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Ampudia-Mesias E, Cameron CS, Yoo E, Kelly M, Anderson SM, Manning R, Abrahante Lloréns JE, Moertel CL, Yim H, Odde DJ, Saydam N, Saydam O. The OTX2 Gene Induces Tumor Growth and Triggers Leptomeningeal Metastasis by Regulating the mTORC2 Signaling Pathway in Group 3 Medulloblastomas. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4416. [PMID: 38674001 PMCID: PMC11050316 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) encompasses diverse subgroups, and leptomeningeal disease/metastasis (LMD) plays a substantial role in associated fatalities. Despite extensive exploration of canonical genes in MB, the molecular mechanisms underlying LMD and the involvement of the orthodenticle homeobox 2 (OTX2) gene, a key driver in aggressive MB Group 3, remain insufficiently understood. Recognizing OTX2's pivotal role, we investigated its potential as a catalyst for aggressive cellular behaviors, including migration, invasion, and metastasis. OTX2 overexpression heightened cell growth, motility, and polarization in Group 3 MB cells. Orthotopic implantation of OTX2-overexpressing cells in mice led to reduced median survival, accompanied by the development of spinal cord and brain metastases. Mechanistically, OTX2 acted as a transcriptional activator of the Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) gene's promoter and the mTORC2 signaling pathway, correlating with upregulated downstream genes that orchestrate cell motility and migration. Knockdown of mTOR mRNA mitigated OTX2-mediated enhancements in cell motility and polarization. Analysis of human MB tumor samples (N = 952) revealed a positive correlation between OTX2 and mTOR mRNA expression, emphasizing the clinical significance of OTX2's role in the mTORC2 pathway. Our results reveal that OTX2 governs the mTORC2 signaling pathway, instigating LMD in Group 3 MBs and offering insights into potential therapeutic avenues through mTORC2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Ampudia-Mesias
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA; (E.A.-M.); (C.S.C.); or (E.Y.); (C.L.M.)
| | - Charles S. Cameron
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA; (E.A.-M.); (C.S.C.); or (E.Y.); (C.L.M.)
| | - Eunjae Yoo
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA; (E.A.-M.); (C.S.C.); or (E.Y.); (C.L.M.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Marcus Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.K.); (S.M.A.); (R.M.); (D.J.O.)
| | - Sarah M. Anderson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.K.); (S.M.A.); (R.M.); (D.J.O.)
| | - Riley Manning
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.K.); (S.M.A.); (R.M.); (D.J.O.)
| | | | - Christopher L. Moertel
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA; (E.A.-M.); (C.S.C.); or (E.Y.); (C.L.M.)
| | - Hyungshin Yim
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - David J. Odde
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.K.); (S.M.A.); (R.M.); (D.J.O.)
| | | | - Okay Saydam
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA; (E.A.-M.); (C.S.C.); or (E.Y.); (C.L.M.)
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Okubo T, Rivron N, Kabata M, Masaki H, Kishimoto K, Semi K, Nakajima-Koyama M, Kunitomi H, Kaswandy B, Sato H, Nakauchi H, Woltjen K, Saitou M, Sasaki E, Yamamoto T, Takashima Y. Hypoblast from human pluripotent stem cells regulates epiblast development. Nature 2024; 626:357-366. [PMID: 38052228 PMCID: PMC10849967 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06871-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, several studies using cultures of human embryos together with single-cell RNA-seq analyses have revealed differences between humans and mice, necessitating the study of human embryos1-8. Despite the importance of human embryology, ethical and legal restrictions have limited post-implantation-stage studies. Thus, recent efforts have focused on developing in vitro self-organizing models using human stem cells9-17. Here, we report genetic and non-genetic approaches to generate authentic hypoblast cells (naive hPSC-derived hypoblast-like cells (nHyCs))-known to give rise to one of the two extraembryonic tissues essential for embryonic development-from naive human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Our nHyCs spontaneously assemble with naive hPSCs to form a three-dimensional bilaminar structure (bilaminoids) with a pro-amniotic-like cavity. In the presence of additional naive hPSC-derived analogues of the second extraembryonic tissue, the trophectoderm, the efficiency of bilaminoid formation increases from 20% to 40%, and the epiblast within the bilaminoids continues to develop in response to trophectoderm-secreted IL-6. Furthermore, we show that bilaminoids robustly recapitulate the patterning of the anterior-posterior axis and the formation of cells reflecting the pregastrula stage, the emergence of which can be shaped by genetically manipulating the DKK1/OTX2 hypoblast-like domain. We have therefore successfully modelled and identified the mechanisms by which the two extraembryonic tissues efficiently guide the stage-specific growth and progression of the epiblast as it establishes the post-implantation landmarks of human embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Okubo
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nicolas Rivron
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Mio Kabata
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideki Masaki
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Katsunori Semi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - May Nakajima-Koyama
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruko Kunitomi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Belinda Kaswandy
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sato
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Knut Woltjen
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mitinori Saitou
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
- Medical-risk Avoidance Based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Takashima
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Cao B, Liu K, Tian C, He H, He S, Chen H, Zhang X, Liu Y, Wang L, Liu X, Li M, Jia Q, Chai J. OTX1 regulates tumorigenesis and metastasis in glioma. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 254:155116. [PMID: 38218040 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
The most prevalent kind of primary brain tumors, gliomas, have a dismal prognosis. Recent advances in the tumor-promoting ability of OTX1 have drawn increasing attention. The overexpression of OTX1 has been reported to be associated with tumor-promoting effects in several malignancies, but its expression in gliomas is unknown. The oncogene OTX1 is increased in gliomas and is linked to a poor prognosis, as we show here. The degree of OTX1 positive expression is doubtlessly concomitant with the grade of glioma. We observed that OTX1 was up-regulated in gliomas, influenced the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), encouraged glioma cell growth and proliferation, and was linked to a poor clinical outcome for patients. At present, the prognosis of glioma is still not optimistic, and further research is needed to find a new target for treatment. According to our research, OTX1 is anticipated to emerge as a novel biological target for determining glioma prognosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Cao
- Department of Information Service, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, No.971 Hospital of the PLA Navy, Qingdao, China
| | - Chuntao Tian
- Department of Oncology, Sanmenxia Central Hospital, Sanmenxia, China
| | - Hongyu He
- Department of Pathology, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Shaofei He
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an-Xianyang New Ecomic Zone, Xi'an, China
| | - Hang Chen
- Department of Information Service, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yixiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuantong Liu
- Department of Pathology, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China.
| | - Mingyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Qingge Jia
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Jia Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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Wang Z, Thakur C, Seno A, Chen F. Digging out MDIG from the mess of H3K9me3, OTX2 and MYC signaling in human cancers. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:1090-1092. [PMID: 38322115 PMCID: PMC10845298 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.92589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Wang
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, and Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Lauterbur Drive, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Chitra Thakur
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, and Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Lauterbur Drive, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Akimasa Seno
- Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan, and R&D Center, Katayama Chemicals Ind., Co. Ltd, Ina, Minoh, Osaka, 562-0015, Japan
| | - Fei Chen
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, and Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Lauterbur Drive, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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Qin N, Paisana E, Picard D, Leprivier G, Langini M, Custódia C, Cascão R, Conrad C, Peitzsch M, Stefanski A, Stühler K, Fischer U, Faria CC, Dietrich S, Reifenberger G, Remke M. The long non-coding RNA OTX2-AS1 promotes tumor growth and predicts response to BCL-2 inhibition in medulloblastoma. J Neurooncol 2023; 165:329-342. [PMID: 37976029 PMCID: PMC10689561 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-023-04508-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Primary brain tumors are a leading cause of cancer-related death in children, and medulloblastoma is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. The current molecular characterization of medulloblastoma is mainly based on protein-coding genes, while little is known about the involvement of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). This study aimed to elucidate the role of the lncRNA OTX2-AS1 in medulloblastoma. METHODS Analyses of DNA copy number alterations, methylation profiles, and gene expression data were used to characterize molecular alterations of OTX2-AS1 in medulloblastoma tissue samples. In vitro analyses of medulloblastoma cell models and orthotopic in vivo experiments were carried out for functional characterization of OTX2-AS1. High-throughput drug screening was employed to identify pharmacological inhibitors, while proteomics and metabolomics analyses were performed to address potential mechanisms of drug action. RESULTS We detected amplification and consecutive overexpression of OTX2 and OTX2-AS1 in a subset of medulloblastomas. In addition, OTX2-AS1 promoter methylation was linked to OTX2-AS1 expression. OTX2-AS1 knockout reduced medulloblastoma cell viability and cell migration in vitro and prolonged survival in the D283 orthotopic medulloblastoma mouse xenograft model. Pharmacological inhibition of BCL-2 suppressed the growth of OTX2-AS1 overexpressing medulloblastoma cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed a pro-tumorigenic role of OTX2-AS1 in medulloblastoma and identified BCL-2 inhibition as a potential therapeutic approach to target OTX2-AS1 overexpressing medulloblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Qin
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- High-Throughput Drug Screening Core Facility, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Mildred Scheel School of Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (MSSO ABCD), Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Eunice Paisana
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes (iMM), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Daniel Picard
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gabriel Leprivier
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maike Langini
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carlos Custódia
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes (iMM), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Rita Cascão
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes (iMM), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Catleen Conrad
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mirko Peitzsch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Stefanski
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Medicine 1, Heinrich Heine University Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kai Stühler
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Medicine 1, Heinrich Heine University Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ute Fischer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claudia C Faria
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes (iMM), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, 1649-028, Portugal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, EPE, Lisbon, 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Sascha Dietrich
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Guido Reifenberger
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marc Remke
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- High-Throughput Drug Screening Core Facility, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Wei J, Wang X, Jiao K. Orthodenticle Homeobox OTX1 Promotes Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Progression and Is a Potential Prognostic Biomarker. Genet Res (Camb) 2023; 2023:5513812. [PMID: 37780815 PMCID: PMC10539079 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5513812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common type of thyroid neoplasms, characterized by evidence of follicular cell differentiation. Orthodenticle homeobox 1 (OTX1) is a transcription factor which has been implicated in numerous diseases, including malignancies. The objective of this research was to explore the function of OTX1 in PTC. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was employed to determine the protein level of OTX1 in PTC specimens. Cell viability was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Furthermore, a xenograft model on nude mice was established to investigate in vivo effects of OTX1. Our results revealed that OTX1 was significantly upregulated within specific PTC tissues and was remarkably correlated with unfavorable clinical outcomes in PTC. Silencing OTX1 resulted in a significant inhibition in cell viability and suppressed cell proliferation. In addition, in vivo experiments demonstrated that OTX1 silencing resulted in a significant suppression of tumor growth in nude mice. Collectively, these results suggest that OTX1 may play crucial roles in promoting PTC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, Xi'an Gaoxin Hospital, Xi'an 710077, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tangdu Hospital, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Kai Jiao
- Department of Endocrinology, Xi'an Gaoxin Hospital, Xi'an 710077, China
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Cohen-Gulkar M, David A, Messika-Gold N, Eshel M, Ovadia S, Zuk-Bar N, Idelson M, Cohen-Tayar Y, Reubinoff B, Ziv T, Shamay M, Elkon R, Ashery-Padan R. The LHX2-OTX2 transcriptional regulatory module controls retinal pigmented epithelium differentiation and underlies genetic risk for age-related macular degeneration. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3001924. [PMID: 36649236 PMCID: PMC9844853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-specific transcription factors (TFs) control the transcriptome through an association with noncoding regulatory regions (cistromes). Identifying the combination of TFs that dictate specific cell fate, their specific cistromes and examining their involvement in complex human traits remain a major challenge. Here, we focus on the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), an essential lineage for retinal development and function and the primary tissue affected in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of blindness. By combining mechanistic findings in stem-cell-derived human RPE, in vivo functional studies in mice and global transcriptomic and proteomic analyses, we revealed that the key developmental TFs LHX2 and OTX2 function together in transcriptional module containing LDB1 and SWI/SNF (BAF) to regulate the RPE transcriptome. Importantly, the intersection between the identified LHX2-OTX2 cistrome with published expression quantitative trait loci, ATAC-seq data from human RPE, and AMD genome-wide association study (GWAS) data, followed by functional validation using a reporter assay, revealed a causal genetic variant that affects AMD risk by altering TRPM1 expression in the RPE through modulation of LHX2 transcriptional activity on its promoter. Taken together, the reported cistrome of LHX2 and OTX2, the identified downstream genes and interacting co-factors reveal the RPE transcription module and uncover a causal regulatory risk single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the multifactorial common blinding disease AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazal Cohen-Gulkar
