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Cohen-Gulkar M, David A, Messika-Gold N, Eshel M, Ovadia S, Zuk-Bar N, Idelson M, Cohen-Tayar Y, Reubinoff B, Ziv T, Shamay M, Elkon R, Ashery-Padan R. The LHX2-OTX2 transcriptional regulatory module controls retinal pigmented epithelium differentiation and underlies genetic risk for age-related macular degeneration. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3001924. [PMID: 36649236 PMCID: PMC9844853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-specific transcription factors (TFs) control the transcriptome through an association with noncoding regulatory regions (cistromes). Identifying the combination of TFs that dictate specific cell fate, their specific cistromes and examining their involvement in complex human traits remain a major challenge. Here, we focus on the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), an essential lineage for retinal development and function and the primary tissue affected in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of blindness. By combining mechanistic findings in stem-cell-derived human RPE, in vivo functional studies in mice and global transcriptomic and proteomic analyses, we revealed that the key developmental TFs LHX2 and OTX2 function together in transcriptional module containing LDB1 and SWI/SNF (BAF) to regulate the RPE transcriptome. Importantly, the intersection between the identified LHX2-OTX2 cistrome with published expression quantitative trait loci, ATAC-seq data from human RPE, and AMD genome-wide association study (GWAS) data, followed by functional validation using a reporter assay, revealed a causal genetic variant that affects AMD risk by altering TRPM1 expression in the RPE through modulation of LHX2 transcriptional activity on its promoter. Taken together, the reported cistrome of LHX2 and OTX2, the identified downstream genes and interacting co-factors reveal the RPE transcription module and uncover a causal regulatory risk single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the multifactorial common blinding disease AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazal Cohen-Gulkar
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ahuvit David
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Naama Messika-Gold
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mai Eshel
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shai Ovadia
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nitay Zuk-Bar
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maria Idelson
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy and Department of Gynecology, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yamit Cohen-Tayar
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Benjamin Reubinoff
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy and Department of Gynecology, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tamar Ziv
- Smoler Proteomics Center, Lorry I. Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Meir Shamay
- Daniella Lee Casper Laboratory in Viral Oncology, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Ran Elkon
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail: (RE); (RAP)
| | - Ruth Ashery-Padan
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail: (RE); (RAP)
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Gulkar‐Cohen M, Messika N, David A, Idelson M, Cohen‐Tayar Y, Reubinoff B, Elkon R, Ashery‐Padan R. Retinal pigmented epithelium development from the perspective of transcription factors and cis‐regulatory elements. Acta Ophthalmol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2022.15476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mazal Gulkar‐Cohen
- Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience Tel Aviv University Israel
| | - Naama Messika
- Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience Tel Aviv University Israel
| | - Ahuvit David
- Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience Tel Aviv University Israel
| | - Maria Idelson
- Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience Tel Aviv University Israel
| | - Yamit Cohen‐Tayar
- Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience Tel Aviv University Israel
| | - Benjamin Reubinoff
- Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience Tel Aviv University Israel
| | - Ran Elkon
- Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience Tel Aviv University Israel
| | - Ruth Ashery‐Padan
- Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience Tel Aviv University Israel
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Raviv S, Bharti K, Rencus-Lazar S, Cohen-Tayar Y, Schyr R, Evantal N, Meshorer E, Zilberberg A, Idelson M, Reubinoff B, Grebe R, Rosin-Arbesfeld R, Lauderdale J, Lutty G, Arnheiter H, Ashery-Padan R. PAX6 regulates melanogenesis in the retinal pigmented epithelium through feed-forward regulatory interactions with MITF. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004360. [PMID: 24875170 PMCID: PMC4038462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During organogenesis, PAX6 is required for establishment of various progenitor subtypes within the central nervous system, eye and pancreas. PAX6 expression is maintained in a variety of cell types within each organ, although its role in each lineage and how it acquires cell-specific activity remain elusive. Herein, we aimed to determine the roles and the hierarchical organization of the PAX6-dependent gene regulatory network during the differentiation of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). Somatic mutagenesis of Pax6 in the differentiating RPE revealed that PAX6 functions in a feed-forward regulatory loop with MITF during onset of melanogenesis. PAX6 both controls the expression of an RPE isoform of Mitf and synergizes with MITF to activate expression of genes involved in pigment biogenesis. This study exemplifies how one kernel gene pivotal in organ formation accomplishes a lineage-specific role during terminal differentiation of a single lineage. It is currently poorly understood how a single developmental transcription regulator controls early specification as well as a broad range of highly specialized differentiation schemes. PAX6 is one of the most extensively investigated factors in