren Y Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Cristina Echeverria
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Gerardo Ico
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Karen Low
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Taylor Fujimoto
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jed K Johnson
- Nanofiber Solutions LLC, 1275 Kinnear Rd., Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Jin Nam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Zhang J, Upadhya D, Lu L, Reneker LW. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) is required for corneal epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation during embryonic development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117089. [PMID: 25615698 PMCID: PMC4304804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) play important roles in many aspects of embryonic development. During eye development, the lens and corneal epithelium are derived from the same surface ectodermal tissue. FGF receptor (FGFR)-signaling is essential for lens cell differentiation and survival, but its role in corneal development has not been fully investigated. In this study, we examined the corneal defects in Fgfr2 conditional knockout mice in which Cre expression is activated at lens induction stage by Pax6 P0 promoter. The cornea in LeCre, Fgfr2loxP/loxP mice (referred as Fgfr2CKO) was analyzed to assess changes in cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. We found that Fgfr2CKO cornea was much thinner in epithelial and stromal layer when compared to WT cornea. At embryonic day 12.5–13.5 (E12.5–13.5) shortly after the lens vesicle detaches from the overlying surface ectoderm, cell proliferation (judged by labeling indices of Ki-67, BrdU and phospho-histone H3) was significantly reduced in corneal epithelium in Fgfr2CKO mice. At later stage, cell differentiation markers for corneal epithelium and underlying stromal mesenchyme, keratin-12 and keratocan respectively, were not expressed in Fgfr2CKO cornea. Furthermore, Pax6, a transcription factor essential for eye development, was not present in the Fgfr2CKO mutant corneal epithelial at E16.5 but was expressed normally at E12.5, suggesting that FGFR2-signaling is required for maintaining Pax6 expression in this tissue. Interestingly, the role of FGFR2 in corneal epithelial development is independent of ERK1/2-signaling. In contrast to the lens, FGFR2 is not required for cell survival in cornea. This study demonstrates for the first time that FGFR2 plays an essential role in controlling cell proliferation and differentiation, and maintaining Pax6 levels in corneal epithelium via ERK-independent pathways during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dinesh Upadhya
- Dept. of Ophthalmology, Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Lin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixing W. Reneker
- Dept. of Ophthalmology, Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Takagi M, Nagasaki K, Fujiwara I, Ishii T, Amano N, Asakura Y, Muroya K, Hasegawa Y, Adachi M, Hasegawa T. Heterozygous defects in PAX6 gene and congenital hypopituitarism. Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 172:37-45. [PMID: 25342853 DOI: 10.1530/eje-14-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of congenital hypopituitarism (CH) attributable to known transcription factor mutations appears to be rare and other causative genes for CH remain to be identified. Due to the sporadic occurrence of CH, de novo chromosomal rearrangements could be one of the molecular mechanisms participating in its etiology, especially in syndromic cases. OBJECTIVE To identify the role of copy number variations (CNVs) in the etiology of CH and to identify novel genes implicated in CH. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We enrolled 88 (syndromic: 30; non-syndromic: 58) Japanese CH patients. We performed an array comparative genomic hybridization screening in the 30 syndromic CH patients. For all the 88 patients, we analyzed PAX6 by PCR-based sequencing. RESULTS We identified one heterozygous 310-kb deletion of the PAX6 enhancer region in one patient showing isolated GH deficiency (IGHD), cleft palate, and optic disc cupping. We also identified one heterozygous 6.5-Mb deletion encompassing OTX2 in a patient with bilateral anophthalmia and multiple pituitary hormone deficiency. We identified a novel PAX6 mutation, namely p.N116S in one non-syndromic CH patient showing IGHD. The p.N116S PAX6 was associated with an impairment of the transactivation capacities of the PAX6-binding elements. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that heterozygous PAX6 mutations are associated with CH patients. PAX6 mutations may be associated with diverse clinical features ranging from severely impaired ocular and pituitary development to apparently normal phenotype. Overall, this study identified causative CNVs with a possible role in the etiology of CH in <10% of syndromic CH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Takagi
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismTokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of PediatricsSchool of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, JapanDivision of PediatricsDepartment of Homeostatic Regulation and Development, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, JapanDepartment of PediatricsSchool of Medicine, Tohoku University, Miyagi, JapanDepartment of Endocrinology and MetabolismKanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismTokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of PediatricsSchool of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, JapanDivision of PediatricsDepartment of Homeostatic Regulation and Development, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, JapanDepartment of PediatricsSchool of Medicine, Tohoku University, Miyagi, JapanDepartment of Endocrinology and MetabolismKanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nagasaki
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismTokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of PediatricsSchool of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, JapanDivision of PediatricsDepartment of Homeostatic Regulation and Development, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, JapanDepartment of PediatricsSchool of Medicine, Tohoku University, Miyagi, JapanDepartment of Endocrinology and MetabolismKanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ikuma Fujiwara
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismTokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of PediatricsSchool of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, JapanDivision of PediatricsDepartment of Homeostatic Regulation and Development, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, JapanDepartment of PediatricsSchool of Medicine, Tohoku University, Miyagi, JapanDepartment of Endocrinology and MetabolismKanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ishii
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismTokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of PediatricsSchool of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, JapanDivision of PediatricsDepartment of Homeostatic Regulation and Development, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, JapanDepartment of PediatricsSchool of Medicine, Tohoku University, Miyagi, JapanDepartment of Endocrinology and MetabolismKanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naoko Amano
