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Zhao H, Chen W, Li F, Wang X, Pan X, Liu Y, Wang L, Sun W, Li F, Jiang S. Dissecting the long-term neurobehavioral impact of embryonic benz[a]anthracene exposure on zebrafish: Social dysfunction and molecular pathway activation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172615. [PMID: 38657801 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Benz[a]anthracene (BaA), a prevalent environmental contaminant within the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon class, poses risks to both human health and aquatic ecosystems. The impact of BaA on neural development and subsequent social behavior patterns remains inadequately explored. In this investigation, we employed the zebrafish as a model to examine the persisting effects of BaA exposure on social behaviors across various developmental stages, from larvae, juveniles to adults, following embryonic exposure. Our findings indicate that BaA exposure during embryogenesis yields lasting neurobehavioral deficits into adulthood. Proteomic analysis highlights that BaA may impair neuro-immune crosstalk in zebrafish larvae. Remarkably, our proteomic data also hint at the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) pathway by BaA, leading to the hypothesis that this pathway may be implicated in the disruption of neuro-immune interactions, contributing to observable behavioral disruptions. In summary, our findings suggest that early exposure to BaA disrupts social behaviors, such as social ability and shoaling behaviors, from the larval stage through to maturity in zebrafish, potentially through the detrimental effects on neuro-immune processes mediated by the AHR-CYP1A pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichu Zhao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Weiran Chen
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric & Child Primary Care, Brain and Behavioral Research Unit of Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fei Li
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xin Pan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Liting Wang
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Fei Li
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric & Child Primary Care, Brain and Behavioral Research Unit of Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shan Jiang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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Singh BP, Zughaibi TA, Alharthy SA, Al-Asmari AI, Rahman S. Statistical analysis, source apportionment, and toxicity of particulate- and gaseous-phase PAHs in the urban atmosphere. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1070663. [PMID: 36703843 PMCID: PMC9871548 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1070663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The concentrations of particulate and gaseous Polycyclic Hydrocarbons Carbon (PAHs) were determined in the urban atmosphere of Delhi in different seasons (winter, summer, and monsoon). Methodology The samples were collected using instrument air metric (particulate phase) and charcoal tube (gaseous phase) and analyzed through Gas chromatography. The principal component and correlation were used to identify the sources of particulate and gaseous PAHs during different seasons. Results and discussion The mean concentration of the sum of total PAHs (TPAHs) for particulate and gaseous phases at all the sites were found to be higher in the winter season (165.14 ± 50.44 ng/m3 and 65.73 ± 16.84 ng/m3) than in the summer season (134.08 ± 35.0 ng/m3 and 43.43 ± 9.59 ng/m3), whereas in the monsoon season the concentration was least (68.15 ± 18.25 ng/m3 and 37.63 1 13.62 ng/m3). The principal component analysis (PCA) results revealed that seasonal variations of PAHs accounted for over 86.9%, 84.5%, and 94.5% for the summer, monsoon, and winter seasons, respectively. The strong and positive correlation coefficients were observed between B(ghi)P and DahA (0.922), B(a)P and IcdP (0.857), and B(a)P and DahA (0.821), which indicated the common source emissions of PAHs. In addition to this, the correlation between Nap and Flu, Flu and Flt, B(a)P, and IcdP showed moderate to high correlation ranging from 0.68 to 0.75 for the particulate phase PAHs. The carcinogenic health risk values for gaseous and particulate phase PAHs at all sites were calculated to be 4.53 × 10-6, 2.36 × 10-5 for children, and 1.22 × 10-5, 6.35 × 10-5 for adults, respectively. The carcinogenic health risk for current results was found to be relatively higher than the prescribed standard of the Central Pollution Control Board, India (1.0 × 10-6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Environmental Studies, Deshbadhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
- Delhi School of Climate Change and Sustainability, Institute of Eminence, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Torki A. Zughaibi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Toxicology and Forensic Science Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saif A. Alharthy
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Toxicology and Forensic Science Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed I. Al-Asmari
- Toxicology and Forensic Science Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory Department, Ministry of Health, King Aziz Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakilur Rahman
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, New Delhi, India
