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Kim H, Kim J, Roh S. Effects of Gas and Steam Humidity on Particulate Matter Measurements Obtained Using Light-Scattering Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6199. [PMID: 37448045 DOI: 10.3390/s23136199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing need for particulate matter (PM) monitoring, the demand for light-scattering sensors that allow for real-time measurements of PM is increasing. This light-scattering method involves irradiating light to the aerosols in the atmosphere to analyze the scattered light and measure mass concentrations. Humidity affects the measurement results. The humidity in an outdoor environment may exist as gas or steam, such as fog. While the impact of humidity on the light-scattering measurement remains unclear, an accurate estimation of ambient PM concentration is a practical challenge. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of humidity on light-scattering measurements by analyzing the variation in the PM concentration measured by the sensor when relative humidity was due to gaseous and steam vapor. The gaseous humidity did not cause errors in the PM measurements via the light-scattering method. In contrast, steam humidity, such as that caused by fog, resulted in errors in the PM measurement. The results help determine the factors to be considered before applying a light-scattering sensor in an outdoor environment. Based on these factors, directions for technological development can be presented regarding the correction of measurement errors induced by vapor in outdoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsik Kim
- Department of Civil Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghwan Kim
- Department of Civil Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjun Roh
- School of Architecture, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea
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2
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Karim I, Rappenglück B. Impact of Covid-19 lockdown regulations on PM 2.5 and trace gases (NO 2, SO 2, CH 4, HCHO, C 2H 2O 2 and O 3) over Lahore, Pakistan. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2023; 303:119746. [PMID: 37016698 PMCID: PMC10062718 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.119746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic altered the human mobility and economic activities immensely, as authorities enforced unprecedented lock down regulations. In order to reduce the spread of COVID-19, a complete lockdown was observed between 24 March - 31 May 2020 in Pakistan. This paper aims at investigating the PM2.5, AOD and column amounts of six trace gases (NO2, SO2, CH4, HCHO, C2H2O2, and O3) by comparing periods of reduced emissions during lockdown periods with reference periods without emission reductions over Lahore, Pakistan. HYSPLIT cluster trajectory analyses were performed, which confirmed similar meteorological flow conditions during lockdown and reference periods. This provides confidence that any change in air quality conditions would be due to changes in human activities and associated emissions. The results show about 38% reduction in ambient surface PM2.5 levels during the lockdown period. This change also positively correlated with MODISDB and AERONETAOD data with a decrease of AOD by 42% and 35%, respectively. Reductions for tropospheric columns of NO2 and SO2 were about 20% and 50%, respectively during a semi lockdown period, while no reduction in the CH4, C2H2O2, HCHO and O3 levels occurred. During the lockdown period NO2, O3 and CH4 were about 50%, 45% and 25% lower, respectively, but no reduction in SO2, C2H2O2 and HCHO levels were noticed compared to the reference lockdown period for Lahore. HYSPLIT cluster trajectory analysis revealed the greatest impact on Lahore air quality through local emissions and regional transport from the east (agricultural burning and industry).