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismTokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of PediatricsSchool of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, JapanDivision of PediatricsDepartment of Homeostatic Regulation and Development, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, JapanDepartment of PediatricsSchool of Medicine, Tohoku University, Miyagi, JapanDepartment of Endocrinology and MetabolismKanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yumi Asakura
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismTokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of PediatricsSchool of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, JapanDivision of PediatricsDepartment of Homeostatic Regulation and Development, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, JapanDepartment of PediatricsSchool of Medicine, Tohoku University, Miyagi, JapanDepartment of Endocrinology and MetabolismKanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Koji Muroya
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismTokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of PediatricsSchool of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, JapanDivision of PediatricsDepartment of Homeostatic Regulation and Development, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, JapanDepartment of PediatricsSchool of Medicine, Tohoku University, Miyagi, JapanDepartment of Endocrinology and MetabolismKanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Hasegawa
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismTokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of PediatricsSchool of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, JapanDivision of PediatricsDepartment of Homeostatic Regulation and Development, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, JapanDepartment of PediatricsSchool of Medicine, Tohoku University, Miyagi, JapanDepartment of Endocrinology and MetabolismKanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masanori Adachi
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismTokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of PediatricsSchool of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, JapanDivision of PediatricsDepartment of Homeostatic Regulation and Development, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, JapanDepartment of PediatricsSchool of Medicine, Tohoku University, Miyagi, JapanDepartment of Endocrinology and MetabolismKanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Hasegawa
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismTokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of PediatricsSchool of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, JapanDivision of PediatricsDepartment of Homeostatic Regulation and Development, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, JapanDepartment of PediatricsSchool of Medicine, Tohoku University, Miyagi, JapanDepartment of Endocrinology and MetabolismKanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
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31
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Chang MS, Han JC, Lee J, Kwun Y, Huh R, Ki CS, Kee C, Cho SY, Jin DK. A novel splice site mutation in the PAX6 gene in a Korean family with isolated aniridia. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2015; 45:90-93. [PMID: 25696017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Aniridia is a rare congenital ocular disorder of complete or partial iris hypoplasia. Frequently associated ocular changes include corneal abnormalities, cataract, glaucoma, and foveal hypoplasia. In most cases, aniridia is caused by decreased dosage of the paired box 6 (PAX6) gene, which is located in chromosome 11p13. We report the case of a Korean family with isolated aniridia inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. The proband was a one-month-old boy. He presented with bilateral complete aniridia and congenital glaucoma. His four-year-old sister had bilateral complete aniridia, glaucoma, and a corneal ulcer. His father had bilateral microcornea and cataract without aniridia. Using PAX6 sequencing analysis, we identified a deletion at the splice donor site of intron 8 in the proband (c.357+1delG). To our knowledge, this variant has not been previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Chang-Seok Ki
- Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Sung Yoon Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University Guri Hopistal, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Korea
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32
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Anchan RM, Lachke SA, Gerami-Naini B, Lindsey J, Ng N, Naber C, Nickerson M, Cavallesco R, Rowan S, Eaton JL, Xi Q, Maas RL. Pax6- and Six3-mediated induction of lens cell fate in mouse and human ES cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115106. [PMID: 25517354 PMCID: PMC4269389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells provide a potentially useful in vitro model for the study of in vivo tissue differentiation. We used mouse and human ES cells to investigate whether the lens regulatory genes Pax6 and Six3 could induce lens cell fate in vitro. To help assess the onset of lens differentiation, we derived a new mES cell line (Pax6-GFP mES) that expresses a GFP reporter under the control of the Pax6 P0 promoter and lens ectoderm enhancer. Pax6 or Six3 expression vectors were introduced into mES or hES cells by transfection or lentiviral infection and the differentiating ES cells analyzed for lens marker expression. Transfection of mES cells with Pax6 or Six3 but not with other genes induced the expression of lens cell markers and up-regulated GFP reporter expression in Pax6-GFP mES cells by 3 days post-transfection. By 7 days post-transfection, mES cell cultures exhibited a>10-fold increase over controls in the number of colonies expressing γA-crystallin, a lens fiber cell differentiation marker. RT-PCR and immunostaining revealed induction of additional lens epithelial or fiber cell differentiation markers including Foxe3, Prox1, α- and β-crystallins, and Tdrd7. Moreover, γA-crystallin- or Prox1-expressing lentoid bodies formed by 30 days in culture. In hES cells, Pax6 or Six3 lentiviral vectors also induced lens marker expression. mES cells that express lens markers reside close to but are distinct from the Pax6 or Six3 transduced cells, suggesting that the latter induce nearby undifferentiated ES cells to adopt a lens fate by non-cell autonomous mechanisms. In sum, we describe a novel mES cell GFP reporter line that is useful for monitoring induction of lens fate, and demonstrate that Pax6 or Six3 is sufficient to induce ES cells to adopt a lens fate, potentially via non-cell autonomous mechanisms. These findings should facilitate investigations of lens development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond M. Anchan
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Salil A. Lachke
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 9716, United States of America
| | - Behzad Gerami-Naini
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Lindsey
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Ng
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Catherine Naber
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Michael Nickerson
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Resy Cavallesco
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Sheldon Rowan
