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Kavand H, Visa M, Köhler M, van der Wijngaart W, Berggren PO, Herland A. 3D-Printed Biohybrid Microstructures Enable Transplantation and Vascularization of Microtissues in the Anterior Chamber of the Eye. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2306686. [PMID: 37815325 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Hybridizing biological cells with man-made sensors enable the detection of a wide range of weak physiological responses with high specificity. The anterior chamber of the eye (ACE) is an ideal transplantation site due to its ocular immune privilege and optical transparency, which enable superior noninvasive longitudinal analyses of cells and microtissues. Engraftment of biohybrid microstructures in the ACE may, however, be affected by the pupillary response and dynamics. Here, sutureless transplantation of biohybrid microstructures, 3D printed in IP-Visio photoresin, containing a precisely localized pancreatic islet to the ACE of mice is presented. The biohybrid microstructures allow mechanical fixation in the ACE, independent of iris dynamics. After transplantation, islets in the microstructures successfully sustain their functionality for over 20 weeks and become vascularized despite physical separation from the vessel source (iris) and immersion in a low-viscous liquid (aqueous humor) with continuous circulation and clearance. This approach opens new perspectives in biohybrid microtissue transplantation in the ACE, advancing monitoring of microtissue-host interactions, disease modeling, treatment outcomes, and vascularization in engineered tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanie Kavand
- Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, Department of Intelligent Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Malvinas Väg 10 pl 5, Stockholm, SE-10044, Sweden
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23a, Stockholm, SE-17165, Sweden
| | - Montse Visa
- The Rolf Luft Research center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-17176, Sweden
| | - Martin Köhler
- The Rolf Luft Research center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-17176, Sweden
| | - Wouter van der Wijngaart
- Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, Department of Intelligent Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Malvinas Väg 10 pl 5, Stockholm, SE-10044, Sweden
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- The Rolf Luft Research center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-17176, Sweden
| | - Anna Herland
- Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, Department of Intelligent Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Malvinas Väg 10 pl 5, Stockholm, SE-10044, Sweden
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23a, Stockholm, SE-17165, Sweden
- AIMES, Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9/B8, Stockholm, SE-17165, Sweden
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2
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Fernández-Ruiz R, Gasa R. Evaluation of the Effects of CCN4 on Pancreatic Beta Cell Proliferation. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2582:191-208. [PMID: 36370351 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2744-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Expanding the number of insulin-producing beta cells through reactivation of their replication has been proposed as a therapy to prevent or delay the appearance of diabetes. Using antibody arrays, we identified CCN4/Wisp1 as a circulating factor enriched in preweaning mice, a period in which beta cells exhibit a dramatic increase in number. This finding led us to investigate the involvement of CCN4 in beta cell proliferation. We demonstrated that CCN4 promotes adult beta cell proliferation in vitro in cultured isolated islets, and in vivo in islets transplanted into the anterior chamber of the eye. In this chapter, we present the methodology that was used to study proliferation in both settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Fernández-Ruiz
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Gasa
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain.
