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Filtration Efficiency and Regeneration Behavior in a Catalytic Diesel Particulate Filter with the Use of Diesel/Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ether Mixture. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11121425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (PODEn) is a promising diesel additive, especially in particulate matter reduction. However, how PODEn addition affects the filtration efficiency and regeneration process of a catalytic diesel particulate filter (cDPF) is still unknown. Therefore, this experimental work investigated the size-dependent particulate number removal efficiency under various engine loads and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ratios when fueling with diesel (D100) and diesel/PODEn mixture (P10). In addition, the regeneration behavior of the cDPF was studied by determining the breakeven temperatures (BETs) for both tested fuels. The results showed that the cDPF had lower removal efficiencies in nucleation mode particles but higher filtration efficiencies in accumulation mode particles. In addition, the overall filtration efficiency for P10 particles was higher than that for D100 particles. Positioning the upstream cDPF, increasing the EGR ratio slightly decreased the number concentration of nucleation mode particles but greatly increased that of accumulation mode particles. However, increasing the EGR ratio decreased the removal efficiency of nanoparticles, and this effect was more apparent for the P10 case. Under the same period of soot loading, the pressure drop of P10 fuel was significantly lower than that of diesel fuel. In addition, a significantly lower BET was observed for the P10 fuel, in comparison with D100 fuel. In conclusion, adopting cDPF is beneficial for fueling with P10 in terms of the overall filtration efficiency in the particulate number and the lower input energy requirement for active regeneration. However, with the addition of EGR, the lower filtration efficiencies of nanoparticles should be concerned, especially fueling with diesel/PODEn mixture.
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2
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Wongchang T, Sittichompoo S, Theinnoi K, Sawatmongkhon B, Jugjai S. Impact of High-Voltage Discharge After-Treatment Technology on Diesel Engine Particulate Matter Composition and Gaseous Emissions. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:21181-21192. [PMID: 34423226 PMCID: PMC8375093 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Diesel particulate matter (DPM) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are the emissions from diesel engines (compression ignition engines) of the most concern and are currently strictly regulated. In this work, we present an alternative diesel emission control technique to assist in further emission reduction. An experiment-oriented study on diesel engine emission abatement using low-power, low-frequency, high-voltage discharge (HVD) treatment was carried out in a laboratory-scale reactor with whole diesel engine exhaust gas. A dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor was used in direct contact with diesel exhaust gas at atmospheric temperature with an input energy density between 200 and 400 J/L. An investigation of the direct effect of the high-voltage discharge reactor on the diesel exhaust gas treatment was carried out to characterize both diesel particle and gaseous emissions. The proposed HVD system demonstrated up to 95% particulate matter reduction by mass or 64% reduction by number, and 63% reduction of the diesel soot particle geometrical mean diameter by HVD-generated O3 oxidation. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed the significant change in the diesel soot compositions and oxidation characteristics. HVD-treated particulate matter demonstrated a lower reactivity in comparison to untreated soot. Gas composition analysis indicated the generation of free radicals (e, O, OH, O3, and N) by the HVD system, as mainly indicated by the increase of the NO2/NO ratio and concentration of CO and O2. The pattern of CO2 reduction while CO and O2 increased indicated the dissociation of CO2 by HVD. Free radicals generated by HVD directly affected DeNO, DeNOx, NO2/NO ratio, and CO and CO2 selectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thawatchai Wongchang
- Department
of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering
and Technology, King Mongkut’s University
of Technology North Bangkok (Rayong Campus), Rayong 21120, Thailand
- Research
Centre for Combustion and Alternative Energy (CTAE), Science and Technology
Research Institute, King Mongkut’s
University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Sak Sittichompoo
- College
of Industrial Technology, King Mongkut’s
University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
- Research
Centre for Combustion and Alternative Energy (CTAE), Science and Technology
Research Institute, King Mongkut’s
University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Kampanart Theinnoi
- College
of Industrial Technology, King Mongkut’s
University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
- Research
Centre for Combustion and Alternative Energy (CTAE), Science and Technology
Research Institute, King Mongkut’s
University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
- ;
| | - Boonlue Sawatmongkhon
- College
of Industrial Technology, King Mongkut’s
University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
- Research
Centre for Combustion and Alternative Energy (CTAE), Science and Technology
Research Institute, King Mongkut’s
University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Sumrerng Jugjai
- Combustion
and Energy Research Laboratory (CERL), Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s
University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
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3