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ahuvit David
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Naama Messika-Gold
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mai Eshel
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shai Ovadia
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nitay Zuk-Bar
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maria Idelson
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy and Department of Gynecology, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yamit Cohen-Tayar
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Benjamin Reubinoff
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy and Department of Gynecology, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tamar Ziv
- Smoler Proteomics Center, Lorry I. Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Meir Shamay
- Daniella Lee Casper Laboratory in Viral Oncology, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Ran Elkon
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail: (RE); (RAP)
| | - Ruth Ashery-Padan
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail: (RE); (RAP)
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8
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Vojtek M, Zhang J, Sun J, Zhang M, Chambers I. Differential repression of Otx2 underlies the capacity of NANOG and ESRRB to induce germline entry. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 17:35-42. [PMID: 34971561 PMCID: PMC8758940 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) arise from cells of the post-implantation epiblast in response to cytokine signaling. PGC development can be recapitulated in vitro by differentiating epiblast-like cells (EpiLCs) into PGC-like cells (PGCLCs) through cytokine exposure. Interestingly, the cytokine requirement for PGCLC induction can be bypassed by enforced expression of the transcription factor (TF) NANOG. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Here, we show that NANOG mediates Otx2 downregulation in the absence of cytokines and that this is essential for PGCLC induction by NANOG. Moreover, the direct NANOG target gene Esrrb, which can substitute for several NANOG functions, does not downregulate Otx2 when overexpressed in EpiLCs and cannot promote PGCLC specification. However, expression of ESRRB in Otx2+/− EpiLCs rescues emergence of PGCLCs. This study illuminates the interplay of TFs occurring at the earliest stages of PGC specification. NANOG overexpression induces cytokine-free PGCLC specification by repressing Otx2 Enforced OTX2 expression prevents NANOG-induced germline entry ESRRB overexpression cannot repress Otx2 or induce cytokine-free germline entry Otx2 heterozygosity enables ESRRB to induce cytokine-free PGCLC specification
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Affiliation(s)
- Matúš Vojtek
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland
| | - Jingchao Zhang
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland
| | - Juanjuan Sun
- Center for Cell Lineage and Atlas (CCLA), Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Laboratory, No. 9 XingDaoHuanBei Road, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, 510005, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland; Center for Cell Lineage and Atlas (CCLA), Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China; The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Laboratory, No. 9 XingDaoHuanBei Road, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, 510005, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Ian Chambers
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland.
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9
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Oosterveen T, Garção P, Moles-Garcia E, Soleilhavoup C, Travaglio M, Sheraz S, Peltrini R, Patrick K, Labas V, Combes-Soia L, Marklund U, Hohenstein P, Panman L. Pluripotent stem cell derived dopaminergic subpopulations model the selective neuron degeneration in Parkinson's disease. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:2718-2735. [PMID: 34678205 PMCID: PMC8581055 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson’s disease (PD), substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic (DA) neurons degenerate, while related ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA neurons remain relatively unaffected. Here, we present a methodology that directs the differentiation of mouse and human pluripotent stem cells toward either SN- or VTA-like DA lineage and models their distinct vulnerabilities. We show that the level of WNT activity is critical for the induction of the SN- and VTA-lineage transcription factors Sox6 and Otx2, respectively. Both WNT signaling modulation and forced expression of these transcription factors can drive DA neurons toward the SN- or VTA-like fate. Importantly, the SN-like lineage enriched DA cultures recapitulate the selective sensitivity to mitochondrial toxins as observed in PD, while VTA-like neuron-enriched cultures are more resistant. Furthermore, a proteomics approach led to the identification of compounds that alter SN neuronal survival, demonstrating the utility of our strategy for disease modeling and drug discovery. Derivation of distinct dopaminergic subpopulations from pluripotent stem cells Wnt signaling inhibitors promote SN dopaminergic neuron specification Modeling selective vulnerability of SN dopaminergic neurons in vitro Proteomics reveals pathways that promote SN dopaminergic neuron survival
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Oosterveen
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Pedro Garção
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Emma Moles-Garcia
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Clement Soleilhavoup
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Marco Travaglio
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Shahida Sheraz
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rosa Peltrini
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Kieran Patrick
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Valerie Labas
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, University of Tours, IFCE, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Ulrika Marklund
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Lia Panman
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK.
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10
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Lu Y. miR-223-5p Suppresses OTX1 to Mediate Malignant Progression of Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells. Comput Math Methods Med 2021; 2021:6248793. [PMID: 34306176 PMCID: PMC8282403 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6248793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) features high morbidity and mortality as a worldwide malignant tumor. This study mainly explored a miR-223-5p-dependent mechanism that affected proliferation, invasion, and migration of LUSC cells. METHODS Expression data of mature miRNAs and sequencing data of total RNA of LUSC were downloaded from TCGA database. Differentially expressed mRNAs were obtained. Function of miR-223-5p in LUSC cells was detected by assays like qRT-PCR, MTT, wound healing assay, Western blot, and Transwell assay. Western blot was performed to analyze the relationship between OTX1 and JAK/STAT signaling pathways. Dual-luciferase assay detected the relationship between miR-223-5p and OTX1. The way how miR-223-5p regulated LUSC cell biological functions via OTX1 was further explored. RESULTS It was noted that miR-223-5p expression in LUSC tissue and cells was significantly reduced. Overexpression of miR-223-5p negatively regulated the proliferation, invasion, and migration of LUSC cells. The downstream target gene OTX1 was detected to be notably elevated in LUSC cells. A negative correlation between OTX1 and miR-223-5p was also found. As analyzed by GSEA, OTX1 was significantly enriched in the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and activated the pathway. Dual-luciferase assay demonstrated that OTX1 was a direct molecular target of miR-223-5p in LUSC cells. Rescue experiment verified that miR-223-5p regulated the malignant phenotypes of LUSC cells by pairing with OTX1. CONCLUSION This study indicated that miR-223-5p was lowly expressed in LUSC cells. The impact of miR-223-5p on cell proliferation, invasion, and migration was realized by targeting OTX1. It is likely that miR-223-5p can be a novel target for LUSC treatment, which provides new ideas for future LUSC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunping Lu
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
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11
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Kaufman ML, Goodson NB, Park KU, Schwanke M, Office E, Schneider SR, Abraham J, Hensley A, Jones KL, Brzezinski JA. Initiation of Otx2 expression in the developing mouse retina requires a unique enhancer and either Ascl1 or Neurog2 activity. Development 2021; 148:dev199399. [PMID: 34143204 PMCID: PMC8254865 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During retinal development, a large subset of progenitors upregulates the transcription factor Otx2, which is required for photoreceptor and bipolar cell formation. How these retinal progenitor cells initially activate Otx2 expression is unclear. To address this, we investigated the cis-regulatory network that controls Otx2 expression in mice. We identified a minimal enhancer element, DHS-4D, that drove expression in newly formed OTX2+ cells. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of DHS-4D reduced OTX2 expression, but this effect was diminished in postnatal development. Systematic mutagenesis of the enhancer revealed that three basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor-binding sites were required for its activity. Single cell RNA-sequencing of nascent Otx2+ cells identified the bHLH factors Ascl1 and Neurog2 as candidate regulators. CRISPR/Cas9 targeting of these factors showed that only the simultaneous loss of Ascl1 and Neurog2 prevented OTX2 expression. Our findings suggest that Ascl1 and Neurog2 act either redundantly or in a compensatory fashion to activate the DHS-4D enhancer and Otx2 expression. We observed redundancy or compensation at both the transcriptional and enhancer utilization levels, suggesting that the mechanisms governing Otx2 regulation in the retina are flexible and robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Kaufman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Noah B. Goodson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ko Uoon Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael Schwanke
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Emma Office
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sophia R. Schneider
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Joy Abraham
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Austin Hensley
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kenneth L. Jones
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Joseph A. Brzezinski
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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12
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Kerschner JL, Paranjapye A, NandyMazumdar M, Yin S, Leir SH, Harris A. OTX2 regulates CFTR expression during endoderm differentiation and occupies 3' cis-regulatory elements. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:684-700. [PMID: 33386644 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell-specific and developmental mechanisms contribute to expression of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene; however, its developmental regulation is poorly understood. Here we use human induced pluripotent stem cells differentiated into pseudostratified airway epithelial cells to study these mechanisms. RESULTS Changes in gene expression and open chromatin profiles were investigated by RNA-seq and ATAC-seq, and revealed that alterations in CFTR expression are associated with differences in stage-specific open chromatin. Additionally, two novel open chromatin regions, at +19.6 kb and +22.6 kb 3' to the CFTR translational stop signal, were observed in definitive endoderm (DE) cells, prior to an increase in CFTR expression in anterior foregut endoderm (AFE) cells. Chromatin studies in DE and AFE cells revealed enrichment of active enhancer marks and occupancy of OTX2 at these sites in DE cells. Loss of OTX2 in DE cells alters histone modifications across the CFTR locus and results in a 2.5-fold to 5-fold increase in CFTR expression. However, deletion of the +22.6 kb site alone does not affect CFTR expression in DE or AFE cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that a network of interacting cis-regulatory elements recruit OTX2 to the locus to impact CFTR expression during early endoderm differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Kerschner
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Alekh Paranjapye
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Monali NandyMazumdar
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Shiyi Yin
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Shih-Hsing Leir
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ann Harris
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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13
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Betto RM, Diamante L, Perrera V, Audano M, Rapelli S, Lauria A, Incarnato D, Arboit M, Pedretti S, Rigoni G, Guerineau V, Touboul D, Stirparo GG, Lohoff T, Boroviak T, Grumati P, Soriano ME, Nichols J, Mitro N, Oliviero S, Martello G. Metabolic control of DNA methylation in naive pluripotent cells. Nat Genet 2021; 53:215-229. [PMID: 33526924 PMCID: PMC7116828 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-00770-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Naive epiblast and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) give rise to all cells of adults. Such developmental plasticity is associated with genome hypomethylation. Here, we show that LIF-Stat3 signaling induces genomic hypomethylation via metabolic reconfiguration. Stat3-/- ESCs show decreased α-ketoglutarate production from glutamine, leading to increased Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b expression and DNA methylation. Notably, genome methylation is dynamically controlled through modulation of α-ketoglutarate availability or Stat3 activation in mitochondria. Alpha-ketoglutarate links metabolism to the epigenome by reducing the expression of Otx2 and its targets Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b. Genetic inactivation of Otx2 or Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b results in genomic hypomethylation even in the absence of active LIF-Stat3. Stat3-/- ESCs show increased methylation at imprinting control regions and altered expression of cognate transcripts. Single-cell analyses of Stat3-/- embryos confirmed the dysregulated expression of Otx2, Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b as well as imprinted genes. Several cancers display Stat3 overactivation and abnormal DNA methylation; therefore, the molecular module that we describe might be exploited under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo M Betto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Linda Diamante
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Valentina Perrera
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Neuroscience Sector, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Matteo Audano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Rapelli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), Candiolo, Italy
| | - Andrea Lauria
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), Candiolo, Italy
| | - Danny Incarnato
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mattia Arboit
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Pedretti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Rigoni
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vincent Guerineau
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - David Touboul
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Tim Lohoff
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thorsten Boroviak
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paolo Grumati
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | | | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nico Mitro
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Oliviero
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), Candiolo, Italy.