central nervous system development, yet its role in execution of lineage-specific programs remains mostly elusive. Here, we directly investigated the involvement of PAX6 in the differentiation of one lineage, the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), a neuroectodermal-derived tissue that is essential for retinal development and function. We revealed that PAX6 accomplishes its role through a unique regulatory interaction with the transcription factor MITF, a master regulator of the pigmentation program. During the differentiation of the RPE, PAX6 regulates the expression of an RPE-specific isoform of Mitf and importantly, at the same time, PAX6 functions together with MITF to directly activate the expression of downstream genes required for pigment biogenesis. These findings provide comprehensive insight into the gene hierarchy that controls RPE development: from a kernel gene (a term referring to the upper-most gene in the gene regulatory network) that is broadly expressed during CNS development through a lineage-specific transcription factor that together with the kernel gene creates cis-regulatory input that contributes to transcriptionally activate a battery of terminal differentiation genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaul Raviv
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Kapil Bharti
- Unit on Ocular and Stem Cell Translational Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sigal Rencus-Lazar
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yamit Cohen-Tayar
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rachel Schyr
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Naveh Evantal
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eran Meshorer
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alona Zilberberg
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maria Idelson
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy & Department of Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Benjamin Reubinoff
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy & Department of Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rhonda Grebe
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rina Rosin-Arbesfeld
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - James Lauderdale
- Department of Cellular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gerard Lutty
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Heinz Arnheiter
- Mammalian Development Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ruth Ashery-Padan
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Gropp M, Shilo V, Vainer G, Gov M, Gil Y, Khaner H, Matzrafi L, Idelson M, Kopolovic J, Zak NB, Reubinoff BE. Standardization of the teratoma assay for analysis of pluripotency of human ES cells and biosafety of their differentiated progeny. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45532. [PMID: 23049812 PMCID: PMC3458078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Teratoma tumor formation is an essential criterion in determining the pluripotency of human pluripotent stem cells. However, currently there is no consistent protocol for assessment of teratoma forming ability. Here we present detailed characterization of a teratoma assay that is based on subcutaneous co-transplantation of defined numbers of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) with mitotically inactivated feeder cells and Matrigel into immunodeficient mice. The assay was highly reproducible and 100% efficient when 100,000 hESCs were transplanted. It was sensitive, promoting teratoma formation after transplantation of 100 hESCs, though larger numbers of animals and longer follow-up were required. The assay could detect residual teratoma forming cells within differentiated hESC populations however its sensitivity was decreased in the presence of differentiated cells. Our data lay the foundation, for standardization of a teratoma assay for pluripotency analysis. The assay can also be used for bio-safety analysis of pluripotent stem cell-derived differentiated progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Gropp
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy and Department of Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Gilad Vainer
- The Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Miri Gov
- CellCure NeuroSciences Ltd., Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaniv Gil
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy and Department of Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hanita Khaner
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy and Department of Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Maria Idelson
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy and Department of Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Juri Kopolovic
- The Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Benjamin E. Reubinoff
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy and Department of Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Steiner D, Khaner H, Cohen M, Even-Ram S, Gil Y, Itsykson P, Turetsky T, Idelson M, Aizenman E, Ram R, Berman-Zaken Y, Reubinoff B. Derivation, propagation and controlled differentiation of human embryonic stem cells in suspension. Nat Biotechnol 2010; 28:361-4. [PMID: 20351691 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are currently propagated on a relatively small scale as monolayer colonies. Culture of hESCs as floating aggregates is widely used for induction of differentiation into embryoid bodies. Here we show that hESC lines can be derived from floating inner cell masses in suspension culture conditions that do not involve feeder cells or microcarriers. This culture system supports prolonged propagation of the pluripotent stem cells as floating clusters without their differentiation into embryoid bodies. HESCs cultivated as aggregates in suspension maintain the expression of pluripotency markers and can differentiate into progeny of the three germ layers both in vitro and in vivo. We further show the controlled differentiation of hESC clusters in suspension into neural spheres. These results pave the way for large-scale expansion and controlled differentiation of hESCs in suspension, which would be valuable in basic and applied research.
