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Zerva A, Manos N, Vouyiouka S, Christakopoulos P, Topakas E. Bioconversion of Biomass-Derived Phenols Catalyzed by Myceliophthora thermophila Laccase. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050550. [PMID: 27128897 PMCID: PMC6273956 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomass-derived phenols have recently arisen as an attractive alternative for building blocks to be used in synthetic applications, due to their widespread availability as an abundant renewable resource. In the present paper, commercial laccase from the thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora thermophila was used to bioconvert phenol monomers, namely catechol, pyrogallol and gallic acid in water. The resulting products from catechol and gallic acid were polymers that were partially characterized in respect to their optical and thermal properties, and their average molecular weight was estimated via solution viscosity measurements and GPC. FT-IR and 1H-NMR data suggest that phenol monomers are connected with ether or C–C bonds depending on the starting monomer, while the achieved molecular weight of polycatechol is found higher than the corresponding poly(gallic acid). On the other hand, under the same condition, pyrogallol was dimerized in a pure red crystalline compound and its structure was confirmed by 1H-NMR as purpurogallin. The herein studied green synthesis of enzymatically synthesized phenol polymers or biological active compounds could be exploited as an alternative synthetic route targeting a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Zerva
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, Athens 15780, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos Manos
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, Athens 15780, Greece.
| | - Stamatina Vouyiouka
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, Athens 15780, Greece.
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical and Chemical Process Engineering, Division of Sustainable Process Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå SE-97187, Sweden.
| | - Evangelos Topakas
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, Athens 15780, Greece.
- Biochemical and Chemical Process Engineering, Division of Sustainable Process Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå SE-97187, Sweden.
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George KW, Hay AG. Bacterial strategies for growth on aromatic compounds. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 74:1-33. [PMID: 21459192 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387022-3.00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the biodegradation of aromatic compounds has been studied for over 40 years, there is still much to learn about the strategies bacteria employ for growth on novel substrates. Elucidation of these strategies is crucial for predicting the environmental fate of aromatic pollutants and will provide a framework for the development of engineered bacteria and degradation pathways. In this chapter, we provide an overview of studies that have advanced our knowledge of bacterial adaptation to aromatic compounds. We have divided these strategies into three broad categories: (1) recruitment of catabolic genes, (2) expression of "repair" or detoxification proteins, and (3) direct alteration of enzymatic properties. Specific examples from the literature are discussed, with an eye toward the molecular mechanisms that underlie each strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W George
- Field of Environmental Toxicology, Cornell University Ithaca, New York, USA; Department of Microbiology, Wing Hall, Cornell University Ithaca, New York, USA
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Characterization and application of a novel class II thermophilic peroxidase from Myceliophthora thermophila in biosynthesis of polycatechol. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015; 75-76:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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George KW, Hay A. Less is more: reduced catechol production permits Pseudomonas putida F1 to grow on styrene. Microbiology (Reading) 2012; 158:2781-2788. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.058230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W. George
- Field of Environmental Toxicology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Anthony Hay
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
- Field of Environmental Toxicology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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George KW, Kagle J, Junker L, Risen A, Hay AG. Growth of Pseudomonas putida F1 on styrene requires increased catechol-2,3-dioxygenase activity, not a new hydrolase. Microbiology (Reading) 2011; 157:89-98. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.042531-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas putida F1 cannot grow on styrene despite being able to degrade it through the toluene degradation (tod) pathway. Previous work had suggested that this was because TodF, the meta-fission product (MFP) hydrolase, was unable to metabolize the styrene MFP 2-hydroxy-6-vinylhexa-2,4-dienoate. Here we demonstrate via kinetic and growth analyses that the substrate specificity of TodF is not the limiting factor preventing F1 from growing on styrene. Rather, we found that the metabolite 3-vinylcatechol accumulated during styrene metabolism and that micromolar concentrations of this intermediate inactivated TodE, the catechol-2,3-dioxygenase (C23O) responsible for its cleavage. Analysis of cells growing on styrene suggested that inactivation of TodE and the subsequent accumulation of 3-vinylcatechol resulted in toxicity and cell death. We found that simply overexpressing TodE on a plasmid (pTodE) was all that was necessary to allow F1 to grow on styrene. Similar results were also obtained by expressing a related C23O, DmpB from Pseudomonas sp. CF600, in tandem with its plant-like ferredoxin, DmpQ (pDmpQB). Further analysis revealed that the ability of F1 (pDmpQB) and F1 (pTodE) to grow on styrene correlated with increased C23O activity as well as resistance of the enzyme to 3-vinylcatechol-mediated inactivation. Although TodE inactivation by 3-halocatechols has been studied before, to our knowledge, this is the first published report demonstrating inactivation by a 3-vinylcatechol. Given the ubiquity of catechol intermediates in aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism, our results further demonstrate the importance of C23O inactivation as a determinant of growth substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W. George