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Affiliation(s)
- I Karim
- University of Houston, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Science, Houston, TX, USA
| | - B Rappenglück
- University of Houston, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Science, Houston, TX, USA
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3
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Hagler G, Hanley T, Hassett-Sipple B, Vanderpool R, Smith M, Wilbur J, Wilbur T, Oliver T, Shand D, Vidacek V, Johnson C, Allen R, D’Angelo C. Evaluation of two collocated federal equivalent method PM 2.5 instruments over a wide range of concentrations in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 13:1-9. [PMID: 36777262 PMCID: PMC9907456 DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2022.101374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Two widely used PM2.5 monitors in the United States (U.S.) designated as federal equivalent methods (FEMs) by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency were collocated for 15 months in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) to evaluate their comparability. With differing measurement principles, the FEMs (Met One BAM-1020 and Teledyne API T640) exhibited unique responses to the significant range in PM2.5 over the study period. During the winter months when concentrations greatly increased (e.g., daily PM2.5 > 100 μg m-3), the BAM-1020 had intermittent malfunctioning nozzle contact to the collection tape, resulting in periods of data invalidation. Increased operator observation and doubling the cleaning frequency were required to maintain proper operation. The hourly data from the BAM-1020, which detects PM2.5 via beta-attenuation of particles loaded to the collection tape, indicated higher noise at concentrations below 40 μg m-3 relative to the T640, which detects PM2.5 via an optical method. Above this concentration threshold, the two instruments appear to have comparable hourly fluctuations in the data. Relative to the BAM-1020, the T640 reported higher concentrations when PM2.5 is above 80 μg m-3. A linear regression equation was developed and applied to adjust T640 PM2.5 high concentration values, resulting in 24-hr average T640adj PM2.5 values closely matching that from the BAM-1020 for the full concentration range. Based on the T640adj values, the annual average for Sarajevo was calculated at the site to be 42 μg m-3, with significant seasonality resulting in over 7-fold higher concentrations in the months of December-January compared to June-July.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle Hagler
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Tim Hanley
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Beth Hassett-Sipple
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Robert Vanderpool
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Marissa Smith
- United States Embassy in Bosnia and Herzegovina, United States
| | - John Wilbur
- J.J. Wilbur Company, Mont Vernon, New Hampshire and Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - Thomas Wilbur
- J.J. Wilbur Company, Mont Vernon, New Hampshire and Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - Tim Oliver
- United States Embassy in Bosnia and Herzegovina, United States
| | - Dina Shand
- United States Embassy in Bosnia and Herzegovina, United States
| | - Vedran Vidacek
- United States Embassy in Bosnia and Herzegovina, United States
| | - Cortina Johnson
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Richard Allen
- United States Embassy in Bosnia and Herzegovina, United States
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4
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Mehadi A, Moosmüller H, Campbell DE, Ham W, Schweizer D, Tarnay L, Hunter J. Laboratory and field evaluation of real-time and near real-time PM 2.5 smoke monitors. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2020; 70:158-179. [PMID: 31403397 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2019.1654036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Increases in large wildfire frequency and intensity and a longer fire season in the western United States are resulting in a significant increase in air pollution, including concentrations of PM2.5 (particulate matter <2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter) that pose significant health risks to nearby communities. During wildfires, government agencies monitor PM2.5 mass concentrations providing information and actions needed to protect affected communities; this requires continuously measuring instruments. This study assessed the performance of seven candidate instruments: (1) Met One Environmental beta attenuation monitor (EBAM), (2) Met One ES model 642 (ES642), (3) Grimm Environmental Dust Monitor 164 (EDM), (4) Thermo ADR 1500 (ADR), (5) TSI DRX model 8543 (DRX), (6) Dylos 1700 (Dylos), and (7) Purple Air II (PA-II) in comparison with a BAM 1020 (BAM) reference instrument. With the exception of the EBAM, all candidates use light scattering to determine PM2.5 mass concentrations. Our comparison study included environmental chamber and field components, with two of each candidate instrument operating next to the reference instrument. The chamber component involved 6 days of comparisons for biomass combustion emissions. The field component involved operating all instruments in an air monitoring station for 39.5 days with hourly average relative humidity (RH) ranging from 19% to 98%. Goals were to assess instrument precision and accuracy and effects of RH, elemental carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC) concentrations. All replicate candidate instruments showed high hourly correlations (R2 ≥ 0.80) and higher daily average correlations (R2 ≥ 0.90), where all instruments correlated well (R2 ≥ 0.80) with the reference. The DRX and Purple Air overestimated PM2.5 mass concentrations by a factor of ~two. Differences between candidates and reference were more pronounced at higher PM2.5 concentrations. All optical instruments were affected by high RH and by the EC/OC ratio. Equations to convert candidate instruments data to FEM BAM type data are provided to enhance the usability of data from candidate instruments.Implications: This study tested the performance of seven candidate PM2.5 mass concentration measuring instruments in two settings - environmental chamber and field. The instruments were tested to determine their suitability for use during biomass combustion events and the effects of RH, PM mass concentrations, and concentrations of EC and OC on their performance. The accuracy and precision of each monitor and effect of RH, PM concentration, EC and OC concentrations are varied. The data show that most of these candidate instruments are suitable for measuring PM2.5 concentration during biomass combustions with a proper correction factor for each instrument type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mehadi