| | - Graziano Martello
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
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14
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Kim KP, Choi J, Yoon J, Bruder JM, Shin B, Kim J, Arauzo-Bravo MJ, Han D, Wu G, Han DW, Kim J, Cramer P, Schöler HR. Permissive epigenomes endow reprogramming competence to transcriptional regulators. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:47-56. [PMID: 32807969 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-0618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Identifying molecular and cellular processes that regulate reprogramming competence of transcription factors broadens our understanding of reprogramming mechanisms. In the present study, by a chemical screen targeting major epigenetic pathways in human reprogramming, we discovered that inhibiting specific epigenetic roadblocks including disruptor of telomeric silencing 1-like (DOT1L)-mediated H3K79/K27 methylation, but also other epigenetic pathways, catalyzed by lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A, DNA methyltransferases and histone deacetylases, allows induced pluripotent stem cell generation with almost all OCT factors. We found that simultaneous inhibition of these pathways not only dramatically enhances reprogramming competence of most OCT factors, but in fact enables dismantling of species-dependent reprogramming competence of OCT6, NR5A1, NR5A2, TET1 and GATA3. Harnessing these induced permissive epigenetic states, we performed an additional screen with 98 candidate genes. Thereby, we identified 25 transcriptional regulators (OTX2, SIX3, and so on) that can functionally replace OCT4 in inducing pluripotency. Our findings provide a conceptual framework for understanding how transcription factors elicit reprogramming in dependency of the donor cell epigenome that differs across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee-Pyo Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Jinmi Choi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Juyong Yoon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
- Department of Early Discovery, Ksilink, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jan M Bruder
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Borami Shin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Jonghun Kim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marcos J Arauzo-Bravo
- Group of Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Dong Han
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Guangming Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Wook Han
- School of Biotechnology and Healthcare, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Johnny Kim
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Patrick Cramer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans R Schöler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.
- Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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15
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Goodson NB, Kaufman MA, Park KU, Brzezinski JA. Simultaneous deletion of Prdm1 and Vsx2 enhancers in the retina alters photoreceptor and bipolar cell fate specification, yet differs from deleting both genes. Development 2020; 147:dev190272. [PMID: 32541005 PMCID: PMC10666920 DOI: 10.1242/dev.190272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor OTX2 is required for photoreceptor and bipolar cell formation in the retina. It directly activates the transcription factors Prdm1 and Vsx2 through cell type-specific enhancers. PRDM1 and VSX2 work in opposition, such that PRDM1 promotes photoreceptor fate and VSX2 bipolar cell fate. To determine how OTX2+ cell fates are regulated in mice, we deleted Prdm1 and Vsx2 or their cell type-specific enhancers simultaneously using a CRISPR/Cas9 in vivo retina electroporation strategy. Double gene or enhancer targeting effectively removed PRDM1 and VSX2 protein expression. However, double enhancer targeting favored bipolar fate outcomes, whereas double gene targeting favored photoreceptor fate. Both conditions generated excess amacrine cells. Combined, these fate changes suggest that photoreceptors are a default fate outcome in OTX2+ cells and that VSX2 must be present in a narrow temporal window to drive bipolar cell formation. Prdm1 and Vsx2 also appear to redundantly restrict the competence of OTX2+ cells, preventing amacrine cell formation. By taking a combinatorial deletion approach of both coding sequences and enhancers, our work provides new insights into the complex regulatory mechanisms that control cell fate choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah B Goodson
- Sue Anschutz Rodgers Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael A Kaufman
- Sue Anschutz Rodgers Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Cell Biology, Stem Cells, and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ko U Park
- Sue Anschutz Rodgers Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Joseph A Brzezinski
- Sue Anschutz Rodgers Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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16
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Omori A, Shibata TF, Akasaka K. Gene expression analysis of three homeobox genes throughout early and late development of a feather star Anneissia japonica. Dev Genes Evol 2020; 230:305-314. [PMID: 32671457 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-020-00665-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Crinoids are considered as the most basal extant echinoderms. They retain aboral nervous system with a nerve center, which has been degraded in the eleutherozoan echinoderms. To investigate the evolution of patterning of the nervous systems in crinoids, we examined temporal and spatial expression patterns of three neural patterning-related homeobox genes, six3, pax6, and otx, throughout the development of a feather star Anneissia japonica. These genes were involved in the patterning of endomesodermal tissues instead of the ectodermal neural tissues in the early planktonic stages. In the stages after larval attachment, the expression of these genes was mainly observed in the podia and the oral nervous systems instead of the aboral nerve center. Our results indicate the involvement of these three genes in the formation of oral nervous system in the common ancestor of the echinoderms and suggest that the aboral nerve center is not evolutionally related to the brain of other bilaterians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Omori
- Marine Biological Station, Sado Island Center for Ecological Sustainability, Niigata University, 87 Tassha, Sado, Niigata, 952-2135, Japan.
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 1024 Koajiro, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa, 238-0225, Japan.
| | - Tomoko F Shibata
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 1024 Koajiro, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa, 238-0225, Japan
| | - Koji Akasaka
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 1024 Koajiro, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa, 238-0225, Japan
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17
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Kesavan G, Machate A, Hans S, Brand M. Cell-fate plasticity, adhesion and cell sorting complementarily establish a sharp midbrain-hindbrain boundary. Development 2020; 147:dev186882. [PMID: 32439756 DOI: 10.1242/dev.186882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The formation and maintenance of sharp boundaries between groups of cells play a vital role during embryonic development as they serve to compartmentalize cells with similar fates. Some of these boundaries also act as organizers, with the ability to induce specific cell fates and morphogenesis in the surrounding cells. The midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB) is such an organizer: it acts as a lineage restriction boundary to prevent the intermingling of cells with different developmental fates. However, the mechanisms underlying the lineage restriction process remain unclear. Here, using novel fluorescent knock-in reporters, live imaging, Cre/lox-mediated lineage tracing, atomic force microscopy-based cell adhesion assays and mutant analysis, we analyze the process of lineage restriction at the MHB and provide mechanistic details. Specifically, we show that lineage restriction occurs by the end of gastrulation, and that the subsequent formation of sharp gene expression boundaries in the developing MHB occur through complementary mechanisms, i.e. cell-fate plasticity and cell sorting. Furthermore, we show that cell sorting at the MHB involves differential adhesion among midbrain and hindbrain cells that is mediated by N-cadherin and Eph-ephrin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Kesavan
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Machate
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Hans
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Brand
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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18
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Bhansali P, Cvekl A, Liu W. A distal enhancer that directs Otx2 expression in the retinal pigment epithelium and neuroretina. Dev Dyn 2020; 249:209-221. [PMID: 31658410 PMCID: PMC10518783 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homeodomain transcription factor Otx2 is essential for embryonic development of multiple head tissues, including retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and neuroretina. Temporospatial regulation of Otx2 expression is critical for its functions. Molecular dissection of the cis-acting enhancers will help elucidate how Otx2 expression is regulated. RESULTS We comprehensively characterized distal enhancer hs1150 that was previously identified in a high throughput study. We established multiple transgenic mouse lines in which human hs1150, corresponding mouse hs1150, and two highly conserved sub-fragments in the mouse hs1150 were individually fused to a minimal hsp68 promoter to drive reporter expression. We found that hs1150 enhancer directed reporter expression in the RPE, neuroretina, and brain in a developmentally regulated manner. Human hs1150-directed reporter expression largely recapitulated Otx2 expression in the RPE, in the early neuroretina, and to a lesser degree in the early brain. Mouse hs1150, although shorter than human hs1150, exhibited similar enhancer activity, indicating functional conservation of hs1150 enhancer across species. Both of the highly conserved subfragments in mouse hs1150 enhancer directed reporter expression in the early neuroretina, indicating that the hs1150 enhancer has two functional components. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of Otx2 retinal expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punita Bhansali
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Ales Cvekl
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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19
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Mano H, Asaoka Y, Kojima D, Fukada Y. Brain-specific homeobox Bsx specifies identity of pineal gland between serially homologous photoreceptive organs in zebrafish. Commun Biol 2019; 2:364. [PMID: 31602413 PMCID: PMC6779754 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0613-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The pineal gland functioning as a photoreceptive organ in non-mammalian species is a serial homolog of the retina. Here we found that Brain-specific homeobox (Bsx) is a key regulator conferring individuality on the pineal gland between the two serially homologous photoreceptive organs in zebrafish. Bsx knock-down impaired the pineal development with reduced expression of exorh, the pineal-specific gene responsible for the photoreception, whereas it induced ectopic expression of rho, a retina-specific gene, in the pineal gland. Bsx remarkably transactivated the exorh promoter in combination with Otx5, but not with Crx, through its binding to distinct subtypes of PIRE, a DNA cis-element driving Crx/Otx-dependent pineal-specific gene expression. These results demonstrate that the identity of pineal photoreceptive neurons is determined by the combinatorial code of Bsx and Otx5, the former confers the pineal specificity at the tissue level and the latter determines the photoreceptor specificity at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Mano
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Yoichi Asaoka
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Daisuke Kojima
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Fukada
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
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20
