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Cochennec M, Devriendt-Renault Y, Massat F, Guérin T, Ollivier P, Colombano S, Parinet J. Microwave-enhanced thermal removal of organochlorine pesticide (chlordecone) from contaminated soils. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141486. [PMID: 38367875 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Soil contamination with chlordecone, an organochlorine pesticide, is causing serious health problems, affecting crop production and local livestock valorization in the French West Indies. In-situ chemical reduction (ISCR) processes for soil remediation have shown promise but need improvement in terms of time, cost and effective treatment, particularly for andosol soil types. Our study shows that a 10-min microwave treatment significantly reduces chlordecone concentrations (50-90%) in contaminated andosol and nitisol soils. Dry andosol soils show the highest removal yields and reach a higher final temperature (350 °C). Microwave treatment is in all cases more effective or at least as effective as 60 min of conventional heating at a target temperature of 200 °C. The thermal response of andosol and nitisol to microwave exposure is different, as the former is likely to undergo thermal runaway, reaching high temperatures in a short time, resulting in highly efficient thermal removal of chlordecone. These results encourage further scale-up, particularly for the treatment of andosol soils due to their strong microwave response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoann Devriendt-Renault
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94701, Maison-Alfort, France; LDA26, Departmental Laboratory of Analyses of La Drôme, F-26000, Valence, France.
| | - Félix Massat
- LDA26, Departmental Laboratory of Analyses of La Drôme, F-26000, Valence, France
| | - Thierry Guérin
- ANSES, Strategy and Programmes Department, F-94701, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | - Julien Parinet
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94701, Maison-Alfort, France
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2
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Yu Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Lv M, Wang Z, Wen LL, Li A. In situ reductive dehalogenation of groundwater driven by innovative organic carbon source materials: Insights into the organohalide-respiratory electron transport chain. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131243. [PMID: 36989787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In situ bioremediation using organohalide-respiring bacteria (OHRB) is a prospective method for the removal of persistent halogenated organic pollutants from groundwater, as OHRB can utilize H2 or organic compounds produced by carbon source materials as electron donors for cell growth through organohalide respiration. However, few previous studies have determined the suitability of different carbon source materials to the metabolic mechanism of reductive dehalogenation from the perspective of electron transfer. The focus of this critical review was to reveal the interactions and relationships between carbon source materials and functional microbes, in terms of the electron transfer mechanism. Furthermore, this review illustrates some innovative strategies that have used the physiological characteristics of OHRB to guide the optimization of carbon source materials, improving the abundance of indigenous dehalogenated bacteria and enhancing electron transfer efficiency. Finally, it is proposed that future research should combine multi-omics analysis with machine learning (ML) to guide the design of effective carbon source materials and optimize current dehalogenation bioremediation strategies to reduce the cost and footprint of practical groundwater bioremediation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yueyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yuqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Mengran Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zeyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Li-Lian Wen
- College of Resource and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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Moreau X, Claeys-Bruno M, Andraud JP, Macarie H, Martínez DE, Robin M, Sergent M, De Jong L. Hydra bioassay for the evaluation of chlordecone toxicity at environmental concentrations, alone or in complex mixtures with dechlorinated byproducts: experimental observations and modeling by experimental design. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:91017-91035. [PMID: 35881290 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In chlordecone (CLD)-contaminated soils of the French West Indies, if microbial remediation or a physicochemical remediation process, e.g., in situ chemical reduction, is implemented, concentrations of degradation byproducts, such as hydrochlordecones, are expected to increase in the ecosystems. To study their impact in mixtures with CLD, bioassays were carried out. They consisted in evaluating the regenerative capacity of hydra polyps, from a clone whose phylogenetic analysis confirmed that it belonged to the species Hydra vulgaris Pallas, 1766. Hydra gastric sections were exposed to CLD alone or CLD plus dechlorinated byproducts (CLD-BP) for 96 h to assess regeneration. Based on chromatographic analysis, the CLD-BP mix was composed of the 5-monohydrochlordecone isomer (CAS nomenclature), four dihydrochlordecone isomers, and one trihydrochlordecone isomer representing 50%, 47%, and 3% of the total chromatographic area, respectively. A total of 18 mixtures of CLD and CLD-BP were tested. Six environmental concentrations of CLD (2.10-4 μM to 4.10-2 μM) and a similar range of CLD-BP were used. Results from exposures to CLD alone showed the following: (i) a significant decrease in the regenerative capacity of hydra, except at the lowest concentration (2.10-4 μM); (ii) a concentration-independent deleterious effect. The regeneration scores obtained after the exposure to the addition of CLD-BP were not significantly different from those obtained after exposure to CLD alone. Using an experimental design, a modeling of the regeneration scores of hydra exposed to mixtures is proposed. Interpreted carefully, since they are limited to only one type of bioassay, the present results suggest that the situation in the aquatic environments should not become worse in terms of toxicity, if soil remediation programs resulting in the formation of hydrochlordecones are put in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Moreau
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Hervé Macarie
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | | | - Maxime Robin
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | - Michelle Sergent
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | - Laetitia De Jong
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France.
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Hubas C, Monti D, Mortillaro JM, Augagneur S, Carbon A, Duran R, Karama S, Meziane T, Pardon P, Risser T, Tapie N, Thiney N, Budzinski H, Lauga B. Chlordecone-contaminated epilithic biofilms show increased adsorption capacities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 825:153942. [PMID: 35189234 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The rivers of Guadeloupe and Martinique (French West Indies) show high levels of chlordecone (CLD) contamination. This persistent molecule has a dramatic impact on both aquatic ecosystems and human health. In these rivers, epilithic biofilms are the main endogenous primary producers and represent a central food source for fish and crustaceans. Recently, their viscoelastic properties have been shown to be effective in bio-assessing pollution in tropical environments. As these properties are closely related to the biochemical composition of the biofilms, biochemical (fatty acids, pigments, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) monosaccharides) and molecular markers (T-RFLP fingerprints of bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes) were investigated. Strong links between CLD pollution and both biofilm biochemistry and microbial community composition were found. In particular, high levels of CLD were linked with modified exo-polysaccharides corresponding to carbohydrates with enhanced adsorption and adhesion properties. The observed change probably resulted from a preferential interaction between CLD and sugars and/or a differential microbial secretion of EPS in response to the pollutant. These changes were expected to impact viscoelastic properties of epilithic biofilms highlighting the effect of CLD pollution on biofilm EPS matrix. They also suggested that microorganisms implement a CLD scavenging strategy, providing new insights on the role of EPS in the adaptation of microorganisms to CLD-polluted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Hubas
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystème Aquatiques (UMR 8067 BOREA), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, Université de Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, Station Marine de Concarneau, Quai de la croix, 29900 Concarneau, France.
