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Han R, Tian A, Fan Y, Yin J, Ren M. Secondary glaucoma with anterior chamber cholesterolosis: Case series. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e28655. [PMID: 35060559 PMCID: PMC8772664 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000028655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The presence of cholesterol crystals in the anterior chamber is extremely rare, and secondary glaucoma with cholesterol crystals in the anterior chamber, reported in the literature, is even rarer. This paper reports 3 cases of secondary glaucoma with cholesterol crystals in the anterior chamber. PATIENT CONCERNS Three patients were admitted to the hospital because of ocular distension and blindness. Ocular examination on admission indicated high intraocular pressure, and crystalline gold substances were observed in the anterior chamber. DIAGNOSIS Based on clinical manifestations and an aqueous fluid smear, absolute glaucoma and anterior chamber cholesterol crystals were diagnosed. INTERVENTIONS In the first case, transscleral ciliary photocoagulation was performed; in the last 2 cases, trabeculectomy combined with extracapsular cataract extraction was performed. OUTCOMES The follow-up period was 11 to 15 months. Intraocular pressure was stable in 2 patients treated with surgery, and no cholesterol crystals were observed in the anterior chamber. The intraocular pressure increased in 1 patient treated with laser, and a small amount of cholesterol crystals was still observed in the anterior chamber. LESSONS Anterior chamber cholesterol crystallization is extremely rare and cannot be treated if it does not cause other lesions. However, glaucoma occurred in all 3 cases in this study, and intraocular pressure increased in 1 case after laser treatment and remained stable in 2 cases after surgical treatment. Therefore, the treatment plan for anterior chamber cholesterol crystallization in glaucoma requires further discussion.
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Thomson BR, Liu P, Onay T, Du J, Tompson SW, Misener S, Purohit RR, Young TL, Jin J, Quaggin SE. Cellular crosstalk regulates the aqueous humor outflow pathway and provides new targets for glaucoma therapies. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6072. [PMID: 34663817 PMCID: PMC8523664 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26346-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) is a severe disease characterized by developmental defects in the trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm's canal (SC), comprising the conventional aqueous humor outflow pathway of the eye. Recently, heterozygous loss of function variants in TEK and ANGPT1 or compound variants in TEK/SVEP1 were identified in children with PCG. Moreover, common variants in ANGPT1and SVEP1 have been identified as risk alleles for primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) in GWAS studies. Here, we show tissue-specific deletion of Angpt1 or Svep1 from the TM causes PCG in mice with severe defects in the adjacent SC. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of normal and glaucomatous Angpt1 deficient eyes allowed us to identify distinct TM and SC cell populations and discover additional TM-SC signaling pathways. Furthermore, confirming the importance of angiopoietin signaling in SC, delivery of a recombinant ANGPT1-mimetic promotes developmental SC expansion in healthy and Angpt1 deficient eyes, blunts intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation and RGC loss in a mouse model of PCG and lowers IOP in healthy adult mice. Our data highlight the central role of ANGPT1-TEK signaling and TM-SC crosstalk in IOP homeostasis and provide new candidates for SC-targeted glaucoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Thomson
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- The Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pan Liu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- The Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tuncer Onay
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jing Du
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- The Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stuart W Tompson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sol Misener
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- The Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Raj R Purohit
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- The Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Terri L Young
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jing Jin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- The Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Susan E Quaggin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
- The Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Liu X, McNally TW, Beese S, Downie LE, Solebo AL, Faes L, Husain S, Keane PA, Moore DJ, Denniston AK. Non-invasive Instrument-Based Tests for Quantifying Anterior Chamber Flare in Uveitis: A Systematic Review. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2021; 29:982-990. [PMID: 32255392 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2019.1709650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Anterior chamber (AC) flare is a key sign for anterior uveitis. New instrument-based techniques for measuring AC flare can offer automation and objectivity. This review aims to identify objective instrument-based measures for AC flare.Methods: In this systematic review, we identified studies reporting correlation between instrument-based tests versus clinician AC flare grading, and/or aqueous protein concentration, as well as test reliability.Results: Four index tests were identified in 11 studies: laser-flare photometry (LFP), optical coherence tomography, ocular flare analysis meter (OFAM) and the double-pass technique. The correlation between LFP and clinician grading was 0.40-0.93 and 0.87-0.94 for LFP and protein concentration. The double-pass technique showed no correlation with clinician grading and insufficient information was available for OFAM.Conclusion: LFP shows moderate to strong correlation with clinician grading and aqueous protein concentration. LFP could be a superior reference test compared to clinician AC flare grading for validating new index tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Liu
- Ophthalmology Department, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation & Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Thomas W McNally
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation & Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sophie Beese
- Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Laura E Downie
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ameenat L Solebo
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Livia Faes
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
- Eye Clinic, Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Syed Husain
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation & Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Pearse A Keane
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
- Health Data Research UK, London, UK
| | - David J Moore
- Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alastair K Denniston
- Ophthalmology Department, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation & Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
- Health Data Research UK, London, UK
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Abstract
The endocrine cells confined in the islets of Langerhans are responsible for the maintenance of blood glucose homeostasis. In particular, beta cells produce and secrete insulin, an essential hormone regulating glucose uptake and metabolism. An insufficient amount of beta cells or defects in the molecular mechanisms leading to glucose-induced insulin secretion trigger the development of diabetes, a severe disease with epidemic spreading throughout the world. A comprehensive appreciation of the diverse adaptive procedures regulating beta cell mass and function is thus of paramount importance for the understanding of diabetes pathogenesis and for the development of effective therapeutic strategies. While significant findings were obtained by the use of islets isolated from the pancreas, in vitro studies are inherently limited since they lack the many factors influencing pancreatic islet cell function in vivo and do not allow for longitudinal monitoring of islet cell plasticity in the living organism. In this respect a number of imaging methodologies have been developed over the years for the study of islets in situ in the pancreas, a challenging task due to the relatively small size of the islets and their location, scattered throughout the organ. To increase imaging resolution and allow for longitudinal studies in individual islets, another strategy is based on the transplantation of islets into other sites that are more accessible for imaging. In this review we present the anterior chamber of the eye as a transplantation and imaging site for the study of pancreatic islet cell plasticity, and summarize the major research outcomes facilitated by this technological platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Ilegems
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Erwin Ilegems, ; Per-Olof Berggren,
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolism Research, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Erwin Ilegems, ; Per-Olof Berggren,
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Fujishiro T, Honjo M, Kawasaki H, Asaoka R, Yamagishi R, Aihara M. Structural Changes and Astrocyte Response of the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus in a Ferret Model of Ocular Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041339. [PMID: 32079216 PMCID: PMC7072923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated structural changes and astrocyte responses of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in a ferret model of ocular hypertension (OH). In 10 ferrets, OH was induced via the injection of cultured conjunctival cells into the anterior chamber of the right eye; six normal ferrets were used as controls. Anterograde axonal tracing with cholera toxin B revealed that atrophic damage was evident in the LGN layers receiving projections from OH eyes. Immunohistochemical analysis with antibodies against NeuN, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and Iba-1 was performed to specifically label neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in the LGN. Significantly decreased NeuN immunoreactivity and increased GFAP and Iba-1 immunoreactivities were observed in the LGN layers receiving projections from OH eyes. Interestingly, the changes in the immunoreactivities were significantly different among the LGN layers. The C layers showed more severe damage than the A and A1 layers. Secondary degenerative changes in the LGN were also observed, including neuronal damage and astrocyte reactions in each LGN layer. These results suggest that our ferret model of OH is valuable for investigating damages during the retina–brain transmission of the visual pathway in glaucoma. The vulnerability of the C layers was revealed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Fujishiro
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (T.F.); (M.H.); (R.A.); (R.Y.)
| | - Megumi Honjo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (T.F.); (M.H.); (R.A.); (R.Y.)
| | - Hiroshi Kawasaki
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Ryo Asaoka
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (T.F.); (M.H.); (R.A.); (R.Y.)
| | - Reiko Yamagishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (T.F.); (M.H.); (R.A.); (R.Y.)