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Abdulreda MH, Berggren PO. Challenges in stem cell-derived islet replacement therapy can be overcome. Cell Transplant 2021; 30:9636897211045320. [PMID: 34565192 PMCID: PMC8485158 DOI: 10.1177/09636897211045320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this Commentary, we echo the conclusions of a recent review titled
“The promise of stem cell-derived islet replacement
therapy,” which highlighted recent advances in
producing glucose responsive “islets” from stem cells and the benefits
of their use in islet transplant therapy in type 1 diabetes (T1D). The
review also outlined the status of clinical islet transplantation and
the challenges that have prevented it from reaching its full
therapeutic promise. We agree with the conclusions of the review and
suggest that the identified challenges may be overcome by using the
eye anterior chamber as an islet transplant site. We anticipate that
the combination of stem cell-derived islets and intraocular transplant
could help this promising T1D therapy reach full fruition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midhat H Abdulreda
- Diabetes Research Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- Diabetes Research Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital L1, Stockholm, Sweden
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Hernandez LF, Betancourt LR, Nakayasu ES, Ansong C, Ceballos GA, Paredes D, Abdulreda MH. Integrated Metabolomics and Proteomics Analyses in the Local Milieu of Islet Allografts in Rejection versus Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8754. [PMID: 34445459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An understanding of the immune mechanisms that lead to rejection versus tolerance of allogeneic pancreatic islet grafts is of paramount importance, as it facilitates the development of innovative methods to improve the transplant outcome. Here, we used our established intraocular islet transplant model to gain novel insight into changes in the local metabolome and proteome within the islet allograft’s immediate microenvironment in association with immune-mediated rejection or tolerance. We performed integrated metabolomics and proteomics analyses in aqueous humor samples representative of the graft’s microenvironment under each transplant outcome. The results showed that several free amino acids, small primary amines, and soluble proteins related to the Warburg effect were upregulated or downregulated in association with either outcome. In general, the observed shifts in the local metabolite and protein profiles in association with rejection were consistent with established pro-inflammatory metabolic pathways and those observed in association with tolerance were immune regulatory. Taken together, the current findings further support the potential of metabolic reprogramming of immune cells towards immune regulation through targeted pharmacological and dietary interventions against specific metabolic pathways that promote the Warburg effect to prevent the rejection of transplanted islets and promote their immune tolerance.
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Abstract
The endocrine cells confined in the islets of Langerhans are responsible for the maintenance of blood glucose homeostasis. In particular, beta cells produce and secrete insulin, an essential hormone regulating glucose uptake and metabolism. An insufficient amount of beta cells or defects in the molecular mechanisms leading to glucose-induced insulin secretion trigger the development of diabetes, a severe disease with epidemic spreading throughout the world. A comprehensive appreciation of the diverse adaptive procedures regulating beta cell mass and function is thus of paramount importance for the understanding of diabetes pathogenesis and for the development of effective therapeutic strategies. While significant findings were obtained by the use of islets isolated from the pancreas, in vitro studies are inherently limited since they lack the many factors influencing pancreatic islet cell function in vivo and do not allow for longitudinal monitoring of islet cell plasticity in the living organism. In this respect a number of imaging methodologies have been developed over the years for the study of islets in situ in the pancreas, a challenging task due to the relatively small size of the islets and their location, scattered throughout the organ. To increase imaging resolution and allow for longitudinal studies in individual islets, another strategy is based on the transplantation of islets into other sites that are more accessible for imaging. In this review we present the anterior chamber of the eye as a transplantation and imaging site for the study of pancreatic islet cell plasticity, and summarize the major research outcomes facilitated by this technological platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Ilegems
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Erwin Ilegems, ; Per-Olof Berggren,
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolism Research, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Erwin Ilegems, ; Per-Olof Berggren,
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Kasyanov AA, Vinogradova EY. [Distinctive features of phacoemulsification in previously vitrectomized eyes]. Vestn Oftalmol 2020; 136:301-307. [PMID: 33063981 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2020136052301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The review presents the main pathogenetic mechanisms of cataract development in an avitic eye as well as anatomical and functional changes of the eye in the state of avitria. The authors have also analyzed distinctive behavior of such eyes during phacoemulsification and surgical techniques used to answer specific avitreal phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Kasyanov
- Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
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7
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Chang HF, Wirkner ML, Krause E, Rettig J. Investigation of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Function during Allorejection in the Anterior Chamber of the Eye. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4660. [PMID: 32629968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are an essential part of our immune system by killing infected and malignant cells. To fully understand this process, it is necessary to study CTL function in the physiological setting of a living organism to account for their interplay with other immune cells like CD4+ T helper cells and macrophages. The anterior chamber of the eye (ACE), originally developed for diabetes research, is ideally suited for non-invasive and longitudinal in vivo imaging. We take advantage of the ACE window to observe immune responses, particularly allorejection of islets of Langerhans cells by CTLs. We follow the onset of the rejection after vascularization on islets until the end of the rejection process for about a month by repetitive two-photon microscopy. We find that CTLs show reduced migration on allogeneic islets in vivo compared to in vitro data, indicating CTL activation. Interestingly, the temporal infiltration pattern of T cells during rejection is precisely regulated, showing enrichment of CD4+ T helper cells on the islets before arrival of CD8+ CTLs. The adaptation of the ACE to immune responses enables the examination of the mechanism and regulation of CTL-mediated killing in vivo and to further investigate the killing in gene-deficient mice that resemble severe human immune diseases.