| | - Dominique Monti
- Université des Antilles, Laboratoire Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystème Aquatiques (UMR 8067 BOREA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, Université de Caen Normandie, Campus de Fouillole, 97110 Pointe-à-Pitre, France; Université des Antilles, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (UMR 7205 ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Campus de Fouillole, 97110 Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Jean-Michel Mortillaro
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystème Aquatiques (UMR 8067 BOREA), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, Université de Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, 61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France; ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie Augagneur
- Université de Bordeaux, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC - UMR 5805 CNRS), Equipe LPTC, 33405 Talence, France; CNRS, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC - UMR 5805 CNRS), Equipe LPTC, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Anne Carbon
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Pau, France
| | - Robert Duran
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Pau, France
| | - Solange Karama
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Pau, France
| | - Tarik Meziane
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystème Aquatiques (UMR 8067 BOREA), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, Université de Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, 61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Patrick Pardon
- Université de Bordeaux, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC - UMR 5805 CNRS), Equipe LPTC, 33405 Talence, France; CNRS, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC - UMR 5805 CNRS), Equipe LPTC, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Théo Risser
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Pau, France
| | - Nathalie Tapie
- Université de Bordeaux, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC - UMR 5805 CNRS), Equipe LPTC, 33405 Talence, France; CNRS, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC - UMR 5805 CNRS), Equipe LPTC, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Najet Thiney
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystème Aquatiques (UMR 8067 BOREA), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, Université de Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, 61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Hélène Budzinski
- Université de Bordeaux, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC - UMR 5805 CNRS), Equipe LPTC, 33405 Talence, France; CNRS, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC - UMR 5805 CNRS), Equipe LPTC, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Béatrice Lauga
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Pau, France
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Hellal J, Saaidi PL, Bristeau S, Crampon M, Muselet D, Della-Negra O, Mauffret A, Mouvet C, Joulian C. Microbial Transformation of Chlordecone and Two Transformation Products Formed During in situ Chemical Reduction. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:742039. [PMID: 34803959 PMCID: PMC8600967 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.742039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlordecone (CLD) is a very persistent synthetic organochlorine pesticide found in the French West Indies. Recently published work has demonstrated the potential of zero-valent iron to dechlorinate CLD by in situ chemical reduction (ISCR) in soils under water-saturated conditions, forming mono- to penta-dechlorinated CLD transformation products. These transformation products are more mobile than CLD and less toxic; however, nothing is known about their further degradation, although increasing evidence of CLD biodegradation by bacteria is being found. The present study began with the enrichment from wastewater sludge of a CLD-transforming community which was then inoculated into fresh media in the presence of either CLD or two of the main ISCR transformation products, 10-monohydroCLD (-1Cl-CLD) and tri-hydroCLD (-3Cl-CLD). Carried out in triplicate batches and incubated at 38°C under anoxic conditions and in the dark, the cultures were sampled regularly during 3 months and analyzed for CLD, -1Cl-CLD, -3Cl-CLD, and possible transformation products by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. All batches showed a decrease in the amended substrates (CLD or hydroCLD). CLD degradation occurred with concomitant formation of a nine-carbon compound (pentachloroindene) and two sulfur-containing transformation products (chlordecthiol, CLD-SH; methyl chlordecsulfide, CLD-SCH3), demonstrating competing transformation pathways. In contrast, -1Cl-CLD and -3Cl-CLD only underwent a sequential reductive sulfidation/S-methylation process resulting in -1Cl-CLD-SH and -1Cl-CLD-SCH3 on the one hand, and -3Cl-CLD-SH, -3Cl-CLD-SCH3 on the other hand. Some sulfur-containing transformation products have been reported previously with single bacterial strains, but never in the presence of a complex microbial community. At the end of the experiment, bacterial and archaeal populations were investigated by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The observed diversity was mostly similar in the CLD and -1Cl-CLD conditions to the inoculum with a dominant archaea genus, Methanobacterium, and four OTU affiliated to bacteria, identified at the family (Spirochaetaceae) or genus level (Desulfovibrio, Aminobacterium, and Soehngenia). On the other hand, in the -3Cl-CLD condition, although the same OTU were found, Clostridium sensu stricto 7, Candidatus Cloacimonas, and Proteiniphilum were also present at > 2% sequences. Presence of methanogens and sulfate-reducing bacteria could contribute to sulfidation and S-methylation biotransformations. Overall, these results contribute to increasing our knowledge on the biodegradability of CLD and its transformation products, helping to progress toward effective remediation solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre-Loïc Saaidi
- UMR 8030 Génomique Métabolique, CEA, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Genoscope, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | | | | | - Delphine Muselet
- UMR 8030 Génomique Métabolique, CEA, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Genoscope, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Oriane Della-Negra
- UMR 8030 Génomique Métabolique, CEA, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Genoscope, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
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Ollivier P, Engevin J, Bristeau S, Mouvet C. Laboratory study on the mobility of chlordecone and seven of its transformation products formed by chemical reduction in nitisol lysimeters of a banana plantation in Martinique (French Caribbean). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140757. [PMID: 32659561 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The contamination by chlordecone (CLD) of soils and water in the French Caribbean (FC) has major environmental and human health impacts. In Situ Chemical Reduction (ISCR) is a promising method to degrade CLD but it generates transformation products (TPs). Here, the fate and transport of CLD and its TPs have been studied using three lysimeters, 65-70 cm-long and 20 cm in diameter, collected from a CLD contaminated nitisol in the FC. A simulated ISCR remediation process (Sim-ISCR) was applied to the top 15 cm layer. An equivalent of 9.8 years of effective rainfall was simulated during the 451 days of the experiments. CLD and seven TPs were analyzed in soils, soil pore waters and outflow waters of the lysimeters before and after the Sim-ISCR. CLD concentration in the soil pore waters increases with depth. In the Sim-ISCR treated layer, the CLD contamination was lowered by 41 to 47% in the soil and by 48 to 73% in the soil pore water. In the lysimeters outflow, however, the CLD concentration was lowered by only 13 to 25%, the flux of CLD from the untreated 50-55 cm of the profile concealing much of the beneficial impact of treating the top 15 cm. Remediating by ISCR the topsoil only will therefore not be sufficient for preventing further CLD contamination of the underlying groundwater. Sim-ISCR generated 5-hydroCLD in soils and waters and, to a much lesser extent, a trihydroCLD, a tetrahydroCLD, a pentahydroCLD and a heptahydroCLD. 5-hydroCLD is more mobile than CLD, but it still interacts strongly with the soil. The 5-hydroCLD values measured in the outflow were up to a factor of 4.4 lower than in the treated soil pore waters, indicating some natural attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Ollivier
- BRGM, 3 Avenue C. Guillemin, BP 36009, 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
| | - Jérémy Engevin
- BRGM, 3 Avenue C. Guillemin, BP 36009, 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | | | - Christophe Mouvet
- BRGM, 3 Avenue C. Guillemin, BP 36009, 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France
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Woignier T, Rangon L, Clostre F, Mottes C, Cattan P, Primera J, Jannoyer M. Physical limitation of pesticides (chlordecone) decontamination in volcanic soils: fractal approach and numerical simulation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:40980-40991. [PMID: 31359312 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05899-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the French West Indies, the chlordecone (organochloride pesticide) pollution is now diffuse becoming new contamination source for crops and environment (water, trophic chain). Decontamination by bioremediation and chemical degradation are still under development but the physical limitations of these approaches are generally not taken into account. These physical limitations are related to the poor physical accessibility to the pesticides in soils because of the peculiar structural properties of the contaminated clays (pore volume, transport properties, permeability, and diffusion). Some volcanic soils (andosols), which represent the half of the contaminated soils in Martinique, contain nanoclay (allophane) with a unique structure and porous properties. Andosols are characterized by pore size distribution in the mesoporous range, a high specific surface area, a large pore volume, and a fractal structure. Our hypothesis is that the clay microstructure characteristics are crucial physico-chemical factors strongly limiting the remediation of the pesticide. Our results show that allophane microstructure (small pore size, hierarchical microstructure, and tortuosity) favors accumulation of chlordecone, in andosols. Moreover, the clay microporosity limits the accessibility of microorganisms and chemical species able to decontaminate because of poor transport properties (permeability and diffusion). We model the transport properties by two approaches: (1) we use a numerical model to simulate the structure of allophane aggregates. The algorithm is based on a cluster-cluster aggregation model. From the simulated data, we derived the pore volume, specific surface area, tortuosity, permeability, and diffusion. We show that transport properties strongly decrease because of the presence of allophane. (2) The fractal approach. We characterize the fractal features (size of the fractal aggregate, fractal dimension, tortuosity inside allophane aggregates) and we calculate that transport properties decrease of several order ranges inside the clay aggregates. These poor transport properties are important parameters to explain the poor accessibility to pollutants in volcanic soils and should be taken into account by future decontamination process. We conclude that for andosols, this inaccessibility could render inefficient some of the methods proposed in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Woignier
- Aix Marseille Université, Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France.
- IRD, UMR IMBE, Campus Agro-environnemental Caraïbe, Le Lamentin, Martinique, France.
| | - Luc Rangon
- Aix Marseille Université, Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
- IRD, UMR IMBE, Campus Agro-environnemental Caraïbe, Le Lamentin, Martinique, France
| | | | - Charles Mottes
- Cirad, UPR HortSys, F-97285, Le Lamentin, France
- HortSys, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, Inra, Inria, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Cattan
- CIRAD, UPR GECO, F-34398, Montpellier, France
- GECO, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Juan Primera
- Facultad de Ingeniería Agrícola, Departamento de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Lodana, Provincia de Manabí, Ecuador
- Facultad Experimental de Ciencias, Departamento de Física, Universidad del Zulia, Edo Zulia, Venezuela
| | - Magalie Jannoyer
- Cirad, UPR HortSys, F-97285, Le Lamentin, France
- HortSys, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, Inra, Inria, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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8
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Alabed Alibrahim E, Legeay S, Billat PA, Bichon E, Guiffard I, Antignac JP, Legras P, Roux J, Bristeau S, Clere N, Faure S, Mouvet C. In vivo comparison of the proangiogenic properties of chlordecone and three of its dechlorinated derivatives formed by in situ chemical reduction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:40953-40962. [PMID: 30710326 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04353-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In situ chemical reduction (ISCR) has been identified as a possible way for the remediation of soils contaminated by chlordecone (CLD). Evidences provided by the literature indicate an association between the development of prostate cancer and CLD exposure (Multigner et al. 2010). In a previous in vitro study, we demonstrated that the two main dechlorinated CLD derivatives formed by ISCR, CLD-1Cl, and CLD-3Cl have lower cytotoxicity and proangiogenic properties than CLD itself (Legeay et al. 2017). By contrast, nothing is known on the in vivo proangiogenic effect of these dechlorinated derivatives. Based on in vitro data, the aims of this study were therefore to evaluate the in vivo influence of CLD and three of its dechlorinated metabolites in the control of neovascularization in a mice model of prostate cancer. The proangiogenic effect of CLD and three of its dechlorinated derivatives, CLD-1Cl, CLD-3Cl, and CLD-4Cl, was evaluated on a murine model of human prostate tumor (PC-3) treated, at two exposure levels: 33 μg/kg and 1.7 μg/kg respectively reflecting acute and chronic toxic exposure in human. The results of serum measurements show that, for the same ingested dose, the three metabolite concentrations were significantly lower than that of CLD. Dechlorination of CLD lead therefore to molecules that are biologically absorbed or metabolized, or both, faster than the parent molecule. Prostate tumor growth was lower in the groups treated by the three metabolites compared to the one treated by CLD. The vascularization measured on the tumor sections was inversely proportional to the rate of dechlorination, the treatment with CLD-4Cl showing no difference with control animals treated with only the vehicle oil used for all substances tested. We can therefore conclude that the proangiogenic effect of CLD is significantly decreased following the ISCR-resulting dechlorination. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which dechlorination of CLD reduces proangiogenic effects in prostate tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eid Alabed Alibrahim
- MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, Université Bretagne Loire, 4, rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, France
| | - Samuel Legeay
- MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, Université Bretagne Loire, 4, rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, France.