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George BJ, Gains-Germain L, Broms K, Black K, Furman M, Hays MD, Thomas KW, Simmons JE. Censoring Trace-Level Environmental Data: Statistical Analysis Considerations to Limit Bias. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:3786-3795. [PMID: 33625843 PMCID: PMC8224532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Trace-level environmental data typically include values near or below detection and quantitation thresholds where health effects may result from low-concentration exposures to one chemical over time or to multiple chemicals. In a cook stove case study, bias in dibenzo[a,h]anthracene concentration means and standard deviations (SDs) was assessed following censoring at thresholds for selected analysis approaches: substituting threshold/2, maximum likelihood estimation, robust regression on order statistics, Kaplan-Meier, and omitting censored observations. Means and SDs for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-determined concentrations were calculated after censoring at detection and calibration thresholds, 17% and 55% of the data, respectively. Threshold/2 substitution was the least biased. Measurement values were subsequently simulated from two log-normal distributions at two sample sizes. Means and SDs were calculated for 30%, 50%, and 80% censoring levels and compared to known distribution counterparts. Simulation results illustrated (1) threshold/2 substitution to be inferior to modern after-censoring statistical approaches and (2) all after-censoring approaches to be inferior to including all measurement data in analysis. Additionally, differences in stove-specific group means were tested for uncensored samples and after censoring. Group differences of means tests varied depending on censoring and distributional decisions. Investigators should guard against censoring-related bias from (explicit or implicit) distributional and analysis approach decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Jane George
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment,
Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27711, United States
| | | | - Kristin Broms
- Neptune and Company, Inc., Lakewood, Colorado 80215, United
States
| | - Kelly Black
- Neptune and Company, Inc., Lakewood, Colorado 80215, United
States
| | - Marschall Furman
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE)
Research Participant at U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Center for
Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27711, United States
| | - Michael D. Hays
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office
of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711,
United States
| | - Kent W. Thomas
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment,
Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27711, United States
| | - Jane Ellen Simmons
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment,
Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27711, United States
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Comparative analysis of contributions of wet deposition and photodegradation to the removal of atmospheric BaP by MFDCCA. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5515. [PMID: 33750883 PMCID: PMC7943829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85224-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzo [a] pyrene (BaP) in the atmosphere possess great carcinogenic potential to human health, and the understanding of its scavenging mechanisms has attracted considerable attention. In this work, a new quantitative method is proposed to make a comparative analysis of the long-term contributions of wet deposition and photodegradation to BaP removal based on multi-fractal detrended cross-correlation analysis (MFDCCA). According to the precipitation and global solar radiation (GSR) observations from 1998 to 2016 for two urban sites (Central/Western District and TsuenWan) in Hong Kong, the wet deposition and photodegradation of BaP are analyzed. Using MFDCCA method, long-term cross-correlation between precipitation/GSR and BaP are investigated. Moreover, the differences of multifractal features in cross-correlations of precipitation-BaP and GSR-BaP system are analyzed. Strong long-term persistence is observed in the cross-correlations for precipitation-BaP system in a one-year cycle; while cross-correlations between GSR and BaP show weak persistence over the whole timescale. Based on the meteorology in Hong Kong, this difference has been discussed. Then, contributions of wet deposition and photodegradation to atmospheric BaP removal are quantified based on MFDCCA method, which are further compared between summer and winter. The comparative analysis suggests that wet deposition plays a more significant role in the removal of atmospheric BaP. Specifically, in summer, the contributions of wet deposition are twice as much as that of photodegradation for both two sites; while in winter, the contribution of photodegradation is a little higher than that of wet deposition to BaP removal. Meanwhile, for wet deposition, the contributions in summer are about ten times greater than that in winter; while for photodegradation, the difference in contributions between summer and winter are relatively smaller. Furthermore, based on sliding window technique, the temporal evolutions in the contributions of wet deposition/photodegradation to BaP removal have been presented for both two sites. On this basis, it is discovered that the comprehensive contributions of wet deposition and photodegradation peak in June, and reach their lowest levels in December for both two sites. Quantifying the contribution of meteorological factors to the removal of atmospheric BaP is help for understanding its geochemical cycle.