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Eaton
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Qiongchao Xi
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Richard L. Maas
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
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Burbridge TJ, Xu HP, Ackman JB, Ge X, Zhang Y, Ye MJ, Zhou ZJ, Xu J, Contractor A, Crair MC. Visual circuit development requires patterned activity mediated by retinal acetylcholine receptors. Neuron 2014; 84:1049-64. [PMID: 25466916 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The elaboration of nascent synaptic connections into highly ordered neural circuits is an integral feature of the developing vertebrate nervous system. In sensory systems, patterned spontaneous activity before the onset of sensation is thought to influence this process, but this conclusion remains controversial, largely due to the inherent difficulty recording neural activity in early development. Here, we describe genetic and pharmacological manipulations of spontaneous retinal activity, assayed in vivo, that demonstrate a causal link between retinal waves and visual circuit refinement. We also report a decoupling of downstream activity in retinorecipient regions of the developing brain after retinal wave disruption. Significantly, we show that the spatiotemporal characteristics of retinal waves affect the development of specific visual circuits. These results conclusively establish retinal waves as necessary and instructive for circuit refinement in the developing nervous system and reveal how neural circuits adjust to altered patterns of activity prior to experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Burbridge
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Hong-Ping Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - James B Ackman
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Xinxin Ge
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Yueyi Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Mei-Jun Ye
- Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Z Jimmy Zhou
- Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Anis Contractor
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Michael C Crair
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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Bhattacherjee A, Levy Y. Search by proteins for their DNA target site: 2. The effect of DNA conformation on the dynamics of multidomain proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:12415-24. [PMID: 25324311 PMCID: PMC4227779 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidomain transcription factors, which are especially abundant in eukaryotic genomes, are advantageous to accelerate the search kinetics for target site because they can follow the intersegment transfer via the monkey-bar mechanism in which the protein forms a bridged intermediate between two distant DNA regions. Monkey-bar dynamics highly depends on the properties of the multidomain protein (the affinity of each of the constituent domains to the DNA and the length of the linker) and the DNA molecules (their inter-distance and inter-angle). In this study, we investigate using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations how the local conformation of the DNA may affect the DNA search performed by a multidomain protein Pax6 in comparison to that of the isolated domains. Our results suggest that in addition to the common rotation-coupled translation along the DNA major groove, for curved DNA the tethered domains may slide in a rotation-decoupled sliding mode. Furthermore, the multidomain proteins move by longer jumps on curved DNA compared with those performed by the single domain protein. The long jumps originate from the DNA curvature bringing two sequentially distant DNA sites into close proximity with each other and they suggest that multidomain proteins may move on highly curved DNA faster than linear DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Bhattacherjee
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yaakov Levy
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Chen Y, Feng R, Wang H, Wei R, Yang J, Wang L, Wang H, Zhang L, Hong TP, Wen J. High-fat diet induces early-onset diabetes in heterozygous Pax6 mutant mice. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2014; 30:467-75. [PMID: 24925705 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes is caused by interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Our previous studies reported that paired box 6 mutation heterozygosity (Pax6(m/+)) led to defective proinsulin processing and subsequent abnormal glucose metabolism in mice at 6 months of age. However, high-fat diet exposure could be an important incentive for diabetes development. In this study, we aimed to develop a novel diabetic model imitating human type 2 diabetes by exposing Pax6(m/+) mice to high-fat diet and to explore the underlying mechanism of diabetes in this model. METHODS Over 300 Pax6(m/+) and wild-type male weanling mice were randomly divided into two groups and were fed an high-fat diet or chow diet for 6-10 weeks. Blood glucose and glucose tolerance levels were monitored during this period. Body weights, visceral adipose weights, blood lipid profiles and insulin sensitivity (determined with an insulin tolerance test) were used to evaluate obesity and insulin resistance. Proinsulin processing and insulin secretion levels were used to evaluate pancreatic β cell function. RESULTS After 6 weeks of high-fat diet exposure, only the Pax6(m/+) mice showed dramatic postloading hyperglycaemia. These mice exhibited significant high-fat diet-induced visceral obesity and insulin resistance and displayed defective prohormone convertase 1/3 production, an increased proinsulin:total insulin ratio and impaired early-phase insulin secretion, because of the Pax6 mutation. Hyperglycaemia worsened progressively over time with the high-fat diet, and most Pax6(m/+) mice on high-fat diet developed diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance after 10 weeks. Furthermore, high-fat diet withdrawal partly improved blood glucose levels in the diabetic mice. CONCLUSIONS By combining the Pax6(m/+) genetic background with an high-fat diet environment, we developed a novel diabetic model to mimic human type 2 diabetes. This model is characterized by impaired insulin secretion, caused by the Pax6 mutation, and high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and therefore provides an ideal tool for research on type 2 diabetes pathogenesis and therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Eye Proteins/genetics
- Eye Proteins/metabolism
- Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/blood
- Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/metabolism
- Heterozygote
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Insulin/blood
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin Resistance
- Insulin Secretion
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mutation
- Obesity, Abdominal/complications
- Obesity, Abdominal/etiology
- Obesity, Abdominal/physiopathology
- PAX6 Transcription Factor
- Paired Box Transcription Factors/genetics
- Paired Box Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Prediabetic State/blood
- Prediabetic State/complications
- Prediabetic State/etiology
- Prediabetic State/metabolism
- Proinsulin/blood
- Proinsulin/metabolism
- Proprotein Convertase 1/metabolism
- Random Allocation
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Weaning
- Weight Gain