| | - Pierre-André Billat
- MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, Université Bretagne Loire, 4, rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, France
| | - Emmanuelle Bichon
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Oniris, INRA, Université Bretagne Loire, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Ingrid Guiffard
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Oniris, INRA, Université Bretagne Loire, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Antignac
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Oniris, INRA, Université Bretagne Loire, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Pierre Legras
- SCAHU, UNIV Angers, Pavillon Ollivier, UFR Sciences médicales, rue Haute de Reculée, 49045, Angers, France
| | - Jérôme Roux
- SCAHU, UNIV Angers, Pavillon Ollivier, UFR Sciences médicales, rue Haute de Reculée, 49045, Angers, France
| | - Sébastien Bristeau
- Laboratory Division, BRGM, 3 Av. Claude Guillemin, 45060, Orléans, Cedex 2, France
| | - Nicolas Clere
- MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, Université Bretagne Loire, 4, rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, France
| | - Sébastien Faure
- MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, Université Bretagne Loire, 4, rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, France
| | - Christophe Mouvet
- Water, Environment and Ecotechnologies Division, BRGM, 3 Av. Claude Guillemin, 45060, Orléans, Cedex 2, France
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9
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Martin D, Lobo F, Lavison-Bompard G, Guérin T, Parinet J. Effect of home cooking processes on chlordecone content in beef and investigation of its by-products and metabolites by HPLC-HRMS/MS. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 144:106077. [PMID: 32866735 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chlordecone (CLD) is a toxic organochlorine pesticide frequently used in the French West Indies until 1993, resulting in a contamination of soil and food. This study assessed the behaviour of CLD residues and CLD processing factors (PFs) during four home cooking processes: cooking in a conventional oven ("oven"), frying ("pan"), cooking in a microwave oven ("microwave") and grilling ("grill"). These four processes were applied to six types of naturally contaminated beef (kidney, liver, rib, chuck, top-sirloin and sirloin). Targeted analyses with isotopic dilution were carried out by ID-HPLC-MS/MS to determine CLD concentrations before and after each cooking process and the corresponding processing factors. HPLC-HRMS/MS was used to find potential organochlorine degradation by-products and/or CLD metabolites present in samples by target, suspect and non-target screening. Cooking processes and especially microwave cooking led to a significant decrease in the CLD contained in beef (2% < PF < 17%). Traces of 5b-hydro-CLD and of another mono-hydro-CLD were found in the uncooked liver but no CLD degradation by-product was observed in the cooked liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Martin
- Université de Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Fiona Lobo
- Université de Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Thierry Guérin
- Université de Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Julien Parinet
- Université de Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
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10
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Lomheim L, Laquitaine L, Rambinaising S, Flick R, Starostine A, Jean-Marius C, Edwards EA, Gaspard S. Evidence for extensive anaerobic dechlorination and transformation of the pesticide chlordecone (C10Cl10O) by indigenous microbes in microcosms from Guadeloupe soil. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231219. [PMID: 32282845 PMCID: PMC7153859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The historic use of chlordecone (C10Cl10O) as a pesticide to control banana weevil infestations has resulted in pollution of large land areas in the French West Indies. Although currently banned, chlordecone persists because it adsorbs strongly to soil and its complex bis-homocubane structure is stable, particularly under aerobic conditions. Abiotic chemical transformation catalyzed by reduced vitamin B12 has been shown to break down chlordecone by opening the cage structure to produce C9 polychloroindenes. More recently these C9 polychloroindenes were also observed as products of anaerobic microbiological transformation. To investigate the anaerobic biotransformation of chlordecone by microbes native to the French West Indies, microcosms were constructed anaerobically from chlordecone impacted Guadeloupe soil and sludge to mimic natural attenuation and eletron donor-stimulated reductive dechlorination. Original microcosms and transfers were incubated over a period of 8 years, during which they were repeatedly amended with chlordecone and electron donor (ethanol and acetone). Using LC-MS, chlordecone and degradation products were detected in all the biologically active microcosms. Observed products included monohydro-, dihydro- and trihydrochlordecone derivatives (C10Cl10-nO2Hn; n = 1,2,3), as well as “open cage” C9 polychloroindene compounds (C9Cl5-nH3+n n = 0,1,2) and C10 carboxylated polychloroindene derivatives (C10Cl4-nO2H4+n, n = 0–3). Products with as many as 9 chlorine atoms removed were detected. These products were not observed in sterile (poisoned) microcosms. Chlordecone concentrations decreased in active microcosms as concentrations of products increased, indicating that anaerobic dechlorination processes have occurred. The data enabled a crude estimation of partitioning coefficients between soil and water, showing that carboxylated intermediates sorb poorly and as a consequence may be flushed away, while polychlorinated indenes sorb strongly to soil. Microbial community analysis in microcosms revealed enrichment of anaerobic fermenting and acetogenic microbes possibly involved in anaerobic chlordecone biotransformation. It thus should be possible to stimuilate anaerobic dechlorination through donor amendment to contaminated soils, particularly as some metabolites (in particular pentachloroindene) were already detected in field samples as a result of intrinsic processes. Extensive dechlorination in the microcosms, with evidence for up to 9 Cl atoms removed from the parent molecule is game-changing, giving hope to the possibility of using bioremediation to reduce the impact of CLD contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Lomheim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurent Laquitaine
- Département de Chimie, Laboratory COVACHIMM2E, Université des Antilles, Pointe à Pitre Cedex, Guadeloupe (FWI), France
| | - Suly Rambinaising
- Département de Chimie, Laboratory COVACHIMM2E, Université des Antilles, Pointe à Pitre Cedex, Guadeloupe (FWI), France
| | - Robert Flick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrei Starostine
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Corine Jean-Marius
- Département de Chimie, Laboratory COVACHIMM2E, Université des Antilles, Pointe à Pitre Cedex, Guadeloupe (FWI), France
| | - Elizabeth A. Edwards
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (EAE); (SG)
| | - Sarra Gaspard
- Département de Chimie, Laboratory COVACHIMM2E, Université des Antilles, Pointe à Pitre Cedex, Guadeloupe (FWI), France
- * E-mail: (EAE); (SG)
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11
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Ollivier P, Touzelet S, Bristeau S, Mouvet C. Transport of chlordecone and two of its derivatives through a saturated nitisol column (Martinique, France). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 704:135348. [PMID: 31806323 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soils, surface and groundwater in Martinique (French West Indies) are contaminated by chlordecone (CLD), a highly persistent organochlorine pesticide. In Situ Chemical Reduction (ISCR) using zero valent iron has been tested as a remediation technique to lower CLD levels in soils but it produces derivatives whose fate in environment may differ from the parent molecule. Here, the transfer of CLD and two of its main derivatives resulting from ISCR, CLD5aH and a CLD-3Cl, have been investigated in untreated and treated nitisol from a banana plantation using column experiments (20 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter) under saturated conditions. The circulation of CaCl2 10-2M solution, simulating the ionic strength of soil water, in untreated nitisol results in CLD concentrations in solutions that remain for decades above the threshold limit for drinking water. ISCR treatment lowers the CLD concentration by ~50% in soil and by a factor 3 in waters but they remain above the threshold values. CLD derivatives, CLD5aH and a CLD-3Cl and, to a lesser extent, a CLD-2Cl and a CLD-5Cl, are found in waters after treatment. Dechlorination increases the mobility of the derivatives with respect to the parent molecule, which is likely to induce their transfer to deeper soil layers than those treated by ISCR: CLD-3Cl is more mobile than CLD5aH which is more mobile than CLD. When the water is in contact with the contaminated soil, a period of fast desorption kinetic of CLD and its derivatives, followed by a period of slow kinetics are found. This attests the high risk for water contamination and the potential influence of rainfall events on the concentrations likely to be encountered in soil waters or in waters accumulated on the soil surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Ollivier
- BRGM, 3 av. C. Guillemin, BP 36009, 45060 Orleans Cedex 2, France.