| | - Makoto Aihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (T.F.); (M.H.); (R.A.); (R.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3815-5411; Fax: +81-3-3817-0798
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Siegfried CJ, Shui YB. Intraocular Oxygen and Antioxidant Status: New Insights on the Effect of Vitrectomy and Glaucoma Pathogenesis. Am J Ophthalmol 2019; 203:12-25. [PMID: 30772349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate correlations of partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) in the ocular anterior segment of human eyes and aqueous humor antioxidant levels of ascorbate (AsA) and total reactive antioxidant potential (TRAP) with glaucoma and vitreous status. METHODS This prospective, cross-sectional study stratified patients (n = 288 eyes) by lens and vitreous status and the presence of primary open-angle glaucoma for statistical analyses. Intraocular pO2 concentrations were measured using a fiberoptic probe in patients at the beginning of planned glaucoma and/or cataract surgery. Aqueous humor specimens were obtained for antioxidant analysis of AsA and TRAP. RESULTS Following prior pars plana vitrectomy, pO2 levels were significantly higher than in the reference group of cataract surgery in the anterior chamber angle (16.2 ± 5.0 vs. 13.0 ± 3.9 mm Hg; P = .0171) and in the posterior chamber (7.6 ± 3.1 vs. 3.9 ± 2.7 mm Hg; P < .0001). AsA and TRAP levels were significantly lower (1.1 ± 0.4 vs. 1.4 ± 0.5 mM, respectively; 403.3 ±116.5 vs. 479.0 ± 146.7 Trolox units, respectively; P = .004 and P = .024, respectively) in patients after vitrectomy. In patients with an intact vitreous, neither pO2 nor antioxidant status correlated with lens status or glaucoma. CONCLUSIONS Increased pO2 and antioxidant depletion following vitrectomy suggests an alteration of the intraocular oxidant-antioxidant balance. Our study links physiologic factors such as increased pO2 in the anterior chamber angle and the posterior chamber to decreased antioxidant levels in aqueous humor following vitrectomy. Oxidative stress/damage to the trabecular meshwork in such post-vitrectomy cases may contribute to intraocular pressure elevation and increased risk of glaucoma. NOTE: Publication of this article is sponsored by the American Ophthalmological Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla J Siegfried
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
| | - Ying-Bo Shui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Pugh CA, Farrell LL, Carlisle AJ, Bush SJ, Ewing A, Trejo-Reveles V, Matika O, de Kloet A, Walsh C, Bishop SC, Prendergast JGD, Rainger J, Schoenebeck JJ, Summers KM. Arginine to Glutamine Variant in Olfactomedin Like 3 ( OLFML3) Is a Candidate for Severe Goniodysgenesis and Glaucoma in the Border Collie Dog Breed. G3 (Bethesda) 2019; 9:943-954. [PMID: 30696701 PMCID: PMC6404605 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Goniodysgenesis is a developmental abnormality of the anterior chamber of the eye. It is generally considered to be congenital in dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), and has been associated with glaucoma and blindness. Goniodysgenesis and early-onset glaucoma initially emerged in Border Collies in Australia in the late 1990s and have subsequently been found in this breed in Europe and the USA. The objective of the present study was to determine the genetic basis of goniodysgenesis in Border Collies. Clinical diagnosis was based on results of examinations by veterinary ophthalmologists of affected and unaffected dogs from eleven different countries. Genotyping using the Illumina high density canine single nucleotide variant genotyping chip was used to identify a candidate genetic region. There was a highly significant peak of association over chromosome 17, with a p-value of 2 × 10-13 Expression profiles and evolutionary conservation of candidate genes were assessed using public databases. Whole genome sequences of three dogs with glaucoma, three severely affected by goniodysgenesis and three unaffected dogs identified a missense variant in the olfactomedin like 3 (OLFML3) gene in all six affected animals. This was homozygous for the risk allele in all nine cases with glaucoma and 12 of 14 other severely affected animals. Of 67 reportedly unaffected animals, only one was homozygous for this variant (offspring of parents both with goniodysgenesis who were also homozygous for the variant). Analysis of pedigree information was consistent with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance for severe goniodysgenesis (potentially leading to glaucoma) in this breed. The identification of a candidate genetic region and putative causative variant will aid breeders to reduce the frequency of goniodysgenesis and the risk of glaucoma in the Border Collie population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carys A Pugh
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay L Farrell
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Ailsa J Carlisle
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Bush
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Ewing
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Violeta Trejo-Reveles
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Oswald Matika
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Arne de Kloet
- Animal Genetics, 1336 Timberlane Rd, Tallahassee, FL 32312
| | - Caitlin Walsh
- Animal Genetics, 1336 Timberlane Rd, Tallahassee, FL 32312
| | - Stephen C Bishop
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - James G D Prendergast
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Rainger
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey J Schoenebeck
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Kim M Summers
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld 4102, Australia
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Moazzeni H, Akbari MT, Yazdani S, Elahi E. Expression of CXCL6 and BBS5 that may be glaucoma relevant genes is regulated by PITX2. Gene 2016; 593:76-83. [PMID: 27520585 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor PITX2 is implicated in glaucoma pathology. In an earlier study we had used microarray analysis to identify genes in the trabecular meshwork (TM) that are affected by knock down of PITX2. Here, those studies were pursued to identify genes that are direct targets of PITX2 and that may be relevant to glaucoma. Initially, bioinformatics tools were used to select among the genes that had been affected by PITX2 knock down those that have PITX2 binding sites and that may be involved in glaucoma related functions. Subsequently, the effect of PITX2 was tested using the dual luciferase assay in four cell cultures including two primary TM cultures co-transfected with vectors containing promoter fragments of six candidate genes upstream of a luciferase gene and a vector that expressed PITX2. Finally, the effect of PITX2 on endogenous expression of two genes was assessed by over expression and knock down of PITX2 in TM cells. Thirty four genes were found to contain PITX2 binding sites in their putative promoter regions, and 16 were found to be associated with TM-specific and/or glaucoma associated functions. Results of dual luciferase assays confirmed that two of six genes tested were directly targeted by PITX2. The two genes were CXCL6 (chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 6) and BBS5 (Bardet-Biedl syndrome 5). Over expression and knock down of PITX2 showed that this transcription factor affects endogenous expression of these two genes in TM cells. CXCL6 encodes a pro-inflammatory cytokine, and many studies have suggested that cytokines and other immune system functions are involved in glaucoma pathogenesis. BBS5 is a member of the BBS family of genes that affect ciliary functions, and ciliary bodies in the anterior chamber of the eye produce the aqueous fluid that affects intraocular pressure. Immune related functions and intraocular pressure are both important components of glaucoma pathology. The role of PITX2 in glaucoma may be mediated partly by regulating the expression of CXCL6 and BBS5 and thus affecting immune functions and intraocular pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Moazzeni
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box. 14115-331, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Akbari
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box. 14115-331, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shahin Yazdani
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Elahi
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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Ali Y, Diez J, Selander L, Zheng X, Edlund H, Berggren PO. The anterior chamber of the eye is a transplantation site that supports and enables visualisation of beta cell development in mice. Diabetologia 2016; 59:1007-11. [PMID: 26847769 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3883-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS In vivo imaging of the developing pancreas is challenging due to the inaccessibility of the tissue. To circumvent this, on embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5) we transplanted a mouse developing pancreatic bud into the anterior chamber of the eye (ACE) to determine whether the eye is a useful transplant site to support pancreas development. METHODS We transplanted an E10.5 dorsal pancreatic bud into the ACE of a syngeneic recipient mouse. Using a mouse insulin promoter-green fluorescent protein (MIP-GFP) mouse as the tissue donor, we non-invasively imaged the pancreatic bud as it develops at single beta cell resolution across time. RESULTS The transplanted pancreatic bud rapidly engrafts and vascularises when transplanted into the ACE. The pancreatic progenitor cells differentiate into exocrine and endocrine cells, including cells expressing insulin, glucagon and somatostatin. The morphology of the transplanted pancreatic bud resembles that of the native developing pancreas. Beta cells within the transplanted pancreatic bud respond to glucose in a manner similar to that of native fetal beta cells and superior to that of in vitro developed beta cells. Unlike in vitro grown pancreatic explants, pancreatic tissue developing in the ACE is vascularised, providing the developing pancreatic tissue with a milieu resembling the native situation. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Altogether, we show that the ACE is able to support growth, differentiation and function of a developing pancreatic bud across time in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Ali
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636 921, Republic of Singapore.
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Juan Diez
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636 921, Republic of Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lars Selander
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636 921, Republic of Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Helena Edlund
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Umeå Center for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636 921, Republic of Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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10
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Loewen RT, Brown EN, Roy P, Schuman JS, Sigal IA, Loewen NA. Regionally Discrete Aqueous Humor Outflow Quantification Using Fluorescein Canalograms. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151754. [PMID: 26998833 PMCID: PMC4801333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To visualize and quantify conventional outflow directly in its anatomic location. METHODS We obtained fluorescein canalograms in six porcine whole eyes and six porcine anterior segment cultures. Eyes were perfused with a constant pressure of 15 mmHg using media containing 0.017 mg/ml fluorescein. Flow patterns were visualized using a stereo dissecting microscope equipped for fluorescent imaging. Images were captured every 30 seconds for 20 minutes for time lapse analysis. Anterior chamber cultures were imaged again on day three of culture. Canalograms were first analyzed for filling time per quadrant. We then wrote a program to automatically compute focal flow fits for each macropixel and to detect convergent perilimbal flow patterns with macropixels grouped into 3 equal-radial width rings around the cornea. A generalized additive model was used to determine fluorescence changes of individual macropixels. RESULTS The resulting imaging algorithm deployed 1024 macropixels that were fit to determine maximum intensity and time to fill. These individual fits highlighted the focal flow function. In whole eyes, significantly faster flow was seen in the inferonasal (IN) and superonasal (SN) quadrants compared to the superotemporal (ST) and inferotemporal (IT) ones (p<0.05). In anterior chamber cultures, reduced flow on day 1 increased in all quadrants on day 3 except in IT (p<0.05). Perilimbal ring analysis uncovered convergent perilimbal flow. CONCLUSIONS An algorithm was developed that analyzes regional and circumferential outflow patterns. This algorithm found flow patterns that changed over time and differ in whole eyes and anterior segment cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralitsa T. Loewen
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
- The Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Eric N. Brown
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Pritha Roy
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
- The Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Joel S. Schuman
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
- The Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Ian A. Sigal
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
- The Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Nils A. Loewen
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
- The Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
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11
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Gal-Or O, Dotan A, Dachbash M, Tal K, Nisgav Y, Weinberger D, Ehrlich R, Livnat T. Bevacizumab clearance through the iridocorneal angle following intravitreal injection in a rat model. Exp Eye Res 2016; 145:412-416. [PMID: 26923799 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antivascular endothelial growth factor (Anti-VEGF) agents have been widely used for a variety of ocular disorders. The etiology of sustained ocular hypertension following intravitreal administration of anti-VEGF agents is yet to be unraveled. Our study investigates and characterizes the presence of intravitreally injected bevacizumab in the aqueous outflow channels of a rat model. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) was induced by diode laser photocoagulation to the right eye of twelve Brown Norway rats. Bevacizumab (25 mg/ml) was injected intravitreally after 3 days. Immediately after bevacizumab injection, and 3, 6, 24 and 48 h later, animals were euthanized for immunofluorescence staining. Donkey anti-human IgG labeled with Alexa Fluor(®) 488 was used for bevacizumab immunoreactivity detection. Anti-CD31 antibody was used as a marker for Schlemm's canal endothelial cells. Untreated eyes were used as negative controls. The intensity of the immunostaining was analyzed qualitatively. Bevacizumab immunoreactivity was found in the aqueous outflow channels including the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal immediately after injection, and declined incrementally within the following hours. Forty-eight hours after the injection, no bevacizumab staining was detected in the aqueous outflow channel structures. Our manuscript demonstrates the presence of bevacizumab in the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal structures after intravitreal injection in a CNV induced rat model. Bevacizumab molecules passed through the aqueous outflow channels within 48 h after intravitreal bevacizumab injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Gal-Or
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel.