- Monitoring and Laboratory Division, California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Hans Moosmüller
- Desert Research Institute, Nevada System of Higher Education, Reno, NV, USA
| | - David E Campbell
- Desert Research Institute, Nevada System of Higher Education, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Walter Ham
- Monitoring and Laboratory Division, California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Donald Schweizer
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, Bishop, CA, USA
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Leland Tarnay
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region Remote Sensing Lab, McClellan, CA, USA
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Shimada T, Yasaki H, Yasui T, Yanagida T, Kaji N, Kanai M, Nagashima K, Kawai T, Baba Y. PM 2.5 Particle Detection in a Microfluidic Device by Using Ionic Current Sensing. ANAL SCI 2018; 34:1347-1349. [PMID: 30449832 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18c018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated a PM2.5 analysis method that adds information on the number concentration and size by using microfluidic-based ionic current sensing with a bridge circuit. The bridge circuit allows for suppression of the background current and the detection of small PM2.5 particles, even if a relatively large micropore is used. This is the first demonstration of the detection of PM2.5 particles via ionic current sensing; our method enables analyses of both the number concentration and size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Shimada
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University.,ImPACT Research Center for Advanced Nanobiodevices, Nagoya University
| | - Hirotoshi Yasaki
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University.,ImPACT Research Center for Advanced Nanobiodevices, Nagoya University
| | - Takao Yasui
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University.,ImPACT Research Center for Advanced Nanobiodevices, Nagoya University.,Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO
| | - Takeshi Yanagida
- Laboratory of Integrated Nanostructure Materials Institute of Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University.,Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University
| | - Noritada Kaji
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University
| | - Masaki Kanai
- Laboratory of Integrated Nanostructure Materials Institute of Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University
| | - Kazuki Nagashima
- Laboratory of Integrated Nanostructure Materials Institute of Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University
| | - Tomoji Kawai
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University
| | - Yoshinobu Baba
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University.,ImPACT Research Center for Advanced Nanobiodevices, Nagoya University.,Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
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6
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Hsu YM, Wang X, Chow JC, Watson JG, Percy KE. Collocated comparisons of continuous and filter-based PM2.5 measurements at Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2016; 66:329-39. [PMID: 26727574 PMCID: PMC4784491 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2015.1136362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Collocated comparisons for three PM(2.5) monitors were conducted from June 2011 to May 2013 at an air monitoring station in the residential area of Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada, a city located in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region. Extremely cold winters (down to approximately -40°C) coupled with low PM(2.5) concentrations present a challenge for continuous measurements. Both the tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM), operated at 40°C (i.e., TEOM(40)), and Synchronized Hybrid Ambient Real-time Particulate (SHARP, a Federal Equivalent Method [FEM]), were compared with a Partisol PM(2.5) U.S. Federal Reference Method (FRM) sampler. While hourly TEOM(40) PM(2.5) were consistently ~20-50% lower than that of SHARP, no statistically significant differences were found between the 24-hr averages for FRM and SHARP. Orthogonal regression (OR) equations derived from FRM and TEOM(40) were used to adjust the TEOM(40) (i.e., TEOM(adj)) and improve its agreement with FRM, particularly for the cold season. The 12-year-long hourly TEOM(adj) measurements from 1999 to 2011 based on the OR equations between SHARP and TEOM(40) were derived from the 2-year (2011-2013) collocated measurements. The trend analysis combining both TEOM(adj) and SHARP measurements showed a statistically significant decrease in PM(2.5) concentrations with a seasonal slope of -0.15 μg m(-3) yr(-1) from 1999 to 2014. IMPLICATIONS Consistency in PM(2.5) measurements are needed for trend analysis. Collocated comparison among the three PM(2.5) monitors demonstrated the difference between FRM and TEOM, as well as between SHARP and TEOM. The orthogonal regressions equations can be applied to correct historical TEOM data to examine long-term trends within the network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Hsu
- Wood Buffalo Environmental Association, Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Kevin E. Percy
- Wood Buffalo Environmental Association, Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada
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7
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Eom JW, Lee B. Analytical methods for atmospheric particulate aerosols: Focused on the physical properties and chemical composition of metals and water soluble ionic compounds. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.5806/ast.2015.28.3.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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8
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Udhayakumar J, Gandhi SS, Kumar M, Dash A. A chemical deposition method to prepare circular planar 147Pm sources for the measurement of particulate emission in air. Appl Radiat Isot 2013; 79:80-4. [PMID: 23733033 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a method for preparing a circular planar source of 17 mm diameter containing approximately 400 kBq of (147)Pm employing a wet chemical deposition technique to be used in dust monitors. This manuscript described the overall process concept and experimental procedure. The technical feasibility, efficiency of the process and product quality has been evaluated. The quality of the prepared source in terms of nonleachability, uniform distribution of activity and stability, which are necessary attributes of a radioactive source were evaluated and found to be satisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Udhayakumar