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12
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Woignier T, Clostre F, Fernandes P, Soler A, Rangon L, Sastre-Conde MI, Jannoyer ML. The pesticide chlordecone is trapped in the tortuous mesoporosity of allophane clays. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:21350-21361. [PMID: 28577145 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9370-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Some volcanic soils like andosols contain short-range order nanoclays (allophane) which build aggregates with a tortuous and fractal microstructure. The aim of the work was to study the influence of the microstructure and mesoporosity of the allophane aggregates on the pesticide chlordecone retention in soils. Our study shows that the allophane microstructure favors pollutants accumulation and sequestration in soils. We put forth the importance of the mesoporous microstructure of the allophane aggregates for pollutant trapping in andosols. We show that the soil contamination increases with the allophane content but also with the mesopore volume, the tortuosity, and the size of the fractal aggregate. Moreover, the pore structure of the allophane aggregates at nanoscale favors the pesticide retention. The fractal and tortuous aggregates of nanoparticles play the role of nanolabyrinths. It is suggested that chlordecone storage in allophanic soils could be the result of the low transport properties (permeability and diffusion) in the allophane aggregates. The poor accessibility to the pesticide trapped in the mesopore of allophane aggregates could explain the lower pollutant release in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Woignier
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, 13397, Marseille Cedex 20, France.
- IRD, UMR IMBE, Campus Agro Environnemental Caraibes B. P. 214 Petit Morne, 97235, Le Lamentin, Martinique.
| | - Florence Clostre
- Cirad, UPR fonctionnement agroécologique et performances des systèmes de culture horticoles, Campus Agro Environnemental Caraïbes B.P. 214 Petit Morne, 97232, Le Lamentin, Martinique
| | - Paula Fernandes
- Cirad, UPR fonctionnement agroécologique et performances des systèmes de culture horticoles, Campus Agro Environnemental Caraïbes B.P. 214 Petit Morne, 97232, Le Lamentin, Martinique
- Cirad UR HortSys, TA B-103/PS4, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398, Montpellier Cedex5, France
| | - Alain Soler
- Cirad UR Banana, plantain and pinneapple cropping system, Campus Agro Environnemental Caraïbes B.P. 214 Petit Morne, 97232, Le Lamentin, Martinique
| | - Luc Rangon
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, 13397, Marseille Cedex 20, France
- IRD, UMR IMBE, Campus Agro Environnemental Caraibes B. P. 214 Petit Morne, 97235, Le Lamentin, Martinique
| | | | - Magalie Lesueur Jannoyer
- Cirad, UPR fonctionnement agroécologique et performances des systèmes de culture horticoles, Campus Agro Environnemental Caraïbes B.P. 214 Petit Morne, 97232, Le Lamentin, Martinique
- Cirad UR HortSys, TA B-103/PS4, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398, Montpellier Cedex5, France
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13
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Wang S, Qiu L, Liu X, Xu G, Siegert M, Lu Q, Juneau P, Yu L, Liang D, He Z, Qiu R. Electron transport chains in organohalide-respiring bacteria and bioremediation implications. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1194-1206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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14
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Ranguin R, Durimel A, Karioua R, Gaspard S. Study of chlordecone desorption from activated carbons and subsequent dechlorination by reduced cobalamin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:25488-25499. [PMID: 28699005 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9542-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Since 1972, the French departments of Guadeloupe and Martinique have intensively used organochlorinated pesticides such as chlordecone (CLD) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers to prevent the proliferation of banana weevil (Cosmopolite sordidus). These molecules are stable in the environment, leading to a continuous contamination of soils, water, and food chain in the banana-producing areas. In these polluted areas, water treatment plants are equipped with activated carbon (AC) filters. In order to improve treatment of CLD-contaminated waters by AC, CLD adsorption and desorption kinetic studies are carried out using different ACs produced from sugar cane bagasse as adsorbents and subsequent CLD degradation is performed using reduced vitamin B12 (VB12). A GC-MS method for CLD quantification is as well optimized. This study shows that bagasse ACs are able to capture the pollutant, leading to a CLD concentration decrease from 1 to 73 μg L-1, with an adsorption capacity of 162 μg mg-1. Adsorption capacity increase with the temperature indicates an endothermic process. Polar solvents favor CLD desorption from ACs, suggesting hydrogen bonding between CLD and surface groups of ACs, the best solvent for chemical desorption being ethanol. Subsequent degradation of CLD in ethanol is performed using vitamin B12 reduced by either 1,4-dithiotreitol (DTT) or zerovalent zinc, leading to 90% of CLD removal and to the molecule cage structure opening for formation of a pentachloroindene intermediate product, characterized by GC MS/MS. A pathway for pentachloroindene formation from CLD is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Ranguin
- Laboratoire COVACHIM M2E, EA 3592 Université des Antilles, Campus de Fouillole BP 250, Pointe à Pitre Cedex, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Axelle Durimel
- Laboratoire COVACHIM M2E, EA 3592 Université des Antilles, Campus de Fouillole BP 250, Pointe à Pitre Cedex, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Reeka Karioua
- Laboratoire COVACHIM M2E, EA 3592 Université des Antilles, Campus de Fouillole BP 250, Pointe à Pitre Cedex, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Sarra Gaspard
- Laboratoire COVACHIM M2E, EA 3592 Université des Antilles, Campus de Fouillole BP 250, Pointe à Pitre Cedex, Guadeloupe, France.
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15
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Mouvet C, Dictor MC, Bristeau S, Breeze D, Mercier A. Remediation by chemical reduction in laboratory mesocosms of three chlordecone-contaminated tropical soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:25500-25512. [PMID: 27628922 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7582-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlordecone (CLD), a highly persistent organochlorine pesticide commonly encountered in French West Indies (FWI) agricultural soils, represents a major source of contamination of FWI ecosystems. The potential of chemical reduction for remediation of CLD-contaminated soil has been investigated in laboratory pilot-scale 80 kg mesocosms for andosol, ferralsol, and nitisol from FWI banana plantations. Six cycles consisting of a 3-week reducing phase followed by a 1-week oxidizing phase were applied, with 2 % (dw/dw) Daramend® (organic plant matter fortified with zero valent iron) added at the start of each cycle. Complementary amendments of zero valent iron and zinc (total of 3 % dw/dw) were added at the start of the first three cycles. After the 6-month treatment, the CLD soil concentration was lowered by 74 % in nitisol, 71 % in ferralsol, and 22 % in andosol. Eleven CLD-dechlorinated transformation products, from mono- to penta-dechlorinated, were identified. None of them accumulated over the duration of the experiment. Six of the seven ecotoxicological tests applied showed no difference between the control and treated soils. The treatment applied in this study may offer a means to remediate CLD-contaminated soils, especially nitisol and ferralsol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Mouvet
- BRGM - Water, Environment and Ecotechnologies Division, 3 Av. Claude Guillemin, 45060, Orléans, Cedex 2, France.
| | - Marie-Christine Dictor
- BRGM - Water, Environment and Ecotechnologies Division, 3 Av. Claude Guillemin, 45060, Orléans, Cedex 2, France
| | - Sébastien Bristeau
- BRGM - Laboratory Division, 3 Av. Claude Guillemin, 45060, Orléans, Cedex 2, France
| | - Dominique Breeze
- BRGM - Laboratory Division, 3 Av. Claude Guillemin, 45060, Orléans, Cedex 2, France
| | - Anne Mercier
- BRGM - Water, Environment and Ecotechnologies Division, 3 Av. Claude Guillemin, 45060, Orléans, Cedex 2, France
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16
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Lafontaine A, Gismondi E, Dodet N, Joaquim-Justo C, Boulangé-Lecomte C, Caupos F, Lemoine S, Lagadic L, Forget-Leray J, Thomé JP. Bioaccumulation, distribution and elimination of chlordecone in the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii: Field and laboratory studies. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 185:888-898. [PMID: 28746998 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chlordecone is a persistent organochlorine pesticide that has been widely used in Guadeloupe (French West Indies) to control the banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus from 1972 to 1993. A few years after its introduction, widespread contamination of soils, rivers, wild animals and aquatic organisms was reported. Although high chlordecone concentrations have been reported in several crustacean species, its uptake, internal distribution, and elimination in aquatic species have never been described. This study aimed at investigating the accumulation and tissue distribution of chlordecone in the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii, using both laboratory (30 days exposure) and field (8 months exposure) approaches. In addition, depuration in chlordecone-free water was studied. Results showed that chlordecone bioconcentration in prawns was dose-dependent and time-dependent. Moreover, females appeared to be less contaminated than males after 5 and 7 months of exposure, probably due to successive spawning leading in the elimination of chlordecone through the eggs. Chlordecone distribution in tissues of exposed prawns showed that cephalothorax organs, mainly represented by the hepatopancreas, was the most contaminated. Results also showed that chlordecone was accumulated in cuticle, up to levels of 40% of the chlordecone body burden, which could be considered as a depuration mechanism since chlordecone is eliminated with the exuviae during successive moults. Finally, this study underlined the similarity of results obtained in laboratory and field approaches, which highlights their complementarities in the chlordecone behaviour understanding in M. rosenbergii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lafontaine
- University of Liège, Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Ecotoxicology (LEAE) - Freshwater and OceaniC sciences Unit of reSearch (FOCUS), Chemistry Institute, Bât. B6C, 11 allée du 6 Août, B-4000 Sart-Tilman, Belgium
| | - Eric Gismondi
- University of Liège, Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Ecotoxicology (LEAE) - Freshwater and OceaniC sciences Unit of reSearch (FOCUS), Chemistry Institute, Bât. B6C, 11 allée du 6 Août, B-4000 Sart-Tilman, Belgium.