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Stem Cell Research Centre, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Jiangsu Province Key Lab of Human Functional Genomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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36
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Wang HM, Dong JH, Li Q, Hu Q, Ning SL, Zheng W, Cui M, Chen TS, Xie X, Sun JP, Yu X. A stress response pathway in mice upregulates somatostatin level and transcription in pancreatic delta cells through Gs and β-arrestin 1. Diabetologia 2014; 57:1899-910. [PMID: 24947582 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3290-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Somatostatin secretion from islet delta cells plays an important role in regulating islet function and is tightly controlled by environmental changes. Activation of the adrenergic system promoted somatostatin secretion from islet delta cells; however, the role of the adrenergic system in regulating somatostatin content and transcription has not been defined. An imbalance between the somatostatin content and its secretion may cause dysfunctions in the islet delta cells. We have investigated the role of the adrenergic system in the modulation of somatostatin content and transcription in pancreatic delta cells and the detailed underlying mechanisms of this regulation. METHODS The stress hormone adrenaline (epinephrine), specific adrenergic agonists or specific adrenergic antagonists were applied to islets from either wild-type or specific adrenergic receptor knockout mice and pancreatic delta cell lines to investigate their effects on somatostatin content and transcription. The GloSensor assay, quantitative real-time PCR, western blots and the dual luciferase assay were used to monitor the cAMP level, somatostatin expression, activations of kinases and transcriptional factors. Arrb1 knockout mice, specific Creb or Pax6 mutations and specific kinase inhibitors were used to dissect the signalling pathway. RESULTS Adrenaline and isoprenaline increased somatostatin content and transcription through the activation of β1-/β2-adrenergic receptors (β1-/β2ARs). The somatostatin content in β1AR(-/-) /β2AR(-/-) (Adrb1/Adrb2 knockout) mice was 50% lower than in β1AR(+/+)/β2AR (+/+) mice. Two parallel signalling pathways, Gs-cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA)-cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and β-arrestin 1-extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK)-paired box protein 6 (PAX6), cooperatively regulated isoprenaline-induced somatostatin transcription. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION A stress pathway increased somatostatin content and transcription through β-adrenergic agonism. β-Arrestin1, ERK and PAX6 are important pancreatic delta cell regulators in addition to cAMP, PKA and CREB. Dysfunction of β-adrenergic agonism may impair pancreatic delta cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Wang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
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37
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Caballero IM, Manuel MN, Molinek M, Quintana-Urzainqui I, Mi D, Shimogori T, Price DJ. Cell-autonomous repression of Shh by transcription factor Pax6 regulates diencephalic patterning by controlling the central diencephalic organizer. Cell Rep 2014; 8:1405-18. [PMID: 25176648 PMCID: PMC4241467 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, region-specific patterns of regulatory gene expression are controlled by signaling centers that release morphogens providing positional information to surrounding cells. Regulation of signaling centers themselves is therefore critical. The size and the influence of a Shh-producing forebrain organizer, the zona limitans intrathalamica (ZLI), are limited by Pax6. By studying mouse chimeras, we find that Pax6 acts cell autonomously to block Shh expression in cells around the ZLI. Immunoprecipitation and luciferase assays indicate that Pax6 can bind the Shh promoter and repress its function. An analysis of chimeras suggests that many of the regional gene expression pattern defects that occur in Pax6−/− diencephalic cells result from a non-cell-autonomous position-dependent defect of local intercellular signaling. Blocking Shh signaling in Pax6−/− mutants reverses major diencephalic patterning defects. We conclude that Pax6’s cell-autonomous repression of Shh expression around the ZLI is critical for many aspects of normal diencephalic patterning. Pax6 limits the effects of a forebrain organizer, the zona limitans intrathalamica Pax6 blocks diencephalic Shh expression cell autonomously Absence of Pax6 causes non-cell-autonomous diencephalic patterning defects Blocking Shh signaling in Pax6−/− mutants reverses diencephalic patterning defects
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martine N Manuel
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Michael Molinek
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | | | - Da Mi
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | | | - David J Price
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.
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Iida A, Tabata Y, Baba Y, Fujii T, Watanabe S. Critical roles of DNase1l3l in lens nuclear degeneration in zebrafish. Biochimie 2014; 106:68-74. [PMID: 25127661 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate lens undergoes organelle and nuclear degradation during lens development, allowing the lens to become transparent. DNase2b is an enzyme responsible for nuclear degradation in the mouse lens; however, dnase2b expression in zebrafish showed a distribution pattern that differed from that in mice. No zebrafish dnase2b was detected by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction until around 120 h postfertilization (hpf), suggesting that dnase2b is not expressed in the critical period for lens nuclear degradation, which corresponds to 56-74 hpf. However, public database searches have indicated that dnase1l3l is strongly and specifically expressed in embryonic zebrafish lens. Whole mount in situ hybridization showed that dnase1l3l expression began around 36 hpf and was found exclusively in the lens until the adult stage. Morpholino (MO)-dependent downregulation of dnase1l3l expression during early development in zebrafish led to the failure of nuclear degradation in the lens. Immunostaining of lens sections showed that expression of Pax6, Prox1 and β-catenin was comparable to the control in the early stage of development in dnase1l3l-MO injected embryos. However, downregulation of expression of these genes in lens was not observed in dnase1l3l-MO-treated zebrafish at 72 hpf, suggesting that the lens development was halted. Taken together, we showed that dnase1l3l plays major roles in nuclear degradation in zebrafish lens development. No homologous gene was found in other species in public databases, suggesting that dnase1l3l developed and acquired its function specifically in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsumi Iida
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639 Japan
| | - Yoko Tabata
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639 Japan
| | - Yukihiro Baba
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639 Japan
| | - Tomoaki Fujii
- Division of Clinical Genome Research, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639 Japan
| | - Sumiko Watanabe
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639 Japan.