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Huang Z, Titus T, Postlethwait JH, Meng F. Eye Degeneration and Loss of otx5b Expression in the Cavefish Sinocyclocheilus tileihornes. J Mol Evol 2019; 87:199-208. [PMID: 31332479 PMCID: PMC6711879 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-019-09901-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cave animals possess remarkable phenotypes associated with existence in their dark environments. The Chinese cavefish Sinocyclocheilus tileihornes shows substantial eye degeneration, a trait shared by most cave species. The extent to which independent evolution of troglomorphic traits uses convergent molecular genetic mechanisms is as yet unknown. We performed transcriptome-wide gene expression profiling in S. tileihornes eyes and compared results with those from the closely related surface species S. angustiporus and an independently derived congeneric cavefish, S. anophthalmus. In total, 52.85 million 100 bp long paired-end clean reads were generated for S. tileihornes, and we identified differentially expressed genes between the three possible pairs of species. Functional analysis of genes differentially expressed between S. tileihornes and S. angustiporus revealed that phototransduction (KEGG id: dre04744) was the most significantly enriched pathway, indicating the obvious differences in response to captured photons between the cavefish S. tileihornes and the surface species S. angustiporus. Analysis of key genes regulating eye development showed complete absence of otx5b (orthodenticle homolog 5) expression in S. tileihornes eyes, probably related to degradation of rods, but normal expression of crx (cone-rod homeobox). The enriched pathways and Otx5 are involved in phototransduction, photoreceptor formation, and regulation of photoreceptor-related gene expression. Unlike the S. tileihornes reported here, S. anophthalmus has reduced crx and otx5 expression. These results show that different species of cavefish within the same genus that independently evolved troglodyte characteristics can have different genetic mechanisms of eye degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zushi Huang
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Tom Titus
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | | | - Fanwei Meng
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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21
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Rohde K, Hertz H, Rath MF. Homeobox genes in melatonin-producing pinealocytes: Otx2 and Crx act to promote hormone synthesis in the mature rat pineal gland. J Pineal Res 2019; 66:e12567. [PMID: 30803008 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Homeobox genes encode transcription factors that regulate developmental processes; however, in the pineal gland, a neuroendocrine organ responsible for nocturnal melatonin synthesis, expression of the homeobox genes Otx2 (orthodenticle homeobox 2) and Crx (cone-rod homeobox) persists postnatally. We here show that OTX2 and CRX are exclusively present in melatonin-producing pinealocytes of the rat pineal gland. To understand the roles of Otx2 and Crx in the mature pineal gland, we used siRNA technology in cultured rat pinealocytes with the nocturnal situation mimicked by adding norepinephrine to the culture media. siRNA-induced knockdown of Otx2 was found to reduce expression levels of the enzymes involved in melatonin synthesis at both transcript and protein levels. Similar results were obtained when knocking down Crx. Knocking down Otx2 and Crx simultaneously produced an even larger reduction in both transcript and protein levels of the melatonin-producing enzymes and also reduced the levels of melatonin released to the culture media. These results suggest that Otx2 and Crx, both alone and in combination, act to control pineal melatonin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Rohde
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Hertz
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin F Rath
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Hall C, Rodriguez M, Garcia J, Posfai D, DuMez R, Wictor E, Quintero OA, Hill MS, Rivera AS, Hill AL. Secreted frizzled related protein is a target of PaxB and plays a role in aquiferous system development in the freshwater sponge, Ephydatia muelleri. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212005. [PMID: 30794564 PMCID: PMC6386478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling, as well as the Pax/Six gene network, are involved in patterning the freshwater sponge aquiferous system. Using computational approaches to identify transcription factor binding motifs in a freshwater sponge genome, we located putative PaxB binding sites near a Secreted Frizzled Related Protein (SFRP) gene in Ephydatia muelleri. EmSFRP is expressed throughout development, but with highest levels in juvenile sponges. In situ hybridization and antibody staining show EmSFRP expression throughout the pinacoderm and choanoderm in a subpopulation of amoeboid cells that may be differentiating archeocytes. Knockdown of EmSFRP leads to ectopic oscula formation during development, suggesting that EmSFRP acts as an antagonist of Wnt signaling in E. muelleri. Our findings support a hypothesis that regulation of the Wnt pathway by the Pax/Six network as well as the role of Wnt signaling in body plan morphogenesis was established before sponges diverged from the rest of the metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Hall
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Melanie Rodriguez
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Josephine Garcia
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Dora Posfai
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Rachel DuMez
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Erik Wictor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, United States of America
| | - Omar A. Quintero
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Malcolm S. Hill
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine, United States of America
| | - Ajna S. Rivera
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, United States of America
| | - April L. Hill
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine, United States of America
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23
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Terrinoni A, Palombo R, Pitolli C, Caporali S, De Berardinis R, Ciccarone S, Lanzillotta A, Mauramati S, Porta G, Minieri M, Melino G, Bernardini S, Bruno E. Role of the TAp63 Isoform in Recurrent Nasal Polyps. Folia Biol (Praha) 2019; 65:170-180. [PMID: 31903890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenic molecular mechanisms underlying the insurgence of nasal polyps has not been completely defined. In some patients, these lesions can have a recurrence after surgery removal, and the difference between recurrent and not recurrent patients is still unclear. To molecularly characterize and distinguish between these two classes, a cohort of patients affected by nasal polyposis was analysed. In all patients we analysed the p63 isoform expression using fresh tissues taken after surgery. Moreover, confocal immunofluorescence analysis of fixed sections was performed. The results show high ΔNp63 expression in samples from the nasal polyps of patients compared to the normal epithelia. Analysis of the expression level of the TAp63 isoform shows differential expression between the patients with recurrence compared to those not recurring. The data, considered as the ΔN/TAp63 ratio, really discriminate the two groups. In fact, even though ΔNp63 is expressed in non-recurrent patients, the resulting ratio ΔN/TAp63 is significantly lower in these patients. This clearly indicates that the status of TAp63 expression, represented by the ΔN/TAp63 ratio, could be considered a prognostic marker of low recurrence probability. In these samples we also investigated the expression of OTX2 transcription factor, known to be a selective activator of TAp63, detecting a significant correlation. Database analysis of HNSCC patients showed increased survival for the patients presenting OTX2 amplification and/or overexpression. These results, together with the fact that TAp63 can be selectively upregulated by HDAC inhibitors, open the possibility to consider local treatment of recurrent nasal polyps with these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Terrinoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - R Palombo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - C Pitolli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - S Caporali
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - R De Berardinis
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - S Ciccarone
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - A Lanzillotta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - S Mauramati
- University of Pavia, Italy and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pavia, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico "San Matteo", Pavia, Italy
| | - G Porta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - M Minieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - G Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - S Bernardini
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - E Bruno
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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24
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Hoffmann HM, Pandolfi EC, Larder R, Mellon PL. Haploinsufficiency of Homeodomain Proteins Six3, Vax1, and Otx2 Causes Subfertility in Mice via Distinct Mechanisms. Neuroendocrinology 2018; 109:200-207. [PMID: 30261489 PMCID: PMC6437011 DOI: 10.1159/000494086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency occurs when loss of one copy of a diploid gene (hemizygosity) causes a phenotype. It is relatively rare, in that most genes can produce sufficient mRNA and protein from a single copy to prevent any loss of normal activity and function. Reproduction is a complex process relying on migration of GnRH neurons from the olfactory placode to the hypothalamus during development. We have studied 3 different homeodomain genes Otx2, Vax1, and Six3 and found that the deletion of one allele for any of these genes in mice produces subfertility or infertility in one or both sexes, despite the presence of one intact allele. All 3 heterozygous mice have reduced numbers of GnRH neurons, but the mechanisms of subfertility differ significantly. This review compares the subfertility phenotypes and their mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne M Hoffmann
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and the Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Erica C Pandolfi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and the Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Rachel Larder
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and the Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Pamela L Mellon
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and the Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA,
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25
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Tang X, Jiao L, Zheng M, Yan Y, Nie Q, Wu T, Wan X, Zhang G, Li Y, Wu S, Jiang B, Cai H, Xu P, Duan J, Lin X. Tau Deficiency Down-Regulated Transcription Factor Orthodenticle Homeobox 2 Expression in the Dopaminergic Neurons in Ventral Tegmental Area and Caused No Obvious Motor Deficits in Mice. Neuroscience 2018; 373:52-59. [PMID: 29337233 PMCID: PMC5819331 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tau protein participates in microtubule stabilization, axonal transport, and protein trafficking. Loss of normal tau function will exert a negative effect. However, current knowledge on the impact of tau deficiency on the motor behavior and related neurobiological changes is controversial. In this study, we examined motor functions and analyzed several proteins implicated in the maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons (mDANs) function of adult and aged tau+/+, tau+/-, tau-/- mice. We found tau deficiency could not induce significant motor disorders. However, we discovered lower expression levels of transcription factors Orthodenticle homeobox 2 (OTX2) of mDANs in older aged mice. Compared with age-matched tau+/+ mice, there were 54.1% lower (p = 0.0192) OTX2 protein (OTX2-fluorescence intensity) in VTA DA neurons of tau+/- mice and 43.6% lower (p = 0.0249) OTX2 protein in VTA DA neurons of tau-/- mice at 18 months old. Combined with the relevant reports, our results suggested that tau deficiency alone might not be enough to mimic the pathology of Parkinson's disease. However, OTX2 down-regulation indicates that mDANs of tau-deficient mice will be more sensitive to toxic damage from MPTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Tang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Luyan Jiao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Meige Zheng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qi Nie
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiaomei Wan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Guofeng Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yonglin Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Song Wu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Transgenics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pingyi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510120, China.
| | - Jinhai Duan
- Department of Neurology & Guangdong Institute of Geriatrics, Guangdong General Hospital, #106, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guanzhou 510080, China.