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
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9
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Kumar M, Shukla R, Gandhi SS, Udhayakumar J, Tyagi A, Dash A. Selective Area Chemical-Deposition Process: An Innovative and Facile Route to Prepare 147Pm Sources for Dust Monitors. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie3009692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Radiopharmaceuticals
Division, ‡Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai-400 085, India
| | - Rakesh Shukla
- Radiopharmaceuticals
Division, ‡Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai-400 085, India
| | - Shyamala S. Gandhi
- Radiopharmaceuticals
Division, ‡Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai-400 085, India
| | - J. Udhayakumar
- Radiopharmaceuticals
Division, ‡Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai-400 085, India
| | - A.K. Tyagi
- Radiopharmaceuticals
Division, ‡Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai-400 085, India
| | - Ashutosh Dash
- Radiopharmaceuticals
Division, ‡Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai-400 085, India
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10
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Cabello M, Orza JAG, Barrero MA, Gordo E, Berasaluce A, Cantón L, Dueñas C, Fernández MC, Pérez M. Spatial and temporal variation of the impact of an extreme Saharan dust event. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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11
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12
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Chow JC, Engelbrecht JP, Freeman NCG, Hashim JH, Jantunen M, Michaud JP, Saenz de Tejada S, Watson JG, Wei F, Wilson WE, Yasuno M, Zhu T. Chapter one: exposure measurements. CHEMOSPHERE 2002; 49:873-901. [PMID: 12492156 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00233-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Determining human exposure to suspended particulate concentrations requires measurements that quantify different particle properties in microenvironments where people live, work, and play. Particle mass, size, and chemical composition are important exposure variables, and these are typically measured with time-integrated samples on filters that are later submitted to laboratory analyses. This requires substantial sample handling, quality assurance, and data reduction. Newer technologies are being developed that allow in-situ, time-resolved measurements for mass, carbon, sulfate, nitrate, particle size, and other variables. These are large measurement systems that are more suitable for fixed monitoring sites than for personal applications. Human exposure studies need to be designed to accomplish specific objectives rather than to serve too many purposes. Resources need to be divided among study design, field sampling, laboratory analysis, quality assurance, data management, and data analysis phases. Many exposure projects allocated too little to the non-measurement activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith C Chow
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Reggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512-1095, USA.
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13
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Wilson WE, Chow JC, Claiborn C, Fusheng W, Engelbrecht J, Watson JG. Monitoring of particulate matter outdoors. CHEMOSPHERE 2002; 49:1009-1043. [PMID: 12492163 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00270-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies of the size and composition of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) have demonstrated the usefulness of separating atmospheric PM into its fine and coarse components. The need to measure the mass and composition of fine and coarse PM separately has been emphasized by research in exposure, epidemiology, and toxicology of atmospheric PM. This paper provides a background on the size distribution and properties of PM relevant to the differences between fine and coarse particles. Various decisions that must be made when deciding how to separate, collect, and measure PM are discussed. Techniques for monitoring fine and coarse particles, including the US Federal Reference Method for PM2.5 and several techniques for PM10-2.5, are presented. Problems encountered in collecting semivolatile PM and in weighing atmospheric PM collected on a filter are described. Continuous monitoring methods for PM mass and for PM components (carbon, nitrate, and sulfate) are described and brief descriptions are given of analytical techniques for the chemical characterization of collected PM. This information should be especially useful for environmental workers familiar with monitoring methods for total suspended particles or PM10 but who will need to measure PM2, and PM10-2.5 in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Wilson
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, MD-B243-0l, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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14
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Chow JC, Engelbrecht JP, Watson JG, Wilson WE, Frank NH, Zhu T. Designing monitoring networks to represent outdoor human exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2002; 49:961-78. [PMID: 12492160 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of outdoor human exposure to suspended particulate matter (PM) are always constrained by available resources. An effective network design requires tradeoffs between variables measured, the number of sampling locations, sample duration, and sampling frequency. Sampling sites are needed to represent neighborhood and urban spatial scales with minimal influences from nearby sources. Although most PM measurements for determining compliance with standards are taken over 24-h periods every third to sixth day, outdoor human exposure assessment requires measurements taken continuously throughout the day, preferably over durations of 1 h or less. More detailed particle size and chemistry data are also desirable, as smaller size fractions and specific chemicals may be better indicators of adverse health effects than total mass samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith C Chow
- Desert Research Institute, 2215 Reggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA.