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Holmström G, Bondeson ML, Eriksson U, Åkerblom H, Larsson E. 'Congenital' nystagmus may hide various ophthalmic diagnoses. Acta Ophthalmol 2014; 92:412-6. [PMID: 23889849 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether patients registered at a low-vision centre with 'nystagmus' had any underlying, but so far unknown, ophthalmic diagnosis. METHODS All patients registered at the low-vision centre of Uppsala county with nystagmus as their major diagnosis were identified. Their medical records were studied to exclude those with other general diagnoses that could explain the nystagmus. The remaining group of patients underwent an ophthalmic examination, refraction and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Electroretinogram and genetic analyses were performed when indicated. RESULTS Sixty-two patients with nystagmus as their main diagnosis were registered at the low-vision centre, Uppsala, and 43 of them had a major diagnosis other than nystagmus. Nystagmus was the major diagnosis in 19 patients, 15 of whom, aged 6-76 years, participated in the study. Two of the patients had foveal hypoplasia and albinism, four a seemingly isolated foveal hypoplasia, three achromatopsia, one rod-cone dystrophy, one degenerative high myopia, and two could not be evaluated. Only two patients appeared to have 'congenital' nystagmus. Eleven of the patients underwent a comprehensive genetic investigation of the PAX 6 gene. In addition, four of the patients were analysed for mutations in FOXC1 and PITX2 and one in FRMD7. No mutations were found in any of the patients analysed. CONCLUSION The study illustrates that many patients in our study group with nystagmus had underlying ophthalmic diagnoses. Early diagnosis is important to facilitate habilitation and to provide genetic counselling and, in the future, possibly also gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Holmström
- Department of Neuroscience/Ophthalmology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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40
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Liu W, Liu Y, Liu H, Luo Y, Xu J. [Differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells after transfection with Pax6 gene]. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi 2014; 28:1004-1008. [PMID: 25417317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the feasibility of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) differentiating into corneal epithelium-like cells after transfection with Pax6 gene. METHODS The adipose tissue from bilateral inguinal of healthy C57BL/6 mice (5-6 weeks old) was used to isolate and culture ADMSCs. The 3rd passage ADMSCs were subjected to treatments of non-transfection (group A), pcDNA3.1 empty vector transfection (group B), and recombinant plasmid of pcDNA3.1-Pax6 transfection (group C), respectively. At 48 hours after transfection, the cells in groups B and C were selected with G418. The cell morphology changes were observed under the inverted microscope. Pax6 protein and level of corneal epithelial cells specific molecular--cytokeratin 12 (CK-12) were measured by Western blot. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was applied to measure the mRNA expression of CK-12. RESULTS No morphology change was observed in groups A and B. Two different cell clones were found in group C. No.1 selected clone showed a flagstone-like appearance that was similar to that of corneal epithelial cells; No.2 selected clone showed a net-like appearance, with 3-7 cell processes. The Western blot results showed the Pax6 protein expression in 2 clones of group C, but no expression in groups A and B; and CK-12 protein expression was only observed in No.1 selected clone of group C, and no expression in the others. The real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR results showed that the CK-12 mRNA expression level of No.1 selected clone of group C was 8.64 ± 0.73, which was significantly higher than that of No.2 selected clone of group C (0.55 ± 0.42), group B (1.36 ± 0.40), and group A (1.00 ± 0.00) (P < 0.05), and there was no significant difference among groups A, Band No.2 selected clone of group C (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Pax6 gene transfection could induce differentiation of ADMSCs into corneal epithelium-like cells which express CK-12 at both the mRNA and protein levels. This result provides a promising strategy of generating corneal epithelium-like cells for construction of tissue engineered cornea.
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Forsdahl S, Kiselev Y, Hogseth R, Mjelle JE, Mikkola I. Pax6 regulates the expression of Dkk3 in murine and human cell lines, and altered responses to Wnt signaling are shown in FlpIn-3T3 cells stably expressing either the Pax6 or the Pax6(5a) isoform. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102559. [PMID: 25029272 PMCID: PMC4100929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pax6 is a transcription factor important for early embryo development. It is expressed in several cancer cell lines and tumors. In glioblastoma, PAX6 has been shown to function as a tumor suppressor. Dickkopf 3 (Dkk3) is well established as a tumor suppressor in several tumor types, but not much is known about the regulation of its expression. We have previously found that Pax6 and Pax6(5a) increase the expression of the Dkk3 gene in two stably transfected mouse fibroblast cell lines. In this study the molecular mechanism behind this regulation is looked at. Western blot and reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) confirmed higher level of Dkk3 expression in both Pax6 and Pax6(5a) expressing cell lines compared to the control cell line. By the use of bioinformatics and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) we have mapped a functional Pax6 binding site in the mouse Dkk3 promoter. The minimal Dkk3 promoter fragment required for transcriptional activation by Pax6 and Pax6(5a) was a 200 bp region just upstream of the transcriptional start site. Mutation of the evolutionary conserved binding site in this region abrogated transcriptional activation and binding of Pax6/Pax6(5a) to the mouse Dkk3 promoter. Since the identified Pax6 binding site in this promoter is conserved, RT-qPCR and Western blot were used to look for regulation of Dkk3/REIC expression in human cell lines. Six of eight cell lines tested showed changes in Dkk3/REIC expression after PAX6 siRNA knockdown. Interestingly, we observed that the Pax6/Pax6(5a) expressing mouse fibroblast cell lines were less responsive to canonical Wnt pathway stimulation than the control cell line when TOP/FOP activity and the levels of active β-catenin and GSK3-β Ser9 phosphorylation were measured after LiCl stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri Forsdahl
- Research Group of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, UiT – The Artic University of Norway, Tromsoe, Norway
| | - Yury Kiselev
- Research Group of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, UiT – The Artic University of Norway, Tromsoe, Norway
- Norwegian Translational Cancer Research Center, Department of Medical Biology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsoe, Norway
| | - Rune Hogseth
- Research Group of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, UiT – The Artic University of Norway, Tromsoe, Norway