| | - Nathalie Dodet
- University of Liège, Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Ecotoxicology (LEAE) - Freshwater and OceaniC sciences Unit of reSearch (FOCUS), Chemistry Institute, Bât. B6C, 11 allée du 6 Août, B-4000 Sart-Tilman, Belgium
| | - Célia Joaquim-Justo
- University of Liège, Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Ecotoxicology (LEAE) - Freshwater and OceaniC sciences Unit of reSearch (FOCUS), Chemistry Institute, Bât. B6C, 11 allée du 6 Août, B-4000 Sart-Tilman, Belgium
| | - Céline Boulangé-Lecomte
- Normandie University, ULH, UMR I-02, Environmental Stresses and Biomonitoring of Aquatic Ecosystems (SEBIO) - FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, 25 rue Philippe Lebon, F-76600 Le Havre, France
| | - Fanny Caupos
- UMR BOREA, CNRS-7208/MNHN/UPMC/IRD-207/UCN/UA, University of the French West Indies and Guiana, Campus de Fouillole, F-97110 Pointe-à-Pitre, France; INRA, UMR0985 Ecology and Ecosystem Health Research Unit, Ecotoxicology and Quality of Aquatic Environments Research Group, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, F-35042 Rennes, France
| | - Soazig Lemoine
- UMR BOREA, CNRS-7208/MNHN/UPMC/IRD-207/UCN/UA, University of the French West Indies and Guiana, Campus de Fouillole, F-97110 Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Laurent Lagadic
- INRA, UMR0985 Ecology and Ecosystem Health Research Unit, Ecotoxicology and Quality of Aquatic Environments Research Group, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, F-35042 Rennes, France
| | - Joëlle Forget-Leray
- Normandie University, ULH, UMR I-02, Environmental Stresses and Biomonitoring of Aquatic Ecosystems (SEBIO) - FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, 25 rue Philippe Lebon, F-76600 Le Havre, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Thomé
- University of Liège, Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Ecotoxicology (LEAE) - Freshwater and OceaniC sciences Unit of reSearch (FOCUS), Chemistry Institute, Bât. B6C, 11 allée du 6 Août, B-4000 Sart-Tilman, Belgium
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17
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Della Rossa P, Jannoyer M, Mottes C, Plet J, Bazizi A, Arnaud L, Jestin A, Woignier T, Gaude JM, Cattan P. Linking current river pollution to historical pesticide use: Insights for territorial management? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 574:1232-1242. [PMID: 27697339 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants like organochlorine pesticides continue to contaminate large areas worldwide raising questions concerning their management. We designed and tested a method to link soil and water pollution in the watershed of the Galion River in Martinique. We first estimated the risk of soil contamination by chlordecone by referring to past use of land for banana cultivation and took 27 soil samples. We then sampled surface waters at 39 points and groundwater at 16 points. We tested three hypotheses linked to the source of chlordecone pollution at the watershed scale: (i) soils close to the river, (ii) soils close to the sampling point, (iii) throughout the sub-watershed generated at the sampling point. Graphical and statistical analysis showed that contamination of the river increased when it passed through an area with contaminated plots and decreased when it passed through area not contaminated by chlordecone. Modeling showed that the entire surface area of the watershed contributed to river pollution, suggesting that the river was mainly being contaminated by the aquifers and groundwater flows. Our method proved to be a reliable way to identify areas polluted by chlordecone at the watershed scale and should help stakeholders focus their management actions on both hot spots and the whole watershed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charles Mottes
- Cirad, UPR HortSys, F-97285 Le Lamentin, Martinique, France.
| | - Joanne Plet
- Cirad, UPR HortSys, F-97285 Le Lamentin, Martinique, France.
| | | | - Luc Arnaud
- BRGM Martinique, F-97200 Fort-de-France, Martinique, France.
| | | | - Thierry Woignier
- CNRS, UMR 7263 IMBE, F-97285 Le Lamentin, Martinique, France; IRD, UMR 237 IMBE, F-97285 Le Lamentin, Martinique, France; Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, F-13331 Marseille, France.
| | | | - Philippe Cattan
- Cirad, UPR GECO, F-97130 Capesterre-Belle-Eau, Guadeloupe, France.
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18
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Benoit P, Mamy L, Servien R, Li Z, Latrille E, Rossard V, Bessac F, Patureau D, Martin-Laurent F. Categorizing chlordecone potential degradation products to explore their environmental fate. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 574:781-795. [PMID: 27664765 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlordecone (C10Cl10O; CAS number 143-50-0) has been used extensively as an organochlorine insecticide but is nowadays banned and listed on annex A in The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Although experimental evidences of biodegradation of this compound are scarce, several dechlorination products have been proposed by Dolfing et al. (2012) using Gibbs free energy calculations to explore different potential transformation routes. We here present the results of an in silico classification (TyPol - Typology of Pollutants) of chlordecone transformation products (TPs) based on statistical analyses combining several environmental endpoints and structural molecular descriptors. Starting from the list of putative chlordecone TPs and considering available data on degradation routes of other organochlorine compounds, we used different clustering strategies to explore the potential environmental behaviour of putative chlordecone TPs from the knowledge on their molecular descriptors. The method offers the possibility to focus on TPs present in different classes and to infer their environmental fate. Thus, we have deduced some hypothetical trends for the environmental behaviour of TPs of chlordecone assuming that TPs, which were clustered away from chlordecone, would have different environmental fate and ecotoxicological impact compared to chlordecone. Our findings suggest that mono- and di-hydrochlordecone, which are TPs of chlordecone often found in contaminated soils, may have similar environmental behaviour in terms of persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Benoit
- UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France.
| | - Laure Mamy
- UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Rémi Servien
- UMR TOXALIM, INRA, Univ. de Toulouse, 31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Ziang Li
- UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | | | | | - Fabienne Bessac
- INPT-Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan, Univ. de Toulouse, 31076, Toulouse, France, CNRS/Univ. De Toulouse (Paul Sabatier)-UMR 5626, Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Fabrice Martin-Laurent
- UMR AgroEcologie, INRA, AgroSup Dijon, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21065, Dijon, France
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19
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Chaussonnerie S, Saaidi PL, Ugarte E, Barbance A, Fossey A, Barbe V, Gyapay G, Brüls T, Chevallier M, Couturat L, Fouteau S, Muselet D, Pateau E, Cohen GN, Fonknechten N, Weissenbach J, Le Paslier D. Microbial Degradation of a Recalcitrant Pesticide: Chlordecone. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2025. [PMID: 28066351 PMCID: PMC5167691 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlordecone (Kepone®) is a synthetic organochlorine insecticide (C10Cl10O) used worldwide mostly during the 1970 and 1980s. Its intensive application in the French West Indies to control the banana black weevil Cosmopolites sordidus led to a massive environmental pollution. Persistence of chlordecone in soils and water for numerous decades even centuries causes global public health and socio-economic concerns. In order to investigate the biodegradability of chlordecone, microbial enrichment cultures from soils contaminated by chlordecone or other organochlorines and from sludge of a wastewater treatment plant have been conducted. Different experimental procedures including original microcosms were carried out anaerobically over long periods of time. GC-MS monitoring resulted in the detection of chlorinated derivatives in several cultures, consistent with chlordecone biotransformation. More interestingly, disappearance of chlordecone (50 μg/mL) in two bacterial consortia was concomitant with the accumulation of a major metabolite of formula C9Cl5H3 (named B1) as well as two minor metabolites C10Cl9HO (named A1) and C9Cl4H4 (named B3). Finally, we report the isolation and the complete genomic sequences of two new Citrobacter isolates, closely related to Citrobacter amalonaticus, and that were capable of reproducing chlordecone transformation. Further characterization of these Citrobacter strains should yield deeper insights into the mechanisms involved in this transformation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Chaussonnerie
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de GénomiqueEvry, France; Université d'Evry Val d'EssonneEvry, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8030, Génomique métaboliqueEvry, France
| | - Pierre-Loïc Saaidi
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de GénomiqueEvry, France; Université d'Evry Val d'EssonneEvry, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8030, Génomique métaboliqueEvry, France
| | - Edgardo Ugarte
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de GénomiqueEvry, France; Université d'Evry Val d'EssonneEvry, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8030, Génomique métaboliqueEvry, France
| | - Agnès Barbance
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de GénomiqueEvry, France; Université d'Evry Val d'EssonneEvry, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8030, Génomique métaboliqueEvry, France
| | - Aurélie Fossey
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de GénomiqueEvry, France; Université d'Evry Val d'EssonneEvry, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8030, Génomique métaboliqueEvry, France
| | - Valérie Barbe
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de Génomique Evry, France
| | - Gabor Gyapay
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de Génomique Evry, France
| | - Thomas Brüls
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de GénomiqueEvry, France; Université d'Evry Val d'EssonneEvry, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8030, Génomique métaboliqueEvry, France
| | - Marion Chevallier
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de GénomiqueEvry, France; Université d'Evry Val d'EssonneEvry, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8030, Génomique métaboliqueEvry, France
| | - Loïc Couturat