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Tang L, Zhao Z, Li K, Yu X, Wei Y, Liu J, Peng Y, Li Y, Chen Y. Highly Active Monolith Catalysts of LaKCoO3 Perovskite-type Complex Oxide on Alumina-washcoated Diesel Particulate Filter and the Catalytic Performances for the Combustion of Soot. Catal Today 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2019.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Dhal GC, Dey S, Mohan D, Prasad R. Simultaneous abatement of diesel soot and NOX emissions by effective catalysts at low temperature: An overview. CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2018.1457831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Subhashish Dey
- Department of Civil Engineering, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Mohan
- Department of Civil Engineering, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ram Prasad
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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5
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Jaramillo IC, Sturrock A, Ghiassi H, Woller DJ, Deering-Rice CE, Lighty JS, Paine R, Reilly C, Kelly KE. Effects of fuel components and combustion particle physicochemical properties on toxicological responses of lung cells. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 53:295-309. [PMID: 29227181 PMCID: PMC5815945 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2017.1400793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The physicochemical properties of combustion particles that promote lung toxicity are not fully understood, hindered by the fact that combustion particles vary based on the fuel and combustion conditions. Real-world combustion-particle properties also continually change as new fuels are implemented, engines age, and engine technologies evolve. This work used laboratory-generated particles produced under controlled combustion conditions in an effort to understand the relationship between different particle properties and the activation of established toxicological outcomes in human lung cells (H441 and THP-1). Particles were generated from controlled combustion of two simple biofuel/diesel surrogates (methyl decanoate and dodecane/biofuel-blended diesel (BD), and butanol and dodecane/alcohol-blended diesel (AD)) and compared to a widely studied reference diesel (RD) particle (NIST SRM2975/RD). BD, AD, and RD particles exhibited differences in size, surface area, extractable chemical mass, and the content of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Some of these differences were directly associated with different effects on biological responses. BD particles had the greatest surface area, amount of extractable material, and oxidizing potential. These particles and extracts induced cytochrome P450 1A1 and 1B1 enzyme mRNA in lung cells. AD particles and extracts had the greatest total PAH content and also caused CYP1A1 and 1B1 mRNA induction. The RD extract contained the highest relative concentration of 2-ring PAHs and stimulated the greatest level of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) cytokine secretion. Finally, AD and RD were more potent activators of TRPA1 than BD, and while neither the TRPA1 antagonist HC-030031 nor the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) affected CYP1A1 or 1B1 mRNA induction, both inhibitors reduced IL-8 secretion and mRNA induction. These results highlight that differences in fuel and combustion conditions affect the physicochemical properties of particles, and these differences, in turn, affect commonly studied biological/toxicological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel C. Jaramillo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Anne Sturrock
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Hossein Ghiassi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Diana J. Woller
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Cassandra E. Deering-Rice
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - JoAnn S. Lighty
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States of America
| | - Robert Paine
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Christopher Reilly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Kerry E. Kelly
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Address correspondence to Kerry E. Kelly, Assistant Professor, University of Utah 2282 MEB, 50 S. Central Campus Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84112; Phone: (801) 587-7601; Fax: (801) 585-9297; kerry,
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6
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Zhao H, Zhou X, Huang W, Pan L, Wang M, Li Q, Shi J, Chen H. Effect of Potassium Nitrate Modification on the Performance of Copper-Manganese Oxide Catalyst for Enhanced Soot Combustion. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201701735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure; Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences; 1295 Ding-Xi Road Shanghai 200050 P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure; Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences; 1295 Ding-Xi Road Shanghai 200050 P.R. China
| | - Weimin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure; Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences; 1295 Ding-Xi Road Shanghai 200050 P.R. China
| | - Linyu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure; Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences; 1295 Ding-Xi Road Shanghai 200050 P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P.R. China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure; Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences; 1295 Ding-Xi Road Shanghai 200050 P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P.R. China
| | - Qinru Li
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure; Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences; 1295 Ding-Xi Road Shanghai 200050 P.R. China