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15
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Spagnolo GS, Paoletti D. A system for the sampling of inhalable airborne particles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1995; 87:295-301. [PMID: 15091579 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(94)p4161-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/1993] [Accepted: 02/01/1994] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes an instrument developed for the semi-continuous measurement of aerosol mass and its classification into three classes. These classes have been chosen to evaluate the health hazards caused by inhalable particles. The instrument takes samples through three probes, each providing different cut-off points ( approximately 15 microm, approximately 4 microm, approximately 2 microm) and collects airborne particles on circular membrane filters. The increase in weight is measured by the beta-ray attenuation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Spagnolo
- Dipartimento di Energetica, Università Dell'Aquila, Località Monteluco di Roio, 67040 Roio Poggio, l'Aquila, Italy
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16
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Gotoh T. Application of digital image processing to a beta-gauge for determining mass concentration of suspending particulate matter in atmosphere. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION APPLICATIONS AND INSTRUMENTATION. PART A, APPLIED RADIATION AND ISOTOPES 1992; 43:659-62. [PMID: 1325424 DOI: 10.1016/0883-2889(92)90036-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A two-dimensional image of the mass concentration of suspending particulate matter (SPM) collected on Millipore filter paper was photographed with Ultrofilm-3H. The printed paper image was transformed into a digital image (256 x 256 pixels) with 256 gray levels. Two results were obtained. The averaged values of gray level over all pixels of the digital image was found to correlate with the mass value measured by a beta-gauge. The characteristical range of the digital image which was transformed to frequency by two-dimensional fast fourier transformation was found in the low frequency. It was presumed to relate to SPM from anthropogenic sources because the SPMs usually show higher density and smaller particle size than SPMs from natural sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gotoh
- Faculty of Engineering, Kobe University, Japan
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17
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Koutrakis P, Spengler JD. Source apportionment of ambient particles in steubenville, oh using specific rotation factor analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(87)90313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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A quantitative assessment of source contributions to inhalable particulate matter pollution in metropolitan Boston. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(85)90132-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 738] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Evans JS, Cooper DW, Kinney P. On the propagation of error in air pollution measurements. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 1984; 4:139-153. [PMID: 24259219 DOI: 10.1007/bf00398783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/1983] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Four methods for estimating the uncertainties in air pollution measurements are outlined. The approaches are: analytical solution-approximation; application of distribution theory; experimentation; and simulation. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are illustrated using data from High-Volume air samplers, the instrument most commonly used for monitoring ambient concentrations of airborne particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Evans
- Department of Environmental Science and Physiology, Harvard' School of Public Health, 02115, Boston, MA, USA
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20
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Stevens RK, Dzubay TG, Lewis CW, Shaw RW. Source apportionment methods applied to the determination of the origin of ambient aerosols that affect visibility in forested areas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(84)90099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Chemical and physical analyses of Houston aerosol for interlaboratory comparison of source apportionment procedures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(84)90377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Gordon GE, Pierson WR, Daisey JM, Lioy PJ, Cooper JA, Watson JG, Cass GR. Considerations for design of source apportionment studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(84)90379-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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