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de GénomiqueEvry, France; Université d'Evry Val d'EssonneEvry, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8030, Génomique métaboliqueEvry, France
| | - Stéphanie Fouteau
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de Génomique Evry, France
| | - Delphine Muselet
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de GénomiqueEvry, France; Université d'Evry Val d'EssonneEvry, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8030, Génomique métaboliqueEvry, France
| | - Emilie Pateau
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de GénomiqueEvry, France; Université d'Evry Val d'EssonneEvry, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8030, Génomique métaboliqueEvry, France
| | | | - Nuria Fonknechten
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de GénomiqueEvry, France; Université d'Evry Val d'EssonneEvry, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8030, Génomique métaboliqueEvry, France
| | - Jean Weissenbach
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de GénomiqueEvry, France; Université d'Evry Val d'EssonneEvry, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8030, Génomique métaboliqueEvry, France
| | - Denis Le Paslier
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de GénomiqueEvry, France; Université d'Evry Val d'EssonneEvry, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8030, Génomique métaboliqueEvry, France
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20
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Lafontaine A, Gismondi E, Boulangé-Lecomte C, Geraudie P, Dodet N, Caupos F, Lemoine S, Lagadic L, Thomé JP, Forget-Leray J. Effects of chlordecone on 20-hydroxyecdysone concentration and chitobiase activity in a decapod crustacean, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 176:53-63. [PMID: 27108204 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chlordecone (CLD) is an organochlorine insecticide abundant in aquatic environment of the French West Indies. However, few studies have investigated its impact on freshwater invertebrates. Whereas CLD is suspected of inducing endocrine disruption, this work aimed to study the effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of CLD on the 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) hormone concentration and on the chitobiase activity, both having key roles in the molting process of crustaceans. In addition, the bioaccumulation of CLD was measured in the muscle tissue of Macrobrachium rosenbergii to underline potential dose-response relationship. The results have shown that CLD was bioaccumulated in exposed organisms according to a trend to a dose-response relationship. Moreover, it was observed that CLD decreased the 20-HE concentration in exposed prawns when compared to control, whatever the duration of exposure, as well as it inhibited the chitobiase activity after 30days of exposure. The present study indicates that CLD could interfere with molting process of M. rosenbergii by disturbing the 20-HE concentration and the activity of chitobiase, suggesting consequences at the long term on the shrimp development. This study also confirmed that CLD could be an endocrine disruptor in decapod crustaceans, as it was already observed in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lafontaine
- University of Liège, Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Ecotoxicology (LEAE), Centre of Analytical Research and Technology (CART), 15 Allée du Six Aout, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Eric Gismondi
- University of Liège, Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Ecotoxicology (LEAE), Centre of Analytical Research and Technology (CART), 15 Allée du Six Aout, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Céline Boulangé-Lecomte
- Normandie University, ULH, UMR I-02, Environmental Stresses and Biomonitoring of Aquatic Ecosystems (SEBIO)-FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, 25 rue Philippe Lebon, F-76600 Le Havre, France
| | - Perrine Geraudie
- Akvaplan-Niva (Norwegian Institute of Water Research) AS, Fram Centre, 9296 Tromsoe, Norway
| | - Nathalie Dodet
- University of Liège, Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Ecotoxicology (LEAE), Centre of Analytical Research and Technology (CART), 15 Allée du Six Aout, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Fanny Caupos
- DYNECAR-UMR BOREA (MNHN/CNRS 7208/IRD207/UPMC), University of the French West Indies and Guiana, Campus de Fouillole, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe F-97110, France; INRA, UMR0985 Ecology and Ecosystem Health Research Unit, Ecotoxicology and Quality of Aquatic Environments Research Group, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, F-35042 Rennes, France
| | - Soazig Lemoine
- DYNECAR-UMR BOREA (MNHN/CNRS 7208/IRD207/UPMC), University of the French West Indies and Guiana, Campus de Fouillole, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe F-97110, France
| | - Laurent Lagadic
- INRA, UMR0985 Ecology and Ecosystem Health Research Unit, Ecotoxicology and Quality of Aquatic Environments Research Group, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, F-35042 Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Thomé
- University of Liège, Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Ecotoxicology (LEAE), Centre of Analytical Research and Technology (CART), 15 Allée du Six Aout, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Joëlle Forget-Leray
- Normandie University, ULH, UMR I-02, Environmental Stresses and Biomonitoring of Aquatic Ecosystems (SEBIO)-FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, 25 rue Philippe Lebon, F-76600 Le Havre, France
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21
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Woignier T, Clostre F, Fernandes P, Rangon L, Soler A, Lesueur-Jannoyer M. Compost addition reduces porosity and chlordecone transfer in soil microstructure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:98-108. [PMID: 26250815 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chlordecone, an organochlorine insecticide, pollutes soils and contaminates crops and water resources and is biomagnified by food chains. As chlordecone is partly trapped in the soil, one possible alternative to decontamination may be to increase its containment in the soil, thereby reducing its diffusion into the environment. Containing the pesticide in the soil could be achieved by adding compost because the pollutant has an affinity for organic matter. We hypothesized that adding compost would also change soil porosity, as well as transport and containment of the pesticide. We measured the pore features and studied the nanoscale structure to assess the effect of adding compost on soil microstructure. We simulated changes in the transport properties (hydraulic conductivity and diffusion) associated with changes in porosity. During compost incubation, the clay microstructure collapsed due to capillary stresses. Simulated data showed that the hydraulic conductivity and diffusion coefficient were reduced by 95 and 70% in the clay microstructure, respectively. Reduced transport properties affected pesticide mobility and thus helped reduce its transfer from the soil to water and to the crop. We propose that the containment effect is due not only to the high affinity of chlordecone for soil organic matter but also to a trapping mechanism in the soil porosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Woignier
- CNRS UMR 7263-Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale IMBE, Aix Marseille Université, Avignon université, Marseille, France.
- IRD UMR 237, Campus Agro Environnemental Caraïbes, B.P. 214 Petit Morne, 97232, Le Lamentin, Martinique.
| | - Florence Clostre
- UPR fonctionnement agro écologique et performances des systèmes de culture horticoles, Cirad, F97232, Le Lamentin, Martinique
| | - Paula Fernandes
- Cirad UR HortSys, TA B-103/PS4, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Luc Rangon
- IRD UMR 237, Campus Agro Environnemental Caraïbes, B.P. 214 Petit Morne, 97232, Le Lamentin, Martinique
| | - Alain Soler
- UR Banana, Plantain and Pineapple Cropping Systems, CAEC, PERSYST, Cirad, BP 214, 97285, Le Lamentin Cedex 2, Martinique
| | - Magalie Lesueur-Jannoyer
- UPR fonctionnement agro écologique et performances des systèmes de culture horticoles, Cirad, F97232, Le Lamentin, Martinique
- Cirad UR HortSys, TA B-103/PS4, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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22
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Devault DA, Laplanche C, Pascaline H, Bristeau S, Mouvet C, Macarie H. Natural transformation of chlordecone into 5b-hydrochlordecone in French West Indies soils: statistical evidence for investigating long-term persistence of organic pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:81-97. [PMID: 26122571 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4865-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chlordecone (CLD) was an organochlorine insecticide whose previous use resulted in an extensive pollution of the environment with severe health effects and social consequences. A closely related compound, 5b-hydrochlordecone (5b-hydroCLD), has been searched for and often detected in environmental matrices from the geographical area where CLD was applied. The current consensus considered that its presence was not the result of a biotic or abiotic dechlorination of CLD in these matrices but rather the consequence of its presence as impurity (synthesis by-product) in the CLD released into the environment. The aim of the present study was to determine if and to what extent degradation of CLD into 5b-hydroCLD occurred in the field. To test this hypothesis, the ratios of 5b-hydroCLD and CLD concentrations in a dataset of 810 soils collected between 2006 and 2012 in Martinique were compared to the ratios measured in 3 samples of the CLD dust commercial formulations applied in the banana fields of French West Indies (FWI) and 1 sample of the technical-grade CLD corresponding to the active ingredient used in such formulations. Soil data were processed with a hierarchical Bayesian model to account for random measurement errors and data censoring. Any pathway of CLD transformation into 5b-hydroCLD occurring over the long term in FWI soils would indeed change the ratio of 5b-hydroCLD/CLD compared to what it was in the initially applied formulations. Results showed a significant increase of the 5b-hydroCLD/CLD ratio in the soils-25 times greater in soil than in commercial formulations-which suggested that natural CLD transformation into 5b-hydroCLD over the long term occurred in these soils. Results from this study may impact future decisions for the remediation of the polluted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien A Devault
- EA 929 AIHP-GEODE, Groupe Biospheres, Université des Antilles, Campus de Schœlcher, Schœlcher Cedex, France.
- Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 8079, CNRS AgroParisTech, Univ. Paris Sud, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Christophe Laplanche
- INP, UPS, CNRS, ECOLAB (Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement), ENSAT, Université de Toulouse, Avenue de l'Agrobiopole, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Hélène Pascaline
- EA 929 AIHP-GEODE, Groupe Biospheres, Université des Antilles, Campus de Schœlcher, Schœlcher Cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Bristeau
- Division Laboratoires, BRGM, 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, BP6009, 45060, Orléans Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Mouvet
- Division Eau, Environnement et Ecotechnologies, BRGM, 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, BP6009, 45060, Orléans Cedex, France
| | - Hervé Macarie
- IRD, UMR IMBE, Campus Agro-environnemental Caraïbe, BP 214, 97285, Lamentin, France
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, IMBE, UMR 7263 - IRD 237, 13397, Marseille, France
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23
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Clostre F, Cattan P, Gaude JM, Carles C, Letourmy P, Lesueur-Jannoyer M. Comparative fate of an organochlorine, chlordecone, and a related compound, chlordecone-5b-hydro, in soils and plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 532:292-300. [PMID: 26081731 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We address the problem of the comparative environmental fate of a pesticide, chlordecone (CLD), and a related compound, chlordecone-5b-hydro (CLD-5b-hydro). We used a large database including data from two types of contaminated volcanic soils, andosol and nitisol, and thirteen crops grown in the French West Indies in historically polluted soils. We performed in-depth statistical analysis of the effect of different parameters (soil type, crop, organ, etc.) on the ratio of CLD-5b-hydro to CLD in both soils and plants. The environmental fate of the two compounds differed depending on the type of soil. Proportionally, more CLD-5b-hydro than CLD was measured in nitisols than in andosols. Compared to CLD, we also found a preferential transfer of CLD-5b-hydro from the soil to the plant. Finally, mobilization of the two compounds differed according to the species of crop but also within the plant, with increasing ratios from the roots to the top of the plant. The properties of the compound played a key role in the underlying processes. Because CLD-5b-hydro is more soluble in water and has a lower K(ow) than CLD, CLD-5b-hydro (1) was more easily absorbed from soils by plants, (2) was less adsorbed onto plant tissues and (3) was transported in greater quantities through the transpiration stream. Due to the amounts of CLD-5b-hydro we measured in some plant parts such as cucurbit fruits, an assessment of the toxicity of this CLD monodechlorinated product is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Clostre
- Cirad/PRAM, UPR fonctionnement agroécologique et performances des systèmes de culture horticoles, B.P. 214 Petit Morne, Martinique, F-97285 Le Lamentin, France.
| | - Philippe Cattan
- UPR Fonctionnement écologique et gestion durable des agrosystèmes bananiers et ananas, CIRAD, Capesterre-Belle-Eau, Guadeloupe F-97130, France
| | - Jean-Marie Gaude
- Cirad/PRAM, UPR fonctionnement agroécologique et performances des systèmes de culture horticoles, B.P. 214 Petit Morne, Martinique, F-97285 Le Lamentin, France
| | - Céline Carles
- Cirad/PRAM, UPR fonctionnement agroécologique et performances des systèmes de culture horticoles, B.P. 214 Petit Morne, Martinique, F-97285 Le Lamentin, France
| | - Philippe Letourmy
- Cirad, UPR Agroécologie et intensification durable des cultures annuelles, Boulevard de la Lironde, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex5, France
| | - Magalie Lesueur-Jannoyer
- Cirad/PRAM, UPR fonctionnement agroécologique et performances des systèmes de culture horticoles, B.P. 214 Petit Morne, Martinique, F-97285 Le Lamentin, France; Cirad UR HortSys, TA B-103/PS4, Boulevard de la Lironde, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex5, France
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24
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Agapito F, Santos RC, Borges dos Santos RM, Martinho Simões JA. The Thermochemistry of Cubane 50 Years after Its Synthesis: A High-Level Theoretical Study of Cubane and Its Derivatives. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:2998-3007. [DOI: 10.1021/jp511756v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Agapito
- Centro
de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui C. Santos
- Centro
de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui M. Borges dos Santos
- Centro
de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Institute
for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Center for Molecular and Structural
Biomedicine, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - José A. Martinho Simões
- Centro
de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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25
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He D, Xia B, Liu J, Ding L, Zhou Y. Determination of Kepone and Its Metabolite in Water and Soil by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2014.930867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Servien R, Mamy L, Li Z, Rossard V, Latrille E, Bessac F, Patureau D, Benoit P. TyPol - a new methodology for organic compounds clustering based on their molecular characteristics and environmental behavior. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 111:613-622. [PMID: 24997973 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Following legislation, the assessment of the environmental risks of 30000-100000 chemical substances is required for their registration dossiers. However, their behavior in the environment and their transfer to environmental components such as water or atmosphere are studied for only a very small proportion of the chemical in laboratory tests or monitoring studies because it is time-consuming and/or cost prohibitive. Therefore, the objective of this work was to develop a new methodology, TyPol, to classify organic compounds, and their degradation products, according to both their behavior in the environment and their molecular properties. The strategy relies on partial least squares analysis and hierarchical clustering. The calculation of molecular descriptors is based on an in silico approach, and the environmental endpoints (i.e. environmental parameters) are extracted from several available databases and literature. The classification of 215 organic compounds inputted in TyPol for this proof-of-concept study showed that the combination of some specific molecular descriptors could be related to a particular behavior in the environment. TyPol also provided an analysis of similarities (or dissimilarities) between organic compounds and their degradation products. Among the 24 degradation products that were inputted, 58% were found in the same cluster as their parents. The robustness of the method was tested and shown to be good. TyPol could help to predict the environmental behavior of a "new" compound (parent compound or degradation product) from its affiliation to one cluster, but also to select representative substances from a large data set in order to answer some specific questions regarding their behavior in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Servien
- INRA, Université de Toulouse, UMR 1331 Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, F-31027 Toulouse, France; INRA, UR 050, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement, Avenue des Etangs, F-11100 Narbonne, France.
| | - Laure Mamy
- INRA, UR 251 PESSAC, Route de St Cyr, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Ziang Li
- UMR 1091 INRA-AgroParisTech, Environnement et Grandes Cultures, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Virginie Rossard
- INRA, UR 050, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement, Avenue des Etangs, F-11100 Narbonne, France
| | - Eric Latrille
- INRA, UR 050, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement, Avenue des Etangs, F-11100 Narbonne, France
| | - Fabienne Bessac
- Université de Toulouse, INPT, Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan, Equipe DINA, 75 voie du TOEC, BP 57611, F-31076 Toulouse Cedex 03, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, IRSAMC, Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France; CNRS (UMR 5626), F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Patureau
- INRA, UR 050, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement, Avenue des Etangs, F-11100 Narbonne, France
| | - Pierre Benoit
- UMR 1091 INRA-AgroParisTech, Environnement et Grandes Cultures, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
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27
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Clostre F, Letourmy P, Thuriès L, Lesueur-Jannoyer M. Effect of home food processing on chlordecone (organochlorine) content in vegetables. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 490:1044-1050. [PMID: 24914532 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Decades after their use and their ban, organochlorine pesticides still pollute soil, water and food and lead to human and ecosystem exposure. In the case of chlordecone, human exposure is mainly due to the consumption of polluted food. We studied the effect of preparation and cooking in five vegetable products, three root vegetables (yam, dasheen and sweet potato) and two cucurbits (cucumber and pumpkin), among the main contributors to exposure to chlordecone in food in the French West Indies. Boiling the vegetables in water had no effect on chlordecone content of the vegetables and consequently on consumer exposure. The peel was three to 40-fold more contaminated than the pulp except cucumber, where the difference was less contrasted. The edible part is thus significantly less contaminated and peeling is recommended after rinsing to reduce consumer exposure, particularly for food grown in home gardens with contaminated soils. The type of soil had no consistent effect on CLD distribution but plot did. Peel and pulp composition (lipids and fibers) appear to partially account for CLD distribution in the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Clostre
- Cirad/CAEC, UPR fonctionnement agroécologique et performances des systèmes de culture horticoles, B.P. 214 Petit Morne, Martinique, F-97232 Le Lamentin, France.