| | - Xian Lin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Anatomy & Research Center for Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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26
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Ji D, Wang S, Li M, Zhang S, Li H. Involvement of Lypge in the formation of eye and pineal gland in zebrafish. Gene 2017; 642:491-497. [PMID: 29196253 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The proteins of Ly-6 (lymphocyte antigen-6) family are involved in the regulation of immunoreaction, cell migration and adhesion, and neuronal excitability. However, little is known about the function of Ly-6 proteins in embryogenesis. Herein, we identified a GPI anchored Ly-6 member named ly6 expressed in pineal gland and eye (lypge). Dynamic expression pattern of lypge was revealed by whole mount in situ hybridization. It was strikingly expressed in the pineal gland and cone photoreceptor, and its expression was regulated by orthodenticle homolog 5 (otx5) which has been shown to control the expression of many pineal genes. In addition, we demonstrated that lypge was rhythmically expressed in larvae from 4dpf on. Moreover, knockdown of lypge resulted in small head and small eye formed in zebrafish embryos. These suggest that Lypge is involved in the formation of the eye and pineal gland in early development of zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongrui Ji
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Su Wang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Mingyue Li
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shicui Zhang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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27
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Chabrat A, Brisson G, Doucet-Beaupré H, Salesse C, Schaan Profes M, Dovonou A, Akitegetse C, Charest J, Lemstra S, Côté D, Pasterkamp RJ, Abrudan MI, Metzakopian E, Ang SL, Lévesque M. Transcriptional repression of Plxnc1 by Lmx1a and Lmx1b directs topographic dopaminergic circuit formation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:933. [PMID: 29038581 PMCID: PMC5643336 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesodiencephalic dopamine neurons play central roles in the regulation of a wide range of brain functions, including voluntary movement and behavioral processes. These functions are served by distinct subtypes of mesodiencephalic dopamine neurons located in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the ventral tegmental area, which form the nigrostriatal, mesolimbic, and mesocortical pathways. Until now, mechanisms involved in dopaminergic circuit formation remained largely unknown. Here, we show that Lmx1a, Lmx1b, and Otx2 transcription factors control subtype-specific mesodiencephalic dopamine neurons and their appropriate axon innervation. Our results revealed that the expression of Plxnc1, an axon guidance receptor, is repressed by Lmx1a/b and enhanced by Otx2. We also found that Sema7a/Plxnc1 interactions are responsible for the segregation of nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways. These findings identify Lmx1a/b, Otx2, and Plxnc1 as determinants of dopaminergic circuit formation and should assist in engineering mesodiencephalic dopamine neurons capable of regenerating appropriate connections for cell therapy.Midbrain dopaminergic neurons (mDAs) in the VTA and SNpc project to different regions and form distinct circuits. Here the authors show that transcription factors Lmx1a, Lmx1b, and Otx2 control the axon guidance of mDAs and the segregation of mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Chabrat
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, 2601, chemin de la Canardière, Québec, Quebec, Canada, G1J 2G3
| | - Guillaume Brisson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, 2601, chemin de la Canardière, Québec, Quebec, Canada, G1J 2G3
| | - Hélène Doucet-Beaupré
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, 2601, chemin de la Canardière, Québec, Quebec, Canada, G1J 2G3
| | - Charleen Salesse
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, 2601, chemin de la Canardière, Québec, Quebec, Canada, G1J 2G3
| | - Marcos Schaan Profes
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, 2601, chemin de la Canardière, Québec, Quebec, Canada, G1J 2G3
| | - Axelle Dovonou
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, 2601, chemin de la Canardière, Québec, Quebec, Canada, G1J 2G3
| | - Cléophace Akitegetse
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, 2601, chemin de la Canardière, Québec, Quebec, Canada, G1J 2G3
| | - Julien Charest
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, 2601, chemin de la Canardière, Québec, Quebec, Canada, G1J 2G3
| | - Suzanne Lemstra
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Côté
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, 2601, chemin de la Canardière, Québec, Quebec, Canada, G1J 2G3
- Département de Physique, Genie Physique et Optique, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - R Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Monica I Abrudan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Emmanouil Metzakopian
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Siew-Lan Ang
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Martin Lévesque
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, 2601, chemin de la Canardière, Québec, Quebec, Canada, G1J 2G3.
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Chen C, Ma Q, Deng P, Yang J, Yang L, Lin M, Yu Z, Zhou Z. Critical role of TRPC1 in thyroid hormone-dependent dopaminergic neuron development. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2017; 1864:1900-1912. [PMID: 28779972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones play a crucial role in midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neuron development. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we revealed that thyroid hormone treatment evokes significant calcium entry through canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) channels in ventral midbrain neural stem cells and this calcium signaling is essential for thyroid hormone-dependent DA neuronal differentiation. We also found that TRPC1 is the dominant TRPC channel expressed in ventral midbrain neural stem cells which responds to thyroid hormone. In addition, thyroid hormone increases TRPC1 expression through its receptor alpha 1 during DA neuron differentiation, and, importantly, produces calcium signals by activating TRPC1 channels. In vivo and in vitro gene silencing experiments indicate that TRPC1-mediated calcium signaling is required for thyroid hormone-dependent DA neuronal differentiation. Finally, we confirmed that the activation of OTX2, a determinant of DA neuron development and the expression of which is induced by thyroid hormone, is dependent on TRPC1-mediated calcium signaling. These data revealed the molecular mechanisms of how thyroid hormone regulates DA neuron development from ventral midbrain neural stem cells, particularly endowing a novel physiological relevance to TRPC1 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhai Chen
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Qinglong Ma
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ping Deng
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jianjing Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA
| | - Lingling Yang
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Min Lin
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhengping Yu
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
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Amirpour N, Razavi S, Esfandiari E, Hashemibeni B, Kazemi M, Salehi H. Hanging drop culture enhances differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells into anterior neuroectodermal cells using small molecules. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017; 59:21-30. [PMID: 28285945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Inspired by in vivo developmental process, several studies were conducted to design a protocol for differentiating of mesenchymal stem cells into neural cells in vitro. Human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) as mesenchymal stem cells are a promising source for this purpose. At current study, we applied a defined neural induction medium by using small molecules for direct differentiation of hADSCs into anterior neuroectodermal cells. Anterior neuroectodermal differentiation of hADSCs was performed by hanging drop and monolayer protocols. At these methods, three small molecules were used to suppress the BMP, Nodal, and Wnt signaling pathways in order to obtain anterior neuroectodermal (eye field) cells from hADSCs. After two and three weeks of induction, the differentiated cells with neural morphology expressed anterior neuroectodermal markers such as OTX2, SIX3, β-TUB III and PAX6. The protein expression of such markers was confirmed by real time, RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry methods According to our data, it seems that the hanging drop method is a proper approach for neuroectodermal induction of hADSCs. Considering wide availability and immunosuppressive properties of hADSCs, these cells may open a way for autologous cell therapy of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushin Amirpour
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shahnaz Razavi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Esfandiari
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Batoul Hashemibeni
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Salehi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Tokuhiro SI, Tokuoka M, Kobayashi K, Kubo A, Oda-Ishii I, Satou Y. Differential gene expression along the animal-vegetal axis in the ascidian embryo is maintained by a dual functional protein Foxd. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006741. [PMID: 28520732 PMCID: PMC5453608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In many animal embryos, a specific gene expression pattern is established along the animal-vegetal axis soon after zygotic transcription begins. In the embryo of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis, soon after the division that separates animal and vegetal hemispheres into distinct blastomeres, maternal Gata.a and β-catenin activate specific genes in the animal and vegetal blastomeres, respectively. On the basis of these initial distinct gene expression patterns, gene regulatory networks promote animal cells to become ectodermal tissues and vegetal cells to become endomesodermal tissues and a part of the nerve cord. In the vegetal hemisphere, β-catenin directly activates Foxd, an essential transcription factor gene for specifying endomesodermal fates. In the present study, we found that Foxd also represses the expression of genes that are activated specifically in the animal hemisphere, including Dmrt1, Prdm1-r.a (Bz1), Prdm1-r.b (Bz2), and Otx. A reporter assay showed that Dmrt1 expression was directly repressed by Foxd, and a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that Foxd was bound to the upstream regions of Dmrt1, Prdm1-r.a, Prdm1-r.b, and Otx. Thus, Foxd has a dual function of activating specific gene expression in the vegetal hemisphere and of repressing the expression of genes that are normally expressed in the animal hemisphere. This dual function stabilizes the initial patterning along the animal-vegetal axis by β-catenin and Gata.a. In embryogenesis of most animals, a specific gene expression pattern is established along the animal-vegetal axis first. In the embryo of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis, the activity of the maternal factor Gata.a is suppressed by β-catenin, which is active only in the vegetal hemisphere, and thereby these two factors activate specific genes in the animal and vegetal blastomeres, respectively. We found that a gene encoding a transcription factor, Foxd, which is a direct target of β-catenin, works as a promoter for endomesodermal fate and an inhibitor for ectodermal fate. In the ascidian embryo, the animal-vegetal axis initially established by the maternal factors is not stable enough for subsequent developmental processes, and needs to be maintained by Foxd. Thus, the animal hemisphere fate is suppressed first by the maternal factor β-catenin, and then by Foxd, which is activated by β-catenin. The primary embryonic axis is not stable initially, and stabilized by a transcription factor, which is expressed differentially along the axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Tokuhiro
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miki Tokuoka
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Kobayashi
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kubo
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Izumi Oda-Ishii
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Satou
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Shimada A, Takagi M, Nagashima Y, Miyai K, Hasegawa Y. A Novel Mutation in OTX2 Causes Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiency, Bilateral Microphthalmia, and Agenesis of the Left Internal Carotid Artery. Horm Res Paediatr 2017; 86:62-9. [PMID: 27299576 DOI: 10.1159/000446280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in OTX2 cause hypopituitarism, ranging from isolated growth hormone deficiency to combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD), which are commonly detected in association with severe eye abnormalities, including anophthalmia or microphthalmia. Pituitary phenotypes of OTX2 mutation carriers are highly variable; however, ACTH deficiency during the neonatal period is not common in previous reports. OBJECTIVE We report a novel missense OTX2 (R89P) mutation in a CPHD patient with severe hypoglycemia in the neonatal period due to ACTH deficiency, bilateral microphthalmia, and agenesis of the left internal carotid artery (ICA). RESULTS We identified a novel heterozygous mutation in OTX2 (c.266G>C, p.R89P). R89P OTX2 showed markedly reduced transcriptional activity of HESX1 and POU1F1 reporters compared with wild-type OTX2. A dominant negative effect was noted only in the transcription analysis with POU1F1 promoter. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments showed that R89P OTX2 abrogated DNA-binding ability. CONCLUSION OTX2 mutations can cause ACTH deficiency in the neonatal period. Our study also shows that OTX2 mutations are associated with agenesis of the ICA. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a transcription factor gene mutation, which was identified due to agenesis of the ICA of a patient with CPHD. This study extends our understanding of the phenotypic features, molecular mechanism, and developmental course associated with mutations in OTX2.