| | - Assaf Dotan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel.
| | - Mor Dachbash
- Eye Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel.
| | - Kfir Tal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel.
| | - Yael Nisgav
- Eye Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel.
| | - Dov Weinberger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel; Eye Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Rita Ehrlich
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Tami Livnat
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel; Eye Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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12
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Siegfried CJ, Shui YB, Bai F, Beebe DC. Central corneal thickness correlates with oxygen levels in the human anterior chamber angle. Am J Ophthalmol 2015; 159:457-62.e1. [PMID: 25461296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To measure oxygen (pO2) in eyes of patients undergoing intraocular surgery and identify correlations with central corneal thickness (CCT). DESIGN Prospective, cross-sectional study. METHODS setting: Institutional. patient population: 124 patients undergoing cataract and/or glaucoma surgery. observation procedure: Prior to surgery, an oxygen sensor was introduced into the anterior chamber (AC) via peripheral corneal paracentesis. The tip of the flexible fiberoptic probe was positioned for 3 measurements in all patients: (1) near central corneal endothelium; (2) in mid-AC; and (3) in AC angle. In patients undergoing cataract extraction, additional measurements were taken (4) at the anterior lens surface and (5) in the posterior chamber. main outcome measures: pO2 measurements at 5 locations within the eye were compared to central corneal thickness measurements by multivariate regression analyses. RESULTS There was a statistically significant inverse correlation between CCT and pO2 in the anterior chamber angle (P = .048). pO2 was not significantly related to CCT at any other location, including beneath the central cornea. Regression analysis relating CCT to age, race, and oxygen levels in all 5 locations in the anterior segment revealed an association of a thinner cornea with increasing age (P = .007). CONCLUSIONS Physiologic correlations with central corneal thickness may provide clues to understanding why a thinner cornea increases the risk of open glaucoma. Associations between glaucoma risk, CCT, and pO2 in the AC angle suggest that exposure of the outflow system to increased oxygen or oxygen metabolites may increase oxidative damage to the trabecular meshwork cells, resulting in elevation of intraocular pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla J Siegfried
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri.
| | - Ying-Bo Shui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Fang Bai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - David C Beebe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
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13
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Yolcu U, Ilhan A, Gundogan FC, Erdem U. Central corneal thickness correlates with oxygen levels in the human anterior chamber angle. Am J Ophthalmol 2015; 159:610. [PMID: 25681027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2014.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Takamiya M, Weger BD, Schindler S, Beil T, Yang L, Armant O, Ferg M, Schlunck G, Reinhard T, Dickmeis T, Rastegar S, Strähle U. Molecular description of eye defects in the zebrafish Pax6b mutant, sunrise, reveals a Pax6b-dependent genetic network in the developing anterior chamber. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117645. [PMID: 25692557 PMCID: PMC4334901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cornea is a central component of the camera eye of vertebrates and even slight corneal disturbances severely affect vision. The transcription factor PAX6 is required for normal eye development, namely the proper separation of the lens from the developing cornea and the formation of the iris and anterior chamber. Human PAX6 mutations are associated with severe ocular disorders such as aniridia, Peters anomaly and chronic limbal stem cell insufficiency. To develop the zebrafish as a model for corneal disease, we first performed transcriptome and in situ expression analysis to identify marker genes to characterise the cornea in normal and pathological conditions. We show that, at 7 days post fertilisation (dpf), the zebrafish cornea expresses the majority of marker genes (67/84 tested genes) found also expressed in the cornea of juvenile and adult stages. We also characterised homozygous pax6b mutants. Mutant embryos have a thick cornea, iris hypoplasia, a shallow anterior chamber and a small lens. Ultrastructure analysis revealed a disrupted corneal endothelium. pax6b mutants show loss of corneal epithelial gene expression including regulatory genes (sox3, tfap2a, foxc1a and pitx2). In contrast, several genes (pitx2, ctnnb2, dcn and fabp7a) were ectopically expressed in the malformed corneal endothelium. Lack of pax6b function leads to severe disturbance of the corneal gene regulatory programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanari Takamiya
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Benjamin D. Weger
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Simone Schindler
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tanja Beil
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lixin Yang
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Olivier Armant
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marco Ferg
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Günther Schlunck
- Eye Center, Freiburg University Medical Center, Killianstr. 5, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinhard
- Eye Center, Freiburg University Medical Center, Killianstr. 5, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dickmeis
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sepand Rastegar
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Uwe Strähle
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- * E-mail:
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15
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Kopani KR, Page MA, Holiman J, Parodi A, Iliakis B, Chamberlain W. Femtosecond laser-assisted keratoplasty: full and partial-thickness cut wound strength and endothelial cell loss across a variety of wound patterns. Br J Ophthalmol 2014; 98:894-9. [PMID: 24648419 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate wound strength for patient safety during transport and endothelial viability when partial and complete femtosecond laser-assisted keratoplasty (FLAK) incisions are made in cadaveric corneas. METHODS 19 human corneoscleral rims were divided into six groups, mounted on an anterior chamber maintainer and cut with a femtosecond laser programmed to the following patterns: 'zigzag' (A), 'mushroom' (B) and 'top hat' (C) in both full (1) and partial (2) thicknesses. The pressure required to produce leakage from the corneal incision was then measured. Eight additional corneas were cut with the 'zigzag' pattern: four full and four partial thickness, prepared and transported per standard eye bank protocol, and analysed for endothelial cell loss with trypan blue staining and digital image analysis. RESULTS Mean leakage pressure in mm Hg for group A1 was 110 (SD 94); group A2, 1180 (SD 468); group B1, 978 (SD 445); group B2, 987 (SD 576); group C1, 710 (SD 474); group C2, 1290 (SD 231). There was a significant difference in leakage pressure between groups A1 and A2 (p=0.05), groups A1 and B1 (p=0.05), and groups A1 and C1 (p=0.05). Mean percentage endothelial damage after full-thickness cuts was 8.40 (SD 2.34) and 5.30 (SD 1.33) in partial-thickness cuts (p=0.11). CONCLUSIONS Partial thickness zigzag, top hat and mushroom-style partial FLAK incisions left an intact tissue wall with high resistance to rupture, whereas full-thickness cuts were more variable. Laser trephination and eye bank handling protocol for donor FLAK buttons leads to moderate peripheral endothelial cell loss in tissue with both complete and partial cuts.