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Yu H, Li J, Huang G, Yan L, Ma J. Binding Characteristics of Dibenzo[a,h]Anthracene with DNA In Vitro: Investigated by Spectroscopic and Magnetic Bead Methods. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1855218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Processing of Sugar Resources, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Junsheng Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Processing of Sugar Resources, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Guoxia Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Processing of Sugar Resources, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Liujuan Yan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Processing of Sugar Resources, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Ji Ma
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Processing of Sugar Resources, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
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Wang Y, Shi L, Li J, Li L, Wang H, Yang H. Involvement of p38 MAPK pathway in benzo(a)pyrene-induced human hepatoma cell migration and invasion. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:35838-35845. [PMID: 31707611 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06733-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the potential role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)-induced hepatoma cell migration and invasion. Western blot assay was applied to detect the expression of proteins. qRT-PCR assay was used to measure the expression of mRNA. Wound healing assay and Transwell invasion assay were performed to evaluate cell migratory ability and cell invasive ability, respectively. Our data showed that BaP exposure increased the expression of p-p38 protein in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Exposure to BaP facilitated HepG2 cell migration and invasion, which could be blocked by p38 MAPK inhibitors. In addition, BaP exposure induced upregulation of MMP9 mRNA expression, which was modulated by p-p38. In conclusion, p38 MAPK pathway was involved in BaP-induced hepatoma cell migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Wang
- Department of Toxicology, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 105 of South Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450016, China.
| | - Li Shi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jiangmin Li
- Department of Toxicology, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 105 of South Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450016, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Toxicology, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 105 of South Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450016, China
| | - Haiyu Wang
- Department of Toxicology, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 105 of South Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450016, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Grova N, Salquèbre G, Schroeder H, Appenzeller BMR. Determination of PAHs and OH-PAHs in Rat Brain by Gas Chromatography Tandem (Triple Quadrupole) Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1653-67. [DOI: 10.1021/tx2003596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Grova
- Laboratory of Analytical Human Biomonitoring—CRP-Santé, Université du Luxembourg, Campus Limpertsberg, 162A, Avenue de la Faiencerie, 1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Guillaume Salquèbre
- Laboratory of Analytical Human Biomonitoring—CRP-Santé, Université du Luxembourg, Campus Limpertsberg, 162A, Avenue de la Faiencerie, 1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Henri Schroeder
- Neurosciences Comportementales, URAFPA, INRA UC12340, INPL-UHP, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Henri Poincaré, BP 239 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Brice M. R. Appenzeller
- Laboratory of Analytical Human Biomonitoring—CRP-Santé, Université du Luxembourg, Campus Limpertsberg, 162A, Avenue de la Faiencerie, 1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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8
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Kang Q, Chen Y, Li C, Cai Q, Yao S, Grimes CA. A photoelectrochemical immunosensor for benzo[a]pyrene detection amplified by bifunctional gold nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:12509-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc16034f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Hepatic drug metabolizing profile of Flinders Sensitive Line rat model of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34:1075-84. [PMID: 20595028 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rat model of depression exhibits some behavioral, neurochemical, and pharmacological features that have been reported in depressed patients and has been very effective in screening antidepressants. Major factor that determines the effectiveness and toxicity of a drug is the drug metabolizing capacity of the liver. Therefore, in order to discriminate possible differentiation in the hepatic drug metabolism between FSL rats and Sprague-Dawley (SD) controls, their hepatic metabolic profile was investigated in this study. The data showed decreased glutathione (GSH) content and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and lower expression of certain major CYP enzymes, including the CYP2B1, CYP2C11 and CYP2D1 in FSL rats compared to SD controls. In contrast, p-nitrophenol hydroxylase (PNP), 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (EROD) and 16alpha-testosterone hydroxylase activities were higher in FSL rats. Interestingly, the wide spread environmental pollutant benzo(alpha)pyrene (B(alpha)P) induced CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2B1/2 and ALDH3c at a lesser extend in FSL than in SD rats, whereas the antidepressant mirtazapine (MIRT) up-regulated CYP1A1/2, CYP2C11, CYP2D1, CYP2E1 and CYP3A1/2, mainly, in FSL rats. The drug also further increased ALDH3c whereas suppressed GSH content in B(alpha)P-exposed FSL rats. In conclusion, several key enzymes of the hepatic biotransformation machinery are differentially expressed in FSL than in SD rats, a condition that may influence the outcome of drug therapy. The MIRT-induced up-regulation of several drug-metabolizing enzymes indicates the critical role of antidepressant treatment that should be always taken into account in the designing of treatment and interpretation of insufficient pharmacotherapy or drug toxicity.