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Boulay G, Awad ME, Riggi N, Archer TC, Iyer S, Boonseng WE, Rossetti NE, Naigles B, Rengarajan S, Volorio A, Kim JC, Mesirov JP, Tamayo P, Pomeroy SL, Aryee MJ, Rivera MN. OTX2 Activity at Distal Regulatory Elements Shapes the Chromatin Landscape of Group 3 Medulloblastoma. Cancer Discov 2017; 7:288-301. [PMID: 28213356 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-0844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most frequent malignant pediatric brain tumor and is divided into at least four subgroups known as WNT, SHH, Group 3, and Group 4. Here, we characterized gene regulation mechanisms in the most aggressive subtype, Group 3 tumors, through genome-wide chromatin and expression profiling. Our results show that most active distal sites in these tumors are occupied by the transcription factor OTX2. Highly active OTX2-bound enhancers are often arranged as clusters of adjacent peaks and are also bound by the transcription factor NEUROD1. These sites are responsive to OTX2 and NEUROD1 knockdown and could also be generated de novo upon ectopic OTX2 expression in primary cells, showing that OTX2 cooperates with NEUROD1 and plays a major role in maintaining and possibly establishing regulatory elements as a pioneer factor. Among OTX2 target genes, we identified the kinase NEK2, whose knockdown and pharmacologic inhibition decreased cell viability. Our studies thus show that OTX2 controls the regulatory landscape of Group 3 medulloblastoma through cooperative activity at enhancer elements and contributes to the expression of critical target genes.Significance: The gene regulation mechanisms that drive medulloblastoma are not well understood. Using chromatin profiling, we find that the transcription factor OTX2 acts as a pioneer factor and, in cooperation with NEUROD1, controls the Group 3 medulloblastoma active enhancer landscape. OTX2 itself or its target genes, including the mitotic kinase NEK2, represent attractive targets for future therapies. Cancer Discov; 7(3); 288-301. ©2017 AACR.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 235.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaylor Boulay
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Mary E Awad
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicolo Riggi
- Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tenley C Archer
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sowmya Iyer
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wannaporn E Boonseng
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nikki E Rossetti
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Beverly Naigles
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shruthi Rengarajan
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Angela Volorio
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - James C Kim
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jill P Mesirov
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Pablo Tamayo
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Scott L Pomeroy
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martin J Aryee
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Miguel N Rivera
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Li H, Miao Q, Xu CW, Huang JH, Zhou YF, Wu MJ. OTX1 Contributes to Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression by Regulation of ERK/MAPK Pathway. J Korean Med Sci 2016; 31:1215-23. [PMID: 27478331 PMCID: PMC4951550 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2016.31.8.1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthodenticlehomeobox 1 (OTX1) overexpression had previously been associated with the progression of several tumors. The present study aimed to determine the expression and role of OTX1 in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The expression level of OTX1 was examined by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in 10 samples of HCC and paired adjacent non-cancerous tissues, and by immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis in 128 HCC samples and matched controls. The relationship between OTX1 expression and the clinicopathological features werealso analyzed. Furthermore, the effects of OTX1 knockdown on cell proliferation and migration were determined in HCC cell lines. Axenograft mouse model was also established to investigate the role of OTX1 in HCC tumor growth. TheqRT-PCR and IHC analyses revealed that OTX1 was significantly elevated in HCC tissues compared with the paired non-cancerous controls. Expression of OTX1 was positively correlated with nodal metastasis status (P = 0.009) and TNM staging (P = 0.001) in HCC tissues. In addition, knockdown of OTX1 by shRNA significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration, and induced cell cycle arrest in S phase in vitro. Tumor growth was markedly inhibited by OTX1 silencing in the xenograft. Moreover, OTX1 silencing was causable for the decreased phosphorylation level of ERK/MAPK signaling. In conclusion, OTX1 contributes to HCC progression possibly by regulation of ERK/MAPK pathway. OTX1 may be a novel target for molecular therapy towards HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Miao
- Department of Oncology, Quzhou People's Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Quzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Chun-wei Xu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital Cancer Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-hui Huang
- Department of Oncology, Lishui Central Hospital, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue-fen Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Lishui Central Hospital, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mei-juan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Zhejiang, China
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Hirono S, Lee EY, Kuribayashi S, Fukuda T, Saeki N, Minokoshi Y, Iwanaga T, Miki T. Importance of Adult Dmbx1 in Long-Lasting Orexigenic Effect of Agouti-Related Peptide. Endocrinology 2016; 157:245-57. [PMID: 26505115 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dmbx1 is a brain-specific homeodomain transcription factor expressed primarily during embryogenesis, and its systemic disruption (Dmbx1(-/-)) in the ICR mouse strain resulted in leanness associated with impaired long-lasting orexigenic effect of agouti-related peptide (AgRP). Because spatial and temporal expression patterns of Dmbx1 change dramatically during embryogenesis, it remains unknown when and where Dmbx1 plays a critical role in energy homeostasis. In the present study, the physiological roles of Dmbx1 were examined by its conditional disruption (Dmbx1(loxP/loxP)) in the C57BL/6 mouse strain. Although Dmbx1 disruption in fetal brain resulted in neonatal lethality, its disruption by synapsin promoter-driven Cre recombinase, which eliminated Dmbx1 expression postnatally, exempted the mice (Syn-Cre;Dmbx1(loxP/loxP) mice) from lethality. Syn-Cre;Dmbx1(loxP/loxP) mice show mild leanness and impaired long-lasting orexigenic action of AgRP, demonstrating the physiological relevance of Dmbx1 in the adult. Visualization of Dmbx1-expressing neurons in adult brain using the mice harboring tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase in the Dmbx1 locus (Dmbx1(CreERT2/+) mice) revealed Dmbx1 expression in small numbers of neurons in restricted regions, including the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB). Notably, c-Fos expression in LPB was increased at 48 hours after AgRP administration in Dmbx1(loxP/loxP) mice but not in Syn-Cre;Dmbx1(loxP/loxP) mice. These c-Fos-positive neurons in LPB did not coincide with neurons expressing Dmbx1 or melanocortin 4 receptor but did coincide with those expressing calcitonin gene-related peptide. Accordingly, Dmbx1 in the adult LPB is required for the long-lasting orexigenic effect of AgRP via the neural circuitry involving calcitonin gene-related peptide neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichiro Hirono
- Departments of Medical Physiology (S.H., E.Y.L., S.K., T.M.) and Neurological Surgery (S.H., N.S.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-0856, Japan; Division of Neuropathology (T.F.), Department of Pathology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003, Japan; Department of Developmental Physiology (Y.M.), National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Myoudaijicho, Okazaki-City, 444-8585, Japan; and Laboratory of Histology and Cytology (T.I.), Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Eun Young Lee
- Departments of Medical Physiology (S.H., E.Y.L., S.K., T.M.) and Neurological Surgery (S.H., N.S.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-0856, Japan; Division of Neuropathology (T.F.), Department of Pathology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003, Japan; Department of Developmental Physiology (Y.M.), National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Myoudaijicho, Okazaki-City, 444-8585, Japan; and Laboratory of Histology and Cytology (T.I.), Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kuribayashi
- Departments of Medical Physiology (S.H., E.Y.L., S.K., T.M.) and Neurological Surgery (S.H., N.S.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-0856, Japan; Division of Neuropathology (T.F.), Department of Pathology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003, Japan; Department of Developmental Physiology (Y.M.), National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Myoudaijicho, Okazaki-City, 444-8585, Japan; and Laboratory of Histology and Cytology (T.I.), Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fukuda
- Departments of Medical Physiology (S.H., E.Y.L., S.K., T.M.) and Neurological Surgery (S.H., N.S.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-0856, Japan; Division of Neuropathology (T.F.), Department of Pathology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003, Japan; Department of Developmental Physiology (Y.M.), National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Myoudaijicho, Okazaki-City, 444-8585, Japan; and Laboratory of Histology and Cytology (T.I.), Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Naokatsu Saeki
- Departments of Medical Physiology (S.H., E.Y.L., S.K., T.M.) and Neurological Surgery (S.H., N.S.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-0856, Japan; Division of Neuropathology (T.F.), Department of Pathology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003, Japan; Department of Developmental Physiology (Y.M.), National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Myoudaijicho, Okazaki-City, 444-8585, Japan; and Laboratory of Histology and Cytology (T.I.), Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Minokoshi
- Departments of Medical Physiology (S.H., E.Y.L., S.K., T.M.) and Neurological Surgery (S.H., N.S.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-0856, Japan; Division of Neuropathology (T.F.), Department of Pathology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003, Japan; Department of Developmental Physiology (Y.M.), National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Myoudaijicho, Okazaki-City, 444-8585, Japan; and Laboratory of Histology and Cytology (T.I.), Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Iwanaga
- Departments of Medical Physiology (S.H., E.Y.L., S.K., T.M.) and Neurological Surgery (S.H., N.S.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-0856, Japan; Division of Neuropathology (T.F.), Department of Pathology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003, Japan; Department of Developmental Physiology (Y.M.), National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Myoudaijicho, Okazaki-City, 444-8585, Japan; and Laboratory of Histology and Cytology (T.I.), Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Takashi Miki
- Departments of Medical Physiology (S.H., E.Y.L., S.K., T.M.) and Neurological Surgery (S.H., N.S.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-0856, Japan; Division of Neuropathology (T.F.), Department of Pathology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003, Japan; Department of Developmental Physiology (Y.M.), National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Myoudaijicho, Okazaki-City, 444-8585, Japan; and Laboratory of Histology and Cytology (T.I.), Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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Chen Y, Cao J, Xiong M, Petersen AJ, Dong Y, Tao Y, Huang CTL, Du Z, Zhang SC. Engineering Human Stem Cell Lines with Inducible Gene Knockout using CRISPR/Cas9. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 17:233-44. [PMID: 26145478 PMCID: PMC4530040 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Precise temporal control of gene expression or deletion is critical for elucidating gene function in biological systems. However, the establishment of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) lines with inducible gene knockout (iKO) remains challenging. We explored building iKO hPSC lines by combining CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing with the Flp/FRT and Cre/LoxP system. We found that "dual-sgRNA targeting" is essential for biallelic knockin of FRT sequences to flank the exon. We further developed a strategy to simultaneously insert an activity-controllable recombinase-expressing cassette and remove the drug-resistance gene, thus speeding up the generation of iKO hPSC lines. This two-step strategy was used to establish human embryonic stem cell (hESC) and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines with iKO of SOX2, PAX6, OTX2, and AGO2, genes that exhibit diverse structural layout and temporal expression patterns. The availability of iKO hPSC lines will substantially transform the way we examine gene function in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejun Chen
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Jingyuan Cao
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Man Xiong
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai 201102, China
| | | | - Yi Dong
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Yunlong Tao
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | | | - Zhongwei Du
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Su-Chun Zhang
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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Hoshino H, Shioi G, Aizawa S. AVE protein expression and visceral endoderm cell behavior during anterior-posterior axis formation in mouse embryos: Asymmetry in OTX2 and DKK1 expression. Dev Biol 2015; 402:175-91. [PMID: 25910836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The initial landmark of anterior-posterior (A-P) axis formation in mouse embryos is the distal visceral endoderm, DVE, which expresses a series of anterior genes at embryonic day 5.5 (E5.5). Subsequently, DVE cells move to the future anterior region, generating anterior visceral endoderm (AVE). Questions remain regarding how the DVE is formed and how the direction of the movement is determined. This study compares the detailed expression patterns of OTX2, HHEX, CER1, LEFTY1 and DKK1 by immunohistology and live imaging at E4.5-E6.5. At E6.5, the AVE is subdivided into four domains: most anterior (OTX2, HHEX, CER1-low/DKK1-high), anterior (OTX2, HHEX, CER1-high/DKK1-low), main (OTX2, HHEX, CER1, LEFTY1-high) and antero-lateral and posterior (OTX2, HHEX-low). The study demonstrates how this pattern is established. AVE protein expression in the DVE occurs de novo at E5.25-E5.5. Neither HHEX, LEFTY1 nor CER1 expression is asymmetric. In contrast, OTX2 expression is tilted on the future posterior side with the DKK1 expression at its proximal domain; the DVE cells move in the opposite direction of the tilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideharu Hoshino
- Laboratory for Vertebrate Body Plan, Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), RIKEN Kobe, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0046, Japan.
| | - Go Shioi
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), RIKEN Kobe, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0046, Japan.
| | - Shinichi Aizawa
- Laboratory for Vertebrate Body Plan, Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), RIKEN Kobe, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0046, Japan; Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), RIKEN Kobe, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0046, Japan.