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16
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Saccà SC, Izzotti A. Focus on molecular events in the anterior chamber leading to glaucoma. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:2197-218. [PMID: 24142347 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1493-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Primary open-angle glaucoma is a multifactorial disease that affects the retinal ganglion cells, but currently its therapy is to lower the eye pressure. This indicates a definite involvement of the trabecular meshwork, key region in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. This is the first target of glaucoma, and its functional complexity is a real challenge to search. Its functions are those to allow the outflow of aqueous humor and not the reflux. This article describes the morphological and functional changes that happen in anterior chamber. The "primus movens" is oxidative stress that affects trabecular meshwork, particularly its endothelial cells. In these develops a real mitochondriopaty. This leads to functional impotence, the trabecular meshwork altering both motility and cytoarchitecture. Its cells die by apoptosis, losing barrier functions and altering the aqueous humor outflow. All the morphological alterations occur that can be observed under a microscope. Intraocular pressure rises and the malfunctioning trabecular meshwork endotelial cells express proteins that completely alter the aqueous humor. This is a liquid whose functional proteomics complies with the conditions of the trabecular meshwork. Indeed, in glaucoma, it is possible detect the presence of proteins which testify to what occurs in the anterior chamber. There are six classes of proteins which confirm the vascular endothelium nature of the anterior chamber and are the result of the morphofunctional trabecular meshwork decay. It is possible that, all or in part, these proteins can be used as a signal to the posterior pole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Claudio Saccà
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Head and Neck Pathologies, St Martino Hospital, Viale Benedetto XV, 16132, Genoa, Italy,
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17
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Li H, Niederkorn JY, Sadegh L, Mellon J, Chen PW. Epigenetic regulation of CXCR4 expression by the ocular microenvironment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:234-43. [PMID: 23188729 PMCID: PMC3544529 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 by tumors is associated with metastatic migration and invasion of tumor cells. The importance of CXCR4 expression by uveal melanomas in metastasis to the liver was recently demonstrated when injection of CXCR4-negative uveal melanoma cells into mice resulted in reduced liver metastasis compared with CXCR4-positive uveal melanoma cells. Factors in the eye can induce downregulation of genes by epigenetic mechanisms. This study examined whether epigenetic regulation by the ocular environment induced downregulation of CXCR4 expression. METHODS LS174T colon cancer cells were injected in the anterior chamber (AC), subcutaneously (SC), or in the spleen capsule to induce liver metastasis in immune-deficient mice. CXCR4 gene transcription was analyzed by RT-PCR, and protein expression was determined by flow cytometry. Methyltransferase and histone deacetylase activities were determined by ELISA. Treatment with either 5-Aza-2-deoxycytidine (5-Aza) or trichostatin A (TSA) was used to induce demethylation or inhibit histone deacetylases, respectively. RESULTS AC-derived LS174T cells showed lower CXCR4 gene expression compared with SC-, liver-derived, or wild-type tumor cells. AC-derived LS174T tumor cells expressed methyltransferase activity compared with SC-, liver-derived, and wild-type tumor cells. Deacetylase activity was elevated in AC-derived LS174T tumor cells compared with SC-derived, liver-derived, and wild-type tumor cells. Treatment of AC-derived LS174T tumor cells with 5-Aza upregulated CXCR4 expression. TSA treatment did not restore CXCR4 expression. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate that ocular microenvironment factors induce methylation and downregulation of tumor CXCR4 expression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anterior Chamber/metabolism
- Anterior Chamber/pathology
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Azacitidine/analogs & derivatives
- Azacitidine/pharmacology
- Cecum/metabolism
- Cecum/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Decitabine
- Down-Regulation
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Histone Deacetylases/metabolism
- Histones/metabolism
- Hydroxamic Acids/administration & dosage
- Injections
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Lysine/metabolism
- Methylation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Receptors, CXCR4/drug effects
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Spleen/metabolism
- Spleen/pathology
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Haochuan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9057, USA
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18
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Pirnstill CW, Malik BH, Gresham VC, Coté GL. In vivo glucose monitoring using dual-wavelength polarimetry to overcome corneal birefringence in the presence of motion. Diabetes Technol Ther 2012; 14:819-27. [PMID: 22691020 PMCID: PMC3429297 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2012.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Over the past 35 years considerable research has been performed toward the investigation of noninvasive and minimally invasive glucose monitoring techniques. Optical polarimetry is one noninvasive technique that has shown promise as a means to ascertain blood glucose levels through measuring the glucose concentrations in the anterior chamber of the eye. However, one of the key limitations to the use of optical polarimetry as a means to noninvasively measure glucose levels is the presence of sample noise caused by motion-induced time-varying corneal birefringence. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this article our group presents, for the first time, results that show dual-wavelength polarimetry can be used to accurately detect glucose concentrations in the presence of motion-induced birefringence in vivo using New Zealand White rabbits. RESULTS In total, nine animal studies (three New Zealand White rabbits across three separate days) were conducted. Using the dual-wavelength optical polarimetric approach, in vivo, an overall mean average relative difference of 4.49% (11.66 mg/dL) was achieved with 100% Zone A+B hits on a Clarke error grid, including 100% falling in Zone A. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that dual-wavelength polarimetry can effectively be used to significantly reduce the noise due to time-varying corneal birefringence in vivo, allowing the accurate measurement of glucose concentration in the aqueous humor of the eye and correlating that with blood glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey W Pirnstill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3120, USA.
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19
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Kagemann L, Wollstein G, Ishikawa H, Sigal IA, Folio LS, Xu J, Gong H, Schuman JS. 3D visualization of aqueous humor outflow structures in-situ in humans. Exp Eye Res 2011; 93:308-15. [PMID: 21514296 PMCID: PMC3196779 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous humor (AH) exiting the eye via the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal (SC) passes through the deep and intrascleral venous plexus (ISVP) or directly through aqueous veins. The purpose of this study was to visualize the human AH outflow system 360° in three dimensions (3D) during active AH outflow in a virtual casting. The conventional AH outflow pathways of 7 donor eyes were imaged with a modified Bioptigen spectral-domain optical coherence tomography system (Bioptigen Inc, USA; SuperLum LTD, Ireland) at a perfusion pressure of 20 mmHg (N = 3), and 10 mmHg (N = 4). In all eyes, 36 scans (3 equally distributed in each clock hour), each covering a 2 × 3 × 2 mm volume (512 frames, each 512 × 1024 pixels), were obtained. All image data were black/white inverted, and the background subtracted (ImageJ 1.40 g, http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/). Contrast was adjusted to isolate the ISVP. SC, collector channels, the deep and ISVP, and episcleral veins were observed throughout the limbus. Aqueous veins could be observed extending into the episcleral veins. Individual scan ISVP castings were rendered and assembled in 3D space in Amira 4.1 (Visage Imaging Inc. USA). A 360-degree casting of the ISVP was obtained in all perfused eyes. The ISVP tended to be dense and overlapping in the superior and inferior quadrants, and thinner in the lateral quadrants. The human AH outflow pathway can be imaged using SD-OCT. The more superficial structures of the AH outflow pathway present with sufficient contrast as to be optically isolated and cast in-situ 360° in cadaver eye perfusion models. This approach may be useful as a model in future studies of human AH outflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry Kagemann
- Department of Ophthalmology, UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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20
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Tappeiner C, Heinz C, Roesel M, Heiligenhaus A. Elevated laser flare values correlate with complicated course of anterior uveitis in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Acta Ophthalmol 2011; 89:e521-7. [PMID: 21586097 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2011.02162.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the prognostic value of anterior chamber (AC) laser flare (LF) in uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). METHODS Monocentre, retrospective study of 150 JIA children (girls n = 107, 71.3%) with unilateral or bilateral chronic anterior uveitis (statistical analysis of one eye per patient). LF values (KOWA FM-500), visual acuity, intraocular pressure, glaucoma treatment and uveitis complications were investigated longitudinally. RESULTS Patients were followed up for a mean of 8.7 months (range 1-36). High LF values correlated with poor visual acuity (p < 0.0001). Patients with low LF values (LF ≤ 20 photon units per millisecond) less often required glaucoma medication (p = 0.0005) or surgery (p = 0.01) and showed a lower prevalence of cataract, band keratopathy, posterior synechiae, epiretinal membrane, optic disc oedema and glaucoma/ocular hypertension (p < 0.05, each). Baseline LF > 20 photon units per millisecond was a better prognosticator for the development of subsequent complications than baseline AC cells (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS High LF values in patients with JIA uveitis are associated with poor vision and a higher prevalence of uveitis complications.
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21
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Kerimoglu H, Ozturk BT, Bozkurt B, Okka M, Okudan S. Does lens status affect the course of early intraocular pressure and anterior chamber changes after intravitreal injection? Acta Ophthalmol 2011; 89:138-42. [PMID: 19799586 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to observe changes in anterior chamber parameters and the course of intraocular pressure (IOP) after injection of 0.1 ml intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (TA) and to determine differences between phakic and pseudophakic eyes without vitreous reflux. METHODS A prospective observational clinical trial was conducted with 89 patients who received an intravitreal injection of TA and did not display vitreous reflux. Intraocular pressure measurements were made before injection and at 3, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mins after injection. Pentacam measurements were made before injection and at 5, 15, 30 and 45 mins after injection. RESULTS Anterior chamber depth (ACD) and anterior chamber volume (ACV) were significantly greater in pseudophakic eyes than in phakic eyes at all measurement time-points (p < 0.001). There was a decrease in both ACD and ACV at 5 mins after injection, and a gradual increase to normal values was observed at 15, 30 and 45 mins after injection in all study eyes. Compared with pre-injection measurements, changes in ACD and ACV were statistically significant at each time-point in both phakic and pseudophakic eyes (p < 0.001). A significant increase in IOP within 3 mins of injection was observed in both groups and a more rapid decrease 10 mins after injection was observed in pseudophakic eyes. The differences in IOP between phakic and pseudophakic eyes at all measurement time-points, except baseline and 3 mins after injection, were statistically significant (p < 0.001). Intraocular pressure < 30 mmHg and < 24 mmHg was recorded in all pseudophakic eyes at 10 and 20 mins after intravitreal injection, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Following intravitreal injection of 0.1 ml TA, without vitreous reflux, IOP decreased to safe levels more quickly in pseudophakic eyes than in phakic eyes. Although there were more pronounced changes in anterior chamber parameters in pseudophakic eyes, these changes were reversible without any residual clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hurkan Kerimoglu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey.
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22
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de Castro LEF, Dimalanta RC, Solomon KD. Bead-flow pattern: Quantitation of fluid movement during torsional and longitudinal phacoemulsification. J Cataract Refract Surg 2010; 36:1018-23. [PMID: 20494776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2009.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Revised: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Fernández de Castro
- Magill Research Center for Vision Correction, Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.