| | - Jianlin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure; Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences; 1295 Ding-Xi Road Shanghai 200050 P.R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center, for Advanced Materials (SICAM); Nanjing 210000 P.R. China
| | - Hangrong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure; Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences; 1295 Ding-Xi Road Shanghai 200050 P.R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center, for Advanced Materials (SICAM); Nanjing 210000 P.R. China
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Dhal GC, Mohan D, Prasad R. Preparation and application of effective different catalysts for simultaneous control of diesel soot and NOX emissions: An overview. Catal Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cy02612e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Soot particulates and nitrogen oxides (NOX) from diesel engine exhaust have been causing serious problems to human health and the global environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Chandra Dhal
- Department of Civil Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi
- India
| | - Devendra Mohan
- Department of Civil Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi
- India
| | - R. Prasad
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi
- India
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8
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Godoi RHM, Polezer G, Borillo GC, Brown A, Valebona FB, Silva TOB, Ingberman ABG, Nalin M, Yamamoto CI, Potgieter-Vermaak S, Penteado Neto RA, de Marchi MRR, Saldiva PHN, Pauliquevis T, Godoi AFL. Influence on the oxidative potential of a heavy-duty engine particle emission due to selective catalytic reduction system and biodiesel blend. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 560-561:179-185. [PMID: 27101453 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although the particulate matter (PM) emissions from biodiesel fuelled engines are acknowledged to be lower than those of fossil diesel, there is a concern on the impact of PM produced by biodiesel to human health. As the oxidative potential of PM has been suggested as trigger for adverse health effects, it was measured using the Electron Spin Resonance (OP(ESR)) technique. Additionally, Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (EDXRF) was employed to determine elemental concentration, and Raman Spectroscopy was used to describe the amorphous carbon character of the soot collected on exhaust PM from biodiesel blends fuelled test-bed engine, with and without Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR). OP(ESR) results showed higher oxidative potential per kWh of PM produced from a blend of 20% soybean biodiesel and 80% ULSD (B20) engine compared with a blend of 5% soybean biodiesel and 95% ULSD (B5), whereas the SCR was able to reduce oxidative potential for each fuel. EDXRF data indicates a correlation of 0.99 between concentration of copper and oxidative potential. Raman Spectroscopy centered on the expected carbon peaks between 1100cm(-1) and 1600cm(-1) indicate lower molecular disorder for the B20 particulate matter, an indicative of a more graphitic carbon structure. The analytical techniques used in this study highlight the link between biodiesel engine exhaust and increased oxidative potential relative to biodiesel addition on fossil diesel combustion. The EDXRF analysis confirmed the prominent role of metals on free radical production. As a whole, these results suggest that 20% of biodiesel blends run without SCR may pose an increased health risk due to an increase in OH radical generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo H M Godoi
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Polezer
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Guilherme C Borillo
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Andrew Brown
- Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Fabio B Valebona
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Thiago O B Silva
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Aline B G Ingberman
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Nalin
- LAVIE - Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Carlos I Yamamoto
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Sanja Potgieter-Vermaak
- Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Renato A Penteado Neto
- Vehicle Emissions Laboratory, Institute of Technology for Development (LACTEC), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Mary Rosa R de Marchi
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Paulo H N Saldiva
- Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Theotonio Pauliquevis
- Department of Natural and Earth Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Ana Flavia L Godoi
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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9
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Conductometric Sensor for Soot Mass Flow Detection in Exhausts of Internal Combustion Engines. SENSORS 2015; 15:28796-806. [PMID: 26580621 PMCID: PMC4701308 DOI: 10.3390/s151128796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Soot sensors are required for on-board diagnostics (OBD) of automotive diesel particulate filters (DPF) to detect filter failures. Widely used for this purpose are conductometric sensors, measuring an electrical current or resistance between two electrodes. Soot particles deposit on the electrodes, which leads to an increase in current or decrease in resistance. If installed upstream of a DPF, the “engine-out” soot emissions can also be determined directly by soot sensors. Sensors were characterized in diesel engine real exhausts under varying operation conditions and with two different kinds of diesel fuel. The sensor signal was correlated to the actual soot mass and particle number, measured with an SMPS. Sensor data and soot analytics (SMPS) agreed very well, an impressing linear correlation in a double logarithmic representation was found. This behavior was even independent of the used engine settings or of the biodiesel content.