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Tun SBB, Chua M, Hasan R, Köhler M, Zheng X, Ali Y, Abdulreda MH, Juntti-Berggren L, Barathi VA, Berggren PO. Islet Transplantation to the Anterior Chamber of the Eye-A Future Treatment Option for Insulin-Deficient Type-2 Diabetics? A Case Report from a Nonhuman Type-2 Diabetic Primate. Cell Transplant 2020; 29:963689720913256. [PMID: 32264703 PMCID: PMC7444223 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720913256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Replacement of the insulin-secreting beta cells through transplantation of pancreatic islets to the liver is a promising treatment for type-1 diabetes. However, low oxygen tension, shear stress, and the induction of inflammation lead to significant islet dysfunction and loss. The anterior chamber of the eye (ACE) has gained considerable interest and represents an alternative therapeutic islet transplantation site because of its accessibility, high oxygen tension, and immune-privileged milieu. We have previously demonstrated the feasibility of intraocular islet transplant in mouse and nonhuman primate models of type-1 diabetes and are now assessing its efficacy on glucose homeostasis in a nonhuman primate model of type-2 diabetes. We transplanted allogeneic donor islets (1,500 islet equivalents/kg) into the anterior chamber of one eye in a cynomolgus monkey with high-fat-diet-induced type-2 diabetes. Repeated examinations of the anterior and posterior segments of both eyes were done to monitor the engrafted islets and assess the overall ocular health. Fasting blood glucose level, blood biochemistry, and other metabolic parameters were routinely evaluated to determine the function of the islet graft and diabetes status. The transplanted islets were rapidly engrafted onto the iris and became vascularized 1 month after transplantation. We did not detect changes in intraocular pressure, cataract formation, ophthalmitis, or retinal vessel deformation. A significant lower fasting blood glucose level was observed while the graft was in place, and the transplantation reverts the progression of diabetes. The metabolic markers, hemoglobin A1C and fructosamine, demonstrated improvement following islet transplantation. As a conclusion, intraocular islet transplantation in one eye of a cynomolgus monkey with type-2 diabetes improved its overall plasma glucose homeostasis, as evidenced by short-term measures and long-term metabolic markers. These results further support the future application of the ACE as an alternative site for clinical islet transplants in the context of type-2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Bo Bo Tun
- Translational Pre-Clinical Model Platform, Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), Singapore.,The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Minni Chua
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Riasat Hasan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Martin Köhler
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- Translational Pre-Clinical Model Platform, Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Yusuf Ali
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Midhat H Abdulreda
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lisa Juntti-Berggren
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veluchamy A Barathi
- Translational Pre-Clinical Model Platform, Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- Translational Pre-Clinical Model Platform, Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), Singapore.,The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Alcazar O, Hernandez LF, Tschiggfrie A, Muehlbauer MJ, Bain JR, Buchwald P, Abdulreda MH. Feasibility of Localized Metabolomics in the Study of Pancreatic Islets and Diabetes. Metabolites 2019; 9:E207. [PMID: 31569489 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9100207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Disruption of insulin production by native or transplanted pancreatic islets caused by auto/allo-immunity leads to hyperglycemia, a serious health condition and important therapeutic challenge due to the lifelong need for exogeneous insulin administration. Early metabolic biomarkers can prompt timely interventions to preserve islet function, but reliable biomarkers are currently lacking. We explored the feasibility of "localized metabolomics" where initial biomarker discovery is made in aqueous humor samples for further validation in the circulation. (2) Methods: We conducted non-targeted metabolomic studies in parallel aqueous humor and plasma samples from diabetic and nondiabetic mice. Metabolite levels and associated pathways were compared in both compartments as well as to an earlier longitudinal dataset in hyperglycemia-progressor versus non-progressor non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. (3) Results: We confirmed that aqueous humor samples can be used to assess metabolite levels. About half of the identified metabolites had well-correlated levels in the aqueous humor and plasma. Several plasma metabolites were significantly different between diabetic and nondiabetic animals and between males and females, and many of them were correlated with the aqueous humor. (4) Conclusions: This study provides proof-of-concept evidence that aqueous humor samples enriched with islet-related metabolites and representative of the immediate islet microenvironment following intraocular islet transplant can be used to assess metabolic changes that could otherwise be overlooked in the general circulation. The findings support localized metabolomics, with and without intraocular islet transplant, to identify biomarkers associated with diabetes and islet allograft rejection.