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23
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Yamashita T, Ohtsuka H, Arimura N, Sonoda S, Kato C, Ushimaru K, Hara N, Tachibana K, Sakamoto T. Sonothrombolysis for intraocular fibrin formation in an animal model. Ultrasound Med Biol 2009; 35:1845-1853. [PMID: 19699025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2009.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Vascular diseases such as diabetic retinopathy or retinal arterial occlusion are always associated with retinal and/or choroidal vasculopathy and intravascular thrombosis is commonly found. The ultrasound (US) therapy is a recently developed technique to accelerate fibrinolysis and it is being applied to some clinical fields. The present study was to observe the effects of extraocular US exposure on intraocular fibrin, which is a deteriorating factor in various ocular diseases. Tubes containing human blood (2 mL) in the following groups were irradiated with US; US alone, US with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), tPA alone, and saline (control). Fibrinolysis was quantified by measuring D-dimer after 2h. In rat eyes, intracameral fibrin (fibrin formation in the anterior chamber of the eye) was induced by YAG-laser-induced iris bleeding. Then, eyes in the following groups were irradiated with US; US alone, subconjunctival tPA alone, US and subconjunctival tPA, control. Intracameral fibrin was scored on day 3 (3+ maximum to 0). The temperatures of rat eyes were measured by infrared thermography. Histologic evaluation was also performed. D-dimer was increased by US with statistical significance (p <0.05) or tPA (p <0.01). D-dimer in US with tPA group was significantly higher than either US alone or tPA alone group (p <0.01). In rat eyes, the average intracameral fibrin score on day 3 was 1.4 in control group and 1.2 in subconjunctival tPA alone group; however, it decreased significantly in the US alone group (0.75; p <0.05, vs. control), US and subconjunctival tPA group (0.71; p <0.01, vs. control). The temperature was less than 34 degrees C after US exposure. No histologic damage was observed. US irradiation from outside accelerated intracameral fibrinolysis without causing apparent tissue damage. This noninvasive method might have therapeutic value for intraocular fibrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Yamashita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
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Banitt MR, Malta JB, Mian SI, Soong HK. Rupture of anterior lens capsule from blunt ocular injury. J Cataract Refract Surg 2009; 35:943-5. [PMID: 19393898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2008.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2008] [Revised: 11/01/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Banitt
- W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Sundelin K, Seal D, Gardner S, Ropo A, Geldsetzer K, Lokkila J, Stenevi U. Increased anterior chamber penetration of topical levofloxacin 0.5% after pulsed dosing in cataract patients. Acta Ophthalmol 2009; 87:160-5. [PMID: 18771480 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2008.01358.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the rise in aqueous humour (AH) levels of levofloxacin after a specific perioperative pulsed topical drop regimen. METHODS Thirty patients undergoing phacoemulsification surgery were administered two preoperative drops of levofloxacin 0.5%, 30 mins apart, and three pulsed drops postoperatively, 5 mins apart. Aqueous humour levels of levofloxacin were measured at the start of surgery and from 5 mins to 90 mins after the last postoperative drop. Samples from individual patients were collected at the time of surgery and at one additional sampling interval by aqueous tap, and analysed using a high-performance liquid chromatography assay. RESULTS Aqueous humour levels of levofloxacin continued to rise gradually, reaching a mean peak level (C(max)) of 4.4 microg/ml (+/- 2.5) at 60 mins after the last postoperative drop was administered. This level exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentration of common ocular pathogens at least fourfold. At 90 mins after the last drop, mean AH levels remained > 3 microg/ml. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to measure AH levels of levofloxacin after postoperative pulsed dosing in humans. Higher AH levels were found than in previously reported studies in which only preoperative drops were given and levels were measured at the time of surgery. Levels of levofloxacin continued to rise for 60 mins after administration of the last postoperative drop, demonstrating that delivery and maintenance of effective antibiotic levels may be achievable with alternative dosing schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Sundelin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.
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Gupta OP, Maguire JI, Eagle RC, Garg SJ, Gonye GE. The competency of pars plana vitrectomy incisions: a comparative histologic and spectrophotometric analysis. Am J Ophthalmol 2009; 147:243-250.e1. [PMID: 18947818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2008.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 08/16/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the relative competency of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) sclerotomies. DESIGN Laboratory investigation. METHODS PPV was performed in human cadaveric eyes using 20-gauge (20 G), 23-gauge (23 G), and 25-gauge (25 G) instrumentation. India ink was applied over a sclerotomy site while the intraocular pressure was varied. The presence of India ink particles (IIPs) along incisions was evaluated by histologic analysis. Spectrophotometric absorbance levels of vitreous aspirates were measured. RESULTS PPV was performed in a control eye and two eyes, each using standard 20 G, standard 23 G, perpendicular 25 G, and beveled 25 G instrumentation incisions. IIPs were not detected in the 20 G incisions either on histology or by spectrophotometry. IIPs were detected along the entire incision length in one of two eyes with 23 G sclerotomies and confirmed by spectrophotometry. IIPs were detected along the entire incision length in one of two eyes with 25 G perpendicular sclerotomies and confirmed by spectrophotometry in both eyes. IIPs were noted partially along the length in one of the two beveled 25 G eyes, but not detected in either eye by spectrophotometry. CONCLUSIONS During the early postoperative period, sutureless vitrectomy incisions may allow entry of ocular surface fluid. These findings may provide a pathophysiologic mechanism for the reported increased risk of endophthalmitis in small-gauge vitrectomy surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omesh P Gupta
- Retina Service, Wills Eye Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Katragadda S, Gunda S, Hariharan S, Mitra AK. Ocular pharmacokinetics of acyclovir amino acid ester prodrugs in the anterior chamber: evaluation of their utility in treating ocular HSV infections. Int J Pharm 2008; 359:15-24. [PMID: 18472234 PMCID: PMC2528302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2008] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate in vivo corneal absorption of the amino acid prodrugs of acyclovir (ACV) using a topical well model and microdialysis in rabbits. METHODS Stability of L-alanine-ACV (AACV), L-serine-ACV (SACV), L-isoleucine-ACV (IACV), gamma-glutamate-ACV (EACV) and L-valine-ACV (VACV) prodrugs was evaluated in various ocular tissues. Dose-dependent toxicity of these prodrugs was also examined in rabbit primary corneal epithelial cell culture (rPCEC) using 96-well based cell proliferation assay. In vivo ocular bioavailability of these compounds was also evaluated with a combination of topical well infusion and aqueous humor microdialysis techniques. RESULTS Among the amino acid ester prodrugs, SACV was most stable in aqueous humor. Enzymatic degradation of EACV was the least compared to all other prodrugs. Cellular toxicity of all the prodrugs was significantly less compared to trifluorothymidine (TFT) at 5mM. Absorption rate constants of all the compounds were found to be lower than the elimination rate constants. All the prodrugs showed similar terminal elimination rate constants (lambda(z)). SACV and VACV exhibited approximately two-fold increase in area under the curve (AUC) relative to ACV (p<0.05). Clast (concentration at the last time point) of SACV was observed to be 8+/-2.6microM in aqueous humor which is two and three times higher than VACV and ACV, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Amino acid ester prodrugs of ACV were absorbed through the cornea at varying rates (ka) thereby leading to varying extents (AUC). The amino acid ester prodrug, SACV owing to its enhanced stability, comparable AUC and high concentration at last time point (Clast) seems to be a promising candidate for the treatment of ocular HSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Katragadda
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Sriram Gunda
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Sudharshan Hariharan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Ashim K. Mitra
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
- Corresponding Author: Ashim K. Mitra, Ph.D., School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5005 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, Missouri 64110-2499, U.S.A., Phone: 816-235-1615, Fax: 816-235-5190,
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Meng QL, Yang PZ, Li B, Zhou HY, Huang XK, Zhu LX. [Expression of programmed death 1 and its ligands in iris-ciliary body from mice with anterior chamber-associated immune deviation]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2008; 44:558-562. [PMID: 19035251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the expression and possible implication of programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its ligands in the iris-ciliary body from mice with anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID). METHODS This was an experimental study. Twenty-four BALB/c mice were divided into ACAID group, negative controls, positive controls and phosphate-buffer saline controls. ACAID was evaluated by delayed-type hypersensitivity response. Expressions of PD-1 and its ligands (PD-L1, PD-L2) in the iris-ciliary body from ACAID mice were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical studies. RESULTS Delayed-type hypersensitivity was not detected in ACAID group, indicating that ACAID was induced successfully. The expression of PD-1 mRNA in ACAID group was higher than that in all other groups (F = 248. 109, P < 0.05). The positive controls showed a high expression of PD-L1 mRNA (F = 179. 033, P < 0.05). PD-1 and PD-L1 positive cells with round or oval shapes were found in whole iris-ciliary body, especially in the iris base and pupil margin. Expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 proteins were similar to their expression at mRNA levels. Neither mRNA nor protein of PD-L2 was detected in the iris-ciliary body in all groups. CONCLUSION An increased expression of PD-1 in the iris-ciliary body of ACAID mice indicates that this is involved in the induction of ACAID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-li Meng