| | - Janne E. Mjelle
- Research Group of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, UiT – The Artic University of Norway, Tromsoe, Norway
| | - Ingvild Mikkola
- Research Group of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, UiT – The Artic University of Norway, Tromsoe, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
From the cocktail of four factors that were able to induce pluripotent stem cells from differentiated cells, Oct-4, c-Myc, Sox-2 and Klf4, only Oct-4 was not expressed during regeneration in newts. To explore the possible action of this stemness factor we developed an assay where we introduced exogenous Oct-4 protein to an in vitro system for lens regeneration in newts. We found that exogenous Oct-4 inhibits differentiation of iris pigmented epithelial cells into lens cells and also regulates Sox-2 and Pax-6, both important players during lens development. Thus, presence of Oct-4 hinders transdifferentiation of iris cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rital B. Bhavsar
- Department of Biology and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Panagiotis A. Tsonis
- Department of Biology and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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43
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Balmer NV, Klima S, Rempel E, Ivanova VN, Kolde R, Weng MK, Meganathan K, Henry M, Sachinidis A, Berthold MR, Hengstler JG, Rahnenführer J, Waldmann T, Leist M. From transient transcriptome responses to disturbed neurodevelopment: role of histone acetylation and methylation as epigenetic switch between reversible and irreversible drug effects. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1451-68. [PMID: 24935251 PMCID: PMC4067541 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1279-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The superordinate principles governing the transcriptome response of differentiating cells exposed to drugs are still unclear. Often, it is assumed that toxicogenomics data reflect the immediate mode of action (MoA) of drugs. Alternatively, transcriptome changes could describe altered differentiation states as indirect consequence of drug exposure. We used here the developmental toxicants valproate and trichostatin A to address this question. Neurally differentiating human embryonic stem cells were treated for 6 days. Histone acetylation (primary MoA) increased quickly and returned to baseline after 48 h. Histone H3 lysine methylation at the promoter of the neurodevelopmental regulators PAX6 or OTX2 was increasingly altered over time. Methylation changes remained persistent and correlated with neurodevelopmental defects and with effects on PAX6 gene expression, also when the drug was washed out after 3-4 days. We hypothesized that drug exposures altering only acetylation would lead to reversible transcriptome changes (indicating MoA), and challenges that altered methylation would lead to irreversible developmental disturbances. Data from pulse-chase experiments corroborated this assumption. Short drug treatment triggered reversible transcriptome changes; longer exposure disrupted neurodevelopment. The disturbed differentiation was reflected by an altered transcriptome pattern, and the observed changes were similar when the drug was washed out during the last 48 h. We conclude that transcriptome data after prolonged chemical stress of differentiating cells mainly reflect the altered developmental stage of the model system and not the drug MoA. We suggest that brief exposures, followed by immediate analysis, are more suitable for information on immediate drug responses and the toxicity MoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina V. Balmer
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Box 657, 78457 Constance, Germany
| | - Stefanie Klima
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Box 657, 78457 Constance, Germany
| | - Eugen Rempel
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Violeta N. Ivanova
- Chair for Bioinformatics and Information Mining, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | | | - Matthias K. Weng
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Box 657, 78457 Constance, Germany
| | - Kesavan Meganathan
- Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Margit Henry
- Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael R. Berthold
- Chair for Bioinformatics and Information Mining, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Tanja Waldmann
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Box 657, 78457 Constance, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Box 657, 78457 Constance, Germany
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
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Raviv S, Bharti K, Rencus-Lazar S, Cohen-Tayar Y, Schyr R, Evantal N, Meshorer E, Zilberberg A, Idelson M, Reubinoff B, Grebe R, Rosin-Arbesfeld R, Lauderdale J, Lutty G, Arnheiter H, Ashery-Padan R. PAX6 regulates melanogenesis in the retinal pigmented epithelium through feed-forward regulatory interactions with MITF. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004360. [PMID: 24875170 PMCID: PMC4038462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During organogenesis, PAX6 is required for establishment of various progenitor subtypes within the central nervous system, eye and pancreas. PAX6 expression is maintained in a variety of cell types within each organ, although its role in each lineage and how it acquires cell-specific activity remain elusive. Herein, we aimed to determine the roles and the hierarchical organization of the PAX6-dependent gene regulatory network during the differentiation of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). Somatic mutagenesis of Pax6 in the differentiating RPE revealed that PAX6 functions in a feed-forward regulatory loop with MITF during onset of melanogenesis. PAX6 both controls the expression of an RPE isoform of Mitf and synergizes with MITF to activate expression of genes involved in pigment biogenesis. This study exemplifies how one kernel gene pivotal in organ formation accomplishes a lineage-specific role during terminal differentiation of a single lineage. It is currently poorly understood how a single developmental transcription regulator controls early specification as well as a broad range of highly specialized differentiation schemes. PAX6 is one of the most extensively investigated factors in central nervous system development, yet its role in execution of lineage-specific programs remains mostly elusive. Here, we directly investigated the involvement of PAX6 in the differentiation of one lineage, the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), a neuroectodermal-derived tissue that is essential for retinal development and function. We revealed that PAX6 accomplishes its role through a unique regulatory interaction with the transcription factor MITF, a master regulator of the pigmentation program. During the differentiation of the RPE, PAX6 regulates the expression of an RPE-specific isoform of Mitf and importantly, at the same time, PAX6 functions together with MITF to directly activate the expression of downstream genes required for pigment biogenesis. These findings provide comprehensive insight into the gene hierarchy that controls RPE development: from a kernel gene (a term referring to the upper-most gene in the gene regulatory network) that is broadly expressed during CNS development through a lineage-specific transcription factor that together with the kernel gene creates cis-regulatory input that contributes to transcriptionally activate a battery of terminal differentiation genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaul Raviv