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Diez JA, Arrojo E Drigo R, Zheng X, Stelmashenko OV, Chua M, Rodriguez-Diaz R, Fukuda M, Köhler M, Leibiger I, Tun SBB, Ali Y, Augustine GJ, Barathi VA, Berggren PO. Pancreatic Islet Blood Flow Dynamics in Primates. Cell Rep 2017; 20:1490-501. [PMID: 28793270 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood flow regulation in pancreatic islets is critical for function but poorly understood. Here, we establish an in vivo imaging platform in a non-human primate where islets transplanted autologously into the anterior chamber of the eye are monitored non-invasively and longitudinally at single-cell resolution. Engrafted islets were vascularized and innervated and maintained the cytoarchitecture of in situ islets in the pancreas. Blood flow velocity in the engrafted islets was not affected by increasing blood glucose levels and/or the GLP-1R agonist liraglutide. However, islet blood flow was dynamic in nature and fluctuated in various capillaries. This was associated with vasoconstriction events resembling a sphincter-like action, most likely regulated by adrenergic signaling. These observations suggest a mechanism in primate islets that diverts blood flow to cell regions with higher metabolic demand. The described imaging technology applied in non-human primate islets may contribute to a better understanding of human islet pathophysiology. Monkey islets transplanted autologously into the anterior chamber of the eye (ACE) Monkey ACE islets imaged in vivo, longitudinally, and at single-cell resolution Monkey islet blood flow is dynamic and unaffected by glucose/liraglutide treatment Directional blood flow may be explained by islet structure-function relationship
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Perez VL, Caicedo A, Berman DM, Arrieta E, Abdulreda MH, Rodriguez-Diaz R, Pileggi A, Hernandez E, Dubovy SR, Parel JM, Ricordi C, Kenyon NM, Kenyon NS, Berggren PO. The anterior chamber of the eye as a clinical transplantation site for the treatment of diabetes: a study in a baboon model of diabetes. Diabetologia 2011; 54:1121-6. [PMID: 21360190 PMCID: PMC3247302 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2091-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The aim of this study was to provide evidence that the anterior chamber of the eye serves as a novel clinical islet implantation site. METHODS In a preclinical model, allogeneic pancreatic islets were transplanted into the anterior chamber of the eye of a baboon model for diabetes, and metabolic and ophthalmological outcomes were assessed. RESULTS Islets readily engrafted on the iris and there was a decrease in exogenous insulin requirements due to insulin secretion from the intraocular grafts. No major adverse effects on eye structure and function could be observed during the transplantation period. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our study demonstrates the long-term survival and function of allogeneic islets after transplantation into the anterior chamber of the eye. The safety and simplicity of this procedure provides support for further studies aimed at translating this technology into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. L. Perez
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - A. Caicedo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - D. M. Berman
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - E. Arrieta
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - M. H. Abdulreda
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - R. Rodriguez-Diaz
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - A. Pileggi
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - E. Hernandez
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - S. R. Dubovy
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - J. M. Parel
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - C. Ricordi
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N. M. Kenyon
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - N. S. Kenyon
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - P. O. Berggren
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, WCU Program, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
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