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Idelson M, Alper R, Obolensky A, Ben-Shushan E, Hemo I, Yachimovich-Cohen N, Khaner H, Smith Y, Wiser O, Gropp M, Cohen MA, Even-Ram S, Berman-Zaken Y, Matzrafi L, Rechavi G, Banin E, Reubinoff B. Directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into functional retinal pigment epithelium cells. Cell Stem Cell 2009; 5:396-408. [PMID: 19796620 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Revised: 05/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction and loss of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) leads to degeneration of photoreceptors in age-related macular degeneration and subtypes of retinitis pigmentosa. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) may serve as an unlimited source of RPE cells for transplantation in these blinding conditions. Here we show the directed differentiation of hESCs toward an RPE fate under defined culture conditions. We demonstrate that nicotinamide promotes the differentiation of hESCs to neural and subsequently to RPE fate. In the presence of nicotinamide, factors from the TGF-beta superfamily, which presumably pattern RPE development during embryogenesis, further direct RPE differentiation. The hESC-derived pigmented cells exhibit the morphology, marker expression, and function of authentic RPE and rescue retinal structure and function after transplantation to an animal model of retinal degeneration caused by RPE dysfunction. These results are an important step toward the future use of hESCs to replenish RPE in blinding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Idelson
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy & Department of Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Banin E, Obolensky A, Idelson M, Hemo I, Reinhardtz E, Pikarsky E, Ben-Hur T, Reubinoff B. Retinal incorporation and differentiation of neural precursors derived from human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2005; 24:246-57. [PMID: 16123388 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Retinal and macular degenerations are a major cause of blindness. Cell transplantation is a possible therapeutic approach for the replacement of degenerating retinal cells. Here, we studied the potential of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to survive, integrate, and differentiate into retinal cells after intraocular transplantation. Highly enriched cultures of neural precursors (NPs) expressing transcripts of key regulatory genes of retinal development were developed from the hESCs. After spontaneous differentiation in vitro, the NPs gave rise to progeny expressing markers of retinal progenitors and photoreceptor development, though this was uncommon and cells expressing markers of mature photoreceptors were not observed. After transplantation into rat eyes, the NPs survived for 16 weeks, migrated large distances, and integrated in the host retina. Teratoma tumors were not observed. Human cells expressing rhodopsin, blue cone opsin, and neural retina leucine zipper transcription factor were observed in subretinal grafts, but not within vitreal and inner retinal grafts. The results suggest that hESCs have the potential to differentiate into retinal cells and that the subretinal microenvironment supports their differentiation toward a photoreceptor fate. This may be the first step toward further developments that eventually may allow the use of hESCs for transplantation in retinal degenerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Banin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah University Hospital, P.O. Box 12,000, Ein-Kerem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Ben-Hur T, Idelson M, Khaner H, Pera M, Reinhartz E, Itzik A, Reubinoff BE. Transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitors improves behavioral deficit in Parkinsonian rats. Stem Cells 2005; 22:1246-55. [PMID: 15579643 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) may potentially serve as a renewable source of cells for transplantation. In Parkinson's disease, hESC-derived dopaminergic (DA) neurons may replace the degenerated neurons in the brain. Here, we generated highly enriched cultures of neural progenitors from hESCs and grafted the progenitors into the striatum of Parkinsonian rats. The grafts survived for at least 12 weeks, the transplanted cells stopped proliferating, and teratomas were not observed. The grafted cells differentiated in vivo into DA neurons, though at a low prevalence similar to that observed following spontaneous differentiation in vitro. Transplanted rats exhibited a significant partial correction of D-amphetamine and apomorphine-induced rotational behavior, along with a significant improvement in stepping and placing non-pharmacological behavioral tests. While transplantation of uncommitted hESC-derived neural progenitors induced partial behavioral recovery, our data indicate that the host-lesioned striatum could not direct the transplanted neural progenitors to acquire a dopaminergic fate. Hence, induction of their differentiation toward a midbrain fate prior to transplantation is probably required for complete correction of behavioral deficit. Our observations encourage further developments for the potential use of hESCs in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamir Ben-Hur