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Kapil Bharti
- Unit on Ocular and Stem Cell Translational Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sigal Rencus-Lazar
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yamit Cohen-Tayar
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rachel Schyr
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Naveh Evantal
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eran Meshorer
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alona Zilberberg
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maria Idelson
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy & Department of Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Benjamin Reubinoff
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy & Department of Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rhonda Grebe
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rina Rosin-Arbesfeld
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - James Lauderdale
- Department of Cellular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gerard Lutty
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Heinz Arnheiter
- Mammalian Development Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ruth Ashery-Padan
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Yamamoto S, De D, Hidaka K, Kim KK, Endo M, Sugiyama H. Single molecule visualization and characterization of Sox2-Pax6 complex formation on a regulatory DNA element using a DNA origami frame. Nano Lett 2014; 14:2286-2292. [PMID: 24660747 DOI: 10.1021/nl4044949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the use of atomic force microscopy (AFM) to study Sox2-Pax6 complex formation on the regulatory DNA element at a single molecule level. Using an origami DNA scaffold containing two DNA strands with different levels of tensile force, we confirmed that DNA bending is necessary for Sox2 binding. We also demonstrated that two transcription factors bind cooperatively by observing the increased occupancy of Sox2-Pax6 on the DNA element compared to that of Sox2 alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seigi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University , Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Pattabiraman K, Golonzhka O, Lindtner S, Nord AS, Taher L, Hoch R, Silberberg SN, Zhang D, Chen B, Zeng H, Pennacchio LA, Puelles L, Visel A, Rubenstein JLR. Transcriptional regulation of enhancers active in protodomains of the developing cerebral cortex. Neuron 2014; 82:989-1003. [PMID: 24814534 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the genetic control of cerebral cortical (pallial) development is essential for understanding function, evolution, and disorders of the brain. Transcription factors (TFs) that embryonically regulate pallial regionalization are expressed in gradients, raising the question of how discrete domains are generated. We provide evidence that small enhancer elements active in protodomains integrate broad transcriptional information. CreER(T2) and GFP expression from 14 different enhancer elements in stable transgenic mice allowed us to define a comprehensive regional fate map of the pallium. We explored transcriptional mechanisms that control the activity of the enhancers using informatics, in vivo occupancy by TFs that regulate cortical patterning (CoupTFI, Pax6, and Pbx1), and analysis of enhancer activity in Pax6 mutants. Overall, the results provide insights into how broadly expressed patterning TFs regulate the activity of small enhancer elements that drive gene expression in pallial protodomains that fate map to distinct cortical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Pattabiraman
- Department of Psychiatry, Program in Neuroscience, Rock Hall, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA
| | - Olga Golonzhka
- Department of Psychiatry, Program in Neuroscience, Rock Hall, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA; Acetylon Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Susan Lindtner
- Department of Psychiatry, Program in Neuroscience, Rock Hall, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA
| | - Alex S Nord
- Genomics Division, MS 84-171, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Leila Taher
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA; Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Renee Hoch
- Department of Psychiatry, Program in Neuroscience, Rock Hall, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA
| | - Shanni N Silberberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Program in Neuroscience, Rock Hall, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA
| | - Dongji Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Program in Neuroscience, Rock Hall, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - HongKui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Len A Pennacchio
- Genomics Division, MS 84-171, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Luis Puelles
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Axel Visel
- Genomics Division, MS 84-171, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA; School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Program in Neuroscience, Rock Hall, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA.
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Ragancokova D, Rocca E, Oonk AMM, Schulz H, Rohde E, Bednarsch J, Feenstra I, Pennings RJE, Wende H, Garratt AN. TSHZ1-dependent gene regulation is essential for olfactory bulb development and olfaction. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:1214-27. [PMID: 24487590 DOI: 10.1172/jci72466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The olfactory bulb (OB) receives odor information from the olfactory epithelium and relays this to the olfactory cortex. Using a mouse model, we found that development and maturation of OB interneurons depends on the zinc finger homeodomain factor teashirt zinc finger family member 1 (TSHZ1). In mice lacking TSHZ1, neuroblasts exhibited a normal tangential migration to the OB; however, upon arrival to the OB, the neuroblasts were distributed aberrantly within the radial dimension, and many immature neuroblasts failed to exit the rostral migratory stream. Conditional deletion of Tshz1 in mice resulted in OB hypoplasia and severe olfactory deficits. We therefore investigated olfaction in human subjects from families with congenital aural atresia that were heterozygous for TSHZ1 loss-of-function mutations. These individuals displayed hyposmia, which is characterized by impaired odor discrimination and reduced olfactory sensitivity. Microarray analysis, in situ hybridization, and ChIP revealed that TSHZ1 bound to and regulated expression of the gene encoding prokineticin receptor 2 (PROKR2), a G protein–coupled receptor essential for OB development. Mutations in PROKR2 lead to Kallmann syndrome, characterized by anosmia and hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. Our data indicate that TSHZ1 is a key regulator of mammalian OB development and function and controls the expression of molecules involved in human Kallmann syndrome.