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Uveitis Study Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Zhong X, Jin C, Yuan M, Huang X, Cai X, Lin J. [Comparison of different power-density krypton laser combined with Nd:YAG laser peripheral iridotomy]. Yan Ke Xue Bao 2008; 24:30-34. [PMID: 18709954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the influence of krypton laser with different power densities combined with Nd:YAG laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) on the intraocular pressure, blood-aqueous barrier and inflammatory of anterior chamber as well as the therapeutic effect. METHODS Using a laser flare cell meter and Goldmann tonometer, the level of aqueous protein, the number of cells in the anterior chamber and intraocular pressure of 31 patients (62 eyes) who underwent krypton laser with different power densities combined with Nd:YAG laser peripheral iridotomy were examined and recorded preoperatively and postoperatively. RESULTS The mean preoperative and 1-hour, 3-day, 7-day, 1-month postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) of the high power-density group were (15.68 +/- 2.41), (27.13 +/- 3.48), (20.97 +/- 5.27), (16.35 +/- 1.14) and (15.06 +/- 2.02) mmHg, while those of the low were (15.35 +/- 1.78), (22.77 +/- 3.26), (16.26 +/- 2.41), (15.68 +/- 2.06) and (15.06 +/- 1.36) mmHg. The mean preoperative and 3-day, 7-day, 1-month postoperative flare intensity of the high power-density group were (4.65 +/- 1.50), (10.41 +/- 2.47), (7.31 +/- 2.31) and (6.15 +/- 2.16) pc/ms, while those of the low were (4.45 +/- 1.19), (6.47 +/- 1.11), (4.81 +/- 0.55) and (4.98 +/- 1.48) pc/ms. The number of aqueous cells of the high was (0.47 +/- 0.42), (36.22 +/- 9.16), (18.54 +/- 3.60) and (6.29 +/- 0.98), while that of the low was (0.58 +/- 0.52), (24.73 +/- 6.09), (10.61 +/- 1.70) and (2.96 +/- 1.35). The mean 1-hour and 3-day postoperative IOP of the high was higher than that of the low. Both the mean flare intensity and the mean number of aqueous cells of the high power-density group were higher than those of the low. The differences were of statistical significance (P < 0.05). The mean flare intensity of the high power-density group in the 1-month postoperative follow-up was still higher than the baseline. The mean number of aqueous cells of both the high and the low power-density groups in the 1-month postoperative follow-up was still higher than the baseline. During 1-month follow-up, no obvious visual damage, diffuse corneal endothelial burns or corneal decompensation, lens injury and closure of the peripheral iris incision were observed. CONCLUSION When krypton laser combined with Nd:YAG laser peripheral iridotomy is under consideration, relatively low power-density krypton laser is recommended because it can achieve the similar therapeutic effects as high power-density krypton laser but leads to less complications and a briefer recovery. More follow-ups are needed after LPI, because the number of aqueous cells in 1-month follow-up was still abnormal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Zhong
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
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30
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Bakharev AV, Fedorov AA, Batmanov IE. [Comparative experimental morphological study of the impact of various drainages for cyclodialysis to the adjacent tissues]. Vestn Oftalmol 2008; 124:44-46. [PMID: 18488473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The investigation was made on 8 eyes (4 rabbits) undergone cyclodialysis with the hydrogen or collagenic drainage being introduced into the supraciliary cleft. Comparative pathohistological study indicated the evident advantages of a hydrogel implant ensuring the drainage function of the formed cyclodialysis cleft throughout the experiment (5 weeks). By contrast, subject to resolution, the collagenic drainage spurred the early development of young connective tissue in the cyclodialysis cleft just on day 14 after implantation. Complete atresia of the cyclodialysis cleft and cessation of its drainage function might be suggested by week 3. Moreover, hydrogel material has, in our opinion, a less noticeable irritating effect on the adjacent tissues and causes minimum inflammatory and fibroplastic reactions.
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Abstract
PURPOSE The use of biopolymers in peribulbar injection for controlled drug delivery provides alternative options to eyedrops and intravitreal or surgical methods. Polymerizable biopolymers are especially likely to have a role because of their particular properties. In liquid form, they can be easily injected into the target site and, after polymerization, they provide a prolonged and controlled release of the drug. This study was undertaken to demonstrate the suitability of a thermopolymerizable biopolymer poloxamer (Lutrol F127) for peribulbar injections and controlled drug release. METHODS The toxicity of injected poloxamer compounds was evaluated by visual inspection and histological and immunohistochemical tissue evaluation. The release of marker substances such as 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (376 Da) or fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-dextran) (4-40 kDa) from poloxamer was used to simulate drug release and penetration into the eye using in vivo fluorometry. RESULTS According to our clinical and pathological analyses, poloxamer was well tolerated in peribulbar injections and did not cause acute toxicity at the site of injection. The marker compounds were released from the site of injection during the first 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS Although poloxamer appears to be suitable for peribulbar injections, a more prolonged period of dissolution is desirable for clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Vehanen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
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Kaji Y, Hiraoka T, Okamoto F, Asano H, Oshika T. Comparison of triamcinolone acetonide, 11-deoxycortisol and other lipid formulae for the visualization of vitreous body in the anterior chamber after posterior capsule rupture in animal models. Acta Ophthalmol 2008; 86:97-102. [PMID: 17908254 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0420.2007.01058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The efficacy and toxicity of triamcinolone acetonide and other lipid formulae--calcium palmitate, cholesterol and 11-deoxycortisol--in the visualization of the prolapsed vitreous body in the anterior chamber after posterior capsule rupture were investigated in animal models. METHODS In porcine eyes, a suspension of calcium palmitate, cholesterol, triamcinolone acetonide and 11-deoxycortisol was injected into the anterior chamber after intentionally creating posterior capsule rupture. Following gentle irrigation and aspiration, the vitreous body prolapsed in the anterior chamber was removed using an anterior vitrectomy cutter. In phakic rabbit eyes, the side-effects of the reagents were assessed for biomicroscopic appearance, intraocular pressure (IOP) and corneal histology. RESULTS The suspension of calcium palmitate, cholesterol, triamcinolone acetonide and 11-deoxycortisol was effective in the visualization of the vitreous body prolapsed in the anterior chamber after posterior capsule rupture. When cholesterol and calcium palmitate were injected into the anterior chamber, they remained there; this induced a significant increase in IOP and corneal oedema. In contrast, most of the triamcinolone acetonide and 11-deoxycortisol that was injected into the anterior chamber had disappeared a day after the injection without affecting IOP or corneal endothelial density. When injected into the intravitreous cavity, triamcinolone led to a significant increase in IOP 2 and 4 weeks after the injection. However, calcium palmitate, cholesterol and 11-deoxycortisol injected into the vitreous cavity had no effect on IOP at 4 weeks. CONCLUSION The suspension of triamcinolone acetonide and 11-deoxycortisol was effective in visualizing the vitreous body prolapsed in the anterior chamber after posterior capsule rupture. However, the amount of the reagent must be kept to a minimum to prevent the potential risk of ocular toxicities and postoperative late-onset ocular hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Kaji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Leung CKS, Cheung CYL, Li H, Dorairaj S, Yiu CKF, Wong AL, Liebmann J, Ritch R, Weinreb R, Lam DSC. Dynamic analysis of dark-light changes of the anterior chamber angle with anterior segment OCT. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48:4116-22. [PMID: 17724195 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.07-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the use of anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) in studying the dynamic dark-light changes of the anterior chamber angle. METHODS Thirty-seven normal subjects with open angles on dark-room gonioscopy and 18 subjects with narrow angles were analyzed. The dynamic dark-light changes of the anterior-chamber angle were captured with real-time video recording. The angle opening distance (AOD500) and trabecular iris space area (TISA500) of the nasal angle and the pupil diameter in each of the representative serial images were measured. Linear regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between AOD500/TISA500 and pupil diameter. Demographic and biometry measurements associated with the AOD difference (AOD500((light)) - AOD500((dark))) and TISA difference (TISA500((light)) - TISA500((dark))) were analyzed with univariate and multivariate regression models. RESULTS The AOD500/TISA500 measured in the light in the open-angle and the narrow-angle groups were 694 +/- 330 microm/0.24 +/- 0.10 mm(2) and 265 +/- 78 microm/0.10 +/- 0.03 mm(2), respectively. These values were significantly greater than the AOD500/TISA500 measured in the dark (492 +/- 265 microm/0.16 +/- 0.08 mm(2) and 119 +/- 82 microm/0.05 +/- 0.04 mm(2), respectively, all with P < 0.001). The ranges of the AOD/TISA difference were 13 to 817 microm/0.011 to 0.154 mm(2), with an average of 180 microm/0.073 mm(2). Multivariate regression analysis identified a positive correlation between anterior chamber depth and the AOD/TISA difference. Fifty eyes showed significant correlations between AOD/TISA and pupil diameter, whereas one eye showed no association. Four eyes in the narrow angle group developed appositional angle closure in the dark. CONCLUSIONS The dynamic dark-light changes of the anterior chamber angle can be imaged and analyzed with anterior segment OCT. Although the angle width generally decreased linearly with increasing pupil diameter, the differences of the angle width measured in the dark and in the light varied substantially among individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kai-shun Leung
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples Republic of China.