- Department of Neurology, Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Jerusalem, Israel
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Berkovitch-Yellin Z, Van Mil J, Addadi L, Idelson M, Lahav M, Leiserowitz L. Crystal morphology engineering by "tailor-made" inhibitors; a new probe to fine intermolecular interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00297a017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Idelson M, Blout ER. Polypeptides. XVIII.1 A Kinetic Study of the Polymerization of Amino Acid N-Carboxyanhydrides Initiated by Strong Bases. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja01543a012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Blout ER, Idelson M. Compositional Effects on the Configuration of Water-soluble Polypeptide Copolymers of L-Glutamic Acid and L-Lysine1. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja01551a036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Idelson M, Blout ER. Polypeptides. XV.1 Infrared Spectroscopy and the Kinetics of the Synthesis of Polypeptides: Primary Amine Initiated Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja01572a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fasman GD, Idelson M, Blout ER. The Synthesis and Conformation of High Molecular Weight Poly-ε-carbobenzyloxy-L-lysine and Poly-L-lysine·HCl1,2. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja01464a041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Blout ER, Idelson M. POLYPEPTIDES. IX. THE KINETICS OF STRONG-BASE INITIATED POLYMERIZATIONS OF AMINO ACID-N-CARBOXYANHYDRIDES. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja01596a083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pollak RD, Blumenfeld A, Bejarano-Achache I, Idelson M, Celinke Hochner D. The BsmI vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism in Israeli populations and in perimenopausal and osteoporotic Ashkenazi women. Am J Nephrol 2001; 21:185-8. [PMID: 11423686 DOI: 10.1159/000046245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms and bone mineral density (BMD) is controversial, and may be effected by ethnic ancestry and age. AIMS To determine the distribution of the BsmI VDR gene polymorphism in healthy Israeli populations, and to study its association with BMD in perimenopausal and osteoporotic Ashkenazi women. METHODS Allele and genotype frequencies of the VDR gene defined by BsmI restriction site were determined in 634 healthy Israelis of seven ethnic groups, 90 Ashkenazi perimenopausal women and in 75 Ashkenazi osteoporotic women. Genotype-related differences in spinal and femoral neck BMD were determined in Ashkenazi perimenopausal women. Allele and genotype frequencies in Ashkenazi osteoporotic women were compared with Ashkenazi controls. RESULTS The frequency of the BB genotype was higher in Yemenites compared with Ashkenazi and Libyan Jews (23, 11 and 8%, respectively, p < 0.05), and lower in Ashkenazi compared with Iraqi and Persian Jews (11, 20 and 21%, respectively, p = 0.05). BMD did not vary by genotype in perimenopausal women, nor were there differences in the frequencies of the B allele or the BB genotype in osteoporotic women compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS There is ethnic variability in the frequency of the BsmI VDR gene polymorphism. In Ashkenazi perimenopausal and osteoporotic women this polymorphism is not associated with BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Pollak
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah University Hospital on Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Slaugenhaupt SA, Blumenfeld A, Gill SP, Leyne M, Mull J, Cuajungco MP, Liebert CB, Chadwick B, Idelson M, Reznik L, Robbins CM, Makalowska I, Brownstein MJ, Krappmann D, Scheidereit C, Maayan C, Axelrod FB, Gusella JF. Tissue-specific expression of a splicing mutation in the IKBKAP gene causes familial dysautonomia. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 68:598-605. [PMID: 11179008 PMCID: PMC1274473 DOI: 10.1086/318810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2000] [Accepted: 01/10/2001] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial dysautonomia (FD; also known as "Riley-Day syndrome"), an Ashkenazi Jewish disorder, is the best known and most frequent of a group of congenital sensory neuropathies and is characterized by widespread sensory and variable autonomic dysfunction. Previously, we had mapped the FD gene, DYS, to a 0.5-cM region on chromosome 9q31 and had shown that the ethnic bias is due to a founder effect, with >99.5% of disease alleles sharing a common ancestral haplotype. To investigate the molecular basis of FD, we sequenced the minimal candidate region and cloned and characterized its five genes. One of