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Abstract
This paper presents a review of recent work on the role that two epigenetic-related systems may play in information processing mechanisms in the brain. The first consists of exosomes that transport epigenetic-related molecules between neurons. The second consists of homeoproteins like Otx2 that carry information from sense organs to primary sensory cortex. There is developing evidence that presynaptic neurons may be able to modulate the fine microanatomical structure in the postsynaptic neuron. This may be conducted by three mechanisms, of which the first is well established and the latter two are novel. (i) By the well-established activation of receptors that trigger a chain of signalling molecules (second messengers) that result in the upregulation and/or activation of a transcription factor. The two novel systems are the exosome system and homeoproteins. (ii) Exosomes are small vesicles that are released upon activation of the axon terminal, traverse the synaptic cleft, probably via astrocytes and are taken up by the postsynaptic neuron. They carry a load of signalling proteins and a variety of forms of RNA. These loads may then be transported widely throughout the postsynaptic neuron and engineer modulations in the fine structure of computational machinery by epigenetic-related processes. (iii) Otx2 is a transcription factor that, inter alia, controls the development and survival of PV+ GABAergic interneurons (PV cells) in the primary visual cortex. It is synthesized in the retina and is transported to the cortex by a presently unknown mechanism that probably includes direct cell-to-cell transfer, and may, or may not, include transfer by the dynein and exosome systems in addition. These three mechanisms explain a quantity of data from the field of de- and reafferentation plasticity. These data show that the modality of the presynaptic neuron controls to a large extent the modality of the postsynaptic neuron. However, the mechanism that effects this is currently unknown. The exosome and the homeoprotein hypotheses provide novel explanations to add to the well-established earlier mechanism described above.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Smythies
- Integrative Neuroscience Program, Center for Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0109, USA Department of Psychiatry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35209, USA
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Wortham M, Guo C, Zhang M, Song L, Lee BK, Iyer VR, Furey TS, Crawford GE, Yan H, He Y. Chromatin accessibility mapping identifies mediators of basal transcription and retinoid-induced repression of OTX2 in medulloblastoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107156. [PMID: 25198066 PMCID: PMC4157845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite an emerging understanding of the genetic alterations giving rise to various tumors, the mechanisms whereby most oncogenes are overexpressed remain unclear. Here we have utilized an integrated approach of genomewide regulatory element mapping via DNase-seq followed by conventional reporter assays and transcription factor binding site discovery to characterize the transcriptional regulation of the medulloblastoma oncogene Orthodenticle Homeobox 2 (OTX2). Through these studies we have revealed that OTX2 is differentially regulated in medulloblastoma at the level of chromatin accessibility, which is in part mediated by DNA methylation. In cell lines exhibiting chromatin accessibility of OTX2 regulatory regions, we found that autoregulation maintains OTX2 expression. Comparison of medulloblastoma regulatory elements with those of the developing brain reveals that these tumors engage a developmental regulatory program to drive OTX2 transcription. Finally, we have identified a transcriptional regulatory element mediating retinoid-induced OTX2 repression in these tumors. This work characterizes for the first time the mechanisms of OTX2 overexpression in medulloblastoma. Furthermore, this study establishes proof of principle for applying ENCODE datasets towards the characterization of upstream trans-acting factors mediating expression of individual genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Wortham
- Department of Pathology, The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, and The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Changcun Guo
- Department of Pathology, The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, and The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Monica Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, and The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lingyun Song
- Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bum-Kyu Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vishwanath R. Iyer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Terrence S. Furey
- Department of Genetics, Department of Biology, Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gregory E. Crawford
- Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hai Yan
- Department of Pathology, The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, and The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YH); (HY)
| | - Yiping He
- Department of Pathology, The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, and The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YH); (HY)
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Rohde K, Rovsing L, Ho AK, Møller M, Rath MF. Circadian dynamics of the cone-rod homeobox (CRX) transcription factor in the rat pineal gland and its role in regulation of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT). Endocrinology 2014; 155:2966-75. [PMID: 24877634 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The cone-rod homeobox (Crx) gene encodes a transcription factor in the retina and pineal gland. Crx deficiency influences the pineal transcriptome, including a reduced expression of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (Aanat), a key enzyme in nocturnal pineal melatonin production. However, previous functional studies on pineal Crx have been performed in melatonin-deficient mice. In this study, we have investigated the role of Crx in the melatonin-proficient rat pineal gland. The current study shows that pineal Crx transcript levels exhibit a circadian rhythm with a peak in the middle of the night, which is transferred into daily changes in CRX protein. The study further shows that the sympathetic innervation of the pineal gland controls the Crx rhythm. By use of adenovirus-mediated short hairpin RNA gene knockdown targeting Crx mRNA in primary rat pinealocyte cell culture, we here show that intact levels of Crx mRNA are required to obtain high levels of Aanat expression, whereas overexpression of Crx induces Aanat transcription in vitro. This regulatory function of Crx is further supported by circadian analysis of Aanat in the pineal gland of the Crx-knockout mouse. Our data indicate that the rhythmic nature of pineal CRX protein may directly modulate the daily profile of Aanat expression by inducing nighttime expression of this enzyme, thus facilitating nocturnal melatonin synthesis in addition to its role in ensuring a correct tissue distribution of Aanat expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Rohde
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology (K.R., L.R., M.M., M.F.R.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Physiology (K.R., A.K.H.), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
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Samuel A, Housset M, Fant B, Lamonerie T. Otx2 ChIP-seq reveals unique and redundant functions in the mature mouse retina. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89110. [PMID: 24558479 PMCID: PMC3928427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During mouse retinal development and into adulthood, the transcription factor Otx2 is expressed in pigment epithelium, photoreceptors and bipolar cells. In the mature retina, Otx2 ablation causes photoreceptor degeneration through a non-cell-autonomous mechanism involving Otx2 function in the supporting RPE. Surprisingly, photoreceptor survival does not require Otx2 expression in the neural retina, where the related Crx homeobox gene, a major regulator of photoreceptor development, is also expressed. To get a deeper view of mouse Otx2 activities in the neural retina, we performed chromatin-immunoprecipitation followed by massively parallel sequencing (ChIP-seq) on Otx2. Using two independent ChIP-seq assays, we identified consistent sets of Otx2-bound cis-regulatory elements. Comparison with our previous RPE-specific Otx2 ChIP-seq data shows that Otx2 occupies different functional domains of the genome in RPE cells and in neural retina cells and regulates mostly different sets of genes. To assess the potential redundancy of Otx2 and Crx, we compared our data with Crx ChIP-seq data. While Crx genome occupancy markedly differs from Otx2 genome occupancy in the RPE, it largely overlaps that of Otx2 in the neural retina. Thus, in accordance with its essential role in the RPE and its non-essential role in the neural retina, Otx2 regulates different gene sets in the RPE and the neural retina, and shares an important part of its repertoire with Crx in the neural retina. Overall, this study provides a better understanding of gene-regulatory networks controlling photoreceptor homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Samuel
- Institut de Biologie Valrose, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS UMR7277, Inserm U1091, Nice, France
| | - Michael Housset
- Institut de Biologie Valrose, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS UMR7277, Inserm U1091, Nice, France
| | - Bruno Fant
- Institut de Biologie Valrose, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS UMR7277, Inserm U1091, Nice, France
| | - Thomas Lamonerie
- Institut de Biologie Valrose, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS UMR7277, Inserm U1091, Nice, France
- * E-mail:
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Yu K, Cai XY, Li Q, Yang ZB, Xiong W, Shen T, Wang WY, Li YF. OTX1 promotes colorectal cancer progression through epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 444:1-5. [PMID: 24388989 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.12.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Orthodenticle homeobox 1 (OTX1), a transcription factor containing a bicoid-like homeodomain, plays a role in brain and sensory organ development. In this study, we report that OTX1 is overexpressed in human colorectal cancer (CRC) and OTX1 overexpression is associated with higher stage. Functional analyses reveal that overexpression of OTX1 results in accumulation of CRC cell proliferation and invasion in vitro and tumor growth in vivo, whereas ablation of OTX1 expression significantly inhibits the proliferative and invasive capability of CRC cells in vitro. Together, our results indicate that OTX1 is involved in human colon carcinogenesis and may serve as a potential therapeutic target for human colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yu
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, Yunnan Tumor Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xin-Yi Cai
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, Yunnan Tumor Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, Yunnan Tumor Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Yang
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, Yunnan Tumor Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, Yunnan Tumor Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Tao Shen
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, Yunnan Tumor Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Wei-Ya Wang
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, Yunnan Tumor Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yun-Feng Li
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, Yunnan Tumor Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
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Larder R, Kimura I, Meadows J, Clark DD, Mayo S, Mellon PL. Gene dosage of Otx2 is important for fertility in male mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 377:16-22. [PMID: 23811236 PMCID: PMC3771655 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Together, the hypothalamus, pituitary and gonads direct the development and regulation of reproductive function in mammals. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) expression is limited to ∼800 neurons that originate in the olfactory placode then migrate to the hypothalamus. Coordination of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is dependent upon correct neuronal migration of GnRH neurons into the hypothalamus followed by proper synthesis and pulsatile secretion of GnRH. Defects in any one of these processes causes infertility. Otx2, the vertebrate homologue of Drosophila orthodenticle, is a transcription factor that has been shown to be critical for normal brain and eye development and is expressed in both the developing GnRH neurons and the pituitary, suggesting that this gene may play a critical role in development of the HPG axis. As Otx2-null mice are embryonic lethal, we have analyzed the reproductive capacity of heterozygous Otx2 mice to determine the contribution of Otx2 gene dosage to normal HPG axis function. Our data reveal that correct dosage of Otx2 is critical for normal fertility as loss of one allele of Otx2 leads to a discernible reproductive phenotype in male mice due to disruption of the migration of GnRH neurons during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Larder
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0674
| | - Ikuo Kimura
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0674
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Jason Meadows
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0674
| | - Daniel. D. Clark
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0674
| | - Susan Mayo
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0674
| | - Pamela L. Mellon
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0674
- To whom correspondence should be addressed, , Telephone: 1-858-534-1312, Fax: 1-858-534-1438
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Bunt J, Hasselt NA, Zwijnenburg DA, Koster J, Versteeg R, Kool M. OTX2 sustains a bivalent-like state of OTX2-bound promoters in medulloblastoma by maintaining their H3K27me3 levels. Acta Neuropathol 2013. [PMID: 23179372 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-012-1069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies showed frequent mutations in histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) demethylases in medulloblastomas of Group 3 and Group 4, suggesting a role for H3K27 methylation in these tumors. Indeed, trimethylated H3K27 (H3K27me3) levels were shown to be higher in Group 3 and 4 tumors compared to WNT and SHH medulloblastomas, also in tumors without detectable mutations in demethylases. Here, we report that polycomb genes, required for H3K27 methylation, are consistently upregulated in Group 3 and 4 tumors. These tumors show high expression of the homeobox transcription factor OTX2. Silencing of OTX2 in D425 medulloblastoma cells resulted in downregulation of polycomb genes such as EZH2, EED, SUZ12 and RBBP4 and upregulation of H3K27 demethylases KDM6A, KDM6B, JARID2 and KDM7A. This was accompanied by decreased H3K27me3 and increased H3K27me1 levels in promoter regions. Strikingly, the decrease of H3K27me3 was most prominent in promoters that bind OTX2. OTX2-bound promoters showed high levels of the H3K4me3 and H3K9ac activation marks and intermediate levels of the H3K27me3 inactivation mark, reminiscent of a bivalent modification. After silencing of OTX2, H3K27me3 levels strongly dropped, but H3K4me3 and H3K9ac levels remained high. OTX2-bound bivalent genes showed high expression levels in D425, but the expression of most of these genes did not change after OTX2 silencing and loss of the H3K27me3 mark. Maintaining promoters in a bivalent state by sustaining H3K27 trimethylation therefore seems to be an important function of OTX2 in medulloblastoma, while other transcription factors might regulate the actual expression levels of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Bunt