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Regensburger J, Lehner K, Maisch T, Vasold R, Santarelli F, Engel E, Gollmer A, König B, Landthaler M, Bäumler W. Tattoo inks contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that additionally generate deleterious singlet oxygen. Exp Dermatol 2009; 19:e275-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Konstandi M, Harkitis P, Thermos K, Ogren SO, Johnson EO, Tzimas P, Marselos M. Modification of inherent and drug-induced dopaminergic activity after exposure to benzo(alpha)pyrene. Neurotoxicology 2007; 28:860-7. [PMID: 17570529 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2007.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2006] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of benzo(alpha)pyrene (B(alpha)P), a representative polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), on dopaminergic activity in brain. (B(alpha)P) altered dopaminergic activity in discrete regions of the rat brain, including the hippocampus, hypothalamus, caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens. Specifically, B(alpha)P increased DA levels in the hippocampus and DA turnover in the caudate putamen. In addition, B(alpha)P suppressed DA levels in the caudate putamen and DA turnover in the nucleus accumbens. B(alpha)P also altered the effect of several dopaminergic agents, L-DOPA, sulpiride and bromocriptine, on DA activity. In particular, B(alpha)P enhanced the L-DOPA-induced increase in the DA turnover ratio in the caudate putamen and increased DA levels in the nucleus accumbens. B(alpha)P also reversed the sulpiride-induced increase of DA turnover in the nucleus accumbens and the bromocriptine-induced increase of DA turnover in the hippocampus. In addition, DA turnover was increased by B(alpha)P in the nucleus accumbens and caudate putamen and DA levels were suppressed in the nucleus accumbens of bromocriptine treated rats, though the drug alone had no effect. These changes indicate that exposure to B(alpha)P and related compounds may affect dopaminergic function in discrete brain regions that are implicated in cognitive functions, psychosis, depression and Parkinson's disease, and may possibly interfere with their pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Konstandi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
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Sun P, Weavers LK. Sonolytic reactions of phenanthrene in organic extraction solutions. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 65:2268-74. [PMID: 16824582 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Revised: 05/16/2006] [Accepted: 05/17/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic extraction is a common method used to extract semi-volatile and nonvolatile organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from solid matrices. However, ultrasonic energy has been suspected to lead to undesired reactions of the solute and thus affect qualitative and quantitative results. In this paper, sonolytic reactions of phenanthrene in common organic extraction solutions were examined using a 20kHz ultrasonic probe under conditions commonly used for ultrasonic extraction. Extraction parameters including phenanthrene concentration, solvent type, pulse length, and sonication time were investigated. Hexane:acetone (1:1 V/V) resulted in less phenanthrene degradation than dichloromethane (DCM):acetone (1:1 V/V). Initial solute concentration, length of sonication time, and solvent type affected the degradation of phenanthrene. Reaction byproducts including methylphenanthrene and methylnaphthalene detected after sonication indicate that phenanthrene reacts by both direct pyrolysis and reaction with methyl or ethyl radicals formed from solvent pyrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Sun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science, The Ohio State University, 470 Hitchcock Hall, 2070 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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