these, IKBKAP, harbors two mutations that can cause FD. The major haplotype mutation is located in the donor splice site of intron 20. This mutation can result in skipping of exon 20 in the mRNA of patients with FD, although they continue to express varying levels of wild-type message in a tissue-specific manner. RNA isolated from lymphoblasts of patients is primarily wild-type, whereas only the deleted message is seen in RNA isolated from brain. The mutation associated with the minor haplotype in four patients is a missense (R696P) mutation in exon 19, which is predicted to disrupt a potential phosphorylation site. Our findings indicate that almost all cases of FD are caused by an unusual splice defect that displays tissue-specific expression; and they also provide the basis for rapid carrier screening in the Ashkenazi Jewish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A. Slaugenhaupt
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - Anat Blumenfeld
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - Sandra P. Gill
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - Maire Leyne
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - James Mull
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - Math P. Cuajungco
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - Christopher B. Liebert
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - Brian Chadwick
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - Maria Idelson
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - Luba Reznik
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - Christiane M. Robbins
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - Izabela Makalowska
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - Michael J. Brownstein
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - Daniel Krappmann
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - Claus Scheidereit
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - Channa Maayan
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - Felicia B. Axelrod
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - James F. Gusella
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
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Pollak RD, Friedlander Y, Pollak A, Idelson M, Blumenfeld A. Ethnic differences in the frequency of the C677T mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene in healthy Israeli populations. Genet Test 2001; 4:309-11. [PMID: 11142765 DOI: 10.1089/10906570050501560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for arteriosclerotic vascular disease. It can result from deficiencies of co-factors required for homocysteine metabolism and/or from genetic disorders of its metabolism. The association between the C677T mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene and vascular disease is controversial, and may be affected by ethnic origin. A unique feature of the Israeli population is its ethnic diversity. The aim of this study was to study the frequency of the C677T MTHFR mutation in healthy Israeli ethnic groups. The frequency of the mutation was determined in 897 young healthy Jewish and Muslim Arab Israelis of eight different ethnic groups. Marked ethnic differences in the frequency of mutant homozygotes were found, ranging from 2% in Yemenite Jews, 4% in Sephardic Jews, 9% in Oriental Jews, 10% in Muslim Arabs, 16% in North African Jews, and 19% in Ashkenazi Jews. The frequency of mutant homozygotes was significantly higher in Ashkenazi Jews compared to Yemenites Oriental Jews, Sephardic Jews, and Muslim Arabs (chi2 = 12.35p < 0.001, chi2 = 8.17p = 0.004, chi2 = 6.04p = 0.01, chi2 = 6.54 p = 0.01, respectively). Our findings demonstrate the need for matching ethnic background in patients and controls when studying the association between the C677T MTHFR mutation and any disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Pollak
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah University Hospital at Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Pollak RD, Rachmilewitz E, Blumenfeld A, Idelson M, Goldfarb AW. Bone mineral metabolism in adults with β-thalassaemia major and intermedia. Br J Haematol 2000. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2000.02392.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pollak RD, Rachmilewitz E, Blumenfeld A, Idelson M, Goldfarb AW. Bone mineral metabolism in adults with beta-thalassaemia major and intermedia. Br J Haematol 2000. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.02392.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Dresner Pollack R, Rachmilewitz E, Blumenfeld A, Idelson M, Goldfarb AW. Bone mineral metabolism in adults with beta-thalassaemia major and intermedia. Br J Haematol 2000; 111:902-7. [PMID: 11122154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Bone disease is an important cause of morbidity in older patients with beta-thalassaemia major and intermedia. We studied 27 women and 23 men with beta-thalassaemia major (37) and intermedia (13) whose mean age was 32.3 +/- 9.7 years. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine, femoral neck and distal radius was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorbiometry (DXA). The longitudinal change in BMD over a mean of 5.6 years was determined in 19 patients. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1), bone formation markers bone-alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and the resorption marker urinary N-telopeptide cross-linked type 1 collagen (NTx) were determined. The BsmI vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphism was analysed. Reduced BMD (Z-score < -2) was present in 89%, 62% and 73% of patients in the spine, hip and radius respectively. Vitamin D deficiency was found in 62%, decreased IGF-1 in 72% and increased urinary NTx in 84% of patients. Serum IGF-1 correlated with spine and hip BMD (r = 0.4, r = 0.39, P < 0.01 respectively), and NTx correlated with the hip BMD Z-score (r = 0.35 P < 0.05). The mean annual percentage change in spine BMD was -1.36%. Patients with the VDR BB genotype had lower spine BMD than patients with the bb genotype. In conclusion, bone loss continues in adult thalassaemia patients and is associated with increased bone resorption and decreased IGF-1. The BsmI VDR gene polymorphism is associated with osteopenia in thalassaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dresner Pollack
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Pollak RD, Pollak A, Idelson M, Bejarano-Achache I, Doron D, Blumenfeld A. The C677T mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene and vascular dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000; 48:664-8. [PMID: 10855603 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb04725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the association between the C677T mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene and vascular dementia in Ashkenazi and non-Ashkenazi Jews. DESIGN A case-control study. SETTING Nursing homes in Jerusalem, Israel. PARTICIPANTS Two hundred fifty nine Jewish people of Ashkenazi and non-Ashkenazi origin, older than age 70, who have vascular dementia (VD) (n = 85), Alzheimer's disease (AD) (n = 92), and who are cognitively intact (n = 82) with no clinical evidence of atherosclerotic vascular disease. MEASUREMENTS The frequencies of the mutant allele (T allele) and homozygotes for the C677T MTHFR mutation (T/T genotype). The total plasma homocysteine (tHCT) level in 75 subjects. RESULTS There were no significant differences in the frequencies of the T/T genotype or T allele among VD, AD, and cognitively intact older people of the same ethnic origin (0.15, 0.19, 0.25 T/T genotype and 0.42, 0.46, 0.47 T allele in Ashkenazi; 0.08, 0.06, 0.10 T/T genotype and 0.28, 0.32, 0.33 T allele in non-Ashkenazi with VD and AD, and in cognitively intact older people, respectively). The relative risk of VD associated with the T/T genotype versus the C/C genotype was 0.62 (95% CI, 0.19-1.19) in Ashkenazi and 0.65 (95% CI, 0.11-3.7) in non-Ashkenazi, respectively. The relative risk of AD associated with the T/T genotype was 0.85 (95% CI, 0.29-2.45) in Ashkenazi and 0.62 (95% CI, 0.1-4.3) in non-Ashkenazi, respectively. The frequencies of mutant homozygotes and allele were significantly higher in Ashkenazi than in non-Ashkenazi Jews (19.9% vs 7.5% T/T genotype, chi2 = 6.2, P = .01, 0.45 vs 0.31 T allele, chi2 = 9.77, P = .002 in Ashkenazi vs non-Ashkenazi, respectively). There were no differences in mean tHCT concentration among VD, AD, and cognitively intact older people. CONCLUSIONS The MTHFR C677T is not associated with an increased risk of vascular dementia or Alzheimer's disease. The frequency of the mutation is significantly higher in Ashkenazi compared with non-Ashkenazi Jews.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Pollak
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah University Hospital, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
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Blumenfeld A, Slaugenhaupt SA, Liebert CB, Temper V, Maayan C, Gill S, Lucente DE, Idelson M, MacCormack K, Monahan MA, Mull J, Leyne M, Mendillo M, Schiripo T, Mishori E, Breakefield X, Axelrod FB, Gusella JF. Precise genetic mapping and haplotype analysis of the familial dysautonomia gene on human chromosome 9q31. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 64:1110-8. [PMID: 10090896 PMCID: PMC1377835 DOI: 10.1086/302339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial dysautonomia (FD) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by developmental arrest in the sensory and autonomic nervous systems and by Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry. We previously had mapped the defective gene (DYS) to an 11-cM segment of chromosome 9q31-33, flanked by D9S53 and D9S105. By using 11 new polymorphic loci, we now have narrowed the location of DYS to <0.5 cM between the markers 43B1GAGT and 157A3. Two markers in this interval, 164D1 and D9S1677, show no recombination with the disease. Haplotype analysis confirmed this candidate region and revealed a major haplotype shared by 435 of 441 FD chromosomes, indicating a striking founder effect. Three other haplotypes, found on the remaining 6 FD chromosomes, might represent independent mutations. The frequency of the major FD haplotype in the Ashkenazim (5 in 324 control chromosomes) was consistent with the estimated DYS carrier frequency of 1 in 32, and none of the four haplotypes associated with FD was observed on 492 non-FD chromosomes from obligatory carriers. It is now possible to provide accurate genetic testing both for families with FD and for carriers, on the basis of close flanking markers and the capacity to identify >98% of FD chromosomes by their haplotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Blumenfeld