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10
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Gerlofs-Nijland ME, Totlandsdal AI, Tzamkiozis T, Leseman DLAC, Samaras Z, Låg M, Schwarze P, Ntziachristos L, Cassee FR. Cell toxicity and oxidative potential of engine exhaust particles: impact of using particulate filter or biodiesel fuel blend. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:5931-8. [PMID: 23597117 DOI: 10.1021/es305330y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The link between emissions of vehicular particulate matter (PM) and adverse health effects is well established. However, the influence of new emission control technologies and fuel types on both PM emissions and health effects has been less well investigated. We examined the health impact of PM emissions from two vehicles equipped with or without a diesel particulate filter (DPF). Both vehicles were powered either with diesel (B0) or a 50% v/v biodiesel blend (B50). The DPF effectively decreased PM mass emissions (∼85%), whereas the fuel B50 without DPF lead to less reduction (∼50%). The hazard of PM per unit distance driven was decreased for the DPF-equipped vehicle as indicated by a reduced cytotoxicity, oxidative, and pro-inflammatory potential. This was not evident and even led to an increase when the hazard was expressed on a per unit of mass basis. In general, the PM oxidative potential was similar or reduced for the B50 compared to the B0 powered vehicle. However, the use of B50 resulted in increased cytotoxicity and IL-6 release in BEAS-2B cells irrespective of the expression metric. This study shows that PM mass reduction achieved by the use of B50 will not necessarily decrease the hazard of engine emissions, while the application of a DPF has a beneficial effect on both PM mass emission and PM hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam E Gerlofs-Nijland
- Centre for Environmental Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Sukjit E, Herreros JM, Piaszyk J, Dearn KD, Tsolakis A. Finding synergies in fuels properties for the design of renewable fuels--hydroxylated biodiesel effects on butanol-diesel blends. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:3535-3542. [PMID: 23452309 DOI: 10.1021/es400131j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the effects of hydroxylated biodiesel (castor oil methyl ester - COME) on the properties, combustion, and emissions of butanol-diesel blends used within compression ignition engines. The study was conducted to investigate the influence of COME as a means of increasing the butanol concentration in a stable butanol-diesel blend. Tests were compared with baseline experiments using rapeseed methyl esters (RME). A clear benefit in terms of the trade-off between NOX and soot emissions with respect to ULSD and biodiesel-diesel blends with the same oxygen content was obtained from the combination of biodiesel and butanol, while there was no penalty in regulated gaseous carbonaceous emissions. From the comparison between the biodiesel fuels used in this work, COME improved some of the properties (for example lubricity, density and viscosity) of butanol-diesel blends with respect to RME. The existence of hydroxyl group in COME also reduced further soot emissions and decreased soot activation energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sukjit
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, UK
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12
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Gill S, Herreros J, Tsolakis A, Turner D, Miller E, York A. Filtered EGR – a step towards an improved NOX/soot trade-off for DPF regeneration. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra21109b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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