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Bellini LP. Urate deposits. Ophthalmology 2007; 114:1958; author reply 1958-9. [PMID: 17908608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2006] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Sharma V, Sharma S, Paul S, Gupta B. Effect of stromal hydration on clear corneal incisions. J Cataract Refract Surg 2007; 33:1673-4; author reply 1674. [PMID: 17889742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2007.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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He M, Deng X, Wu W, Wang Y. [Aqueous humor penetration of ligustrazine hydrochloride eye drops after topical administration in rabbit eyes]. Yan Ke Xue Bao 2007; 23:159-162. [PMID: 18041183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the aqueous humor penetration of ligustrazine hydrochloride after ocular administration in rabbits. METHODS Eighteen rabbits were randomly divided into 6 groups. The aqueous humor was collected at 5, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes following topical administration of ligustrazine hydrochloride eye drops and the concentration of ligustrazine hydrochloride was determined by HPLC. Analytical column was Diamonsil C18 stainless steel column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microm); The mobile phase was methanol: water(62:38); Flow rate was 0.9 ml/min; The detection wavelength was 280 nm. RESULTS The concentrations of ligustrazine hydrochloride in aqueous humor were (15.785 +/- 2.988) microg/mL, (11.900 +/- 1.743) microg/mL, (8.286 +/- 1.182) microg/mL, (2.745 +/- 0.807) microg/mL, (0.379 +/- 0.091) microg/mL, (0.049 +/- 0.038) microg/mL, respectively, after a time interval of 5 min, 15 min, 30 min, 60 min, 120 min, 180 min. The maximum concentration was 15.785 microg/mL at 5 min, and then the concentration of ligustrazine hydrochloride gradually decreased and declined to a lower point at 180 min. CONCLUSION The penetration of ligustrazine hydrochloride in aqueous humor after ocular administration was good. The results provided experimental data for the management of eye diseases with ligustrazine hydrochloride by topical administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meifeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Devgan U. Use of triamcinolone acetonide particles to visualize aqueous outflow. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2007; 38:258-60. [PMID: 17552398 DOI: 10.3928/15428877-20070501-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Using triamcinolone acetonide suspension within the anterior chamber allows visualization of fluid outflow for glaucoma surgeries where aqueous egress from the eye is desired for pressure control. Dilute non-preserved triamcinolone acetonide particles can be injected into the anterior chamber at the end of intraocular surgeries to assess fluid outflow and to provide an anti-inflammatory effect at the end-target tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday Devgan
- Maloney Vision Institute, UCLA Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90024, USA
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Vasavada AR, Praveen MR, Pandita D, Gajjar DU, Vasavada VA, Vasavada VA, Raj SM, Johar K. Effect of stromal hydration of clear corneal incisions: Quantifying ingress of trypan blue into the anterior chamber after phacoemulsification. J Cataract Refract Surg 2007; 33:623-7. [PMID: 17397734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2007.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To use trypan blue as a quantifiable ingress tracer to determine whether stromal hydration reduces ocular surface fluid ingress at the end of phacoemulsification. SETTING Iladevi Cataract and IOL Research Centre, Memnagar, Ahmedabad, India. METHODS A prospective randomized study included 80 eyes having phacoemulsification through 2.2 mm incisions. These eyes were divided into 2 equal groups: 1 had stromal hydration (surgery completed by injecting fortified balanced salt solution [BSS Plus] to hydrate the lateral walls and internal entry of incision) and the other had no stromal hydration. One half milliliter of 0.0125% sterile trypan blue was instilled on the ocular surface and allowed to remain for 2 minutes. One-tenth milliliter of aqueous fluid was aspirated from the anterior chamber, and its optical density was measured using ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Logs of dilution of trypan blue were used for statistical analysis using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS There was a statistically significant decrease and difference between groups in mean dilution of trypan blue in the aqueous aspirate (P<.001). The mean was 1:11,337 in the stromal hydration group and 1:220 in the no stromal hydration group. Logs of mean dilution of trypan blue had statistically significant lower values in the stromal hydration group than in the no stromal hydration group (3.21 and 2.14, respectively) (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS Stromal hydration of clear corneal incisions reduced ingress into the anterior chamber of the trypan blue instilled on the ocular surface. Clinically, these findings may have a beneficial effect in reducing the risk for postoperative endophthalmitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay R Vasavada
- Iladevi Cataract and Intraocular Lens Research Centre, Raghudeep Eye Clinic, Memnagar, Ahmedabad, India.
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Murphy CC, Nicholson S, Quah SA, Batterbury M, Neal T, Kaye SB. Pharmacokinetics of vancomycin following intracameral bolus injection in patients undergoing phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Br J Ophthalmol 2007; 91:1350-3. [PMID: 17389745 PMCID: PMC2001025 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2006.112060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the elimination kinetics of intracameral vancomycin administered as a bolus injection at the end of phacoemulsification cataract surgery. METHODS Vancomycin 1 mg/0.1 ml saline solution was administered to 19 patients by intracameral bolus injection at the end of routine cataract surgery. The aqueous concentration of vancomycin was determined in nine patients 1 minute after administration and in 10 patients 18-24 hours postoperatively. Aqueous samples were obtained by inserting a Rycroft cannula into the anterior chamber via the side port incision. Fluorescence polarisation immunoassay was used to calculate the aqueous vancomycin concentration. RESULTS The median (interquartile range) vancomycin concentration was 5458 (4756-6389) mg/l at 1 minute and 40.6 (25.9-47.1) mg/l 18 to 24 hours (median 19 hours) postoperatively. The vancomycin concentration exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of endophthalmitis-causing gram-positive bacteria by a factor of 4 for up to 26 hours postoperatively. No adverse event or reaction was noted. CONCLUSION Following bolus intracameral injection at the end of cataract surgery the concentration of vancomycin in the anterior chamber vastly exceeds its MIC for at least 24 hours but is predicted to fall below the MIC after 33 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor C Murphy
- St Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
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Robertson JV, Nathu Z, Najjar A, Dwivedi D, Gauldie J, West-Mays JA. Adenoviral gene transfer of bioactive TGFbeta1 to the rodent eye as a novel model for anterior subcapsular cataract. Mol Vis 2007; 13:457-69. [PMID: 17417606 PMCID: PMC2647562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To produce a gene-transfer model of rodent anterior subcapsular cataracts (ASC) using a replication-deficient, adenoviral vector containing active TGFbeta1. Establishment of this model will be important for further investigations of TGFbeta-induced signaling cascades in ASC. METHODS Adenovirus containing the transgene for active TGFbeta1 (AdTGFbeta1), beta-galactosidase (AdLacZ), green fluorescent protein (AdGFP) or no transgene (AdDL) was injected into the anterior chamber of C57Bl/6, Smad3 WT and Smad3 KO mice. Four and 21 days after injection, animals were enucleated and eyes were processed and examined by routine histology. Immunolocalization of markers indicative of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), fibrosis, proliferation and apoptosis was also carried out. RESULTS By day 4, treatment with AdLacZ demonstrated transgene expression in multiple structures of the anterior chamber including the lens epithelium. In contrast to AdDL, treatment with AdTGFbeta1 produced alphaSMA-positive subcapsular plaques in all three groups of mice, which shared features reminiscent of human ASC. At day 21, plaques remained alphaSMA-positive and extensive extracellular matrix deposition was observed. The AdTGFbeta1 model was further employed in Smad3 deficient mice and this resulted in the development of small ASC. CONCLUSIONS Gene transfer of active TGFbeta1 using an adenoviral vector produced cataractous plaques four days postinjection, which were found to develop independent of functional Smad3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer V Robertson
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Centre for Gene Therapeutics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Gunda S, Hariharan S, Mitra AK. Corneal absorption and anterior chamber pharmacokinetics of dipeptide monoester prodrugs of ganciclovir (GCV): in vivo comparative evaluation of these prodrugs with Val-GCV and GCV in rabbits. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2007; 22:465-76. [PMID: 17238815 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2006.22.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The overall aim of this study was to evaluate the corneal absorption of dipeptide monoester prodrugs of ganciclovir (GCV) and compare these results with L-valine-GCV and GCV. Another aim was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of these prodrugs in aqueous humor. METHODS A well was placed on the cornea of anesthetized New Zealand albino rabbits with linear probes implanted in the aqueous humor. Two hundred microlitres (200 microL) of a 0.43% w/v (saturation concentration) solution of GCV and equimolar concentrations of its prodrugs, VGCV, glycine-valine-GCV (GVGCV), valine-valine-GCV (VVGCV), and tyrosine-valine- GCV (YVGCV), were placed in the corneal well and were allowed to diffuse for a period of 2 h. Subsequently, the drug solution was aspirated and the well removed. Samples were collected every 20 min throughout the infusion and postinfusion phases and were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography to determine the aqueous humor concentrations. RESULTS Area under the concentration time profile (AUC)infinity and maximum concentration (Cmax) of YVGCV were found to be higher than other prodrugs. AUC of total GCV obtained from YVGCV administration was found to be twelvefold more than AUC of GCV and 6.2-fold more than AUC obtained with total GCV from VGCV administration. VVGCV also exhibited 3.2 times higher AUC relative to VGCV. Also, AUC and Cmax of regenerated GCV from YVGCV was 8.6 and 4.9 times more than GCV, respectively. VVGCV did not produce higher concentrations of GCV. Elimination half-life of regenerated GCV from YVGCV administration was observed to be 157 min. CONCLUSIONS YVGCV and VVGCV exhibited superior corneal absorption and bioavailability, in comparison with GVGCV, VGCV, and GCV. Such facilitated absorption of prodrugs may be a result of a combination of transcellular passive diffusion and peptide transporter (PEPT1)-mediated transport across the corneal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Gunda
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110-2499, USA
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Izzotti A, Saccà SC, Di Marco B, Penco S, Bassi AM. Antioxidant activity of timolol on endothelial cells and its relevance for glaucoma course. Eye (Lond) 2007; 22:445-53. [PMID: 17293786 DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6702737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A growing evidence in the scientific literature suggests that oxidative damage plays a pathogenic role in primary open-angle glaucoma. Therefore, it is of interest to test whether drugs effective against glaucoma display antioxidant activity. We test the hypothesis that the classic beta-blocker therapy for glaucoma with timolol involves the activation of antioxidant protective mechanisms towards endothelial cells. METHODS Oxidative stress was induced in cultured human endothelial cells by iron/ascorbate with or without timolol pretreatment. Analysed parameters included cell viability (neutral red uptake and tetrazolium salt tests), lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric reactive substances), and occurrence of molecular oxidative damage to DNA (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine). RESULTS Oxidative stress decreased 1.8-fold cell viability, increased 3.0-fold lipid peroxidation and 64-fold oxidative damage to DNA. In the presence of timolol, oxidative stress did not modify cell viability, whereas lipid peroxidation was increased 1.3-fold, and DNA oxidative damage 3.6-fold only. CONCLUSIONS The obtained results indicate that timolol exerts a direct antioxidant activity protecting human endothelial cells from oxidative stress. These cells employ mechanisms similar to those observed in the vascular endothelium. It is hypothesized that this antioxidant activity is involved in the therapeutic effect of this drug against glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Izzotti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy
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Bert RJ, Caruthers SD, Jara H, Krejza J, Melhem ER, Kolodny NH, Patz S, Freddo TF. Demonstration of an anterior diffusional pathway for solutes in the normal human eye with high spatial resolution contrast-enhanced dynamic MR imaging. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 47:5153-62. [PMID: 17122097 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.05-0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The present studies were conducted to determine whether a diffusional pathway for solutes exists from the ciliary body stroma to the anterior chamber of the human eye. The existence of such a pathway has been demonstrated in rabbits and monkeys, but such a pathway in humans would necessitate a shift in the physiological paradigm of the blood-aqueous barrier. METHODS Seven normal human volunteers (five men, two women; age range, 27 to 59 years) underwent nine dynamic T1-weighted, spin-echo MR imaging studies, using intravenous, gadolinium-based contrast agents. RESULTS In all cases, signal intensity rose rapidly in the ciliary body. In all subjects, there was a measurable latent rise in signal strength (enhancement) in the anterior chamber. Signal enhancement typically occurred in the angle of the anterior chamber earlier, and to a greater degree, than within the center of the chamber. Increased signal within the posterior chamber was significantly less than in the anterior chamber, with measured increases probably attributable to volume averaging. CONCLUSIONS These findings are consistent with the existence of an anterior diffusional pathway in the human eye. The model warrants further testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Bert
- Department of Radiology, Health Sciences Center, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA.