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
- Field of Environmental Toxicology, Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Jeanne Kagle
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Lauren Junker
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Amy Risen
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
- Field of Environmental Toxicology, Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Anthony G. Hay
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
- Field of Environmental Toxicology, Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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Kobayashi S, Makino A. Enzymatic polymer synthesis: an opportunity for green polymer chemistry. Chem Rev 2010; 109:5288-353. [PMID: 19824647 DOI: 10.1021/cr900165z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Kobayashi
- R & D Center for Bio-based Materials, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
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Park JY, Hong JW, Gadd GM. Phenol degradation by Fusarium oxysporum GJ4 is affected by toxic catalytic polymerization mediated by copper oxide. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 75:765-771. [PMID: 19211129 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 01/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A phenol-degrading fungus, Fusarium oxysporum GJ4, was isolated from contaminated soil and was able to use phenol as a sole carbon and energy source. Catechol was detected during phenol degradation and this was polymerized by Cu(2)O added to the medium. F. oxysporum GJ4 was unable to degrade phenol at concentrations greater than 2mM when Cu(2)O was present in the liquid growth medium. Catechol polymerization and deposition on the fungal surface was thought to be the main reason for the cessation of phenol degradation by F. oxysporum GJ4. Such catalytic polymerization of catecholic products by Cu(2)O during the biodegradation of phenol or other phenolic products must be considered as a possible interference factor in bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yeon Park
- Division of Molecular and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH Scotland, UK
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Varaksina EN, Mironov VF, Shtyrlina AA, Dobrynin AB, Cherkin KY, Gubaidullin AT, Litvinov IA, Konovalov AI. Chlorinations of derivatives of 2,2,2-trichlorobenzo-1,3,2-dioxaphospholes. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428008070087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ouyang SP, Sun SY, Liu Q, Chen J, Chen GQ. Microbial transformation of benzene to cis-3,5-cyclohexadien-1,2-diols by recombinant bacteria harboring toluene dioxygenase gene tod. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 74:43-9. [PMID: 17021870 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0637-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Toluene dioxygenase (TDO) catalyzes asymmetric cis-dihydroxylation of aromatic compounds. To achieve high efficient biotransformation of benzene to benzene cis-diols, Pseudomonas putida KT2442, Pseudomonas stutzeri 1317, and Aeromonas hydrophila 4AK4 were used as hosts to express TDO gene tod. Plasmid pSPM01, a derivative of broad-host plasmid pBBR1MCS-2 harboring tod from plasmid pKST11, was constructed and introduced into the above three strains. Their abilities to catalyze the biotransformation of benzene to benzene cis-diols, namely, cis-3,5-cyclohexadien-1,2-diols abbreviated as DHCD, were examined. In shake-flask cultivation under optimized culture media and growth condition, benzene cis-diols production by recombinant P. putida KT2442 (pSPM01), P. stutzeri 1317 (pSPM01), and A. hydrophila 4AK4 (pSPM01) were 2.68, 2.13, and 1.17 g/l, respectively. In comparison, Escherichia coli JM109 (pSPM01) and E. coli JM109 (pKST11) produced 0.45 and 0.53 g/l of DHCD, respectively. When biotransformation was run in a 6-l fermenter, DHCD production in P. putida KT2442 (pSPM01) was approximately 60 g/l; this is the highest DHCD production yield reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Ping Ouyang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Smejkalova D, Conte P, Piccolo A. Structural Characterization of Isomeric Dimers from the Oxidative Oligomerization of Catechol with a Biomimetic Catalyst. Biomacromolecules 2006; 8:737-43. [PMID: 17291099 DOI: 10.1021/bm060598o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Smejkalova
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e dell'Ambiente, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
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Herzberg M, Dosoretz CG, Kuhn J, Klein S, Green M. Visualization of active biomass distribution in a BGAC fluidized bed reactor using GFP tagged Pseudomonas putida F1. WATER RESEARCH 2006; 40:2704-12. [PMID: 16814359 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2005] [Revised: 04/30/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A favorable microenvironment for biofilm growth on GAC particles was shown using green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a marker for a phenol degrading bacterium, Pseudomonas putida F1. The dispersion of P. putida F1 in a biofilm covering granulated activated carbon (GAC) particles was monitored and compared to a biofilm on non-activated granular carbon particles. Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) micrographs of the biofilms taken from two fluidized bed reactors operating under identical conditions, showed higher fluorescent green areas in the GAC biofilm, especially close to the GAC surface. Quantitative analysis of the biofilm by COMSTAT, a three-dimensional biofilm structure analysis program, showed higher biomass concentration and higher viability in the GAC covered biofilm vs. the non-activated carbon biofilm. In addition, better effluent quality was measured for the BGAC reactor, which strongly suggests a significantly larger biofilm surface area available to the substrate, as opposed to that of the non-activated carbon carrier reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Herzberg
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion, IIT Haifa, Israel
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