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wortham M, Jin G, Sun JL, Bigner DD, He Y, Yan H. Aberrant Otx2 expression enhances migration and induces ectopic proliferation of hindbrain neuronal progenitor cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36211. [PMID: 22558385 PMCID: PMC3338642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of Otx2 is a hallmark of the pediatric brain tumor medulloblastoma, yet its functional significance in the establishment of these tumors is unknown. Here we have sought to determine the functional consequences of Otx2 overexpression in the mouse hindbrain to characterize its potential role in medulloblastoma tumorigenesis and identify the cell types responsive to this lineage-specific oncogene. Expression of Otx2 broadly in the mouse hindbrain resulted in the accumulation of proliferative clusters of cells in the cerebellar white matter and dorsal brainstem of postnatal mice. We found that brainstem ectopia were derived from neuronal progenitors of the rhombic lip and that cerebellar ectopia were derived from granule neuron precursors (GNPs) that had migrated inwards from the external granule layer (EGL). These hyperplasias exhibited various characteristics of medulloblastoma precursor cells identified in animal models of Shh or Wnt group tumors, including aberrant localization and altered spatiotemporal control of proliferation. However, ectopia induced by Otx2 differentiated and dispersed as the animals reached adulthood, indicating that factors restricting proliferative lifespan were a limiting factor to full transformation of these cells. These studies implicate a role for Otx2 in altering the dynamics of neuronal progenitor cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Wortham
- Department of Pathology, The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, and The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Genglin Jin
- Department of Pathology, The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, and The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Julia Lailai Sun
- Department of Pathology, The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, and The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Darell D. Bigner
- Department of Pathology, The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, and The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yiping He
- Department of Pathology, The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, and The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hai Yan
- Department of Pathology, The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, and The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Miyata S, Komatsu Y, Yoshimura Y, Taya C, Kitagawa H. Persistent cortical plasticity by upregulation of chondroitin 6-sulfation. Nat Neurosci 2012; 15:414-22, S1-2. [PMID: 22246436 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cortical plasticity is most evident during a critical period in early life, but the mechanisms that restrict plasticity after the critical period are poorly understood. We found that a developmental increase in the 4-sulfation/6-sulfation (4S/6S) ratio of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), which are components of the brain extracellular matrix, leads to the termination of the critical period for ocular dominance plasticity in the mouse visual cortex. Condensation of CSPGs into perineuronal nets that enwrapped synaptic contacts on parvalbumin-expressing interneurons was prevented by cell-autonomous overexpression of chondroitin 6-sulfation, which maintains a low 4S/6S ratio. Furthermore, the increase in the 4S/6S ratio was required for the accumulation of Otx2, a homeoprotein that activates the development of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons, and for functional maturation of the electrophysiological properties of these cells. Our results indicate that the critical period for cortical plasticity is regulated by the 4S/6S ratio of CSPGs, which determines the maturation of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Miyata
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Japan
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Terrell D, Xie B, Workman M, Mahato S, Zelhof A, Gebelein B, Cook T. OTX2 and CRX rescue overlapping and photoreceptor-specific functions in the Drosophila eye. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:215-28. [PMID: 22113834 PMCID: PMC3444242 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Otd-related transcription factors are evolutionarily conserved to control anterior patterning and neurogenesis. In humans, two such factors, OTX2 and CRX, are expressed in all photoreceptors from early specification through adulthood and associate with several photoreceptor-specific retinopathies. It is not well understood how these factors function independently vs. redundantly, or how specific mutations lead to different disease outcomes. It is also unclear how OTX1 and OTX2 functionally overlap during other aspects of neurogenesis and ocular development. Drosophila encodes a single Otd factor that has multiple functions during eye development. Using the Drosophila eye as a model, we tested the ability of the human OTX1, OTX2, and CRX genes, as well as several disease-associated CRX alleles, to rescue the different functions of Otd. RESULTS Our results indicate the following: OTX2 and CRX display overlapping, yet distinct subfunctions of Otd during photoreceptor differentiation; CRX disease alleles can be functionally distinguished based on their rescue properties; and all three factors are able to rescue rhabdomeric photoreceptor morphogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings have important implications for understanding how Otx proteins have subfunctionalized during evolution, and cement Drosophila as an effective tool to unravel the molecular bases of photoreceptor pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Terrell
- Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH
- Physician Scientists Training Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH
| | - Baotong Xie
- Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH
| | - Michael Workman
- Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH
| | - Simpla Mahato
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Andrew Zelhof
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Brian Gebelein
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH
| | - Tiffany Cook
- Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH
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Bunt J, Hasselt NE, Zwijnenburg DA, Koster J, Versteeg R, Kool M. Joint binding of OTX2 and MYC in promotor regions is associated with high gene expression in medulloblastoma. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26058. [PMID: 22016811 PMCID: PMC3189962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Both OTX2 and MYC are important oncogenes in medulloblastoma, the most common malignant brain tumor in childhood. Much is known about MYC binding to promoter regions, but OTX2 binding is hardly investigated. We used ChIP-on-chip data to analyze the binding patterns of both transcription factors in D425 medulloblastoma cells. When combining the data for all promoter regions in the genome, OTX2 binding showed a remarkable bi-modal distribution pattern with peaks around −250 bp upstream and +650 bp downstream of the transcription start sites (TSSs). Indeed, 40.2% of all OTX2-bound TSSs had more than one significant OTX2-binding peak. This OTX2-binding pattern was very different from the TSS-centered single peak binding pattern observed for MYC and other known transcription factors. However, in individual promoter regions, OTX2 and MYC have a strong tendency to bind in proximity of each other. OTX2-binding sequences are depleted near TSSs in the genome, providing an explanation for the observed bi-modal distribution of OTX2 binding. This contrasts to the enrichment of E-box sequences at TSSs. Both OTX2 and MYC binding independently correlated with higher gene expression. Interestingly, genes of promoter regions with multiple OTX2 binding as well as MYC binding showed the highest expression levels in D425 cells and in primary medulloblastomas. Genes within this class of promoter regions were enriched for medulloblastoma and stem cell specific genes. Our data suggest an important functional interaction between OTX2 and MYC in regulating gene expression in medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Bunt
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nancy E. Hasselt
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jan Koster
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier Versteeg
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Kool
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Gat-Yablonski G. Brain development is a multi-level regulated process--the case of the OTX2 gene. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 2011; 9:422-430. [PMID: 22783640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The OTX2 gene encodes a key transcription factor in developmental processes. In particular, it is required for the early specification of the brain and the embryonic development of sensory organs, including the pituitary gland, pineal gland, inner part of the ear, eyes, and optic nerve. In later stages, it is important for maintaining intact retina and brain function. Overexpression of OTX2 was found in medulloblastoma, a malignant brain tumor that occurs mainly in childhood. OTX2 mutations are associated with severe ocular phenotypes and central nervous system abnormalities such as seizures, short stature and developmental delay, combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD), structural abnormalities of the pituitary gland and early onset retinal dystrophy. There is no genotype-phenotype correlation and the severity of the disease varies not only by the specific OTX2 mutations but also among individuals harboring the same mutation, suggesting the involvement of multiple levels of regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galia Gat-Yablonski
- The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.
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Zhao Z, Tong JW, Zhang JP, You XF, Jiang JD, Hu CQ. [Zebrafish model for the study on drug ototoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2011; 46:928-935. [PMID: 22007517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Aminoglycoside antibiotics, due to their strong antibacterial effects and broad antimicrobial spectra, have been very commonly used in clinical practice in the past half century. However, aminoglycoside antibiotics manifest severe ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, and are one of top factors in hearing loss. In this study, three members of the aminoglycoside antibiotics family, gentamycin, neomycin and streptomycin, were chosen as the representatives to be investigated for their toxicity to the embryonic development and the larva hair cells in zebrafish, and also to their target genes associated with hearing-related genes. The results showed that: (1) the lethal effect of all three drugs demonstrated a significant dependence on concentration, and the severity order of the lethal effect was streptomycin > neomycin > gentamycin; (2) all the three drugs caused the larva trunk bending in resting state at 5 dpf (day past fertilization), probably due to their ototoxicity in the physical imbalance and postural abnormalities; (3) impairment and reducing of the hair cells were observed in all three cases of drug treatment; (4) four genes, eya1, val, otx2 and dlx6a, which play an important role in the development of hearing organs, showed differential and significant decrease of gene expression in a drug concentration-dependent manner. This study for the first time reports the relevance between the expression of hearing genes and the three ototoxic antibiotics and also proved the feasibility of establishing a simple, accurate, intuitive and fast model with zebrafish for the detection of drug ototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Zhao
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Krasnova IN, Ladenheim B, Hodges AB, Volkow ND, Cadet JL. Chronic methamphetamine administration causes differential regulation of transcription factors in the rat midbrain. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19179. [PMID: 21547080 PMCID: PMC3081849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is an addictive and neurotoxic psychostimulant widely abused in the USA and throughout the world. When administered in large doses, METH can cause depletion of striatal dopamine terminals, with preservation of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Because alterations in the expression of transcription factors that regulate the development of dopaminergic neurons might be involved in protecting these neurons after toxic insults, we tested the possibility that their expression might be affected by toxic doses of METH in the adult brain. Male Sprague-Dawley rats pretreated with saline or increasing doses of METH were challenged with toxic doses of the drug and euthanized two weeks later. Animals that received toxic METH challenges showed decreases in dopamine levels and reductions in tyrosine hydroxylase protein concentration in the striatum. METH pretreatment protected against loss of striatal dopamine and tyrosine hydroxylase. In contrast, METH challenges caused decreases in dopamine transporters in both saline- and METH-pretreated animals. Interestingly, METH challenges elicited increases in dopamine transporter mRNA levels in the midbrain in the presence but not in the absence of METH pretreatment. Moreover, toxic METH doses caused decreases in the expression of the dopamine developmental factors, Shh, Lmx1b, and Nurr1, but not in the levels of Otx2 and Pitx3, in saline-pretreated rats. METH pretreatment followed by METH challenges also decreased Nurr1 but increased Otx2 and Pitx3 expression in the midbrain. These findings suggest that, in adult animals, toxic doses of METH can differentially influence the expression of transcription factors involved in the developmental regulation of dopamine neurons. The combined increases in Otx2 and Pitx3 expression after METH preconditioning might represent, in part, some of the mechanisms that served to protect against METH-induced striatal dopamine depletion observed after METH preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina N. Krasnova
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, DHHS/NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bruce Ladenheim
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, DHHS/NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Amber B. Hodges
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, DHHS/NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nora D. Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, DHHS/NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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