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Shankar S, Biswas J, Gopal L, Bagyalakshmi R, Therese L, Borse NJ. Anterior chamber exudative mass due to Scedosporium apiospermum in an immunocompetent individual. Indian J Ophthalmol 2007; 55:226-7. [PMID: 17456946 DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.31949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous intraocular infection of fungal etiology is extremely rare in an immunocompetent individual. Usually, an antecedent history of trauma, surgery, intravenous drug abuse or an immunocompromized state can be elicited. Scedosporium apiospermum is a known cause of keratomycosis after traumatic implantation and can cause fatal disseminated infection in immunocompromized patients. However, cases of S. apiospermum intraocular infection in immunocompetent individuals have been very rarely reported in literature. We report here a case of an anterior chamber exudative mass due to S. apiospermum in an immunocompetent individual which was managed successfully with anterior chamber wash and intravitreal injection of voriconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Shankar
- Medical and Vision Research Foundations, Sankara Nethralaya, College Road, Chennai, India
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Bacsal KE, Chee SP. Modified technique for anterior chamber decompression for high intraocular pressure following phacoemulsification. J Cataract Refract Surg 2006; 32:1983; author reply 1983-4. [PMID: 17137956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2006.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Accepted: 07/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Humayun M, Gottlieb CC, Rafuse PE. Intraocular ophthalmic ointment following clear corneal phacoemulsification: Clinical implications. J Cataract Refract Surg 2006; 32:2135-8. [PMID: 17137997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2006.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report 4 cases of apparent ophthalmic ointment in the anterior chamber after sutureless clear corneal phacoemulsification and posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. The cases, as well as previous literature, indicate that ointment for topical use can be well tolerated in the eye, although glaucoma and uveitis can be potential negative outcomes. Possible risk factors, some of which may be related to current rates of endophthalmitis after clear corneal cataract surgery, and methods to prevent intraocular ophthalmic ointment after cataract surgery are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Humayun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the impact of an episcleral exoplant on transscleral delivery. METHODS New Zealand White rabbits were given a periocular injection of sodium fluorescein (fluorescein, 376 Da) or an episcleral exoplant loaded with fluorescein. Two types of exoplants were tested: (1) a rigid polyethylene device, impermeable on one side and open to the sclera on the other, that contained compressed pellets of fluorescein and was sutured loosely (apposition group) or tightly to indent the sclera (indentation group) and (2) flexible refillable silicone exoplants also open to the sclera that were secured by suturing, to form a sealed episcleral chamber that was filled with a fluorescein solution. Ocular and plasma fluorophotometry were performed at several time points, and histology was performed to evaluate the effect of exoplants on the periocular tissue. RESULTS Within 20 minutes of a periocular injection of fluorescein, peak fluorescence was visible in the anterior chamber (AC) and at later time points was displaced toward the retina; at all time points, the highest fluorescence was in the AC. For the polyethylene device indentation group, peak fluorescence was in the retina and posterior vitreous and spread to the AC over time. For the apposition exoplant group, two peaks of fluorescence were seen initially, one in the retina and posterior vitreous and one in the AC. The area under the concentration time curve (AUC +/- SE) for fluorescein concentration was 144.4 +/- 15.1 mug . h/mL for the retinal peak and 43.6 +/- 7.1 mug . h/mL for the posterior vitreous peak after injection of 5 mg of fluorescein into a silicone exoplant, compared with a retinal peak of 3.9 +/- 0.3 and a posterior vitreous peak of 0.99 +/- 0.26 mug . h/mL after periocular injection of 5 mg of fluorescein (P < 0.01 for each). Peak plasma fluorescein levels were significantly reduced in the exoplant group compared with periocular injection. CONCLUSIONS An episcleral exoplant facilitates diffusion of fluorescein through the sclera resulting in high levels in the retina and posterior vitreous; levels are markedly increased compared with periocular injection of the same amount of fluorescein. It also reduces peak plasma levels indicating reduction of systemic absorption. This procedure provides a new approach that can be combined with sustained-release preparations to optimize delivery of agents to the retina and choroid while minimizing the potential for systemic toxicity.
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Abstract
In this editorial, the opportunities and challenges of transporter/receptor mediated ocular drug delivery are discussed.
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Abstract
Eye diseases, such as Krukenberg’s spindle, hyphema, and hypopyon, are related to the deposition of specific particles such as pigmentary cells, leukocytes, and erythrocytes. These particles are circulated by the aqueous humor (AH) and tend to deposit in regions of low velocities or high resistance. In the present paper, numerical simulations are reported of the AH flow and particle transport, and the particle concentration predictions are qualitatively compared to clinical images. The particle concentration distributions provide an understanding of the likely sources of deposition and the origin of the deposited particles. Pigmentary cells are seen to concentrate in a vertical band on the corneal surface consistent with clinical observations of Krukenberg’s spindle. Leukocytes and erythrocytes are seen to collect at the bottom of the anterior chamber similar to the observations made for hypopyon and hyphema. These results confirm the potential of using numerical calculations in order to obtain a better understanding of the particle transport and deposition patterns in the anterior chamber of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Borrás T, Xue W, Choi VW, Bartlett JS, Li G, Samulski RJ, Chisolm SS. Mechanisms of AAV transduction in glaucoma-associated human trabecular meshwork cells. J Gene Med 2006; 8:589-602. [PMID: 16506246 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucoma is a chronic eye disease which leads to irreversible blindness. The trabecular meshwork tissue controls intraocular pressure (IOP), which is the major risk factor for glaucoma. Gene therapy treatment of chronic diseases requires the use of long-term expression, low toxicity and lack of immune response vectors. Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) possess these characteristics but have been unable to transduce the trabecular meshwork. Because of the importance of regulating elevated IOP by long-term gene therapy, we investigated mechanisms of AAV transduction to the human trabecular meshwork (TM). METHODS Primary human trabecular meshwork cells (HTM) and perfused organ cultures were infected with rAAV2-GFP, RGD-pseudotyped rAAV2-GFP alone, or combined with recombinant DeltaE1/E3 adenoviruses. Intracellular rAAV2 DNA and RNA were measured by relative quantitative and real-time TaqMan polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Host transcriptome was analyzed using high-density oligonucleotide microarrays. One transduction mechanism was tested using self-complementary AAV (scAAV). RESULTS The dramatic transduction enhancement obtained upon co-infection of rAAV2 with DeltaE1/E3 adenoviruses provides insights into transduction mechanisms in the HTM. Even if not transduced, rAAV2 enters TM cells. GeneChip analysis showed significant changes in host genes involved in cell cycle and DNA replication. Consequently, scAAV-GFP transduction was highly efficient. Other transduction-enhancement genes included coxsackie adenovirus receptor (CAR) and genes relevant to trabecular meshwork function. CONCLUSIONS The rate-limiting step of AAV transduction was not viral entry failure but, at least in part, host downregulation of DNA replication. Additional specific host genes might be involved. Our study revealed genes and mechanisms which led for the first time to efficient AAV transduction of the HTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Borrás
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 103 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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