- Unit for Development of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Hadassah University Hospital, Mt.Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
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Abstract
SacY antiterminates transcription of the sacB gene in Bacillus subtilis in response to the presence of sucrose in the growth medium. We have found that it can substitute for BglG, a homologous protein, in antiterminating transcription of the bgl operon in Escherichia coli. We therefore sought to determine whether, similarly to BglG, SacY is regulated by reversible phosphorylation in response to the availability of the inducing sugar. We show here that two forms of SacY, phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated, exist in B. subtilis cells and that the ratio between them depends on the external level of sucrose. Addition of sucrose to the growth medium after SacY phosphorylation in the cell resulted in its rapid dephosphorylation. The extent of SacY phosphorylation was found to be proportional to the cellular levels of SacX, a putative sucrose permease which was previously shown to have a negative effect on SacY activity. Thus, the mechanism by which the sac sensory system modulates sacB expression in response to sucrose involves reversible phosphorylation of the regulator SacY, and this process appears to depend on the SacX sucrose sensor. The sac system is therefore a member of the novel family of sensory systems represented by bgl.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Idelson
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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Plaxe SC, Dottino PR, Goodman HM, Deligdisch L, Idelson M, Cohen CJ. Clinical features of advanced ovarian mixed mesodermal tumors and treatment with doxorubicin- and cis-platinum-based chemotherapy. Gynecol Oncol 1990; 37:244-9. [PMID: 2160905 DOI: 10.1016/0090-8258(90)90341-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Records of 15 patients with stage III and IV malignant mixed mesodermal tumors of the ovary treated between 1977 and 1988 were reviewed. All patients had primary surgery; 13 were given postoperative chemotherapy including doxorubicin and cis-platinum. Median survival for patients receiving chemotherapy is 16 months; 62% were alive at 12 months and 31% at 24 months. Progression-free responses were seen in 85% of treated patients and 55% of these recurred. All recurrences involved the pelvis and were predominantly mesenchymal. Serum CA-125 values accurately reflected tumor presence in 82% of tested patients. Cytoreductive surgery followed by treatment including doxorubicin- and cis-platinum-based chemotherapy is effective in treatment of disseminated ovarian mixed mesodermal tumors, but additional components must be added to achieve durable responses and consistently prolonged survivals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Plaxe
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York 10029
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Plaxe S, Dottino P, Goodman H, Deligdisch L, Idelson M, Cohen C. Treatment of advanced ovarian mixed mesodermal tumors with postoperative doxorubicin and cis-platinum based chemotherapy. Gynecol Oncol 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0090-8258(89)91014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Idelson M. Poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate) and other glutamic-acid-containing polymers (polymer monographs volume 9), by H. Block, Gordon and Breach, New York, 1983, 215 pp. Price: $49.00. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.1985.130231115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Berkovitch-Yellin Z, Addadi L, Idelson M, Lahav M, Leiserowitz L. Controlled Modification of Crystal Habit via ?Tailor-Made? Impurities. Application to Benzamide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.198213360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Idelson M, Blout E. Additions and Corrections: Polypeptides. XVIII. A Kinetic Study of the Polymerization of Amino Acid N-Carboxyanhydrides Initiated by Strong Bases. J Am Chem Soc 1958. [DOI: 10.1021/ja01557a639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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