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48
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Piro S, Mascali LG, Urbano F, Filippello A, Malaguarnera R, Calanna S, Rabuazzo AM, Purrello F. Chronic exposure to GLP-1 increases GLP-1 synthesis and release in a pancreatic alpha cell line (α-TC1): evidence of a direct effect of GLP-1 on pancreatic alpha cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90093. [PMID: 24587221 PMCID: PMC3938588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims/Hypothesis Incretin therapies, which are used to treat diabetic patients, cause a chronic supra-physiological increase in GLP-1 circulating levels. It is still unclear how the resulting high hormone concentrations may affect pancreatic alpha cells. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of chronic exposure to high GLP-1 levels on a cultured pancreatic alpha cell line. Methods α-TC1-6 cell line was cultured in the presence or absence of GLP-1 (100 nmol/l) for up to 72 h. In our model GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) was measured. After the cells were exposed to GLP-1 the levels of glucagon secretion were measured. Because GLP-1 acts on intracellular cAMP production, the function of GLP-1R was studied. We also investigated the effects of chronic GLP-1 exposure on the cAMP/MAPK pathway, Pax6 levels, the expression of prohormone convertases (PCs), glucagon gene (Gcg) and protein expression, glucagon and GLP-1 production. Results In our model, we were able to detect GLP-1R. After GLP-1 exposure we found a reduction in glucagon secretion. During further investigation of the function of GLP-1R, we found an activation of the cAMP/MAPK/Pax6 pathway and an increase of Gcg gene and protein expression. Furthermore we observed a significant increase in PC1/3 protein expression, GLP-1 intracellular content and GLP-1 secretion. Conclusions/Interpretation Our data indicate that the chronic exposure of pancreatic alpha cells to GLP-1 increases the ability of these cells to produce and release GLP-1. This phenomenon occurs through the stimulation of the transcription factor Pax6 and the increased expression of the protein convertase PC1/3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Piro
- Department of Clinical and Molecular BioMedicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Loriana G. Mascali
- Department of Clinical and Molecular BioMedicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesca Urbano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular BioMedicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Agnese Filippello
- Department of Clinical and Molecular BioMedicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Roberta Malaguarnera
- Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Salvatore Calanna
- Department of Clinical and Molecular BioMedicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata M. Rabuazzo
- Department of Clinical and Molecular BioMedicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Purrello
- Department of Clinical and Molecular BioMedicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Rezanejad H, Soheili ZS, Haddad F, Matin MM, Samiei S, Manafi A, Ahmadieh H. In vitro differentiation of adipose-tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells into neural retinal cells through expression of human PAX6 (5a) gene. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 356:65-75. [PMID: 24562376 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1795-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The neural retina is subjected to various degenerative conditions. Regenerative stem-cell-based therapy holds great promise for treating severe retinal degeneration diseases, although many drawbacks remain to be overcome. One important problem is to gain authentically differentiated cells for replacement. Paired box 6 protein (5a) (PAX6 (5a)) is a highly conserved master control gene that has an essential role in the development of the vertebrate visual system. Human adipose-tissue-derived stem cell (hADSC) isolation was performed by using fat tissues and was confirmed by the differentiation potential of the cells into adipocytes and osteocytes and by their surface marker profile. The coding region of the human PAX6 (5a) gene isoform was cloned and lentiviral particles were propagated in HEK293T. The differentiation of hADSCs into retinal cells was characterized by morphological characteristics, quantitative real-time reverse transcription plus the polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunocytochemistry (ICC) for some retinal cell-specific and retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cell-specific markers. hADSCs were successfully isolated. Flow cytometric analysis of surface markers indicated the high purity (~97 %) of isolated hADSCs. After 30 h of post-transduction, cells gradually showed the characteristic morphology of neuronal cells and small axon-like processes emerged. qPCR and ICC confirmed the differentiation of some neural retinal cells and RPE cells. Thus, PAX6 (5a) transcription factor expression, together with medium supplemented with fibronectin, is able to induce the differentiation of hADSCs into retinal progenitors, RPE cells and photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Rezanejad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran,
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50
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Endesfelder S, Zaak I, Weichelt U, Bührer C, Schmitz T. Caffeine protects neuronal cells against injury caused by hyperoxia in the immature brain. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 67:221-34. [PMID: 24129198 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine administered to preterm infants has been shown to reduce rates of cerebral palsy and cognitive delay, compared to placebo. We investigated the neuroprotective potential of caffeine for the developing brain in a neonatal rat model featuring transient systemic hyperoxia. Using 6-day-old rat pups, we found that after 24 and 48h of 80% oxygen exposure, apoptotic (TUNEL(+)) cell numbers increased in the cortex, hippocampus, and central gray matter, but not in the hippocampus or dentate gyrus. In the dentate gyrus, high oxygen exposure led to a decrease in the number of proliferating (Ki67(+)) cells and the number of Ki67(+) cells double staining for nestin (immature neurons), doublecortin (progenitors), and NeuN (mature neurons). Absolute numbers of nestin(+), doublecortin(+), and NeuN(+) cells also decreased after hyperoxia. This was mirrored in a decline of transcription factors expressed in immature neurons (Pax6, Sox2), progenitors (Tbr2), and mature neurons (Prox1, Tbr1). Administration of a single dose of caffeine (10mg/kg) before high oxygen exposure almost completely prevented these effects. Our findings suggest that caffeine exerts protection for neonatal neurons exposed to high oxygen, possibly via its antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Endesfelder
- Department of Neonatology, Charité University Medical Center, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Irina Zaak
- Department of Neonatology, Charité University Medical Center, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Weichelt
- Department of Neonatology, Charité University Medical Center, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Bührer
- Department of Neonatology, Charité University Medical Center, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmitz
- Department of Neonatology, Charité University Medical Center, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
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