| | - Philippe Letourmy
- Cirad, UPR Agroécologie et intensification durable des cultures annuelles, Boulevard de la Lironde, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Laurent Thuriès
- Cirad, UPR Recyclage et risque, 40, Chemin de Grand Canal, CS 12014, F-97743 Saint Denis Cedex 9, Reunion, France
| | - Magalie Lesueur-Jannoyer
- Cirad/CAEC, UPR fonctionnement agroécologique et performances des systèmes de culture horticoles, B.P. 214 Petit Morne, Martinique, F-97232 Le Lamentin, France; Cirad, UR HortSys, TA B-103/PS4, Boulevard de la Lironde, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Merlin C, Devers M, Crouzet O, Heraud C, Steinberg C, Mougin C, Martin-Laurent F. Characterization of chlordecone-tolerant fungal populations isolated from long-term polluted tropical volcanic soil in the French West Indies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:4914-4927. [PMID: 23872892 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1971-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The insecticide chlordecone is a contaminant found in most of the banana plantations in the French West Indies. This study aims to search for fungal populations able to grow on it. An Andosol heavily contaminated with chlordecone, perfused for 1 year in a soil-charcoal system, was used to conduct enrichment cultures. A total of 103 fungal strains able to grow on chlordecone-mineral salt medium were isolated, purified, and deposited in the MIAE collection (Microorganismes d'Intérêt Agro-Environnemental, UMR Agroécologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Dijon, France). Internal transcribed spacer sequencing revealed that all isolated strains belonged to the Ascomycota phylum and gathered in 11 genera: Metacordyceps, Cordyceps, Pochonia, Acremonium, Fusarium, Paecilomyces, Ophiocordyceps, Purpureocillium, Bionectria, Penicillium, and Aspergillus. Among predominant species, only one isolate, Fusarium oxysporum MIAE01197, was able to grow in a liquid culture medium that contained chlordecone as sole carbon source. Chlordecone increased F. oxysporum MIAE01197 growth rate, attesting for its tolerance to this organochlorine. Moreover, F. oxysporum MIAE01197 exhibited a higher EC50 value than the reference strain F. oxysporum MIAE00047. This further suggests its adaptation to chlordecone tolerance up to 29.2 mg l(-1). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that 40 % of chlordecone was dissipated in F. oxysporum MIAE01197 suspension culture. No chlordecone metabolite was detected by GC-MS. However, weak amount of (14)CO2 evolved from (14)C10-chlordecone and (14)C10-metabolites were observed. Sorption of (14)C10-chlordecone onto fungal biomass followed a linear relationship (r (2) = 0.99) suggesting that it may also account for chlordecone dissipation in F. oxysporum MIAE01197 culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Merlin
- INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Pole Ecoldur, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France
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Martin-Laurent F, Sahnoun MM, Merlin C, Vollmer G, Lübke M. Detection and quantification of chlordecone in contaminated soils from the French West Indies by GC-MS using the 13C10-chlordecone stable isotope as a tracer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:4928-4933. [PMID: 23733305 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1839-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Chlordecone is an organochlorine insecticide that has been widely used to control banana weevil in the French West Indies. As a result of this intense use, up to 20,000 ha are contaminated by this insecticide in the French West Indies, and this causes environmental damage and health problems. A scenario of exposure was drawn by French authorities, based on land usage records. Many efforts have been made to monitor the occurrence of chlordecone and its main metabolites using different analytical methods, including GC, GC/MS, LC/MS, and NIRS. Although these different methods allow for the detection and quantification of chlordecone from soils, none of them estimate the bottleneck caused by extraction of this organochlorine from soils with high adsorption ability. In this study, we used (13)C10-chlordecone as a tracer to estimate chlordecone extraction yield and to quantify chlordecone in soil extracts based on the (13)C/(12)C isotope dilution. We report the optimization of (13)C10-chlordecone extraction from an Andosol. The method was found to be linear from 0.118 to 43 mg kg(-1) in the Andosol, with an instrumental detection limit estimated at 8.84 μg kg(-1). This method showed that chlordecone ranged from 35.4 down to 0.18 mg kg(-1) in Andosol, Nitisol, Ferralsol, and Fluvisol soil types. Traces of the metabolite β-monohydrochlordecone were detected in the Andosol, Nitisol, and Ferralsol soil samples. This last result indicates that this method could be useful to monitor the fate of chlordecone in soils of the French West Indies.
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Clostre F, Lesueur-Jannoyer M, Achard R, Letourmy P, Cabidoche YM, Cattan P. Decision support tool for soil sampling of heterogeneous pesticide (chlordecone) pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:1980-1992. [PMID: 24014224 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
When field pollution is heterogeneous due to localized pesticide application, as is the case of chlordecone (CLD), the mean level of pollution is difficult to assess. Our objective was to design a decision support tool to optimize soil sampling. We analyzed the CLD heterogeneity of soil content at 0-30- and 30-60-cm depth. This was done within and between nine plots (0.4 to 1.8 ha) on andosol and ferralsol. We determined that 20 pooled subsamples per plot were a satisfactory compromise with respect to both cost and accuracy. Globally, CLD content was greater for andosols and the upper soil horizon (0-30 cm). Soil organic carbon cannot account for CLD intra-field variability. Cropping systems and tillage practices influence the CLD content and distribution; that is CLD pollution was higher under intensive banana cropping systems and, while upper soil horizon was more polluted than the lower one with shallow tillage (<40 cm), deeper tillage led to a homogenization and a dilution of the pollution in the soil profile. The decision tool we proposed compiles and organizes these results to better assess CLD soil pollution in terms of sampling depth, distance, and unit at field scale. It accounts for sampling objectives, farming practices (cropping system, tillage), type of soil, and topographical characteristics (slope) to design a relevant sampling plan. This decision support tool is also adaptable to other types of heterogeneous agricultural pollution at field level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Clostre
- Cirad/PRAM, UPR Fonctionnement agroécologique et performances des systèmes de culture horticoles, B.P. 214 Petit Morne, Martinique, 97232, Le Lamentin, France.
| | - Magalie Lesueur-Jannoyer
- Cirad/PRAM, UPR Fonctionnement agroécologique et performances des systèmes de culture horticoles, B.P. 214 Petit Morne, Martinique, 97232, Le Lamentin, France
- Cirad UR HortSys, TA B-103/PS4, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Raphaël Achard
- Cirad/PRAM, UPR Fonctionnement Systèmes de cultures bananes plantains et ananas, B.P. 214 Petit Morne, Martinique, 97232, Le Lamentin, France
| | - Philippe Letourmy
- Cirad, UPR Systèmes de culture annuels, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Yves-Marie Cabidoche
- Research Unit 1321 Agrosystèmes Tropicaux, INRA, Duclos, Guadeloupe, 97170, Petit-Bourg, France
| | - Philippe Cattan
- UPR Systèmes de culture Banane et Ananas, CIRAD, Capesterre-Belle-Eau, Guadeloupe, 97130, France
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Woignier T, Fernandes P, Soler A, Clostre F, Carles C, Rangon L, Lesueur-Jannoyer M. Soil microstructure and organic matter: keys for chlordecone sequestration. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 262:357-364. [PMID: 24056248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Past applications of chlordecone, a persistent organochlorine pesticide, have resulted in diffuse pollution of agricultural soils, and these have become sources of contamination of cultivated crops as well as terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Chlordecone is a very stable and recalcitrant molecule, mainly present in the solid phase, and has a strong affinity for organic matter. To prevent consumer and ecosystem exposure, factors that influence chlordecone migration in the environment need to be evaluated. In this study, we measured the impact of incorporating compost on chlordecone sequestration in andosols as a possible way to reduce plant contamination. We first characterized the transfer of chlordecone from soil to plants (radish, cucumber, and lettuce). Two months after incorporation of the compost, soil-plant transfers were reduced by a factor of 1.9-15 depending on the crop. Our results showed that adding compost modified the fractal microstructure of allophane clays thus favoring chlordecone retention in andosols. The complex structure of allophane and the associated low accessibility are important characteristics governing the fate of chlordecone. These results support our proposal for an alternative strategy that is quite the opposite of total soil decontamination: chlordecone sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Woignier
- IRD UMR 237 Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale PRAM B.P. 214 Petit Morne, 97232, Le Lamentin, Martinique; CNRS 7263 - Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale PRAM B.P. 214 Petit Morne, 97232, Le Lamentin, Martinique.
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Fernández-Bayo JD, Saison C, Voltz M, Disko U, Hofmann D, Berns AE. Chlordecone fate and mineralisation in a tropical soil (andosol) microcosm under aerobic conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 463-464:395-403. [PMID: 23827360 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Chlordecone is a persistent organochlorine insecticide that, even decades after its ban, poses a threat to the environment and human health. Nevertheless, its environmental fate in soils has scarcely been investigated, and elementary data on its degradation and behaviour in soil are lacking. The mineralisation and sorption of chlordecone and the formation of possible metabolites were evaluated in a tropical agricultural andosol. Soil microcosms with two different soil horizons (S-A and S-B) were incubated for 215 days with 14C-chlordecone. At five different times (1, 33, 88, 150 and 215 days) the extractability of 14C-chlordecone was analysed. Mineralisation was monitored using 14CO2 traps of NaOH. The appearance of metabolites was studied using thin layer and gas chromatography techniques. At the end of the experiment, the water soluble 14C-activity was 2% of the remaining 14C-chlordecone for S-A and 8% for S-B. Only 12% of the remaining activity was non extractable and more than 80% remained extractable with organic solvents. For the first time to our knowledge, a significant mineralisation of chlordecone was measured in a microcosm under aerobic conditions (4.9% for S-A and 3.2% for S-B of the initial 14C-activity). The drastically lower emission of 14CO2 in sterilised microcosms indicated the biological origin of chlordecone mineralisation in the non-sterilised microcosms. No metabolites could be detected in the soil extracts. The mineralisation rate of chlordecone decreased by one order of magnitude throughout the incubation period. Thus, the chlordecone content in the soil remained large. This study confirms the existence of chlordecone degrading organisms in a tropical andosol. The reasons why their activity is restricted should be elucidated to allow the development of bioremediation approaches. Possible reasons are a heterogeneous distribution a chlordecone between sub-compartments with different microbial activities or a degradation of chlordecone by co-metabolic processes controlled by a limited supply of nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus D Fernández-Bayo
- IRD, UMR LISAH Bât 24, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier cedex 1, France; INRA, UMR LISAH Bât 24, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier cedex 1, France.
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